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{{Short description|Spanish general}}
{{Rough translation|1=Spanish|listed=yes|date=May 2021}}
{{Rough translation|1=Spanish|listed=yes|date=May 2021}}
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[[File:General Pavia.jpg|thumb|right|Manuel Pavia]]
[[File:General Pavia.jpg|thumb|right|Manuel Pavia]]
'''Manuel Pavia y Rodriguez de Alburquerque''' (August 2, 1828 – January 4, 1895) was a Spanish general, born in [[Cadiz]], who was an important part of Spanish political life during the second half of the 19th century. He participated in the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Revolution of 1868]], which removed [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] from power, and led the coup d'état which brought down the [[First Spanish Republic]], giving way to the [[Restoration Movement|Restoration]] and the rule of Isabella's son [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso XII]].
'''Manuel Pavia y Rodriguez de Alburquerque''' (2 August 1828 – 4 January 1895) was a Spanish general, born in [[Cadiz]], who was an important part of Spanish political life during the second half of the 19th century. He participated in the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Revolution of 1868]], which removed [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] from power, and led the [[Coup d'état of Pavía|coup d'état]] which brought down the [[First Spanish Republic]], giving way to the [[Restoration (Spain)|Restoration]] and the rule of Isabella's son [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso XII]].


== Early career ==
== Early career ==
His military career began in 1841, when he entered the [[Alcázar of Segovia|Royal Artillery College at Segovia]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Pavia y Albuquerque, Manuel |volume=20 |page=971}}</ref> He became a lieutenant in 1846 and a captain in 1855.<ref name=EB1911/> Pavía returned to Spain after fighting in the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)]] and in the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|European expedition of Mexico]] in 1862; in the latter year he was proclaimed major.<ref name=EB1911/>
His military career began in 1841, when he entered the [[Alcázar of Segovia|Royal Artillery College at Segovia]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Pavia y Albuquerque, Manuel |volume=20 |page=971}}</ref> He became a lieutenant in 1846 and a captain in 1855.<ref name=EB1911/> Pavía returned to Spain after fighting in the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)]] and in the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|European expedition to Mexico]] in 1862; in the latter year he was proclaimed major.<ref name=EB1911/>


His first important intervention in the Spanish history took place in January 1866, being commander under the order of the general [[Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos|Juan Prim]]. He participated in an unsuccessful mutiny against the regime of Isabella II, ruined in [[Madrid]]. Prim left the [[Liberal Union (Spain)|Liberal Union]] of [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] and entered the new [[Progressive Party (Spain)|Progressive Party]]. At the end of that year, Pavía and Prim organised a mutiny with other generals, but this rebellion didn't succeed due to lack of popular and military support.
In January 1866, he was a commander under the general [[Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos|Juan Prim]]. He participated in an unsuccessful [[mutiny]] against the regime of [[Isabella II]], ruined in [[Madrid]]. Prim left the [[Liberal Union (Spain)|Liberal Union]] of [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] and joined the new [[Progressive Party (Spain)|Progressive Party]]. At the end of that year, Pavía and Prim organised a mutiny with other generals, but this rebellion didn't succeed due to lack of popular and military support.


O'Donnell sent a detachment to detain the conspirators. Prim and Pavía started an escape to Portugal, persecuted by Zavala and Echagüe. During the escape they received much support from the Spanish population.
O'Donnell sent a detachment to detain the conspirators. Prim and Pavía escaped to Portugal, persecuted by Zavala and Echagüe.{{clarify|date=January 2022|reason=Who are Zavala and Echagüe? Neither is mentioned in the Spanish article or the Britannica article}} During the escape they received much support from the Spanish population.


== From the 1868 Revolution to the Restoration ==
== 1868 revolution to restoration ==
After two years of exile, Pavía returned to Spain<ref name=EB1911/> collaborating again with General Prim, but this time he begun a successful revolutionary movement in August 1866 with the {{ILL|Pacto de Ostende|es}} with the [[Federal Democratic Republican Party|Democratic Party]].
After two years of exile, Pavía returned to Spain<ref name=EB1911/> collaborating again with Prim, but this time he began a successful revolutionary movement in August 1866 with the {{ILL|Pacto de Ostende|ar|اتفاق_أوستند|ca|Pacte d'Oostende|es||fr|Pacte d'Ostende|gl||he|ברית_אוסטנדה}} with the [[Federal Democratic Republican Party]].


The armed insurrection broke out in [[Andalusia]], prepared by the revolutionary juntas composed by democrats and progressives, which actuated in favour of a military conspiracy. In September 1868, after proclaiming the manifest "España con honra", Prim disembarked in [[Cádiz]]. On 28 September he won the [[Battle of Alcolea (1868)|battle of Alcolea]], and the support of Barcelona and the Mediterranean coast was decisive for the victory of the revolution. The queen left the country in September 30 and a provisional government was set up under General [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre|Francisco Serrano]].
Armed insurrection broke out in [[Andalusia]], prepared by [[military junta|revolutionary juntas]] composed by democrats and progressives, which acted in favour of a military conspiracy. In September 1868, after proclaiming the slogan ''España con honra'' (Spain with honour), Prim disembarked in [[Cádiz]]. On 28 September he won the [[Battle of Alcolea (1868)|battle of Alcolea]], and the support of [[Barcelona]] and the Mediterranean coast, which was decisive for the victory of the revolution. The queen left the country in September 30 and a provisional government was set up under General [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre|Francisco Serrano]].


During this period, Pavía fought in Navarra at the beginning of the [[Third Carlist War]]. In 1873, (with the First Republic proclaimed) with the general [[Arsenio Martínez Campos]], ruled the repression of the [[cantonalist insurrection]], initiated 12 July of that year during the presidency of [[Francesc Pi i Margall|Pi y Margall]] in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] which aspired to constitute a federation of the autonomic territorial organizations of the central power.
During this period, Pavía fought in [[Navarre|Navarra]] at the beginning of the [[Third Carlist War]]. With the [[First Spanish Republic]] proclaimed, during the presidency of [[Francesc Pi i Margall]] he and General [[Arsenio Martínez Campos]] put down the [[cantonalist insurrection]] initiated on 12 July 1873 in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], which aspired to constitute a federation of the autonomic territorial organizations of the central power.


Pavía and Martínez Campos took one by one almost all the cantons between July 26 and August 8, being the president Emilio Castelar, only the canton of Cartagena resisted until January 13 of the next year. At the end of 1873, Pavía occupied again the charge of [[Captain general (Spain)|Captain general]] of "Castilla la Nueva", with the headquarters in Madrid, function that performed when the president Castelar, (during the first days of 1874), asked the "Congreso de los Diputados" for a vote of confidence which was rejected.
Pavía and Martínez Campos one by one took almost all the cantons between July 26 and August 8, being the president [[Emilio Castelar]]. Only the canton of Cartagena resisted, until January 13 of the following year. At the end of 1873, Pavía was again [[Captain general (Spain)|Captain general]] of [[New Castile (Spain)|Castilla la Nueva]], with a capital in Madrid. He still held the position when the president Castelar, during the first days of 1874, asked the "Congreso de los Diputados" for a vote of confidence, which was rejected.


On 3 January Pavía, (which political posture was favourable to the united centralism) presented himself in the Congress and ordered to evacuate the building at the moment that it would proceed to a new presidential election ruled by a federalist. With the coup d'état finished, it started like this the named "Fase Pretoriana" of the First Republic, led by Francisco Serrano (Duque de la Torre), which rapidly would give way to the return of the monarchy of the [[House of Bourbon]] with [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso XII]], son of Isabella II.
On 3 January Pavía (whose political posture favoured united centralism) presented himself in the Congress and ordered the evacuation the building at the moment that it was proceeding to a new presidential election ruled by a federalist. With the coup d'état over, the ''Fase Pretoriana'' of the First Republic began,{{clarify|date=January 2022|reason=Is this Spanish phrase commonly used in English-language writing about this perid, or should it be replaced with a more familiar English phrase?}} led by Francisco Serrano (Duque de la Torre). This rapidly gave way to the [[Restoration (Spain)|return of the monarchy]] of the [[House of Bourbon]] with [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso XII]], son of Isabella II.
During the Restoration, Pavía was the captain general of [[Catalonia]] from 1880 until 1881 and again captain general of "Castilla la Nueva" in 1885, under the regency of [[Maria Christina of Austria|María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena]]. In 1886, applying this charge, he defeated in Madrid the popular anti-dynastic Manuel Villacampa.
During the Restoration, Pavía was the captain general of [[Catalonia]] from 1880 until 1881 and again captain general of "Castilla la Nueva" in 1885, under the regency of [[Maria Christina of Austria|María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena]]. In 1886, carrying out these duties, he defeated the popular anti-dynastic {{ILL|Manuel Villacampa|es|Manuel Villacampa del Castillo}} in Madrid.
== Pavia Coup d'état ==

On 3 January 1874, when Castelar lost a motion of confidence and the election of a new Government was proceeding, to whose presidency the centrist [[Eduardo Palanca]] aspired, Pavía sent a note to the president of the Cortes, [[Nicolás Salmerón]], ordering him to vacate the premises.<ref>[[Martí Gilabert, Francisco]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQtmLMk_xoC&q=Manuel+Pav%C3%ADa+y+Rodr%C3%ADguezLa&pg=PA112 ''Primera República Española 1873-1874''. Ediciones Rialp, 2007.] Google Books.</ref> The deputies did not obey the order and remained in their seats, although they ended up doing so when a crew of the [[Civil Guard]] presented in the chamber and evicted them, dissolving the Cortes and ending the republican parliamentary regime.

After the [[coup d'état]], Pavía convened all the political parties—except Cantonalists and Carlists—to form a government of national concentration, which would give power to [[Francisco Serrano y Domínguez|general Serrano]], beginning like this a republican dictatorship that would culminate with the restoration of the monarchy in the person of [[Alfonso XII]].

{{cn span |text=Pavia's act before the Cortes was judged very harshly by supporters of the parliamentary system. The day after the events, Castelar himself published a vigorous protest, which in any case did not silence the rumors that the coup d'état had been prepared with his connivance. |date=March 2024}}

For a few months he was general in chief of the Central Army, but on 28 September 1874 the Minister of War [[Francisco Serrano Bedoya]] chose [[Joaquín Jovellar y Soler]] to replace him. Jovellar joined the preparations of the [[Sagunto pronouncement]], led by General [[Arsenio Martínez Campos]] to restore the [[House of Borbón]] to the throne.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dipucordoba.es/archivo/bop/files/1874/10/18741002_094.pdf |title=Executive Branch of the Republic. Ministry of War |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226102759/https://www.dipucordoba.es/archivo/bop/files/1874/10/18741002_094.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2022 |via=Official Gazette of the Province, Córdoba |date=1974-10-01 |page=1 |access-date=17 January 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Death ==
== Death ==
During his last years of life, he was promoted to captain general, was president of the "Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina" and wrote military histories. Manuel Pavía died on January 4, 1895.
During his last years of life, he was promoted to captain general, was president of the "Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina" and wrote military histories. Manuel Pavía died on 4 January 1895.


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 03:12, 19 November 2024

Manuel Pavia

Manuel Pavia y Rodriguez de Alburquerque (2 August 1828 – 4 January 1895) was a Spanish general, born in Cadiz, who was an important part of Spanish political life during the second half of the 19th century. He participated in the Revolution of 1868, which removed Isabella II from power, and led the coup d'état which brought down the First Spanish Republic, giving way to the Restoration and the rule of Isabella's son Alfonso XII.

Early career

[edit]

His military career began in 1841, when he entered the Royal Artillery College at Segovia.[1] He became a lieutenant in 1846 and a captain in 1855.[1] Pavía returned to Spain after fighting in the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) and in the European expedition to Mexico in 1862; in the latter year he was proclaimed major.[1]

In January 1866, he was a commander under the general Juan Prim. He participated in an unsuccessful mutiny against the regime of Isabella II, ruined in Madrid. Prim left the Liberal Union of Leopoldo O'Donnell and joined the new Progressive Party. At the end of that year, Pavía and Prim organised a mutiny with other generals, but this rebellion didn't succeed due to lack of popular and military support.

O'Donnell sent a detachment to detain the conspirators. Prim and Pavía escaped to Portugal, persecuted by Zavala and Echagüe.[clarification needed] During the escape they received much support from the Spanish population.

1868 revolution to restoration

[edit]

After two years of exile, Pavía returned to Spain[1] collaborating again with Prim, but this time he began a successful revolutionary movement in August 1866 with the Pacto de Ostende [ar; ca; es; fr; gl; he] with the Federal Democratic Republican Party.

Armed insurrection broke out in Andalusia, prepared by revolutionary juntas composed by democrats and progressives, which acted in favour of a military conspiracy. In September 1868, after proclaiming the slogan España con honra (Spain with honour), Prim disembarked in Cádiz. On 28 September he won the battle of Alcolea, and the support of Barcelona and the Mediterranean coast, which was decisive for the victory of the revolution. The queen left the country in September 30 and a provisional government was set up under General Francisco Serrano.

During this period, Pavía fought in Navarra at the beginning of the Third Carlist War. With the First Spanish Republic proclaimed, during the presidency of Francesc Pi i Margall he and General Arsenio Martínez Campos put down the cantonalist insurrection initiated on 12 July 1873 in Cartagena, which aspired to constitute a federation of the autonomic territorial organizations of the central power.

Pavía and Martínez Campos one by one took almost all the cantons between July 26 and August 8, being the president Emilio Castelar. Only the canton of Cartagena resisted, until January 13 of the following year. At the end of 1873, Pavía was again Captain general of Castilla la Nueva, with a capital in Madrid. He still held the position when the president Castelar, during the first days of 1874, asked the "Congreso de los Diputados" for a vote of confidence, which was rejected.

On 3 January Pavía (whose political posture favoured united centralism) presented himself in the Congress and ordered the evacuation the building at the moment that it was proceeding to a new presidential election ruled by a federalist. With the coup d'état over, the Fase Pretoriana of the First Republic began,[clarification needed] led by Francisco Serrano (Duque de la Torre). This rapidly gave way to the return of the monarchy of the House of Bourbon with Alfonso XII, son of Isabella II.

During the Restoration, Pavía was the captain general of Catalonia from 1880 until 1881 and again captain general of "Castilla la Nueva" in 1885, under the regency of María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena. In 1886, carrying out these duties, he defeated the popular anti-dynastic Manuel Villacampa [es] in Madrid.

Pavia Coup d'état

[edit]

On 3 January 1874, when Castelar lost a motion of confidence and the election of a new Government was proceeding, to whose presidency the centrist Eduardo Palanca aspired, Pavía sent a note to the president of the Cortes, Nicolás Salmerón, ordering him to vacate the premises.[2] The deputies did not obey the order and remained in their seats, although they ended up doing so when a crew of the Civil Guard presented in the chamber and evicted them, dissolving the Cortes and ending the republican parliamentary regime.

After the coup d'état, Pavía convened all the political parties—except Cantonalists and Carlists—to form a government of national concentration, which would give power to general Serrano, beginning like this a republican dictatorship that would culminate with the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Alfonso XII.

Pavia's act before the Cortes was judged very harshly by supporters of the parliamentary system. The day after the events, Castelar himself published a vigorous protest, which in any case did not silence the rumors that the coup d'état had been prepared with his connivance.[citation needed]

For a few months he was general in chief of the Central Army, but on 28 September 1874 the Minister of War Francisco Serrano Bedoya chose Joaquín Jovellar y Soler to replace him. Jovellar joined the preparations of the Sagunto pronouncement, led by General Arsenio Martínez Campos to restore the House of Borbón to the throne.[3]

Death

[edit]

During his last years of life, he was promoted to captain general, was president of the "Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina" and wrote military histories. Manuel Pavía died on 4 January 1895.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pavia y Albuquerque, Manuel" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 971.
  2. ^ Martí Gilabert, Francisco. Primera República Española 1873-1874. Ediciones Rialp, 2007. Google Books.
  3. ^ "Executive Branch of the Republic. Ministry of War" (PDF). 1 October 1974. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2024 – via Official Gazette of the Province, Córdoba.
  • Some information has been taken from a book called Historia de España Nº13-Revolución y Restauración from a collection of El Mundo newspaper.