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{{short description|Nickel-based superalloy}}
'''[[Inconel]] Alloy 625''' (UNS designation '''N06625''') is a nickel-based [[superalloy]] that possesses high strength properties and resistance to elevated temperatures. It also demonstrates remarkable protection against corrosion and oxidation. Its ability to withstand high stress and a wide range of temperatures, both in and out of water, as well as being able to resist corrosion while being exposed to highly acidic environments makes it a fitting choice for nuclear and marine applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Metals INCONEL® Alloy 625|url=http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=NINC33|website=ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=High Temp Super Alloys|url=http://www.aerospacemetals.com/nickel-alloy-distributor.html|website=ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Invention and Definition of Alloy 625|url=http://www.tms.org/superalloys/10.7449/1991/Superalloys_1991_1_14.pdf|website=TMS The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society}}</ref>
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox material
| name = [[Inconel]] 625
| image = Cladding-Auftragschweißung in einem Rohr mit Inconel 625.jpg
| caption = Cladding overlay in a tube with Inconel 625
| synonym = Werkstoff 2.4856
| type = [[Alloy]]
| UNS = N06625
| alloy type = Nickel-based [[superalloy]]
| alloy composition = {{ubl
|Ni 58% |Cr 20-23% |Mo 8-10% |Fe 5% |Nb + Ta 3.15-4.15% |Co 1% |Mn 0.5% |Si 0.5% |Al 0.4% |Ti 0.4% |C 0.1% |P 0.015% |S 0.015%}}
| density = {{cvt|0.305|lb/cuin|g/cm3|1|abbr=on|disp=out}}
| melting_point = {{cvt|2350-2460|F|C|0|abbr=on}}
| specific_heat = 0.096-0.160 BTU/(lb⋅°F)<br>(0.402-0.669 J/g⋅°C)<br>@ {{cvt|0-2000|F|C|0|abbr=on}}
| permeability = 1.006 @ {{cvt|200|Oe|kA/m|2|abbr=on}}
| thermal_conductivity = 50 BTU/(hr·ft⋅°F) @ {{cvt|-250|F|C|0|abbr=on}} – 175 BTU/(hr·ft⋅°F) @ {{cvt|1800|F|C|0|abbr=on}}
| poissons_ratio = 0.278-0.336 @ {{cvt|70-1600|F|C|0|abbr=on}} (annealed)<br> 0.312-0.289 @ {{cvt|70-1600|F|C|0|abbr=on}} (solution treated)
| youngs_modulus = 207.5-147.5 @ {{cvt|70-1600|F|C|0|abbr=on}} (annealed)<br> 204.8-148.2 @ {{cvt|70-1600|F|C|0|abbr=on}} (solution treated)
| footnotes = Values displayed for tensile strength, elongation, and hardness are shown for various products under {{cvt|4|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} in size, and are measured at room temperature.
| tensile_strength = Rod, bar, plate: {{cvt|120-160|ksi|MPa|0|abbr=on}} (as rolled), {{cvt|120-150|ksi|MPa|0|abbr=on}} (annealed)
| elongation = Rod, bar, plate: 60-30% (as rolled and annealed)
| hardness_brinell = Rod, bar, plate: 175-240 (as rolled)
}}
'''[[Inconel]] Alloy 625''' (UNS designation '''N06625''') is a nickel-based [[superalloy]] that possesses high strength properties and resistance to elevated temperatures. It also demonstrates remarkable protection against corrosion and oxidation. Its ability to withstand high stress and a wide range of temperatures, both in and out of water, as well as being able to resist corrosion while being exposed to highly acidic environments makes it a fitting choice for nuclear and marine applications.<ref name="matweb">{{cite web|title=Special Metals INCONEL® Alloy 625|url=http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=NINC33|website=ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=High Temp Super Alloys|url=http://www.aerospacemetals.com/nickel-alloy-distributor.html|website=ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Superalloys1991">{{Cite book |last1=Eiselstein |first1=H.L. |title=Superalloys 718, 625 and Various Derivatives (1991) |last2=Tillack |first2=D.J. |publisher=TMS The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society |year=1991 |isbn=0-87339-173-X |pages=1–14 |chapter=The Invention and Definition of Alloy 625 |doi=10.7449/1991/Superalloys_1991_1_14}}</ref>


Inconel 625 was developed in the 1960s with the purpose of creating a material that could be used for steam-line piping. Some modifications were made to its original composition that have enabled it to be even more creep-resistant and weldable. Because of this, the uses of Inconel 625 have expanded into a wide range of industries such as the chemical processing industry, and for marine and nuclear applications to make pumps and valves and other high pressure equipment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alloy 625 - Impressive Past, Significant Presence, Awesome Future|url=http://www.tms.org/superalloys/10.7449/2001/Superalloys_2001_35_46.pdf|website=TMS The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Metals INCONEL® Alloy 625|url=http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=NINC33|website=ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.}}</ref>
Inconel 625 was developed in the 1960s with the purpose of creating a material that could be used for steam-line piping. Some modifications were made to its original composition that have enabled it to be even more creep-resistant and weldable. Because of this, the uses of Inconel 625 have expanded into a wide range of industries such as the chemical processing industry, and for marine and nuclear applications to make pumps and valves and other high pressure equipment.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=G.D. |title=Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and Various Derivatives |last2=Tillack |first2=D.J. |last3=Patel |first3=S.J. |publisher=TMS The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society |year=2001 |isbn=0-87339-510-7 |pages=35–46 |chapter=Alloy 625 – Impressive Past/Significant Presence/Awesome Future |doi=10.7449/2001/Superalloys_2001_35_46}}</ref><ref name="matweb" />


Because of the metal's high [[Niobium|Niobium (Nb)]] levels as well as its exposure to harsh environments and high temperatures, there was concern about the weldability of Inconel 625. Studies were therefore conducted to test the metal's weldability, tensile strength and creep resistance, and Inconel 625 was found to be an ideal choice for welding.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Invention and Definition of Alloy 625|url=http://www.tms.org/superalloys/10.7449/1991/Superalloys_1991_1_14.pdf|website=TMS The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Study of Weld Quality Characteristics of Inconel 625 Sheets at Different Modes of Current in Micro Plasma Arc Welding Process|url=Research & Reviews: International Journals}}</ref> Other well known names for Inconel 625 are Haynes 625, Nickelvac 625, Nicrofer 6020, Altemp 625 and Chronic 625</ref>
Because of the metal's high [[Niobium|Niobium (Nb)]] levels as well as its exposure to harsh environments and high temperatures, there was concern about the weldability of Inconel 625. Studies were therefore conducted to test the metal's weldability, tensile strength and creep resistance, and Inconel 625 was found to be an ideal choice for welding.<ref name="Superalloys1991"/> Other well known names for Inconel 625 are Haynes 625, Nickelvac 625, Nicrofer 6020, Altemp 625 and Chronic 625


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
Inconel 625 was designed as a solid solution strengthened material with no significant microstructure. This holds true at low and high temperatures, but there is a region (923 to 1148 K) where precipitates form that are detrimental to the creep properties, and thus the strength, of the alloy. Under any creep conditions (high temperature with an applied stress), M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>-type carbides form at the grain boundaries. When tested at 973 K, γ” precipitates begin forming. These γ” phase precipitates are ordered A<sub>3</sub> B type with a composition of Ni<sub>3</sub>(Nb, Al, Ti) and a tetragonal crystal structure. They form a disk-shaped morphology and are coherent with respect to the matrix. When tested at 998 K, a δ-phase precipitate begins forming which consist of Ni<sub>3</sub>(Nb, Mo) in an orthorhombic crystal structure. They form in a needle-like morphology and are incoherent with the matrix. Both of these precipitates can be completely dissolved back into the matrix when the sample is heated to 1148 K for 5 hours. This leads to the ability to recover creep properties of the alloy to prolong the materials lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mathew | first = M. D. | title = Microstructural changes in alloy 625 during high temperature creep | journal = Materials Characterization | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | date = 2008 | pages = 508–513| doi = 10.1016/j.matchar.2007.03.007 }}</ref>
Some chemical properties of Inconel 625 include:<ref>{{cite web|title=Inconel 625|url=http://www.rickardmetals.com/products/inconel-625/|website=Rickard}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Cr !! Mo !! Co !! Nb+Ta !! Al !! Ti !! C !! Fe !! Mn !! Si !! P !! S !! Ni
|-
| Min || 20 || 8 || -- || 3.15 || -- || -- || -- || -- || -- || -- || -- || -- || Balance
|-
| Max || 23 || 10 || 1 || 4.15 || .4 || .4 || .1 || 5 || .5 || .5 || .015 || .015 || Balance
|}

Inconel 625 was designed as a solid solution strengthened material with no significant microstructure. This holds true at low and high temperatures, but there is a region (923 to 1148 K) where precipitates form that are detrimental to the creep properties, and thus the strength, of the alloy. Under any creep conditions (high temperature with an applied stress), M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>-type carbides form at the grain boundaries. When tested at 973 K, γ” precipitates begin forming. These γ” phase precipitates are ordered A<sub>3</sub> B type with a composition of Ni<sub>3</sub>(Nb, Al, Ti) and a tetragonal crystal structure. They form a disk-shaped morphology and are coherent with respect to the matrix. When tested at 998 K, a δ-phase precipitate begins forming which consist of Ni<sub>3</sub>(Nb, Mo) in an orthorhombic crystal structure. They form in a needle-like morphology and are incoherent with the matrix. Both of these precipitates can be completely dissolved back into the matrix when the sample is heated 1148 K. This leads to the ability to recover creep properties of the alloy to prolong the materials lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mathew | first = M. D. | title = Microstructural changes in alloy 625 during high temperature creep | journal = Materials Characterization | volume = 59.5 | date = 2008 | pages = 508–513}}</ref>


== ASTM Specifications ==
== ASTM Specifications ==
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) for various products made out of Inconel 625 are as follow:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rit-inox.com/materials/nickel-alloy-625-inconel-625-uns-n06625-manufacturer-supplier-exporter/#inconel625astm|title=ASTM Specifications|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) for various products made out of Inconel 625 are as follow:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Pipe Seamless
!Pipe Seamless
Line 31: Line 45:
!Wire
!Wire
|-
|-
|B444<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloys and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy Pipe and Tube |url=https://www.astm.org/b0444-23.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.astm.org |language=en |doi=10.1520/b0444-23}}</ref>
|B444
|B705<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloy, Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy, and Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Molybdenum-Copper Alloy Welded Pipe |url=https://www.astm.org/b0705-24.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.astm.org |language=en |doi=10.1520/b0705-24}}</ref>
|B705
|B444
|B444<ref name=":0" />
|B704<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Standard Specification for Welded Nickel Alloy Tubes |url=https://www.astm.org/b0704-23.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.astm.org |language=en |doi=10.1520/b0704-23}}</ref>
|B704
|B443<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip |url=https://www.astm.org/b0443-19.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.astm.org |language=en |doi=10.1520/b0443-19}}</ref>
|B443
|B446<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloy, Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy, and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Tungsten Alloy Rod and Bar |url=https://www.astm.org/b0446-23.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.astm.org |language=en |doi=10.1520/b0446-23}}</ref>
|B446
|–
|–
|–
|–
Line 44: Line 58:
==Markets==
==Markets==
Markets for Inconel 625 include:
Markets for Inconel 625 include:
* Offshore
* Marine
* Marine
* Nuclear
* Nuclear
* Chemical Processing
* Chemical Processing
* Aerospace
* Aerospace
*Glow Plugs


==Applications==
==Applications==
Product and technology applications of Inconel 625 include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rit-inox.com/materials/nickel-alloy-625-inconel-625-uns-n06625-manufacturer-supplier-exporter/#application|title=Applications of Inconel 625|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
Product and technology applications of Inconel 625 include:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Ian |title=5 applications of INCONEL alloys |url=https://www.corrotherm.co.uk/blog/5-applications-of-inconel-alloys#more |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.corrotherm.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* Seawater components
* Seawater components
* Flare stacks
* Flare stacks
Line 60: Line 76:
* Engine thrust-reverser systems
* Engine thrust-reverser systems
* Jet engine exhausts systems
* Jet engine exhausts systems
* Boiler furnaces


==Specifications==
==Specifications==
Specifications and certifications include:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rit-inox.com/materials/nickel-alloy-625-inconel-625-uns-n06625-manufacturer-supplier-exporter/|title=Alloy 625|last=|first=|date=|website=Rickard|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>{{clarify|date=December 2015}}
Specifications and certifications include:<ref>{{Cite web |website=www.specialmetals.com |date=August 13, 2013 |url=https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf |title=Inconel nickel-chromium alloy 625 (UNS N06625/W.Nr. 2.4856) |access-date=November 17, 2024}}</ref>
* AMS: 5599, 5666
* AMS: 5599, 5666, 5837, 5869
* MS: 5837
* MS: 5837
* ASME: SB 443 Gr 1, SB 446 Gr 1
* ASME: SB 443 Gr 1, SB 446 Gr 1
Line 73: Line 90:
* Werkstoff: 2.4856
* Werkstoff: 2.4856


==Inconel 625 Physical Properties==
<ul style="margin-left:20px;">
<li>Density: 0.303 lb/in3(8.44 g/cm3</li>
<li>Specific Gravity: 8.44</li>
<li>Melting Range: 2350 - 2460°F (1280 - 1350°C)</li>
<li>Specific Heat: 0.098 Btu/lb x °F (410 Joules/kg x °K)</li>
<li>Magnetic Permeability (75°F, 200 oersted): 1.0006</li>
</ul>


==Equivalents==

<table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr>
<th width="32%">Material</th>
<th width="68%"><h3>Equivalent Material</h3></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>ALLOY 625 (61 Ni/22 Cr/9 Mo)</strong></td>
<td><ul>
<li>Inconel Alloy 625 (® Special Metals)</li>
<li>Haynes 625 (® Haynes International)</li>
<li>Inconel 625</li>
<li>Nicrofer 6020</li>
<li>Nickelvac 625</li>
<li>Chronic 625</li>
<li>Altemp 625</li>
<li>ATI 625 (™ Allegheny Technologies)</li>
<li> 625DDQ</li>
<li>625 LCF (® Special Metals)</li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><strong>ALLOY 625 Equivalent ASTM</strong></p>
<p>American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)</p></td>
<td><ul>
<li>ASTM B444 (Pipe Seamless)</li>
<li>ASTM B705 (Pipe Welded)</li>
<li>ASTM B444 (Tube Seamless)</li>
<li>ASTM B704 (Tube Welded)</li>
<li>ASTM B443 &amp; ASTM B906 (Sheet/ Plate / Strips / Coils)</li>
<li>ASTM B446 (Bar/ Rounds)</li>
<li>ASTM B564 (Forging)</li>
<li>ASTM B366 (Fitting)</li>
<li>ASTM B446 (Wire)</li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><strong>ALLOY 625 Equivalent ASME</strong></p>
<p>American Society of Mechanical Engineers (<strong>ASME</strong>)</p></td>
<td><ul>
<li>ASME SB444 (Pipe Seamless)</li>
<li>ASME SB705 (Pipe Welded)</li>
<li>ASME SB444 (Tube Seamless)</li>
<li>ASME SB704 (Tube Welded)</li>
<li>ASME SB443 &amp; ASME SB906 (Sheet/ Plate / Strips / Coils)</li>
<li>ASME SB446 (Bar/ Rounds)</li>
<li>ASME SB564 (Forging)</li>
<li>ASME SB366 (Fitting)</li>
<li>ASME SB446 (Wire)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
==See also==
==See also==
* [[Inconel]]
* [[Inconel]]
Line 145: Line 100:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|330em}}
{{Reflist|330em}}

http://www.steeltubesindia.net/inconel/inconel625_products.html
[[Category:Superalloys]]
http://www.steeltubesindia.net/inconel/inconel625_products.html
[[Category:Alloys]]

Latest revision as of 05:19, 19 November 2024

Inconel 625
Cladding overlay in a tube with Inconel 625
SynonymWerkstoff 2.4856
Material typeAlloy
Alloy properties
UNS identifierN06625
Alloy typeNickel-based superalloy
Composition
  • Ni 58%
  • Cr 20-23%
  • Mo 8-10%
  • Fe 5%
  • Nb + Ta 3.15-4.15%
  • Co 1%
  • Mn 0.5%
  • Si 0.5%
  • Al 0.4%
  • Ti 0.4%
  • C 0.1%
  • P 0.015%
  • S 0.015%
Physical properties
Density (ρ)8.4 g/cm3
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus (E)207.5-147.5 @ 70–1,600 °F (21–871 °C) (annealed)
204.8-148.2 @ 70–1,600 °F (21–871 °C) (solution treated)
Tensile strength (σt)Rod, bar, plate: 120–160 ksi (827–1,103 MPa) (as rolled), 120–150 ksi (827–1,034 MPa) (annealed)
Elongation (ε) at breakRod, bar, plate: 60-30% (as rolled and annealed)
Poisson's ratio (ν)0.278-0.336 @ 70–1,600 °F (21–871 °C) (annealed)
0.312-0.289 @ 70–1,600 °F (21–871 °C) (solution treated)
Hardness—BrinellRod, bar, plate: 175-240 (as rolled)
Thermal properties
Melting temperature (Tm)2,350–2,460 °F (1,288–1,349 °C)
Thermal conductivity (k)50 BTU/(hr·ft⋅°F) @ −250 °F (−157 °C) – 175 BTU/(hr·ft⋅°F) @ 1,800 °F (982 °C)
Specific heat capacity (c)0.096-0.160 BTU/(lb⋅°F)
(0.402-0.669 J/g⋅°C)
@ 0–2,000 °F (−18–1,093 °C)
Electrical properties
Permeability (μ)1.006 @ 200 Oe (15.92 kA/m)
Values displayed for tensile strength, elongation, and hardness are shown for various products under 4 in (10.2 cm) in size, and are measured at room temperature.

Inconel Alloy 625 (UNS designation N06625) is a nickel-based superalloy that possesses high strength properties and resistance to elevated temperatures. It also demonstrates remarkable protection against corrosion and oxidation. Its ability to withstand high stress and a wide range of temperatures, both in and out of water, as well as being able to resist corrosion while being exposed to highly acidic environments makes it a fitting choice for nuclear and marine applications.[1][2][3]

Inconel 625 was developed in the 1960s with the purpose of creating a material that could be used for steam-line piping. Some modifications were made to its original composition that have enabled it to be even more creep-resistant and weldable. Because of this, the uses of Inconel 625 have expanded into a wide range of industries such as the chemical processing industry, and for marine and nuclear applications to make pumps and valves and other high pressure equipment.[4][1]

Because of the metal's high Niobium (Nb) levels as well as its exposure to harsh environments and high temperatures, there was concern about the weldability of Inconel 625. Studies were therefore conducted to test the metal's weldability, tensile strength and creep resistance, and Inconel 625 was found to be an ideal choice for welding.[3] Other well known names for Inconel 625 are Haynes 625, Nickelvac 625, Nicrofer 6020, Altemp 625 and Chronic 625

Chemistry

[edit]

Inconel 625 was designed as a solid solution strengthened material with no significant microstructure. This holds true at low and high temperatures, but there is a region (923 to 1148 K) where precipitates form that are detrimental to the creep properties, and thus the strength, of the alloy. Under any creep conditions (high temperature with an applied stress), M23C6-type carbides form at the grain boundaries. When tested at 973 K, γ” precipitates begin forming. These γ” phase precipitates are ordered A3 B type with a composition of Ni3(Nb, Al, Ti) and a tetragonal crystal structure. They form a disk-shaped morphology and are coherent with respect to the matrix. When tested at 998 K, a δ-phase precipitate begins forming which consist of Ni3(Nb, Mo) in an orthorhombic crystal structure. They form in a needle-like morphology and are incoherent with the matrix. Both of these precipitates can be completely dissolved back into the matrix when the sample is heated to 1148 K for 5 hours. This leads to the ability to recover creep properties of the alloy to prolong the materials lifetime.[5]

ASTM Specifications

[edit]

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) for various products made out of Inconel 625 are as follow:

Pipe Seamless Pipe Welded Tube Seamless Tube Welded Sheet/Plate Bar Forging Fitting Wire
B444[6] B705[7] B444[6] B704[8] B443[9] B446[10] – – –

Markets

[edit]

Markets for Inconel 625 include:

  • Offshore
  • Marine
  • Nuclear
  • Chemical Processing
  • Aerospace
  • Glow Plugs

Applications

[edit]

Product and technology applications of Inconel 625 include:[11]

  • Seawater components
  • Flare stacks
  • Aircraft ducting systems
  • Fabrication with Inconel 625
  • Specialized seawater equipment
  • Chemical process equipment
  • Turbine shroud rings
  • Engine thrust-reverser systems
  • Jet engine exhausts systems
  • Boiler furnaces

Specifications

[edit]

Specifications and certifications include:[12]

  • AMS: 5599, 5666, 5837, 5869
  • MS: 5837
  • ASME: SB 443 Gr 1, SB 446 Gr 1
  • ASTM: B 443 Gr 1, B 446 Gr 1
  • EN: 2.4856
  • ISO: 15156-3
  • NACE: MR0175-3
  • UNS: N06625
  • Werkstoff: 2.4856


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Special Metals INCONEL® Alloy 625". ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.
  2. ^ "High Temp Super Alloys". ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.
  3. ^ a b Eiselstein, H.L.; Tillack, D.J. (1991). "The Invention and Definition of Alloy 625". Superalloys 718, 625 and Various Derivatives (1991). TMS The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. pp. 1–14. doi:10.7449/1991/Superalloys_1991_1_14. ISBN 0-87339-173-X.
  4. ^ Smith, G.D.; Tillack, D.J.; Patel, S.J. (2001). "Alloy 625 – Impressive Past/Significant Presence/Awesome Future". Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and Various Derivatives. TMS The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. pp. 35–46. doi:10.7449/2001/Superalloys_2001_35_46. ISBN 0-87339-510-7.
  5. ^ Mathew, M. D. (2008). "Microstructural changes in alloy 625 during high temperature creep". Materials Characterization. 59 (5): 508–513. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2007.03.007.
  6. ^ a b "Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloys and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy Pipe and Tube". www.astm.org. doi:10.1520/b0444-23. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  7. ^ "Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloy, Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy, and Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Molybdenum-Copper Alloy Welded Pipe". www.astm.org. doi:10.1520/b0705-24. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  8. ^ "Standard Specification for Welded Nickel Alloy Tubes". www.astm.org. doi:10.1520/b0704-23. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  9. ^ "Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip". www.astm.org. doi:10.1520/b0443-19. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  10. ^ "Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloy, Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy, and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Tungsten Alloy Rod and Bar". www.astm.org. doi:10.1520/b0446-23. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  11. ^ Newman, Ian. "5 applications of INCONEL alloys". www.corrotherm.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  12. ^ "Inconel nickel-chromium alloy 625 (UNS N06625/W.Nr. 2.4856)" (PDF). www.specialmetals.com. August 13, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
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