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Coordinates: 17°22′N 78°28′E / 17.367°N 78.467°E / 17.367; 78.467
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{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox river
{{Infobox river
| name = Musi River
| name = Musi ([[Muchukunda]]) River
⚫
| name_other = Muchukunda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
⚫
| image = View of Musi river from Nayapul.jpg
⚫
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| image_size =
⚫
| image_caption = Musi river seen from Nayapul bridge in [[Hyderabad]]
<!---------------------- IMAGE-->
⚫
| subdivision_type1 = State
⚫
| image = View of Musi river from Nayapul.jpg
⚫
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| image_size =
⚫
| subdivision_type2 = Origin
⚫
| image_caption = Musi river seen from Nayapul bridge in [[Hyderabad]]
⚫
| subdivision_name2 = Ananthagiri Hills, Vikarabad
| image_alt =
⚫
| bridges = [[Purana Pul]] <br> [[Naya Pul]]
<!---------------------- MAPS -->
| map =
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| pushpin_map_alt =
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
⚫
| subdivision_type1 = State
⚫
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
⚫
| subdivision_type2 = Origin
⚫
| subdivision_name2 = Ananthagiri Hills, Vikarabad
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} -->
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...|display=inline,title}} -->
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
⚫
| bridges = [[Purana Pul]] <br> [[Naya Pul]]
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
}}

The '''Musi River''' is a major [[tributary]] of the [[Krishna River]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]], flowing through [[Telangana]], [[India]]. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] stands on the banks of the Musi River, which divides the historic [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] from the new city. The Musi River flows into [[Himayat Sagar]] and [[Osman Sagar]], which are artificial lakes that act as reservoirs that once supplied the twin cities of Hyderabad and [[Secunderabad]] with drinking water. It originates in the [[Ananthagiri Hills, Vikarabad district|Ananthagiri Hills]], near [[Vikarabad]]. It generally flows towards the east, turning south at Chittaloor. It flows into the Krishna River at [[Vadapally]] near [[Miryalaguda]] in [[Nalgonda district]].
The '''Musi River''' is a major [[tributary]] of the [[Krishna River]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]], flowing through [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The river's historical name is [[Muchukunda]]. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] stands on the banks of the Musi River, which divides the historic [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] from the new city. The Musi River flows into [[Himayat Sagar]] and [[Osman Sagar]], which are artificial lakes that act as reservoirs that once supplied the twin cities of Hyderabad and [[Secunderabad]] with drinking water. It originates in the [[Ananthagiri Hills, Vikarabad district|Ananthagiri Hills]], near [[Vikarabad]]. It generally flows towards the east, turning south at Chittaloor. It flows into the Krishna River at [[Vadapally]] near [[Miryalaguda]] in [[Nalgonda district]].


==Places of interest==
==Places of interest==
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*[[Salar Jung Museum]]
*[[Salar Jung Museum]]
*[[State Central Library, Hyderabad|State Central Library]]
*[[State Central Library, Hyderabad|State Central Library]]
*[[Asif Nahar Project Dam Nemilikalwa Village Valigonda Yadadri Bhongir]]


==Floods==
==Floods==
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The Musi river was the cause of frequent flood devastation of Hyderabad city until the early decades of the 20th century. On 28 September 1908, Hyderabad was flooded, which included 17 inches of rain in one day, killing around 15,000 people.<ref name=the-hindu1>{{cite news|last=Ifthekhar|first=J.S|title=Remembering the deluge of 1908|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/remembering-the-deluge-of-1908/article3944923.ece |date=28 September 2012|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
The Musi river was the cause of frequent flood devastation of Hyderabad city until the early decades of the 20th century. On 28 September 1908, Hyderabad was flooded, which included 17 inches of rain in one day, killing around 15,000 people.<ref name=the-hindu1>{{cite news|last=Ifthekhar|first=J.S|title=Remembering the deluge of 1908|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/remembering-the-deluge-of-1908/article3944923.ece |date=28 September 2012|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
[[File:Krishna River basin map.svg|right|thumb|Musi River is a tributary of the Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau]]
[[File:Krishna River basin map.svg|right|thumb|Musi River is a tributary of the Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau]]
The modern era of the development of the twin cities began soon after these floods in 1908. This necessitated planned, phased development.<ref name=Murali>{{cite news|last=Murali|first=D|title=Floods proved a blessing in disguise|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/04/22/stories/2006042200130300.htm|access-date=17 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108132827/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/04/22/stories/2006042200130300.htm|archive-date=8 November 2012|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-04-22|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last=Shahid|first=Sajjad|title=Sitamber: the harbinger of torment|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/hyderabad/34177011_1_musi-bus-terminus-ends-today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809131747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/hyderabad/34177011_1_musi-bus-terminus-ends-today|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2013|date=30 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref>
The modern era of the development of the twin cities began soon after these floods in 1908. This necessitated planned, phased development.<ref name=Murali>{{cite news|last=Murali|first=D|title=Floods proved a blessing in disguise|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/04/22/stories/2006042200130300.htm|access-date=17 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108132827/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/04/22/stories/2006042200130300.htm|archive-date=8 November 2012|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-04-22|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last=Shahid|first=Sajjad|title=Sitamber: the harbinger of torment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sitamber-The-harbinger-of-torment/articleshow/16606880.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809131747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/hyderabad/34177011_1_musi-bus-terminus-ends-today|url-status=live|archive-date=9 August 2013|date=30 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref>


[[Abdallah Ahmed Bin Mahfooz]] submitted his report on 1 October 1909, with recommendations on preventing a recurrence of floods and improving civic amenities. However, there are conflicting reports that Sir
[[Abdallah Ahmed Bin Mahfooz]] submitted his report on 1 October 1909, with recommendations on preventing a recurrence of floods and improving civic amenities. However, there are conflicting reports that Sir
M. Visvesvaraya was engaged by the erstwhile Nizam to help design the drainage system and prevent floods. [[Nizam VII]] constituted a City Improve Trust in 1912. He built a flood control system on the river. A dam was built in 1920 across the river, ten miles (16&nbsp; km) upstream from the city called [[Osman Sagar]]. In 1927 another reservoir was built on Esi (a tributary of Musi) and named [[Himayat Sagar]]. These lakes prevented the flooding of the River Musi and are major drinking water sources for Hyderabad city.<ref name=TOI/><ref>{{cite news|title=Chequered past|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/11/stories/2004021100220300.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 February 2004|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117025716/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/11/stories/2004021100220300.htm|archive-date=2010-01-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
M. Visvesvaraya was engaged by the erstwhile Nizam to help design the drainage system and prevent floods. [[Nizam VII]] constituted a City Improve Trust in 1912. He built a flood control system on the river. A dam was built in 1920 across the river, ten miles (16&nbsp; km) upstream from the city called [[Osman Sagar]]. In 1927 another reservoir was built on Esi (a tributary of Musi) and named [[Himayat Sagar]]. These lakes prevented the flooding of the River Musi and are major drinking water sources for Hyderabad city.<ref name=TOI/><ref>{{cite news|title=Chequered past|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/11/stories/2004021100220300.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 February 2004|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117025716/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/11/stories/2004021100220300.htm|archive-date=2010-01-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Pollution==

In 2022, the Musi river was the 22nd most polluted river in the world.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Akbar |first=Syed |date=17 May 2022 |title=Lifeline Musi 22nd most toxic river in the world, virtual drug lab |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lifeline-musi-22nd-most-toxic-river-in-world-virtual-drug-lab/articleshow/91605392.cms |access-date=21 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
==Current status==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
Due to indiscriminate urbanization and lack of planning, the river had earlier become a receptacle of untreated domestic and industrial waste dumping out of Hyderabad. It was estimated that nearly 350 MLD of polluted water and sewage originating from [[Hyderabad]] and [[Secunderabad]] flow into the river. Efforts to clean it have failed. The river water downstream of the cities remained highly polluted and considered to be a major disaster in Hyderabad.

Musi is now one of the most polluted rivers in India. Recent studies have shown the presence of super bugs in the water of Musi. Researchers and some drug company employees say the presence of more than 300 drug firms, combined with lax oversight and inadequate water treatment, has left the river laced with antibiotics, making this a giant Petri dish for anti-microbial resistance. Drug makers including large Indian firms Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd REDY.NS, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd ARBN.NS and Hetero Drugs Ltd, and U.S. giant Mylan Inc MYL.O discharge effluents into waterways, Musi is now "critically polluted". These drug-resistant superbugs are a serious threat to people as these bacteria are resistant to almost every known antibiotic.<ref>{{cite news|last=Akbar|first=Syed |title=Lifeline Musi 22nd most toxic river in the world, virtual drug lab|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lifeline-musi-22nd-most-toxic-river-in-world-virtual-drug-lab/articleshow/91605392.cms|date=17 May 2022|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 21 February 2023}}</ref>


==References and notes==
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 17:30, 19 November 2024

Musi (Muchukunda) River
Muchukunda
Musi river seen from Nayapul bridge in Hyderabad
Map
Location
StateTelangana
OriginAnanthagiri Hills, Vikarabad
Basin features
BridgesPurana Pul
Naya Pul

The Musi River is a major tributary of the Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau, flowing through Telangana, India. The river's historical name is Muchukunda. Hyderabad stands on the banks of the Musi River, which divides the historic Old City from the new city. The Musi River flows into Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar, which are artificial lakes that act as reservoirs that once supplied the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad with drinking water. It originates in the Ananthagiri Hills, near Vikarabad. It generally flows towards the east, turning south at Chittaloor. It flows into the Krishna River at Vadapally near Miryalaguda in Nalgonda district.

Places of interest

[edit]

Floods

[edit]
Main articles: Great Musi Flood and 2020 Hyderabad floods
Railway bridge over Musi river

The Musi river was the cause of frequent flood devastation of Hyderabad city until the early decades of the 20th century. On 28 September 1908, Hyderabad was flooded, which included 17 inches of rain in one day, killing around 15,000 people.[1]

Musi River is a tributary of the Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau

The modern era of the development of the twin cities began soon after these floods in 1908. This necessitated planned, phased development.[2][3]

Abdallah Ahmed Bin Mahfooz submitted his report on 1 October 1909, with recommendations on preventing a recurrence of floods and improving civic amenities. However, there are conflicting reports that Sir M. Visvesvaraya was engaged by the erstwhile Nizam to help design the drainage system and prevent floods. Nizam VII constituted a City Improve Trust in 1912. He built a flood control system on the river. A dam was built in 1920 across the river, ten miles (16  km) upstream from the city called Osman Sagar. In 1927 another reservoir was built on Esi (a tributary of Musi) and named Himayat Sagar. These lakes prevented the flooding of the River Musi and are major drinking water sources for Hyderabad city.[3][4]

Pollution

[edit]

In 2022, the Musi river was the 22nd most polluted river in the world.[5]

References and notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifthekhar, J.S (28 September 2012). "Remembering the deluge of 1908". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  2. ^ Murali, D (22 April 2006). "Floods proved a blessing in disguise". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  3. ^ a b Shahid, Sajjad (30 September 2012). "Sitamber: the harbinger of torment". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  4. ^ "Chequered past". The Hindu. 11 February 2004. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  5. ^ Akbar, Syed (17 May 2022). "Lifeline Musi 22nd most toxic river in the world, virtual drug lab". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musi River (India).

17°22′N 78°28′E / 17.367°N 78.467°E / 17.367; 78.467

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