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Coordinates: 61°7′51″N 146°20′54″W / 61.13083°N 146.34833°W / 61.13083; -146.34833
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{{short description|Town in Alaska}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Valdez, Alaska
| official_name = Valdez, Alaska
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| settlement_type = [[City (Alaska)|City]]
| settlement_type = [[City (Alaska)|City]]
| nickname =
| nickname =
| motto = <!-- Images -->
| motto =
<!-- Images -->
| image_skyline = File:Valdez aerial.jpg
| image_skyline = File:Valdez aerial.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = Aerial view showing the townsite, the harbor, Port Valdez, the lower Mineral Creek valley, and [[Blueberry Hill (Alaska)|Blueberry Hill]]
| image_caption = Aerial view showing the townsite, the harbor, Port Valdez, the lower Mineral Creek valley, and [[Blueberry Hill (Alaska)|Blueberry Hill]]
| image_flag =
| image_flag =
| image_seal = <!-- Maps -->
| image_seal =
<!-- Maps -->
| image_map = AKMap-doton-Valdez.PNG
| image_map = AKMap-doton-Valdez.PNG
| mapsize = 250px
| mapsize = 250px
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| image_map1 =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 = <!-- Location -->
| map_caption1 =
<!-- Location -->
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_name = United States
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| established_date = June 11, 1901<ref>{{cite book|title=1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=[[Juneau]]|publisher=Alaska Municipal League/[[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development|Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs]]|date=January 1996|page=156}}</ref>
| established_date = June 11, 1901<ref>{{cite book|title=1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=[[Juneau]]|publisher=Alaska Municipal League/[[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development|Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs]]|date=January 1996|page=156}}</ref>
<!-- Area -->
<!-- Area -->
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_02.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_02.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 704.24
| area_total_km2 = 704.24
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| area_land_sq_mi = 212.69
| area_land_sq_mi = 212.69
| area_water_sq_mi = 59.22
| area_water_sq_mi = 59.22
<!-- Population -->| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
<!-- Population -->
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 3985
| population_total = 3985
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| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1412465}}
| blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1412465}}
| website = [http://www.ci.valdez.ak.us/ www.ci.valdez.ak.us]
| website = [https://www.valdezak.gov/]
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_as_of =
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}}
}}


'''Valdez''' ({{IPAc-en|v|æ|l|ˈ|d|iː|z|}} {{respell|val|DEEZ|}}; [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]]: {{lang|ems|Suacit}}) is a city in the [[Chugach Census Area, Alaska|Chugach Census Area]]{{efn|The Chugach Census Area was established in 2019 by the split of the former [[Valdez–Cordova Census Area, Alaska|Valdez–Cordova Census Area]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/technical-documentation/county-changes.html|title=Changes to Counties and County Equivalent Entities: 1970-Present|author=United States Census Bureau |website=census.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>}} in the U.S. state of [[Alaska]]. According to the 2020 US Census, the population of the city is 3,985, up from 3,976 in 2010.<ref name="2020 Census Data">{{cite web | url = https://live.laborstats.alaska.gov/cen/2020-census-data.html | title = 2020 Census Data - Cities and Census Designated Places | format = Web | publisher = State of Alaska, Department of Labor and Workforce Development | access-date = October 31, 2021}}</ref> It is the [[List of cities in Alaska|third most populated city]] in Alaska's [[Unorganized Borough, Alaska|Unorganized Borough]].
'''Valdez''' ({{IPAc-en|v|æ|l|ˈ|d|iː|z|}} {{respell|val|DEEZ|}}; [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]]: {{lang|ems|Suacit}}) is a city in the [[Chugach Census Area, Alaska|Chugach Census Area]]{{efn|The Chugach Census Area was established in 2019 by the split of the former [[Valdez–Cordova Census Area, Alaska|Valdez–Cordova Census Area]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/technical-documentation/county-changes.html|title=Changes to Counties and County Equivalent Entities: 1970-Present|author=United States Census Bureau |website=census.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref>}} in the U.S. state of [[Alaska]]. According to the 2020 US Census, the population of the city is 3,985, up from 3,976 in 2010.<ref name="2020 Census Data">{{cite web | url = https://live.laborstats.alaska.gov/cen/2020-census-data.html | title = 2020 Census Data - Cities and Census Designated Places | format = Web | publisher = State of Alaska, Department of Labor and Workforce Development | access-date = October 31, 2021}}</ref> It is the [[List of cities in Alaska|third most populated city]] in Alaska's [[Unorganized Borough, Alaska|Unorganized Borough]].


The city was named in 1790 after the Spanish Navy Minister [[Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán]]. A former [[Gold Rush]] town, it is located at the head of [[Port Valdez]] on the eastern side of [[Prince William Sound]]. The port did not flourish until after the road link to [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] was constructed in 1899. It suffered catastrophic damage during the [[1964 Alaska earthquake]], and is located near the site of the disastrous 1989 ''[[Exxon Valdez]]'' oil tanker spill. Today, it is one of the most important ports in Alaska, a [[commercial fishing]] port as well as a freight terminal. Valdez is also the terminus for the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]].
The city was named in 1790 after the Spanish Navy Minister [[Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán]]. A former [[Gold Rush]] town, it is located at the head of [[Port Valdez]] on the eastern side of [[Prince William Sound]]. The city was incorporated in 1901, but did not flourish until after the road link to [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] was constructed in 1910. It suffered catastrophic damage during the [[1964 Alaska earthquake]], and is located near the site of the disastrous 1989 ''[[Exxon Valdez]]'' oil tanker spill. Today, it is one of the most important ports in Alaska, a [[commercial fishing]] port as well as a freight terminal. Valdez is also the terminus for the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]].


==History==
==History==
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=== Spanish beginnings ===
=== Spanish beginnings ===
The port of Valdez was named in 1790 by the Spanish explorer [[Salvador Fidalgo]] after the Spanish naval officer [[Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán]].<ref>{{Cite GNIS|1408225|Port Valdez}}</ref>
The port of Valdez was named in 1790 by the Spanish explorer [[Salvador Fidalgo]] after the Spanish naval officer [[Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán]].<ref>{{Cite GNIS|1408225|Port Valdez}}</ref>


In 1790, within the framework of the expeditions of Spain in the Pacific Northwest, under the direction of [[Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo]], then viceroy of [[New Spain]], Salvador Fidalgo was sent to San Lorenzo de [[Nootka Island|Nootka]] where they founded the Fort of Saint Michael (Nutka). On May 5, 1790, Fidalgo sailed with the San Carlos de Nutka towards Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet, off the coast of Alaska, and a few weeks later, he anchored off present-day [[Cordova, Alaska]]. The expedition found no signs of a Russian presence and traded with natives in the area. On June 3 they disembarked on the coast of present-day [[Orca Inlet]], and, in a solemn ceremony, Fidalgo erected a large wooden cross and reaffirmed Spanish sovereignty over the territory, naming it "Puerto Córdova." Fidalgo continued along the Alaskan coast, until he reached Point Gravina on June 10, where he celebrated another act of reaffirmation of Spanish sovereignty. On June 15, they discovered a port, which they named Puerto Valdés,<ref> "Reduced spherical chart containing the northernmost part of the California", by Salvador Fidalgo, 1790 (MN-2-C-10) [https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?control=BMDB20180018633]</ref> in honor of Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán, then "[[:es:Secretario_de_Estado_(Antiguo_Régimen_en_España)|Secretary of State of the Universal Office]] of the Navy and the Indies" (a position equivalent to Minister for the affairs of the Spanish Navy and the four [[Spanish viceroyalty|Spanish Viceroyalties]] of the Americas, including the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]]).
In 1790, within the framework of the expeditions of Spain in the Pacific Northwest, under the direction of [[Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo]], then viceroy of [[New Spain]], Salvador Fidalgo was sent to San Lorenzo de [[Nootka Island|Nootka]] where they founded the Fort of Saint Michael (Nutka). On May 5, 1790, Fidalgo sailed with the San Carlos de Nutka towards Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet, off the coast of Alaska, and a few weeks later, he anchored off present-day [[Cordova, Alaska]]. The expedition found no signs of a Russian presence and traded with natives in the area. On June 3 they disembarked on the coast of present-day [[Orca Inlet]], and, in a solemn ceremony, Fidalgo erected a large wooden cross and reaffirmed Spanish sovereignty over the territory, naming it "Puerto Córdova." Fidalgo continued along the Alaskan coast, until he reached Point Gravina on June 10, where he celebrated another act of reaffirmation of Spanish sovereignty. On June 15, they discovered a port, which they named Puerto Valdés,<ref>"Reduced spherical chart containing the northernmost part of the California", by Salvador Fidalgo, 1790 (MN-2-C-10) [https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?control=BMDB20180018633]</ref> in honor of Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán, then "[[:es:Secretario de Estado (Antiguo Régimen en España)|Secretary of State of the Universal Office]] of the Navy and the Indies" (a position equivalent to Minister for the affairs of the Spanish Navy and the four [[Spanish viceroyalty|Spanish Viceroyalties]] of the Americas, including the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]]).


In the [[Nootka Convention|Nootka Conventions]], which followed the [[Nootka Crisis|Nootka crisis]], Spain granted Great Britain access rights to the Pacific Northwest, although it did not establish the boundary with Spanish California, nor did it cede Spanish rights in the area. Spain later relinquished any remaining claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel to the United States as part of the [[Adams–Onís Treaty|Adams-Onís Treaty]] of 1819.
In the [[Nootka Convention]]s, which followed the [[Nootka Crisis|Nootka crisis]], Spain granted Great Britain access rights to the Pacific Northwest, although it did not establish the boundary with Spanish California, nor did it cede Spanish rights in the area. Spain later relinquished any remaining claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel to the United States as part of the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]] of 1819.


=== Mining town ===
=== Mining town ===
A scam to lure prospectors off the Klondike Gold Rush trail led to a town being developed there in 1898. Some steamship companies promoted the Valdez Glacier Trail as a better route for miners to reach the [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]] gold fields and discover new ones in the Copper River country of interior Alaska than that from [[Skagway, Alaska|Skagway]]. The prospectors who believed the promotion found that they had been deceived. The glacier trail was twice as long and steep as reported, and many men died attempting the crossing, in part by contracting [[scurvy]] during the long cold winter without adequate supplies. The town did not flourish until after the construction of the [[Richardson Highway]] in 1899, which connected Valdez and Fairbanks. With a new road and its [[Port#Warm-water port|ice-free port]], Valdez became permanently established as the first overland supply route into the interior of Alaska. The highway was open in summer-only until 1950, when it started operating as a year-round route.<ref name="ReferenceA">Paragraph edited by the Valdez Museum and Historical Archive Mar 2009</ref>
A scam to lure prospectors off the Klondike Gold Rush trail led to a town being developed there in 1898. Some steamship companies promoted the Valdez Glacier Trail as a better route for miners to reach the [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike]] gold fields and discover new ones in the Copper River country of interior Alaska than that from [[Skagway, Alaska|Skagway]]. The prospectors who believed the promotion found that they had been deceived. The glacier trail was twice as long and steep as reported, and many men died attempting the crossing, in part by contracting [[scurvy]] during the long cold winter without adequate supplies. The town did not flourish until after the construction of the [[Richardson Highway]] in 1910, which connected Valdez and Fairbanks. With a new road and its [[Port#Warm-water port|ice-free port]], Valdez became permanently established as the first overland supply route into the interior of Alaska. The highway was open in summer-only until 1950, when it started operating as a year-round route.<ref name="ReferenceA">Paragraph edited by the Valdez Museum and Historical Archive Mar 2009</ref>


[[File:McKinley Avenue, Valdez, Alaska, June 24, 1908 (COBB 144).jpeg|thumb|left|McKinley Avenue in Valdez, June 1908]]
[[File:McKinley Avenue, Valdez, Alaska, June 24, 1908 (COBB 144).jpeg|thumb|left|McKinley Avenue in Valdez, June 1908]]
In 1907, a shootout between two rival railroad companies ended Valdez's hope of becoming the railroad link from tidewater to the Kennicott Copper Mine. The mine, located in the heart of the Wrangell-St. Elias Mountains, was one of the richest copper ore deposits on the continent. The exact location of the right-of-way dispute, in which one man was killed and several injured, is located at the southern entrance of [[Keystone Canyon]] on the Valdez side. A half-completed tunnel in the canyon marks the end of railroad days in Valdez. A rail line to Kennicott was later established from the coastal city of Cordova.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
In 1907, a shootout between two rival railroad companies ended Valdez's hope of becoming the railroad link from tidewater to the Kennicott Copper Mine. The mine, located in the heart of the Wrangell-St. Elias Mountains, was one of the richest copper ore deposits on the continent. The exact location of the right-of-way dispute, in which one man was killed and several injured, is located at the southern entrance of [[Keystone Canyon]] on the Valdez side. A half-completed tunnel in the canyon marks the end of railroad days in Valdez. A rail line to Kennicott was later established from the coastal city of Cordova.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


===Good Friday earthquake===
===Good Friday earthquake===
The city of Valdez was badly shaken and damaged in the 1964 [[Good Friday earthquake]]. [[Soil liquefaction]] of the glacial silt that formed the city's foundation led to a massive underwater landslide, which caused a section of the city's shoreline to break off and sink into the sea. The underwater soil displacement caused a local [[tsunami]] {{convert|30|ft|m}} high that traveled westward, away from the city and down Valdez Bay. 32 men, women, and children were on the city's main freight dock to help with and watch the unloading of the SS ''Chena,'' a supply ship that came to Valdez regularly. All 32 people died as the dock collapsed into the ocean with the violent landslide. There were no deaths in the town.
The city of Valdez was badly shaken and damaged in the 1964 [[Good Friday earthquake]]. [[Soil liquefaction]] of the glacial silt that formed the city's foundation led to a massive underwater landslide, which caused a section of the city's shoreline to break off and sink into the sea. The underwater soil displacement caused a local [[tsunami]] {{convert|30|ft|m}} high that traveled westward, away from the city and down Valdez Bay. 32 men, women, and children were on the city's main freight dock to help with and watch the unloading of the SS ''Chena,'' a supply ship that came to Valdez regularly. All 32 people died as the dock collapsed into the ocean with the violent landslide. There were no deaths in the town.


[[File:Alaska - Valdez - NARA - 23942621.jpg|thumb|right|Valdez in the 1940s]]
[[File:Alaska pipeline route near Valdez River.jpg|thumb|The Valdez townsite was abandoned and relocated following the [[1964 Alaska earthquake|1964 earthquake]] and was used as a pipe yard for the [[construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]], as shown in this 1974 photo.]]
[[File:Alaska pipeline route near Valdez River.jpg|thumb|The Valdez townsite was abandoned and relocated following the [[1964 Alaska earthquake|1964 earthquake]] and was used as a pipe yard for the [[construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]], as shown in this 1974 photo.]]
Residents continued to live there for an additional three years while a new site was being prepared on more stable ground {{convert|4|mi|0|spell=in}} away. The new construction was supervised by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]]. They transported 54 houses and buildings by truck to the new site, to re-establish the new city at its present location. The original town site was dismantled, abandoned and eventually burned down.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Residents continued to live there for an additional three years while a new site was being prepared on more stable ground {{convert|4|mi|0|spell=in}} away. The new construction was supervised by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]]. They transported 54 houses and buildings by truck to the new site, to re-establish the new city at its present location. The original town site was dismantled, abandoned and eventually burned down.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In the early 1900s, city leaders George Cheever Hazelet and Andrew Jackson Meals dreamed of moving the original site of Valdez to higher, more stable ground. Long after they were gone, their vision was finally realized. The 1964 earthquake was the defining moment. What is now known as "Old Town" was devastated. The descendants of both men responded by revitalizing the old partnership of 1898. They formed The Port Valdez Company to donate 115 acres of land, where the failed "Hazeletville" development once stood, so the City of Valdez could rebuild and thrive again.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazelet's Journal |url=https://hazeletsjournal.com/ |access-date=September 25, 2023}}</ref>
[[File:"Hazeletville" Valdez, AK Chamber of Commerce c1900.tif|thumb|"Hazeletville" Valdez, AK c1900]]


===Trans-Alaska pipeline===
===Trans-Alaska pipeline===
From 1975 to 1977, the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System|Trans-Alaska pipeline]] was built to carry oil from the [[Prudhoe Bay]] oil fields in northern Alaska to a [[Valdez oil terminal|terminal]] in Valdez, the nearest ice-free port.<ref name=piglfol>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8cdVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mdkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3512%2C5094502 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=UPI |title='Pig' leading flow of oil in pipeline |date=June 20, 1977 |page=1A}}</ref><ref name=hnsof>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h1ZOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_PgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4733%2C784844 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Hot North Slope oil flowing |date=June 20, 1977 |page=1}}</ref> Oil is loaded onto tanker ships for transport. The construction and operation of the pipeline and terminal boosted the economy of Valdez. The first tanker to be loaded with pipeline oil was the ''[[ARCO]] Juneau'' in early August 1977, bound for the [[Cherry Point Refinery]] in {{nowrap|[[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref name=arcjun>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1a1VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KeADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6909%2C169514 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=wire services |title=Tanker casts off with load of oil |date=August 2, 1977 |page=3A}}</ref>}}
From 1975 to 1977, the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System|Trans-Alaska pipeline]] was built to carry oil from the [[Prudhoe Bay]] oil fields in northern Alaska to a [[Valdez oil terminal|terminal]] in Valdez, the nearest ice-free port.<ref name=piglfol>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8cdVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mdkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3512%2C5094502 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=UPI |title='Pig' leading flow of oil in pipeline |date=June 20, 1977 |page=1A}}</ref><ref name=hnsof>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h1ZOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_PgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4733%2C784844 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Hot North Slope oil flowing |date=June 20, 1977 |page=1}}</ref> Oil is loaded onto tanker ships for transport. The construction and operation of the pipeline and terminal boosted the economy of Valdez. The first tanker to be loaded with pipeline oil was the ''[[ARCO]] Juneau'' in early August 1977, bound for the [[Cherry Point Refinery]] in {{nowrap|[[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref name=arcjun>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1a1VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KeADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6909%2C169514 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=wire services |title=Tanker casts off with load of oil |date=August 2, 1977 |page=3A}}</ref>}}


The 1989 [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|''Exxon Valdez'' oil spill]] occurred as the oil tanker ''[[Exxon Valdez]]'' was leaving the terminal at Valdez full of oil. The spill occurred at [[Bligh Reef]], about {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Valdez. Although the oil did not reach Valdez, it devastated much of the marine life in the surrounding area. The clean-up of the oil caused a short-term boost to the economy of Valdez.
The 1989 [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|''Exxon Valdez'' oil spill]] occurred as the oil tanker ''[[Exxon Valdez]]'' was leaving the terminal at Valdez full of oil. The spill occurred at [[Bligh Reef]], about {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Valdez. Although the oil did not reach Valdez, it devastated much of the marine life in the surrounding area. The clean-up of the oil caused a short-term boost to the economy of Valdez.


===2014 avalanches===
===2014 avalanches===
On January 24, 2014, a major avalanche occurred just outside Valdez at Mile 16 near Keystone Canyon, prompting the closure of the only highway in or out of town. On January 25, Alaska DOT triggered another massive slide that further choked the roadway. Due to weather conditions at the time, the avalanche dammed the Lowe River, creating a half-mile-long lake that stalled snow removal efforts for nearly a week. The blockage was dubbed the "Damalanche" by local city officials after a name coined by local resident, Joshua Buffington. News of this event spread to media outlets nationwide.<ref>"[https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2014/02/06/Valdezs-main-highway-reopens-after-blocked-by-avalanches-for-12-days/59821391692247/ Valdez's main highway reopens after blocked by avalanches for 12 days]," ''UPI,'' 6 Feb 2014. Retrieved 30 Jan 2022.</ref><ref>Dave, Paresh. "[https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-valdez-highway-alaska-reopens-20140207-story.html Goodbye, avalanche: Highway to Valdez, Alaska, clear at last]," ''LA Times,'' 7 Feb 2014. Retrieved 30 Jan 2022.</ref> Once the water receded, crews worked around the clock to clear about 200,000 cubic yards of snow in five days. No one was injured during this incident.
On January 24, 2014, a major avalanche occurred just outside Valdez at Mile 16 near Keystone Canyon, prompting the closure of the only highway in or out of town. On January 25, Alaska DOT triggered another massive slide that further choked the roadway. Due to weather conditions at the time, the avalanche dammed the Lowe River, creating a half-mile-long lake that stalled snow removal efforts for nearly a week. The blockage was dubbed the "Damalanche" by local city officials after a name coined by local resident, Joshua Buffington. News of this event spread to media outlets nationwide.<ref>"[https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2014/02/06/Valdezs-main-highway-reopens-after-blocked-by-avalanches-for-12-days/59821391692247/ Valdez's main highway reopens after blocked by avalanches for 12 days]," ''UPI,'' February 6, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</ref><ref>Dave, Paresh. "[https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-valdez-highway-alaska-reopens-20140207-story.html Goodbye, avalanche: Highway to Valdez, Alaska, clear at last]," ''LA Times,'' February 7, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</ref> Once the water receded, crews worked around the clock to clear about 200,000 cubic yards of snow in five days. No one was injured during this incident.


{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
{{Wide image|Valdez, Alaska Harbor Panorama.jpg|1004px|The port of Valdez, set against a natural backdrop of mountains in July 2007. Also visible are the shipping terminal for the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline]] and [[Mount Francis (Alaska)|Mt. Francis]].}}
{{Wide image|Valdez, Alaska Harbor Panorama.jpg|1004px|The port of Valdez, set against a natural backdrop of mountains in July 2007. Also visible are the shipping terminal for the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline]] and [[Mount Francis (Alaska)|Mt. Francis]].}}



==Geography==
==Geography==
⚫
[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - VALDEZ, AK.svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Valdez]]
Valdez is located at {{Coord|61|7|51|N|146|20|54|W|region:US-AK_type:city}}. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|277.1|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|222.0|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|55.1|sqmi|km2}}, comprising 19.88%, is water.
Valdez is located at {{Coord|61|7|51|N|146|20|54|W|region:US-AK_type:city}}. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|277.1|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|222.0|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|55.1|sqmi|km2}}, comprising 19.88%, is water.


Valdez is located near the head of a deep [[fjord]] in the [[Prince William Sound]] in Alaska. It is surrounded by the [[Chugach Mountains]], which are heavily glaciated; nearby Shoup Glacier, which feeds [[Shoup Bay]], served as a source of ice for residents of the town at the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Post, Austin and Viens, R.J.|date=April 27, 2021|title=Preliminary Bathymetry of Shoup Basin and Late Holocene Changes of Shoup Glacier, Alaska|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4093/report.pdf|journal=US Geological Survey {{!}} Water-Resources Investigation Report 94-4093}}</ref> Valdez is the northernmost port in North America that is ice-free year-round. The northernmost point of the coastal [[Pacific temperate rain forests|Pacific temperate rain forest]] is in Valdez, on [[Blueberry Hill (wilderness)|Blueberry Hill]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inforain.org/maparchive/copperriver_biology.htm |title=InfoRain.org: "Prince William Sound / Copper River Ecosystem: Biological and Ecological Resources" |access-date=2006-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927144020/http://www.inforain.org/maparchive/copperriver_biology.htm |archive-date=2006-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The only road access is via the [[Richardson Highway]], which traverses [[Thompson Pass]] and [[Keystone Canyon]] to end at Valdez.
Valdez is located near the head of a deep [[fjord]] in the [[Prince William Sound]] in Alaska. It is surrounded by the [[Chugach Mountains]], which are heavily glaciated; nearby Shoup Glacier, which feeds [[Shoup Bay]], served as a source of ice for residents of the town at the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Post, Austin|author2=Viens, R.J.|date=April 27, 2021|title=Preliminary Bathymetry of Shoup Basin and Late Holocene Changes of Shoup Glacier, Alaska|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4093/report.pdf|journal=US Geological Survey {{!}} Water-Resources Investigation Report 94-4093}}</ref> Valdez is the northernmost port in North America that is ice-free year-round. The northernmost point of the coastal [[Pacific temperate rain forests|Pacific temperate rain forest]] is in Valdez, on [[Blueberry Hill (wilderness)|Blueberry Hill]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inforain.org/maparchive/copperriver_biology.htm |title=InfoRain.org: "Prince William Sound / Copper River Ecosystem: Biological and Ecological Resources" |access-date=September 7, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927144020/http://www.inforain.org/maparchive/copperriver_biology.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The only road access is via the [[Richardson Highway]], which traverses [[Thompson Pass]] and [[Keystone Canyon]] to end at Valdez.


===Climate===
===Climate===
⚫
[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - VALDEZ, AK.svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Valdez]]
Despite the presence of temperate rainforest, Valdez under the [[Köppen climate classification]] has a [[subarctic climate]] (''Dfc''): its winters, though much warmer than most climates of this type, are not sufficiently mild, as those of, say, [[Ketchikan, Alaska|Ketchikan]], [[Kodiak, Alaska|Kodiak]], or even nearby [[Cordova, Alaska|Cordova]] are, to fit into the [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] or [[subpolar oceanic climate]] category.
Despite the presence of temperate rainforest, Valdez under the [[Köppen climate classification]] has a [[subarctic climate]] (''Dfc''): its winters, though much warmer than most climates of this type, are not sufficiently mild, as those of, say, [[Ketchikan, Alaska|Ketchikan]], [[Kodiak, Alaska|Kodiak]], or even nearby [[Cordova, Alaska|Cordova]] are, to fit into the [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] or [[subpolar oceanic climate]] category.


According to the Weather Channel and NOAA, Valdez is the snowiest city in the United States, with an average of almost {{cvt|300.|in|cm}} per year. There have been more than {{cvt|100.|in|cm}} of snow in five separate months (not all in the same year).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/news/articles/snowiest-cities-top-10_2010-12-07?page=11 |title=America's Top 10 Snowiest Cities |access-date=2010-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219205842/http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/news/articles/snowiest-cities-top-10_2010-12-07?page=11 |archive-date=2010-12-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/snowfall.html |title=Governor Lynch's Veto Message Regarding HB 218 |access-date=2007-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619061102/http://www.governor.nh.gov/media/news/2011/061511-hb218.htm |archive-date=2011-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
According to the Weather Channel and NOAA, Valdez is the snowiest city in the United States, with an average of over {{cvt|300.|in|cm}} per year. There have been more than {{cvt|100.|in|cm}} of snow in five separate months (not all in the same year).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/news/articles/snowiest-cities-top-10_2010-12-07?page=11 |title=America's Top 10 Snowiest Cities |access-date=December 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219205842/http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/news/articles/snowiest-cities-top-10_2010-12-07?page=11 |archive-date=December 19, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/snowfall.html |title=Governor Lynch's Veto Message Regarding HB 218 |access-date=May 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619061102/http://www.governor.nh.gov/media/news/2011/061511-hb218.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Valdez, Alaska (1991&ndash;2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1917&ndash;present{{efn|Records for Valdez have been kept at the Valdez Weather Station (GHCN ID "USC00509687") since March 16, 2014, and at [[Valdez Airport]] (GHCN ID "USW00026442") from May 1, 1917, to March 15, 2014.}})
|location = Valdez, Alaska, 1991&ndash;2020 normals, extremes 1917&ndash;present
|single line = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 55
|Jan record high F = 55
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|title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data
|title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|accessdate = July 3, 2021
|access-date = July 3, 2021
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00026442&format=pdf
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00026442&format=pdf
|title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020
|title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|accessdate = July 3, 2021
|access-date = July 3, 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230904053249/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00026442&format=pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230904053249/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00026442&format=pdf
|archive-date = 2023-09-04
|archive-date = September 4, 2023
}}</ref><ref>
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
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|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP1/70275.TXT
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP1/70275.TXT
|title = WMO Climate Normals for VALDEZ, AK 1961–1990
|title = WMO Climate Normals for VALDEZ, AK 1961–1990
|access-date = 2023-09-04
|access-date = September 4, 2023
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230904051745/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP1/70275.TXT
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230904051745/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP1/70275.TXT
|archive-date = 2023-09-04}}</ref>
|archive-date = September 4, 2023}}</ref>
}}
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Valdez, Alaska.tab
| title=Valdez monthly weather statistics
}}
}}


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Valdez first appeared on the 1900 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Valdes." It formally incorporated as Valdez in 1901, and has reported in every successive census. The original townsite was relocated in 1967 from the east side to the north side of Port Valdez after the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake, but still lays within the present city limits.
Valdez first appeared on the 1900 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Valdes." It formally incorporated as Valdez in 1901, and has reported in every successive census. The original townsite was relocated in 1967 from the east side to the north side of Port Valdez after the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake, but still lays within the present city limits.


As of the [[2010 United States Census]], there were 3,976 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 78.6% White, 0.6% Black, 7.6% Native American or Alaska Native, 1.9% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander and 5.8% from two or more races. 4.7% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
As of the [[2020 United States Census]], there were 3,985 people living in Valdez. The racial makeup of the city was 75.7% [[White Americans|White]], 0.8% [[African Americans|Black]], 7.8% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American or Alaska Native]], 2.6% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.8% [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]], 2.0% from some other race, and 10.3% from two or more races. 6.8% were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] of any race.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,036 people, 1,494 households, and 1,042 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert|18.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 1,645 housing units at an average density of {{convert|7.4|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83.62% [[White Americans|White]], 0.42% [[African Americans|Black or African American]], 7.19% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American or Alaska Native]], 2.18% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.45% [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]], 1.41% from [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|other races]], and 4.73% from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]]. 3.96% of the population were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics or Latinos]] of any race.

There were 1,494 households, out of which 41.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.15.


⚫
There were 1,758 housing units in the city, with 1,610 total households. The median age was 40 years. The median income for a household was $99,151 and the median income for a family was $102,832. 4.4% of the population was below the [[poverty line]], including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those over 65.
The age distribution shows 29.7% of the population under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.0 males.


As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], there were 3,976 people. The racial makeup was 78.6% White, 0.6% Black, 7.6% Native American or Alaska Native, 1.9% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander and 5.8% from two or more races. 4.7% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
⚫
The median income for a household in the city was $66,532, and the median income for a family was $74,188. Males had a median income of $56,932 versus $31,855 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $27,341. About 5.0% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.


==Economy==
==Economy==
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Valdez is connected to the interior of Alaska by the [[Richardson Highway]], and is a port of call in the [[Alaska Marine Highway]] ferry system. Just north of Valdez on the highway is [[Thompson Pass]], which has spectacular waterfalls and glaciers next to the highway. Thompson Pass is also known for treacherous driving conditions during the winter.
Valdez is connected to the interior of Alaska by the [[Richardson Highway]], and is a port of call in the [[Alaska Marine Highway]] ferry system. Just north of Valdez on the highway is [[Thompson Pass]], which has spectacular waterfalls and glaciers next to the highway. Thompson Pass is also known for treacherous driving conditions during the winter.


The [[Valdez Airport]], also known as Pioneer Field, has regular scheduled service with [[Ravn Alaska]].
The [[Valdez Airport]], also known as Pioneer Field, has regular scheduled service with [[Ravn Alaska]].


Valdez hosted the [[World Extreme Skiing Championship]] (WESC) in the early 1990s.
Valdez hosted the [[World Extreme Skiing Championship]] (WESC) in the early 1990s.
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==Notable people==
==Notable people==
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD COMMANDER RIKER FROM STAR TREK. He is not a real person and never actually went to Valdez in the TV show or the movies, it's just a made-up detail about a made-up person, and is more suitable content for the article on Riker himself. Thank You -->
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD COMMANDER RIKER FROM STAR TREK. He is not a real person and never actually went to Valdez in the TV show or the movies, it's just a made-up detail about a made-up person, and is more suitable content for the article on Riker himself. Thank You -->
* [[Neva Egan]] (1914–2011), first [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of Alaska|First Lady of Alaska]] (1959–1966, 1970–1974)<ref name=adn>{{cite news|first=Mike|last=Dunham|title=Neva Egan, the first of Alaska's first ladies, dies at age 96|url=http://www.adn.com/2011/01/20/1658903/neva-egan-wife-of-alaskas-first.html|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|date=2011-01-21|access-date=2011-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124194204/http://www.adn.com/2011/01/20/1658903/neva-egan-wife-of-alaskas-first.html|archive-date=2011-01-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Neva Egan]] (1914–2011), first [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of Alaska|First Lady of Alaska]] (1959–1966, 1970–1974)<ref name=adn>{{cite news|first=Mike|last=Dunham|title=Neva Egan, the first of Alaska's first ladies, dies at age 96|url=http://www.adn.com/2011/01/20/1658903/neva-egan-wife-of-alaskas-first.html|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|date=January 21, 2011|access-date=February 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124194204/http://www.adn.com/2011/01/20/1658903/neva-egan-wife-of-alaskas-first.html|archive-date=January 24, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[William A. Egan]] (1914–1984), first [[Governor of Alaska]] (1959–1966, 1970–1974)
* [[William A. Egan]] (1914–1984), first [[Governor of Alaska]] (1959–1966, 1970–1974)
* [[Margaret Keenan Harrais]] (1872–1964), United States Commissioner at Valdez, and after Alaska became a state, she became a deputy magistrate at Valdez
* [[Robert Campbell Reeve]] (1902–1980), Valdez-based bush pilot; founder of [[Reeve Aleutian Airways]]
* [[Robert Campbell Reeve]] (1902–1980), Valdez-based bush pilot; founder of [[Reeve Aleutian Airways]]
* [[Bill Walker (American politician)|Bill Walker]] (born 1951), former [[Governor of Alaska]]
* [[Bill Walker (American politician)|Bill Walker]] (born 1951), former [[Governor of Alaska]]
* [[Ed Walker (American veteran)|Ed Walker]] (1917–2011), second-to-last surviving member of [[Castner's Cutthroats]], former member of the Valdez city council<ref name=matsu2>{{cite news|title=Ed Walker obituary |url=http://www.frontiersman.com/articles/2011/11/01/local_news/obituaries/doc4eaf7b350ba27886450277.txt|work=[[Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman]] |date=2011-10-31 |access-date=2011-11-24}}</ref>
* [[Ed Walker (American veteran)|Ed Walker]] (1917–2011), second-to-last surviving member of [[Castner's Cutthroats]], former member of the Valdez city council<ref name=matsu2>{{cite news|title=Ed Walker obituary |url=http://www.frontiersman.com/articles/2011/11/01/local_news/obituaries/doc4eaf7b350ba27886450277.txt|work=[[Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman]] |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=November 24, 2011}}</ref>
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD COMMANDER RIKER FROM STAR TREK. He is not a real person and never actually went to Valdez in the TV show or the movies, it's just a made-up detail about a made-up person, and is more suitable content for the article on Riker himself. Thank You -->
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD COMMANDER RIKER FROM STAR TREK. He is not a real person and never actually went to Valdez in the TV show or the movies, it's just a made-up detail about a made-up person, and is more suitable content for the article on Riker himself. Thank You -->


Latest revision as of 19:45, 19 November 2024

Valdez, Alaska
Suacit
City
Aerial view showing the townsite, the harbor, Port Valdez, the lower Mineral Creek valley, and Blueberry Hill
Aerial view showing the townsite, the harbor, Port Valdez, the lower Mineral Creek valley, and Blueberry Hill
Location of Valdez, Alaska
Location of Valdez, Alaska
Coordinates: 61°7′51″N 146°20′54″W / 61.13083°N 146.34833°W / 61.13083; -146.34833
CountryUnited States
StateAlaska
Census AreaChugach
IncorporatedJune 11, 1901[1]
Government
 • MayorSharon Scheidt
 • State senatorMike Shower (R)
 • State rep.George Rauscher (R)
Area
[2]
 • Total
271.91 sq mi (704.24 km2)
 • Land212.69 sq mi (550.86 km2)
 • Water59.22 sq mi (153.37 km2)
Elevation
98 ft (30 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
3,985
 • Density18.74/sq mi (7.23/km2)
Time zoneUTC−9 (Alaska (AKST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−8 (AKDT)
ZIP code
99686
Area code907
FIPS code02-82200
GNIS feature ID1412465
Website[2]

Valdez (/vælˈdiːz/ val-DEEZ; Alutiiq: Suacit) is a city in the Chugach Census Area[a] in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to the 2020 US Census, the population of the city is 3,985, up from 3,976 in 2010.[4] It is the third most populated city in Alaska's Unorganized Borough.

The city was named in 1790 after the Spanish Navy Minister Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán. A former Gold Rush town, it is located at the head of Port Valdez on the eastern side of Prince William Sound. The city was incorporated in 1901, but did not flourish until after the road link to Fairbanks was constructed in 1910. It suffered catastrophic damage during the 1964 Alaska earthquake, and is located near the site of the disastrous 1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker spill. Today, it is one of the most important ports in Alaska, a commercial fishing port as well as a freight terminal. Valdez is also the terminus for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.

History

[edit]
Valdez in 1910

Spanish beginnings

[edit]

The port of Valdez was named in 1790 by the Spanish explorer Salvador Fidalgo after the Spanish naval officer Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán.[5]

In 1790, within the framework of the expeditions of Spain in the Pacific Northwest, under the direction of Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo, then viceroy of New Spain, Salvador Fidalgo was sent to San Lorenzo de Nootka where they founded the Fort of Saint Michael (Nutka). On May 5, 1790, Fidalgo sailed with the San Carlos de Nutka towards Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet, off the coast of Alaska, and a few weeks later, he anchored off present-day Cordova, Alaska. The expedition found no signs of a Russian presence and traded with natives in the area. On June 3 they disembarked on the coast of present-day Orca Inlet, and, in a solemn ceremony, Fidalgo erected a large wooden cross and reaffirmed Spanish sovereignty over the territory, naming it "Puerto Córdova." Fidalgo continued along the Alaskan coast, until he reached Point Gravina on June 10, where he celebrated another act of reaffirmation of Spanish sovereignty. On June 15, they discovered a port, which they named Puerto Valdés,[6] in honor of Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán, then "Secretary of State of the Universal Office of the Navy and the Indies" (a position equivalent to Minister for the affairs of the Spanish Navy and the four Spanish Viceroyalties of the Americas, including the Captaincy General of the Philippines).

In the Nootka Conventions, which followed the Nootka crisis, Spain granted Great Britain access rights to the Pacific Northwest, although it did not establish the boundary with Spanish California, nor did it cede Spanish rights in the area. Spain later relinquished any remaining claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel to the United States as part of the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819.

Mining town

[edit]

A scam to lure prospectors off the Klondike Gold Rush trail led to a town being developed there in 1898. Some steamship companies promoted the Valdez Glacier Trail as a better route for miners to reach the Klondike gold fields and discover new ones in the Copper River country of interior Alaska than that from Skagway. The prospectors who believed the promotion found that they had been deceived. The glacier trail was twice as long and steep as reported, and many men died attempting the crossing, in part by contracting scurvy during the long cold winter without adequate supplies. The town did not flourish until after the construction of the Richardson Highway in 1910, which connected Valdez and Fairbanks. With a new road and its ice-free port, Valdez became permanently established as the first overland supply route into the interior of Alaska. The highway was open in summer-only until 1950, when it started operating as a year-round route.[7]

McKinley Avenue in Valdez, June 1908

In 1907, a shootout between two rival railroad companies ended Valdez's hope of becoming the railroad link from tidewater to the Kennicott Copper Mine. The mine, located in the heart of the Wrangell-St. Elias Mountains, was one of the richest copper ore deposits on the continent. The exact location of the right-of-way dispute, in which one man was killed and several injured, is located at the southern entrance of Keystone Canyon on the Valdez side. A half-completed tunnel in the canyon marks the end of railroad days in Valdez. A rail line to Kennicott was later established from the coastal city of Cordova.[7]

Good Friday earthquake

[edit]

The city of Valdez was badly shaken and damaged in the 1964 Good Friday earthquake. Soil liquefaction of the glacial silt that formed the city's foundation led to a massive underwater landslide, which caused a section of the city's shoreline to break off and sink into the sea. The underwater soil displacement caused a local tsunami 30 feet (9.1 m) high that traveled westward, away from the city and down Valdez Bay. 32 men, women, and children were on the city's main freight dock to help with and watch the unloading of the SS Chena, a supply ship that came to Valdez regularly. All 32 people died as the dock collapsed into the ocean with the violent landslide. There were no deaths in the town.

Valdez in the 1940s
The Valdez townsite was abandoned and relocated following the 1964 earthquake and was used as a pipe yard for the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, as shown in this 1974 photo.

Residents continued to live there for an additional three years while a new site was being prepared on more stable ground four miles (6 km) away. The new construction was supervised by the Army Corps of Engineers. They transported 54 houses and buildings by truck to the new site, to re-establish the new city at its present location. The original town site was dismantled, abandoned and eventually burned down.[7]

In the early 1900s, city leaders George Cheever Hazelet and Andrew Jackson Meals dreamed of moving the original site of Valdez to higher, more stable ground. Long after they were gone, their vision was finally realized. The 1964 earthquake was the defining moment. What is now known as "Old Town" was devastated. The descendants of both men responded by revitalizing the old partnership of 1898. They formed The Port Valdez Company to donate 115 acres of land, where the failed "Hazeletville" development once stood, so the City of Valdez could rebuild and thrive again.[8]

"Hazeletville" Valdez, AK c1900

Trans-Alaska pipeline

[edit]

From 1975 to 1977, the Trans-Alaska pipeline was built to carry oil from the Prudhoe Bay oil fields in northern Alaska to a terminal in Valdez, the nearest ice-free port.[9][10] Oil is loaded onto tanker ships for transport. The construction and operation of the pipeline and terminal boosted the economy of Valdez. The first tanker to be loaded with pipeline oil was the ARCO Juneau in early August 1977, bound for the Cherry Point Refinery in Washington.[11]

The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred as the oil tanker Exxon Valdez was leaving the terminal at Valdez full of oil. The spill occurred at Bligh Reef, about 40 km (25 mi) from Valdez. Although the oil did not reach Valdez, it devastated much of the marine life in the surrounding area. The clean-up of the oil caused a short-term boost to the economy of Valdez.

2014 avalanches

[edit]

On January 24, 2014, a major avalanche occurred just outside Valdez at Mile 16 near Keystone Canyon, prompting the closure of the only highway in or out of town. On January 25, Alaska DOT triggered another massive slide that further choked the roadway. Due to weather conditions at the time, the avalanche dammed the Lowe River, creating a half-mile-long lake that stalled snow removal efforts for nearly a week. The blockage was dubbed the "Damalanche" by local city officials after a name coined by local resident, Joshua Buffington. News of this event spread to media outlets nationwide.[12][13] Once the water receded, crews worked around the clock to clear about 200,000 cubic yards of snow in five days. No one was injured during this incident.

The port of Valdez, set against a natural backdrop of mountains in July 2007. Also visible are the shipping terminal for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and Mt. Francis.

Geography

[edit]
Climate chart for Valdez

Valdez is located at 61°7′51″N 146°20′54″W / 61.13083°N 146.34833°W / 61.13083; -146.34833. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 277.1 square miles (718 km2), of which 222.0 square miles (575 km2) is land and 55.1 square miles (143 km2), comprising 19.88%, is water.

Valdez is located near the head of a deep fjord in the Prince William Sound in Alaska. It is surrounded by the Chugach Mountains, which are heavily glaciated; nearby Shoup Glacier, which feeds Shoup Bay, served as a source of ice for residents of the town at the turn of the 20th century.[14] Valdez is the northernmost port in North America that is ice-free year-round. The northernmost point of the coastal Pacific temperate rain forest is in Valdez, on Blueberry Hill.[15] The only road access is via the Richardson Highway, which traverses Thompson Pass and Keystone Canyon to end at Valdez.

Climate

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Despite the presence of temperate rainforest, Valdez under the Köppen climate classification has a subarctic climate (Dfc): its winters, though much warmer than most climates of this type, are not sufficiently mild, as those of, say, Ketchikan, Kodiak, or even nearby Cordova are, to fit into the oceanic or subpolar oceanic climate category.

According to the Weather Channel and NOAA, Valdez is the snowiest city in the United States, with an average of over 300 in (760 cm) per year. There have been more than 100 in (250 cm) of snow in five separate months (not all in the same year).[16][17]

Climate data for Valdez, Alaska (1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1917–present[c])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 55
(13) 		59
(15) 		57
(14) 		69
(21) 		79
(26) 		90
(32) 		85
(29) 		84
(29) 		75
(24) 		69
(21) 		59
(15) 		54
(12) 		90
(32)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 40.1
(4.5) 		41.2
(5.1) 		46.6
(8.1) 		57.1
(13.9) 		68.4
(20.2) 		75.1
(23.9) 		76.3
(24.6) 		74.8
(23.8) 		65.7
(18.7) 		55.0
(12.8) 		43.6
(6.4) 		41.0
(5.0) 		78.9
(26.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 28.7
(−1.8) 		31.9
(−0.1) 		36.7
(2.6) 		46.4
(8.0) 		55.6
(13.1) 		62.5
(16.9) 		64.1
(17.8) 		62.0
(16.7) 		55.0
(12.8) 		44.9
(7.2) 		33.9
(1.1) 		30.7
(−0.7) 		46.0
(7.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 23.9
(−4.5) 		26.7
(−2.9) 		29.9
(−1.2) 		39.2
(4.0) 		47.7
(8.7) 		54.4
(12.4) 		56.6
(13.7) 		54.5
(12.5) 		48.3
(9.1) 		39.5
(4.2) 		29.4
(−1.4) 		26.2
(−3.2) 		39.7
(4.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19.1
(−7.2) 		21.4
(−5.9) 		23.0
(−5.0) 		31.9
(−0.1) 		39.8
(4.3) 		46.3
(7.9) 		49.1
(9.5) 		46.9
(8.3) 		41.6
(5.3) 		34.1
(1.2) 		24.9
(−3.9) 		21.8
(−5.7) 		33.3
(0.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 2.8
(−16.2) 		6.9
(−13.9) 		10.0
(−12.2) 		20.8
(−6.2) 		31.9
(−0.1) 		39.2
(4.0) 		43.9
(6.6) 		40.3
(4.6) 		31.6
(−0.2) 		23.0
(−5.0) 		12.4
(−10.9) 		7.2
(−13.8) 		−0.5
(−18.1)
Record low °F (°C) −24
(−31) 		−28
(−33) 		−11
(−24) 		0
(−18) 		13
(−11) 		27
(−3) 		33
(1) 		29
(−2) 		14
(−10) 		5
(−15) 		−10
(−23) 		−18
(−28) 		−28
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 6.56
(167) 		5.92
(150) 		4.10
(104) 		3.37
(86) 		3.02
(77) 		2.44
(62) 		3.87
(98) 		7.00
(178) 		9.76
(248) 		7.98
(203) 		6.14
(156) 		7.74
(197) 		67.90
(1,725)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 66.6
(169) 		63.4
(161) 		45.8
(116) 		22.3
(57) 		3.4
(8.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.7
(1.8) 		9.1
(23) 		43.5
(110) 		70.5
(179) 		325.3
(826)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 16.3 15.3 13.9 14.3 15.0 13.8 18.0 18.4 20.9 19.3 15.5 17.3 198.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 15.6 14.3 13.0 6.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 4.7 12.9 16.0 84.4
Average relative humidity (%) 77.6 72.7 72.9 72.5 75.2 78.5 83.0 84.9 84.2 78.5 74.0 77.1 77.6
Average dew point °F (°C) 18.1
(−7.7) 		16.5
(−8.6) 		22.5
(−5.3) 		28.2
(−2.1) 		37.6
(3.1) 		44.4
(6.9) 		48.9
(9.4) 		47.8
(8.8) 		41.7
(5.4) 		31.5
(−0.3) 		19.8
(−6.8) 		18.1
(−7.7) 		31.3
(−0.4)
Source: NOAA[18][19][20][21]

See or edit raw graph data.

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1900315—
1910810157.1%
1920466−42.5%
1930442−5.2%
194052919.7%
19505544.7%
19605550.2%
19701,00581.1%
19803,079206.4%
19904,06832.1%
20004,036−0.8%
20103,976−1.5%
20203,9850.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[22]
Totem in Valdez honoring the Native American population

Valdez first appeared on the 1900 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Valdes." It formally incorporated as Valdez in 1901, and has reported in every successive census. The original townsite was relocated in 1967 from the east side to the north side of Port Valdez after the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake, but still lays within the present city limits.

As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 3,985 people living in Valdez. The racial makeup of the city was 75.7% White, 0.8% Black, 7.8% Native American or Alaska Native, 2.6% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from some other race, and 10.3% from two or more races. 6.8% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,758 housing units in the city, with 1,610 total households. The median age was 40 years. The median income for a household was $99,151 and the median income for a family was $102,832. 4.4% of the population was below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those over 65.

As of the 2010 census, there were 3,976 people. The racial makeup was 78.6% White, 0.6% Black, 7.6% Native American or Alaska Native, 1.9% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander and 5.8% from two or more races. 4.7% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Economy

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Valdez is a fishing port, both for commercial and sport fishing. Freight moves through Valdez bound for the interior of Alaska. Sightseeing of the marine life and glaciers, together with both deep-sea fishing, and heli skiing support a tourist industry in Valdez. The oil from the Trans-Alaska pipeline is loaded onto ships at the Valdez oil terminal.

Alyeska Pipeline Service Company is one of the biggest employers in Valdez.

Valdez is connected to the interior of Alaska by the Richardson Highway, and is a port of call in the Alaska Marine Highway ferry system. Just north of Valdez on the highway is Thompson Pass, which has spectacular waterfalls and glaciers next to the highway. Thompson Pass is also known for treacherous driving conditions during the winter.

The Valdez Airport, also known as Pioneer Field, has regular scheduled service with Ravn Alaska.

Valdez hosted the World Extreme Skiing Championship (WESC) in the early 1990s.

Media and culture

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Despite its small size, Valdez was at one time home to two weekly newspapers, the Valdez Star and the Valdez Vanguard. In 2004, the Star bought out the Vanguard.

Valdez is also home to radio broadcasters KCHU, KVAK, and KVAK-FM.

Valdez is also home to the Last Frontier Theatre Conference, hosted by the Prince William Sound College. The annual conference attracts playwrights and actors from around the United States.

On Deadly Ground (1994) was filmed near Worthington Glacier, as well as the Valdez Civic Center and Valdez Airport, and 30 miles (48 km) outside Valdez on Thompson Pass in the Chugach Mountains.


Oil terminal

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Not to be confused with Port Valdez.
Aerial view of the oil terminal

The Valdez Marine Terminal is an oil port in Valdez, at the southern end of the Alaska Pipeline. The terminal was the point of departure for the Exxon Valdez just prior to the oil spill.

There are 14 active aboveground crude oil storage tanks at the terminal, and an average of three to five oil tankers depart from the terminal each week. Since the pipeline became operational in 1976, more than 15,000 tankers full of oil have left the terminal.

The terminal has 2 operational loading berths.[23]

Notable people

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See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ The Chugach Census Area was established in 2019 by the split of the former Valdez–Cordova Census Area.[3]
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ^ Records for Valdez have been kept at the Valdez Weather Station (GHCN ID "USC00509687") since March 16, 2014, and at Valdez Airport (GHCN ID "USW00026442") from May 1, 1917, to March 15, 2014.

References

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  1. ^ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 156.
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  3. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Changes to Counties and County Equivalent Entities: 1970-Present". census.gov. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  4. ^ "2020 Census Data - Cities and Census Designated Places" (Web). State of Alaska, Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  5. ^ "Port Valdez". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  6. ^ "Reduced spherical chart containing the northernmost part of the California", by Salvador Fidalgo, 1790 (MN-2-C-10) [1]
  7. ^ a b c Paragraph edited by the Valdez Museum and Historical Archive Mar 2009
  8. ^ "Hazelet's Journal". Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  9. ^ "'Pig' leading flow of oil in pipeline". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). UPI. June 20, 1977. p. 1A.
  10. ^ "Hot North Slope oil flowing". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. June 20, 1977. p. 1.
  11. ^ "Tanker casts off with load of oil". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). wire services. August 2, 1977. p. 3A.
  12. ^ "Valdez's main highway reopens after blocked by avalanches for 12 days," UPI, February 6, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  13. ^ Dave, Paresh. "Goodbye, avalanche: Highway to Valdez, Alaska, clear at last," LA Times, February 7, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  14. ^ Post, Austin; Viens, R.J. (April 27, 2021). "Preliminary Bathymetry of Shoup Basin and Late Holocene Changes of Shoup Glacier, Alaska" (PDF). US Geological Survey | Water-Resources Investigation Report 94-4093.
  15. ^ "InfoRain.org: "Prince William Sound / Copper River Ecosystem: Biological and Ecological Resources"". Archived from the original on September 27, 2006. Retrieved September 7, 2006.
  16. ^ "America's Top 10 Snowiest Cities". Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
  17. ^ "Governor Lynch's Veto Message Regarding HB 218". Archived from the original on June 19, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
  18. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  19. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  20. ^ "xmACIS2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  21. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for VALDEZ, AK 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  22. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  23. ^ "Alyeska - 2011". www.alyeska-pipe.com. TAPS.
  24. ^ Dunham, Mike (January 21, 2011). "Neva Egan, the first of Alaska's first ladies, dies at age 96". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on January 24, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
  25. ^ "Ed Walker obituary". Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman. October 31, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
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