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{{short description|Revolver cartridge designed by Elmer Keith and Smith & Wesson (S&W)}}
{{cleanup}}
{{about|the firearm cartridge|the Japanese heavy metal band|44 Magnum (band)}}
{{Infobox firearm cartridge
|name= .44 Magnum
|image= 44-cartridge.jpg | image_size = 300px
|caption= .44 Magnum cartridge
|origin= [[United States]]
|type= [[Handgun]], [[Pistol caliber carbine|Carbine]]
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by=
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[Elmer Keith]]<br>[[Smith & Wesson]]
|design_date= 1950s
|manufacturer= [[Remington Arms]]
|production_date= January 19, 1956–present
|number=
|variants=
<!-- Specifications -->
|parent= [[.44 Smith & Wesson Special]]
| case_type = Rimmed, straight
|bullet=.429
|land=.417
|neck=.457
|shoulder=
|base=.457
|rim_dia=.514
|rim_thick=.060
|case_length=1.285
|length=1.61
|case_capacity=37.9
|primer=Large pistol
|max_pressure=40600
|pressure_method=CIP
|max_pressure2=36000
|pressure_method2=SAAMI
|max_cup=
<!-- Ballistic performance -->
|is_SI_units=
|bw1=240
|btype1=SJHP Remington
|vel1=1180
|en1=741
|bw2=240
|btype2=JHP Cor-Bon
|vel2=1475
|en2=1160
|bw3=270
|btype3=LFN GC Buffalo bore heavy
|vel3=1550
|en3=1440
|bw4=300
|btype4=JSP Cor-Bon
|vel4=1250
|en4=1041
|bw5=340
|btype5=LFN +P+ Buffalo bore heavy (+P+ used in special guns only)
|vel5=1425
|en5=1533
|test_barrel_length={{convert|7.5|in|abbr=on}} [*{{convert|6.5|in|abbr=on}}]
|balsrc= Ballistics 101<ref name="Ballistics101">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ballistics101.com/44_magnum.php|title=44 Magnum Ballistics Chart &#124; Ballistics 101|website=www.ballistics101.com|access-date=2019-09-21|archive-date=2019-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916063630/http://www.ballistics101.com/44_magnum.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CIP TDCC">{{cite web |title=CIP TDCC sheet 44 Rem. Mag .|url=https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-iv/44-rem-mag-200922-en.pdf|publisher=C.I.P.}}</ref>
}}


The '''.44 Magnum''' is a large-bore [[cartridge (weaponry)|cartridge]] designed for use in [[revolver]]s; also used in rifles. It was developed in the mid-[[1950s]] by lengthening the [[.44 Special]] cartridge. Despite the ".44" designation, all guns chambered for .44 Magnum and its parent use bullets .429 in (10.897 mm) in diameter. A .44 Magnum revolver or rifle will accept both .44 Magnum and .44 Special ammunition, but a weapon designed for .44 Special will only accept the Special, due to the longer overall length of a .44 Magnum cartridge.
The '''.44 Remington Magnum''', also known as '''.44 Magnum''' or '''10.9x33mmR''' (as it is known in unofficial metric designation), is a [[Rim (firearms)#Rimmed|rimmed]], large-bore [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] originally designed for [[revolver]]s and quickly adopted for [[carbine]]s and [[rifle]]s. Despite the ".44" designation, guns chambered for the .44 Magnum round, its parent case, the [[.44 Special]], and the .44 Special's parent case, the [[.44 Russian]] all use {{convert|0.429|inch|mm|1|abbr=on}} diameter bullets.<ref name="lyman">''Lyman Reloading Handbook'', 48th edition, 2002</ref> The .44 Magnum is based on the [[.44 Special]] case but lengthened and loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity and energy.


Famously called "the most powerful handgun [cartridge] in the world" by [[Clint Eastwood]] in ''[[Dirty Harry]]'', the .44 Magnum has since been eclipsed in power by the [[.45 Winchester Magnum]], [[.454 Casull]], [[.460 S&W Magnum]], [[.475 Wildey Magnum]], [[.480 Ruger]], [[.50 Action Express]], [[.500 S&W Magnum]], and the [[.500 Bushwhacker]]; nevertheless, due in part to its more manageable [[recoil]], it has remained one of the most popular commercial large-bore magnum cartridges.<ref name="50yearsyoung"/><ref name="cotw10"/>
It was developed in 1956 by handloaders who had "[[Wiktionary:souped-up|souped-up]]" the .44 Special and other big bore handgun cartridges for better hunting performance. One of these was the late [[Elmer Keith]], a famous writer and [[outdoorsman]] of the 20th Century. Mr. Keith encouraged [[Smith & Wesson]] and [[Remington]] to introduce this very successful cartridge.


==Origin==
Elmer Keith wanted a magnumized .44 Special cartridge rather than a magnumized .45 Long Colt. He believed at the time that the selection of .44 caliber projectiles for handloaders was better, and the .44 Special case was smaller in diameter than the .45 Long Colt case. In his era, (around 1950) this allowed a revolver to have more steel surrounding the cartridge and thus that revolver could take higher pressures with hot .44 Special loads than it could with hot .45 Long Colt loads, meaning the weapon would be safer and more reliable.
The .44 Magnum cartridge was the result of years of tuned [[handloading]] of the .44 Special.<ref name="COTW">{{cite book | last1 = Barnes| first1 = Frank C.| last2 = Skinner|first2=Steve| title =Cartridges of the World: 10th Edition, Revised and Expanded | publisher = Krause Publications| year = 2003| page = 528| isbn = 978-0-87349-605-6}}</ref> In the early 20th century, experimenters loaded the .44 Special and other large-bore handgun cartridges with heavy bullets and higher than normal powder charges to achieve superior ballistics and better hunting performance. One of these hand-loaders was [[Elmer Keith]], a prominent writer and outdoorsman of the 20th century.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal |url=http://www.gunsandammomag.com/ammunition/fifty_101105/ |last=James |first=Garry |title=A Big 50 For The .44 |journal=Guns & Ammo |date=June 2005 |access-date=2007-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203184717/http://www.gunsandammomag.com/ammunition/fifty_101105/ |archive-date=2008-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


[[File:Magnum44 900pix.jpg|thumb|A high-speed photograph of a .44 Magnum revolver taken using an [[air-gap flash]], clearly showing the bullet in flight after having exited the barrel of the revolver.]]
In the Keith era, mass-manufactured revolver cylinders were too narrow in diameter to take very stiff .45 caliber handloads. There have since been revolvers made with larger cylinders that can handle far larger cartridges.


Keith settled on the .44 Special cartridge as the basis for his experimentation, rather than the larger [[.45 Colt]]. At the time, the selection of .44 caliber projectiles for hand-loaders was more varied, and the .44 Special's brass was thicker and stronger than the dated .45 Colt case. Also, the .44 Special case was smaller in diameter than the .45 Colt case. In revolvers of the same cylinder size, this meant that the .44 caliber revolvers had thicker, and thus stronger, cylinder walls than the .45. This allowed higher pressures to be used with less risk of a cylinder failure.<ref name="50yearsyoung">{{cite journal |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BTT/is_177_29/ai_n14816284 |author=[[John Taffin|Taffin, John]] |title=The .44 Magnum: 50 years young! |journal=American Handgunner |date=September–October 2005 |access-date=2007-02-16 }}</ref>
It can be noted, however, that in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries there were being made in England some revolvers of enourmously high caliber, in the range of .80 inches, firing very massive projectiles. These "Howdah" revolvers were used to hunt big game or against particularly fanatical human opponents. Such weapons were most commonly employed in Africa and India. However, these weapons were custom made and only a man of wealth could afford one. On the other hand, in America most people could afford a big-bore (.40 caliber or larger) factory made handgun. A 1996 movie called ''The Ghost and The Darkness'' featured a "Howdah" pistol in some scenes.


Keith and his associates successfully lobbied [[Smith & Wesson]] and [[Remington Arms|Remington]] to produce a commercial version of this new high-pressure loading, along with revolvers chambered for it. Smith & Wesson's first .44 Magnum revolver, the precursor to the [[Smith & Wesson Model 29|Model 29]], was built on December 15, 1955, and the gun was announced to the public on January 19, 1956<ref name="smith&wesson44">{{cite journal |url=http://www.shootingillustrated.com/index.php/12660/smith-wesson-model-29/ |last=Hacker |first=Rick |title=Smith & Wesson Model 29 |website=ShootingIllustrated.com |date=July 21, 2011 |access-date=December 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328054044/http://www.shootingillustrated.com/index.php/12660/smith-wesson-model-29/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for a price of US$140 (roughly ${{Inflation|US|140|1956|r=-2|fmt=c}} today).{{Inflation-fn|US}} Julian Hatcher (technical editor of ''[[American Rifleman]]'') and Keith received two of the first production models. Hatcher's review of the new Smith & Wesson revolver and the .44 Magnum cartridge appeared in the March 1956 issue of the magazine. Smith & Wesson produced 3,100 of these revolvers in 1956.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book | last = Supica| first = Jim|author2=Nahas, Richard| title =Standard Catalog of Smith & Wesson : 3rd Edition| publisher = Gun Digest Books| year = 2006| page = 162| isbn = 978-0-89689-293-4}}</ref>
As history would have it, there was developed around 1957 a lengthened high pressure .45 Magnum revolver round (the [[.454 Casull]]) that more or less was in parallel to the .44 Magnum and was developed by Dick Casull. It has always been more powerful than the .44 Magnum but has never been nearly as popular. Elmer Keith did NOT develop the .454 Casull cartridge and Keith's cartridge has so far stood the test of time better.


By the summer of 1956, [[Sturm, Ruger]] became aware of this project and began work on a [[single action]] [[Ruger Blackhawk|Blackhawk revolver]] for the new .44 Magnum cartridge. There is a popular rumor that a Ruger employee found a cartridge case marked ".44 Remington Magnum" and took it to [[William B. Ruger|Bill Ruger]], while another says a Remington employee provided Ruger with early samples of the ammunition.<ref name="flattop">{{cite journal |url=http://www.gunblast.com/Hamm_44-Flattop.htm |last=Hamm |first=Bill |title=Ruger Blackhawk .44 Magnum 'Flattop' |website=GunBlast.com |date=September 28, 2004 |access-date=February 16, 2007 |archive-date=January 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131231429/http://www.gunblast.com/Hamm_44-Flattop.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruger began shipping their new revolver in late November 1956.
The .44 Magnum has also proven far more popular than the .41 Magnum developed in 1964 and the very powerful .500 Smith & Wesson Magnum developed in the last years of the 20th Century. (Note, however, that weapons firing the recently developed .500 S&W Magnum cartridge tend to be very expensive and as such are rather uncommon at this time.) From the viewpoints of cost, accuracy, hunting performance, recoil, and availability the .44 Magnum is arguably the best balanced of the high-caliber magnum class of revolver rounds.


The .44 Magnum case is slightly longer than the .44 Special case. This alteration was not primarily intended to increase the propellant capacity of the cartridge, but rather to prevent the far higher pressure round from being [[Chamber (firearms)|chambered]] in older, weaker .44 Special firearms and potentially causing injury or death to shooters.<ref name="50yearsyoung" />
The only magnum handgun chambering more popular than the .44 is the .357 Magnum, which was not primarily designed as a big game cartridge, though it is used by some for deer. The .357 is not considered a "big bore" round.


The .44 Magnum was an immediate commercial success. The direct descendants of the S&W Model 29 and the .44 Magnum Ruger Blackhawks are still in production, and have been joined by numerous other makes and models of .44 Magnum revolvers and even a handful of [[semi-automatic pistol|semi-automatic models]], the first being produced in the 1960s.<ref>Dougherty, Martin J., ''Small Arms: From the Civil War to the Present Day'' Fall River: 2005, page 61, {{ISBN|978-0-7607-6329-2}}</ref> The film ''[[Dirty Harry]]'', prominently featuring the S&W M29 shooting [[.44 Special]] ammo, contributed to that model's popularity.<ref>Dougherty, Martin J., ''Small Arms: From the Civil War to the Present Day'' Fall River: 2005, page 46, {{ISBN|978-0-7607-6329-2}}</ref>
From the start, the .44 Magnum handguns were designed to tolerate the high pressures this cartridge produces. Some past dual-use handgun/rifle cartridges, like the 44-40 Winchester, gave their manufacturers trouble and occasional lawsuits when people loaded the "High-Speed" versions designed for rifles into handguns. This problem was one of the reasons why the .44 Magnum casing was lengthened so it would not chamber in .44 Special revolvers. Some high-quality .44 Special weapons could accept the high pressures of the new cartridge, but other older guns would be damaged or destroyed. The lengthened cartridge avoided this issue.


Ruger introduced its first long gun, a semi-automatic carbine called the [[Ruger Model 44]] chambered for .44 Magnum, in 1959. Marlin followed soon after with the [[lever action]] [[Marlin Model 1894|Model 1894]] in .44 Magnum.<ref name="cotw10">{{cite book |title=Cartridges of the World, 10th Ed. |publisher=Krause Publications |author=Frank C. Barnes, ed. Stan Skinner |isbn=978-0-87349-605-6 |year=2003}}</ref><ref name="50years" /> Having a carbine and a handgun chambered in the same caliber is an old tradition; the [[.44-40 Winchester]] was introduced by Winchester in a lever action in 1873, and Colt followed in 1878 with a revolver in the same caliber. The [[.38-40 Winchester]] and [[.32-20 Winchester]] were also available in both carbines and revolvers, allowing the shooter to use one type of ammunition for both firearms.<ref name="himmelwright">{{cite book |title=The Pistol and Revolver |url=https://archive.org/details/pistolandrevolv02himmgoog |author-link=Abraham Lincoln Artman Himmelwright |year=1908|publisher=New York, Printed by J. J. Little }}</ref>
The .44 Magnum delivers a large, heavy bullet with velocity comparable to the older .357 Magnum. In its full-powered form, the round produces too much recoil and muzzle blast to be suitable for a police weapon, and as such is most likely not very suitable for shooters of smaller build or with small hands. It was created as and still remains a very fine and popular short-range deer, black bear, wild pig and other North American big game cartridge, but it is on the light side for elk or moose, and inadequate against any bears larger than the black bear. It is easy to reload, very accurate, enjoyable to shoot if one can tolerate the recoil, and very available in rural areas of the United States.


Although improved modern [[alloy]]s and manufacturing techniques have allowed even stronger cylinders to be made, leading to larger and more powerful cartridges such as the [[.454 Casull]] and [[.480 Ruger]] in revolvers the same size as a .44 Magnum, the .44 Magnum is still considered an exceptional weapon.<ref name="fabulous">{{cite magazine|last=Boddington |first=Craig |url=http://www.gunsandammomag.com/ammunition/fabulous_44_mag/ |title=The Fabulous .44 Mag |author-link=Craig Boddington |magazine=Guns & Ammo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326043249/http://www.gunsandammomag.com/ammunition/fabulous_44_mag/ |archive-date=2006-03-26 }}</ref> In 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the .44 Magnum, Ruger introduced a special 50th anniversary Blackhawk revolver, in the "Flattop" style.<ref name="flattop" />
This cartridge has a natural home in single action revolvers like the Ruger Super Blackhawk and some autoloading handguns like the [[Desert Eagle]]. The single-action designs tend to "rear up" when fired and tame the recoil a great deal, while the gas system of the autoloading weapons absorbs and buffers recoil significantly. Double action revolvers tend to transmit more recoil to the shooter's arm, causing it to be perceived as more harsh.


==Technical specifications==
The .44 Magnum is a splendid short-range big game cartridge in a lever action, bolt action, single-shot or semi-auto rifle, especially in heavy brush or timber, out to about 150 meters. Past that, the trajectory is too steep for easy hits on game, as the short, fat bullets have poor aerodynamic shape. Still, many shooters like it as they can thus have a rifle and a handgun in the same cartridge, making logistics easier. It is popular in rifles within these limitations for deer, boar, and black bear. It will also work well for coyotes and animals in that class, though it is rather expensive for that purpose versus lesser cartridges.
[[File:Anaconda-502.jpg|thumb|.44 Magnum [[Colt Anaconda]]]]
The .44 Magnum fires a large, heavy bullet at a high velocity for a handgun. In its full-powered form, it produces so much recoil and muzzle blast that it is generally considered to be unsuitable for use as a police weapon. Rapid fire is difficult and strenuous on the user's hands, especially for shooters of smaller build.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.gun-tests.com/performance/nov96biteout.html |title=Taking the Bite Out of the Mighty .44 Magnum |journal=Performance Shooter |last=Riebling |first=Terry |date=November 1996 |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311061623/http://www.gun-tests.com/performance/nov96biteout.html |archive-date=2008-03-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Taylor">{{cite book | last =Taylor | first =Chuck| title =Complete Book Of Combat Handgunning | publisher = Paladin Press| year = 1981| location = Boulder, CO| page = 200| isbn = 978-0-87364-327-6 }}</ref>


Although marketed as a [[.45 caliber pistol|.44 caliber]], the .44 Magnum and its parent .44 Special are actually .429-.430 caliber. The .44 designation is a carryover from the early measurements of [[heeled bullet]]s used in the late 19th century. In those times, bullet diameter typically matched the external dimension of its respective cartridge, not the interior of the round. After the [[.44 Russian]] was developed, the forefather of the .44 Special and thus the .44 Magnum, the measurement of bullet caliber was taken from inside of the cartridge, resulting in .429 caliber.
The dual-use concept was also popular in the Old West with cartridges like the 44-40 Winchester, whose "High-Speed" loadings were a sort of precursor to the .44 Magnum. Other dual-use rounds were the 32-20 Winchester, the 38-40 Winchester, and the more recent .357 Magnum. As a rifle cartridge the .44 Magnum is reasonably powerful yet compact and not bulky. It is far better on deer and other big game than the .357 Magnum out of a rifle, but the .357 is said by some to be more versitile as it covers small and medium game better and has less kick.


Some gun styles are more comfortable to use when shooting this caliber. Many shooters find the rounded grip shape of the single action better for handling heavy recoil than the grip shape of [[double-action]] revolvers, which have a shoulder on top of the grip. Many shooters consider the ideal type of grip for heavy recoiling guns to be the longer "Bisley" style [[single action]] grip, and it can be found on single actions from Ruger (models marked "Bisley") and [[Freedom Arms]], as well as many custom makers.<ref>{{cite web |title=I LIKE SINGLE ACTIONS BECAUSE... |last=Taffin |first=John |publisher=Sixguns.com |url=http://www.sixguns.com/range/single_actions.htm |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-date=2008-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311005338/http://www.sixguns.com/range/single_actions.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Many handloaders will load lighter than factory loadings for other purposes and for target shooting.


===Dual-purpose use===
An excellent write up of the .44 Magnum can be found in CARTRIDGES OF THE WORLD by Barnes.
[[File:Marlin Model 1894 .44 Magnum carbine.jpg|thumb|A .44 Magnum [[Marlin Model 1894]] carbine]]
[[File:Deagle44.jpg|thumb|A [[Desert Eagle]] semiautomatic pistol in .44 Magnum.]]
[[File:Astra 44, Wiki.jpg|thumb|A Spanish-made [[Astra Model 44]] revolver in .44 Magnum.]]
The concept of a dual-purpose handgun/rifle cartridge has been popular since the [[American Old West|Old West]], with cartridges like the [[.44-40 Winchester]], whose "high-speed" rifle loadings were precursors to magnum loads. Other dual-use rounds were the [[.32-20 Winchester]] and the [[.38-40 Winchester]].<ref name="cotw10" /><ref name="himmelwright" />


Some past dual-purpose cartridges, like the .44-40 Winchester, gave their manufacturers trouble when people loaded the "high-speed" versions designed for rifles into handguns.<ref name="cotw10" /> Since the .44 Magnum was designed from the start as a revolver cartridge, there are no such issues, and [[SAAMI]]-compliant ammunition fires from any handguns or rifles chambered for the .44 Magnum.
A cartridge inspired by the .44 Magnum was an even longer version called the .444 Marlin, made for Marlin's line of lever action rifles. Out to 125 meters or so the .444 Marlin will take any North American game reliably, even the great bears. Oddly, this .444 Marlin cartridge has been chambered in some handguns, but it is just too big to efficiently burn powder in a short handgun barrel, causing very obnoxious muzzle blast.


For a handgun cartridge, the [[bolt thrust]] is considerable at [[C.I.P.]] conform maximum loads and an important factor in weapons design. The greater the bolt thrust, the stronger the locking mechanism has to be to withstand it.
==In Popular Culture==


As a rifle or carbine cartridge, the .44 Magnum is sufficiently powerful for medium-sized game, yet fits easily into a compact, lightweight package. In 1961, Ruger introduced their [[Ruger Model 44|.44 carbine]], the first .44 Magnum carbine. The [[lever-action]] [[Marlin Model 1894]], and many other firearms are currently available in this caliber. With significantly longer barrels than revolvers and no cylinder gap (except in [[revolving rifle]]s), carbines will generate a significantly higher velocity than a revolver loaded with the same ammunition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ballisticsbytheinch.com/44mag.html|title=BBTI – Ballistics by the Inch :: .44 Mag Results|website=www.ballisticsbytheinch.com|access-date=2010-04-30|archive-date=2010-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502000032/http://www.ballisticsbytheinch.com/44mag.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tests with various ammunition in the [[Ruger Deerfield carbine|Ruger Deerfield]] yielded a {{convert|100|yd|m|abbr=on}} velocity of over {{convert|1300|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} with a {{convert|240|gr|g|adj=on}} bullet, comparable to the muzzle velocity out of a revolver.<ref name="woods">{{cite web|url=http://www.chuckhawks.com/woods_rifles.htm|title=Woods and Brush Rifles|last=Hawks|first=Chuck|access-date=2008-02-21|archive-date=2008-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304174936/http://www.chuckhawks.com/woods_rifles.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jamison |first=Rick |title=Ruger's All New .44 Deerfield |journal=Shooting Times |url=http://www.galleryofguns.com/shootingtimes/articles/DisplayArticles.asp?ID=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212327/http://www.galleryofguns.com/shootingtimes/articles/DisplayArticles.asp?ID=38 |archive-date=September 27, 2007|date=August 2000}}</ref> Loads using slow-burning powders maximize performance in both short and long barrels, with one published load generating {{convert|1500|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} from a revolver, and {{convert|1625|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} from a carbine with a {{convert|240|gr|g|adj=on}} bullet.
This cartridge was made notorious through its use by the "[[Dirty Harry]]" character in the [[Clint Eastwood]] film of the same name. However, it was not then and is not now "the most powerful handgun [cartridge] in the world." Nor is it in any realistic sense a practical police cartridge, though some persons do favor it for personal protection purposes.


==Synonyms==
===Suitable game===
The .44 Magnum is well suited for game up to [[elk]] size. With precise shot placement and deep-penetrating cartridges, it has even been used to take the largest of game, including [[Cape Buffalo]]. Publisher [[Robert E. Petersen]] took a record-setting [[polar bear]] with a [[Smith & Wesson Model 29]] .44 Magnum.<ref name="50years" /><ref name="taffin">{{cite web |url=http://www.sixguns.com/tests/tt44mag.htm |title=Taffin Tests: the .44 Magnum |last=Taffin |first=John |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-date=2008-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307072052/http://www.sixguns.com/tests/tt44mag.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It has even been used against [[elephant]]s with success.<ref>{{cite web| last = Fryxell| first = Glen E.| title = The Bullets of SSK| work = Sixguns| publisher = John Taffin| url = http://www.sixguns.com/crew/sskbullets.htm| access-date = 2009-10-20| archive-date = 2010-05-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100512190850/http://www.sixguns.com/crew/sskbullets.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>
*.44 Mag.
*.44 S&W Magnum
*.44 Remington Magnum


In addition to beating the ballistics of the old .44-40 rifle loads, long considered a top deer cartridge,<ref name="cotw10" /> the heavy, flat-point bullets typically used in the .44 Magnum have an additional advantage. Tests performed where bullets are shot through light cover, intended to represent twigs and brush, have shown that the high-velocity, lightweight, thin-jacketed, pointed bullets used by most hunting cartridges today are easily deflected by contact with the brush. The ideal bullets for penetrating brush with minimal deflection are heavy, flat-point bullets at moderate velocities.<ref name="woods" />
== See also ==
*[[List of firearms]]
*[[List of handgun cartridges]]
*[[List of rifle cartridges]]


===Range===
[[Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges]]


The accuracy of the .44 Magnum is very good, with models from Colt, Smith & Wesson, and Ruger producing bullet groups of {{convert|3|to|4|in|cm|abbr=off}} at {{convert|50|yd|0}}, with most ammunition.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.gun-tests.com/performance/oct97gggmagnums.html |title=.44 Magnums: Accuracy Problems Plague the Model 29 |journal=Guns, Gear & Game |author=GGG Staff |date=October 1997 |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311061634/http://www.gun-tests.com/performance/oct97gggmagnums.html |archive-date=2008-03-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.gun-tests.com/performance/jul97silhouette.html |title=Stock Silhouette Revolvers: Anaconda Versus Redhawk |journal=Performance Shooter |author=PS Staff |date=July 1997 |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311061613/http://www.gun-tests.com/performance/jul97silhouette.html |archive-date=2008-03-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The limiting factor of the .44 Magnum cartridge is not [[terminal ballistics]]. When fired from a {{convert|6|in|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} revolver, a typically loaded .44 Magnum {{convert|240|gr|abbr=on}} bullet will have more impact energy at {{convert|150|yd|0|abbr=on}} than a {{convert|246|gr|abbr=on}} .44 Special has at the muzzle, when fired from the same weapon.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramientas|first=Mike|title=.44 Magnum Rifles – When Revolvers Aren't Enough|url=https://gunnewsdaily.com/44-magnum-rifle/|access-date=2020-08-01|website=Gun News Daily|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915033524/https://gunnewsdaily.com/44-magnum-rifle/|url-status=live}}</ref> When loaded with a heavy, non-expanding bullet, the .44 Magnum will easily shoot through large game such as elk and even [[bison]].<ref name="reloading">{{cite journal |url=http://www.handgunsmag.com/ammunition/44mag_081005/index1.html |title=Reloading the .44 Magnum |last=Sweeney |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith) |journal=Guns & Ammo Handguns |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218235057/http://www.handgunsmag.com/ammunition/44mag_081005/index1.html |archive-date=2008-02-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
----

The limiting factor is the bullet's trajectory: the best hunting bullets are heavy, so they are relatively slow. This means the projectile's trajectory will drop significantly at ranges beyond {{convert|100|yd|0}}; there will be virtually zero significant drop at {{convert|50|yd|0|abbr=on|adj=on}}, so the gun's aimed "line of sight" can meet the "bullet's trajectory" at the same point. When drop-out at {{convert|100|yd|0|abbr=on}} is about {{convert|2|in|cm|abbr=off}}, the drop-out at {{convert|150|yd|0}} is more than {{convert|8|in|cm|abbr=off}}; with a {{convert|100|yd|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} zero drop-out, the drop-out at {{convert|150|yd|0|abbr=on}} will still measure more than {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.remington.com/products/ammunition/ballistics/comparative_ballistics_results.aspx?data=R44MG2*R44MG3*RH44MGA |title=Ballistics Results |publisher=Remington |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-date=2008-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311030953/http://www.remington.com/products/ammunition/ballistics/comparative_ballistics_results.aspx?data=R44MG2*R44MG3*RH44MGA |url-status=live }}</ref> Experts limit hunting ranges to {{convert|100|yd|m}} when shooting .44 Magnum cartridges, less if practical accuracy requires it.<ref name="woods" /><ref name="handgunhunting">{{cite web |url=http://www.chuckhawks.com/handgun_hunting.htm |title=Handgun Hunting |last=Hawks |first=Chuck |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-date=2011-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501015713/http://www.chuckhawks.com/handgun_hunting.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:SW Model 629.jpg|thumb|right|Smith & Wesson Model 629 with an {{convert|8|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel.]]
The .44 Magnum remained mildly popular among shooters for many years after its introduction, but did not come to the attention of the general public until 1971 when it was prominently featured in the American feature film ''[[Dirty Harry]]'' starring [[Clint Eastwood]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066999/characters/nm0000142 "Dirty Harry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308105756/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066999/characters/nm0000142 |date=2021-03-08 }}. <!--date retrieved?--></ref> In one of the classic lines in cinema, title character [[Dirty Harry (character)|"Dirty" Harry Callahan]] describes his Smith & Wesson Model 29 as "the most powerful handgun in the world". Although the more powerful [[.454 Casull]] [[wildcat cartridge]] was announced in 1959,<ref name="cotw10" /> the .44 Magnum was the most powerful production cartridge until the 1980s when the first production [[.454 Casull]] revolver was produced.<ref>{{cite book|page=58|title=The Total Gun Manual|author=David Petzal and Phil Bourjaily|year=2017|publisher=[[Bonnier Group|Weldon Owen]]|isbn=9781681886336}}</ref> The .44 Magnum was also bought and used by the character [[Travis Bickle]] in the 1976 film ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' during his assault on a brothel. The ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' soundtrack by [[Bernard Herrmann]] also features a song titled "The .44 Magnum is a Monster".

Demand for the [[Smith & Wesson Model 29|Model 29]] increased so much that they were selling for up to three times the suggested retail price. When the Model 29 could not be obtained, customers sought other handguns chambered in this caliber, such as the [[Ruger Redhawk]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldberg|first=Jefferey|title=The Deadliest Gun in Town|date=6 September 1993|journal=New York|pages=32–34|issn=0028-7369}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[10 mm caliber]]
* [[.357 Magnum]], the first "magnum" cartridge and the immediate predecessor of the .44 Magnum
* [[.41 Remington Magnum]], developed as an intermediate between the .357 Magnum and .44 Magnum
* [[.44 AMP]]
* [[.445 SuperMag]]
* [[AutoMag (pistol)|.44 AutoMag]]
* [[LAR Grizzly Win Mag]]
* [[Table of handgun and rifle cartridges]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.ballisticsbytheinch.com/44mag.html Ballistics By The Inch .44 Magnum results]

{{Remington Cartridges Firearms}}
{{Smith & Wesson}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:44 Magnum}}
[[Category:.44 Magnum firearms]]
[[Category:Magnum pistol cartridges]]
[[Category:Rimmed cartridges]]
[[Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges]]
[[Category:Remington Arms cartridges]]
[[Category:Smith & Wesson cartridges]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1955]]

Latest revision as of 20:05, 19 November 2024

This article is about the firearm cartridge. For the Japanese heavy metal band, see 44 Magnum (band).
.44 Magnum
.44 Magnum cartridge
TypeHandgun, Carbine
Place of originUnited States
Production history
DesignerElmer Keith
Smith & Wesson
Designed1950s
ManufacturerRemington Arms
ProducedJanuary 19, 1956–present
Specifications
Parent case.44 Smith & Wesson Special
Case typeRimmed, straight
Bullet diameter.429 in (10.9 mm)
Land diameter.417 in (10.6 mm)
Neck diameter.457 in (11.6 mm)
Base diameter.457 in (11.6 mm)
Rim diameter.514 in (13.1 mm)
Rim thickness.060 in (1.5 mm)
Case length1.285 in (32.6 mm)
Overall length1.61 in (41 mm)
Case capacity37.9 gr H2O (2.46 cm3)
Primer typeLarge pistol
Maximum pressure (CIP)40,600 psi (280 MPa)
Maximum pressure (SAAMI)36,000 psi (250 MPa)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy
240 gr (16 g) SJHP Remington 1,180 ft/s (360 m/s) 741 ft⋅lbf (1,005 J)
240 gr (16 g) JHP Cor-Bon 1,475 ft/s (450 m/s) 1,160 ft⋅lbf (1,570 J)
270 gr (17 g) LFN GC Buffalo bore heavy 1,550 ft/s (470 m/s) 1,440 ft⋅lbf (1,950 J)
300 gr (19 g) JSP Cor-Bon 1,250 ft/s (380 m/s) 1,041 ft⋅lbf (1,411 J)
340 gr (22 g) LFN +P+ Buffalo bore heavy (+P+ used in special guns only) 1,425 ft/s (434 m/s) 1,533 ft⋅lbf (2,078 J)
Test barrel length: 7.5 in (190 mm) [*6.5 in (170 mm)]
Source(s): Ballistics 101[1][2]

The .44 Remington Magnum, also known as .44 Magnum or 10.9x33mmR (as it is known in unofficial metric designation), is a rimmed, large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers and quickly adopted for carbines and rifles. Despite the ".44" designation, guns chambered for the .44 Magnum round, its parent case, the .44 Special, and the .44 Special's parent case, the .44 Russian all use 0.429 in (10.9 mm) diameter bullets.[3] The .44 Magnum is based on the .44 Special case but lengthened and loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity and energy.

Famously called "the most powerful handgun [cartridge] in the world" by Clint Eastwood in Dirty Harry, the .44 Magnum has since been eclipsed in power by the .45 Winchester Magnum, .454 Casull, .460 S&W Magnum, .475 Wildey Magnum, .480 Ruger, .50 Action Express, .500 S&W Magnum, and the .500 Bushwhacker; nevertheless, due in part to its more manageable recoil, it has remained one of the most popular commercial large-bore magnum cartridges.[4][5]

Origin

[edit]

The .44 Magnum cartridge was the result of years of tuned handloading of the .44 Special.[6] In the early 20th century, experimenters loaded the .44 Special and other large-bore handgun cartridges with heavy bullets and higher than normal powder charges to achieve superior ballistics and better hunting performance. One of these hand-loaders was Elmer Keith, a prominent writer and outdoorsman of the 20th century.[7]

A high-speed photograph of a .44 Magnum revolver taken using an air-gap flash, clearly showing the bullet in flight after having exited the barrel of the revolver.

Keith settled on the .44 Special cartridge as the basis for his experimentation, rather than the larger .45 Colt. At the time, the selection of .44 caliber projectiles for hand-loaders was more varied, and the .44 Special's brass was thicker and stronger than the dated .45 Colt case. Also, the .44 Special case was smaller in diameter than the .45 Colt case. In revolvers of the same cylinder size, this meant that the .44 caliber revolvers had thicker, and thus stronger, cylinder walls than the .45. This allowed higher pressures to be used with less risk of a cylinder failure.[4]

Keith and his associates successfully lobbied Smith & Wesson and Remington to produce a commercial version of this new high-pressure loading, along with revolvers chambered for it. Smith & Wesson's first .44 Magnum revolver, the precursor to the Model 29, was built on December 15, 1955, and the gun was announced to the public on January 19, 1956[8] for a price of US$140 (roughly $1,600 today).[9] Julian Hatcher (technical editor of American Rifleman) and Keith received two of the first production models. Hatcher's review of the new Smith & Wesson revolver and the .44 Magnum cartridge appeared in the March 1956 issue of the magazine. Smith & Wesson produced 3,100 of these revolvers in 1956.[10]

By the summer of 1956, Sturm, Ruger became aware of this project and began work on a single action Blackhawk revolver for the new .44 Magnum cartridge. There is a popular rumor that a Ruger employee found a cartridge case marked ".44 Remington Magnum" and took it to Bill Ruger, while another says a Remington employee provided Ruger with early samples of the ammunition.[11] Ruger began shipping their new revolver in late November 1956.

The .44 Magnum case is slightly longer than the .44 Special case. This alteration was not primarily intended to increase the propellant capacity of the cartridge, but rather to prevent the far higher pressure round from being chambered in older, weaker .44 Special firearms and potentially causing injury or death to shooters.[4]

The .44 Magnum was an immediate commercial success. The direct descendants of the S&W Model 29 and the .44 Magnum Ruger Blackhawks are still in production, and have been joined by numerous other makes and models of .44 Magnum revolvers and even a handful of semi-automatic models, the first being produced in the 1960s.[12] The film Dirty Harry, prominently featuring the S&W M29 shooting .44 Special ammo, contributed to that model's popularity.[13]

Ruger introduced its first long gun, a semi-automatic carbine called the Ruger Model 44 chambered for .44 Magnum, in 1959. Marlin followed soon after with the lever action Model 1894 in .44 Magnum.[5][7] Having a carbine and a handgun chambered in the same caliber is an old tradition; the .44-40 Winchester was introduced by Winchester in a lever action in 1873, and Colt followed in 1878 with a revolver in the same caliber. The .38-40 Winchester and .32-20 Winchester were also available in both carbines and revolvers, allowing the shooter to use one type of ammunition for both firearms.[14]

Although improved modern alloys and manufacturing techniques have allowed even stronger cylinders to be made, leading to larger and more powerful cartridges such as the .454 Casull and .480 Ruger in revolvers the same size as a .44 Magnum, the .44 Magnum is still considered an exceptional weapon.[15] In 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the .44 Magnum, Ruger introduced a special 50th anniversary Blackhawk revolver, in the "Flattop" style.[11]

Technical specifications

[edit]
.44 Magnum Colt Anaconda

The .44 Magnum fires a large, heavy bullet at a high velocity for a handgun. In its full-powered form, it produces so much recoil and muzzle blast that it is generally considered to be unsuitable for use as a police weapon. Rapid fire is difficult and strenuous on the user's hands, especially for shooters of smaller build.[16][17]

Although marketed as a .44 caliber, the .44 Magnum and its parent .44 Special are actually .429-.430 caliber. The .44 designation is a carryover from the early measurements of heeled bullets used in the late 19th century. In those times, bullet diameter typically matched the external dimension of its respective cartridge, not the interior of the round. After the .44 Russian was developed, the forefather of the .44 Special and thus the .44 Magnum, the measurement of bullet caliber was taken from inside of the cartridge, resulting in .429 caliber.

Some gun styles are more comfortable to use when shooting this caliber. Many shooters find the rounded grip shape of the single action better for handling heavy recoil than the grip shape of double-action revolvers, which have a shoulder on top of the grip. Many shooters consider the ideal type of grip for heavy recoiling guns to be the longer "Bisley" style single action grip, and it can be found on single actions from Ruger (models marked "Bisley") and Freedom Arms, as well as many custom makers.[18]

Dual-purpose use

[edit]
A .44 Magnum Marlin Model 1894 carbine
A Desert Eagle semiautomatic pistol in .44 Magnum.
A Spanish-made Astra Model 44 revolver in .44 Magnum.

The concept of a dual-purpose handgun/rifle cartridge has been popular since the Old West, with cartridges like the .44-40 Winchester, whose "high-speed" rifle loadings were precursors to magnum loads. Other dual-use rounds were the .32-20 Winchester and the .38-40 Winchester.[5][14]

Some past dual-purpose cartridges, like the .44-40 Winchester, gave their manufacturers trouble when people loaded the "high-speed" versions designed for rifles into handguns.[5] Since the .44 Magnum was designed from the start as a revolver cartridge, there are no such issues, and SAAMI-compliant ammunition fires from any handguns or rifles chambered for the .44 Magnum.

For a handgun cartridge, the bolt thrust is considerable at C.I.P. conform maximum loads and an important factor in weapons design. The greater the bolt thrust, the stronger the locking mechanism has to be to withstand it.

As a rifle or carbine cartridge, the .44 Magnum is sufficiently powerful for medium-sized game, yet fits easily into a compact, lightweight package. In 1961, Ruger introduced their .44 carbine, the first .44 Magnum carbine. The lever-action Marlin Model 1894, and many other firearms are currently available in this caliber. With significantly longer barrels than revolvers and no cylinder gap (except in revolving rifles), carbines will generate a significantly higher velocity than a revolver loaded with the same ammunition.[19] Tests with various ammunition in the Ruger Deerfield yielded a 100 yd (91 m) velocity of over 1,300 ft/s (400 m/s) with a 240-grain (16 g) bullet, comparable to the muzzle velocity out of a revolver.[20][21] Loads using slow-burning powders maximize performance in both short and long barrels, with one published load generating 1,500 ft/s (460 m/s) from a revolver, and 1,625 ft/s (495 m/s) from a carbine with a 240-grain (16 g) bullet.

Suitable game

[edit]

The .44 Magnum is well suited for game up to elk size. With precise shot placement and deep-penetrating cartridges, it has even been used to take the largest of game, including Cape Buffalo. Publisher Robert E. Petersen took a record-setting polar bear with a Smith & Wesson Model 29 .44 Magnum.[7][22] It has even been used against elephants with success.[23]

In addition to beating the ballistics of the old .44-40 rifle loads, long considered a top deer cartridge,[5] the heavy, flat-point bullets typically used in the .44 Magnum have an additional advantage. Tests performed where bullets are shot through light cover, intended to represent twigs and brush, have shown that the high-velocity, lightweight, thin-jacketed, pointed bullets used by most hunting cartridges today are easily deflected by contact with the brush. The ideal bullets for penetrating brush with minimal deflection are heavy, flat-point bullets at moderate velocities.[20]

Range

[edit]

The accuracy of the .44 Magnum is very good, with models from Colt, Smith & Wesson, and Ruger producing bullet groups of 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 centimetres) at 50 yards (46 m), with most ammunition.[24][25] The limiting factor of the .44 Magnum cartridge is not terminal ballistics. When fired from a 6 in (152 mm) revolver, a typically loaded .44 Magnum 240 gr (16 g) bullet will have more impact energy at 150 yd (137 m) than a 246 gr (15.9 g) .44 Special has at the muzzle, when fired from the same weapon.[26] When loaded with a heavy, non-expanding bullet, the .44 Magnum will easily shoot through large game such as elk and even bison.[27]

The limiting factor is the bullet's trajectory: the best hunting bullets are heavy, so they are relatively slow. This means the projectile's trajectory will drop significantly at ranges beyond 100 yards (91 m); there will be virtually zero significant drop at 50 yd (46 m), so the gun's aimed "line of sight" can meet the "bullet's trajectory" at the same point. When drop-out at 100 yd (91 m) is about 2 inches (5.1 centimetres), the drop-out at 150 yards (137 m) is more than 8 inches (20 centimetres); with a 100 yd (91 m) zero drop-out, the drop-out at 150 yd (137 m) will still measure more than 6 inches (15 centimetres).[28] Experts limit hunting ranges to 100 yards (91 m) when shooting .44 Magnum cartridges, less if practical accuracy requires it.[20][29]

[edit]
Smith & Wesson Model 629 with an 8 in (200 mm) barrel.

The .44 Magnum remained mildly popular among shooters for many years after its introduction, but did not come to the attention of the general public until 1971 when it was prominently featured in the American feature film Dirty Harry starring Clint Eastwood.[30] In one of the classic lines in cinema, title character "Dirty" Harry Callahan describes his Smith & Wesson Model 29 as "the most powerful handgun in the world". Although the more powerful .454 Casull wildcat cartridge was announced in 1959,[5] the .44 Magnum was the most powerful production cartridge until the 1980s when the first production .454 Casull revolver was produced.[31] The .44 Magnum was also bought and used by the character Travis Bickle in the 1976 film Taxi Driver during his assault on a brothel. The Taxi Driver soundtrack by Bernard Herrmann also features a song titled "The .44 Magnum is a Monster".

Demand for the Model 29 increased so much that they were selling for up to three times the suggested retail price. When the Model 29 could not be obtained, customers sought other handguns chambered in this caliber, such as the Ruger Redhawk.[32]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "44 Magnum Ballistics Chart | Ballistics 101". www.ballistics101.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  2. ^ "CIP TDCC sheet 44 Rem. Mag " (PDF). C.I.P.
  3. ^ Lyman Reloading Handbook, 48th edition, 2002
  4. ^ a b c Taffin, John (September–October 2005). "The .44 Magnum: 50 years young!". American Handgunner. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Frank C. Barnes, ed. Stan Skinner (2003). Cartridges of the World, 10th Ed. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87349-605-6.
  6. ^ Barnes, Frank C.; Skinner, Steve (2003). Cartridges of the World: 10th Edition, Revised and Expanded. Krause Publications. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-87349-605-6.
  7. ^ a b c James, Garry (June 2005). "A Big 50 For The .44". Guns & Ammo. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
  8. ^ Hacker, Rick (July 21, 2011). "Smith & Wesson Model 29". ShootingIllustrated.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  9. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  10. ^ Supica, Jim; Nahas, Richard (2006). Standard Catalog of Smith & Wesson : 3rd Edition. Gun Digest Books. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-89689-293-4.
  11. ^ a b Hamm, Bill (September 28, 2004). "Ruger Blackhawk .44 Magnum 'Flattop'". GunBlast.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  12. ^ Dougherty, Martin J., Small Arms: From the Civil War to the Present Day Fall River: 2005, page 61, ISBN 978-0-7607-6329-2
  13. ^ Dougherty, Martin J., Small Arms: From the Civil War to the Present Day Fall River: 2005, page 46, ISBN 978-0-7607-6329-2
  14. ^ a b The Pistol and Revolver. New York, Printed by J. J. Little. 1908.
  15. ^ Boddington, Craig. "The Fabulous .44 Mag". Guns & Ammo. Archived from the original on 2006-03-26.
  16. ^ Riebling, Terry (November 1996). "Taking the Bite Out of the Mighty .44 Magnum". Performance Shooter. Archived from the original on 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  17. ^ Taylor, Chuck (1981). Complete Book Of Combat Handgunning. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-87364-327-6.
  18. ^ Taffin, John. "I LIKE SINGLE ACTIONS BECAUSE..." Sixguns.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  19. ^ "BBTI – Ballistics by the Inch :: .44 Mag Results". www.ballisticsbytheinch.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-02. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  20. ^ a b c Hawks, Chuck. "Woods and Brush Rifles". Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  21. ^ Jamison, Rick (August 2000). "Ruger's All New .44 Deerfield". Shooting Times. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
  22. ^ Taffin, John. "Taffin Tests: the .44 Magnum". Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  23. ^ Fryxell, Glen E. "The Bullets of SSK". Sixguns. John Taffin. Archived from the original on 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
  24. ^ GGG Staff (October 1997). ".44 Magnums: Accuracy Problems Plague the Model 29". Guns, Gear & Game. Archived from the original on 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  25. ^ PS Staff (July 1997). "Stock Silhouette Revolvers: Anaconda Versus Redhawk". Performance Shooter. Archived from the original on 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  26. ^ Ramientas, Mike. ".44 Magnum Rifles – When Revolvers Aren't Enough". Gun News Daily. Archived from the original on 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  27. ^ Sweeney, Patrick. "Reloading the .44 Magnum". Guns & Ammo Handguns. Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  28. ^ "Ballistics Results". Remington. Archived from the original on 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  29. ^ Hawks, Chuck. "Handgun Hunting". Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
  30. ^ "Dirty Harry" Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ^ David Petzal and Phil Bourjaily (2017). The Total Gun Manual. Weldon Owen. p. 58. ISBN 9781681886336.
  32. ^ Goldberg, Jefferey (6 September 1993). "The Deadliest Gun in Town". New York: 32–34. ISSN 0028-7369.
[edit]
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