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During the [[American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan]], when the [[United States]] struck at [[Afghanistan]]'s Taliban regime, regional and tribal leaders rose up to oust the Taliban in [[Khowst Province]] and [[Nangarhar Province]] formed an alliance known as the '''Eastern Shura'''.<ref name=AsiaTimes20011207>
Regional and tribal Afghan leaders rose up and formed an alliance known as the '''Eastern Shura''' to oust the [[Taliban]] in [[Khowst Province]] and [[Nangarhar Province]], during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref name=AsiaTimes20011207>{{cite news| url=https://asiatimes.com/2001/12/taking-a-spin-in-tora-bora/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011221070455/http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/CL07Ag02.html| archive-date=December 21, 2001| title= Taking a spin in Tora Bora| publisher=[[Asia Times]]| author=Pepe Escobar| author-link=Pepe Escobar| date=December 7, 2001| access-date=2022-02-22|quote=The Eastern Shura – which comprises the provisional governments of [[Nangarhar]], [[Laghman Province |Laghman]], [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] and [[Kapisa Province |Kapisa]] provinces...}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2005-09-11>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/magazine/11TORABORA.html?pagewanted=all| title=Lost at Tora Bora| work=[[The New York Times]]| date=2005-09-11| author=Mary Anne Weaver| access-date=2010-05-12| quote=The last time bin Laden was seen in Jalalabad was the evening of Nov. 13, when he, along with [[Mohammad Yunus Khalis|Khalis]]'s son, [[Mujahid Ullah]], and other tribal leaders negotiated a peaceful hand-over of power from the Taliban to a caretaker government. Under its terms, Khalis would take temporary control of the city until the formation of a newly appointed U.S.-backed government. He, of course, made certain that the Eastern Shura, as the government is called, was stacked with men who owed their loyalty to him. [[Haji Abdul Qadeer|Hajji Abdul Qadir]], his former military commander, became Nangarhar Province's governor again.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/wheres-osama/Content?oid=922560| title=Where's Osama? Bush doesn't care. Do we?| publisher=[[Boise Weekly]]| date=2005-06-08| author=Ted Rall| access-date=2010-05-12| quote=U.S. state-controlled media put bin Laden in a redoubt in the mountains of Tora Bora, a stone's throw west of the Khyber Pass, in mid-November 2001. According to this official account, corrupt Eastern Shura militia let bin Laden and hundreds of other al-Qaeda fighters escape. "There were only 21 bedraggled al-Qaeda fighters who were taken prisoners," writes ''The Christian Science Monitor''.| archive-date=2012-03-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310165657/http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/wheres-osama/Content?oid=922560| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Mil>{{cite web| url = http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-binGetTRDoc?AD=ADA472897&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055703/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-binGetTRDoc?AD=ADA472897&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-date = March 4, 2016| title = Afghanistan: Current Issues and U.S. Policy| publisher = [[Congressional Research Service]]| date=2003-10-07| author = Kenneth Katzman| quote = No clear leader, following death of Abdul Qadir; Qadir's son appointed Jalalabad governor after Qadir's death.}}</ref> Mary Anne Weaver, writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on the fourth anniversary of [[al Qaeda]]'s attacks on [[September 11, 2001]], described the formation of the Eastern Shura as the result of surrender negotiations on November 13, 2001, between [[Mohammad Yunus Khalis]] and [[Osama bin Laden]].
⚫
{{cite news
| url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/CL07Ag02.html
| title= Taking a spin in Tora Bora
| publisher=[[Asia Times]]
| author=[[Pepe Escobar]]
⚫
| date=December 7, 2001
⚫
| accessdate=2008-05-19
| quote=
}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2005-09-11>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/magazine/11TORABORA.html?pagewanted=all
| title=Lost at Tora Bora
⚫
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| date=2005-09-11
| author=Mary Anne Weaver
| accessdate=2010-05-12
| quote=The last time bin Laden was seen in Jalalabad was the evening of Nov. 13, when he, along with [[Yunus Khalis|Khalis]]'s son, [[Mujahid Ullah]], and other tribal leaders negotiated a peaceful hand-over of power from the Taliban to a caretaker government. Under its terms, Khalis would take temporary control of the city until the formation of a newly appointed U.S.-backed government. He, of course, made certain that the Eastern Shura, as the government is called, was stacked with men who owed their loyalty to him. Hajji Abdul Qadir, his former military commander, became Nangarhar Province's governor again.
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/wheres-osama/Content?oid=922560
| title=Where's Osama? Bush doesn't care. Do we?
| publisher=[[Boise Weekly]]
⚫
| date=2005-06-08
⚫
| author=Ted Rall
| accessdate=2010-05-12
| quote=U.S. state-controlled media put bin Laden in a redoubt in the mountains of Tora Bora, a stone's throw west of the Khyber Pass, in mid-November 2001. According to this official account, corrupt Eastern Shura militia let bin Laden and hundreds of other al-Qaeda fighters escape. "There were only 21 bedraggled al-Qaeda fighters who were taken prisoners," writes the Christian Science Monitor.
}}</ref><ref name=Mil>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA472897&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
| title = Afghanistan: Current Issues and U.S. Policy
| publisher = [[Congressional Research Service]]
| date=2003-10-07
| author = Kenneth Katzman
| quote = No clear leader, following death of Abdul Qadir; Qadir’s son appointed Jalalabad governor after Qadir’s death.
}}</ref>
Mary Anne Weaver, writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on the fourth anniversary of [[al Qaeda]]'s attacks on [[September 11, 2001]], described the formation of the Eastern Shura as the result of surrencer negotiations on November 13, 2001, between [[Younus Khalis]] and [[Osama bin Laden]].


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 42: Line 7:
! '''name''' || '''notes'''
! '''name''' || '''notes'''
|-
|-
| [[Hazrat Ali]] ||
| [[Haji Abdul Qadeer]] ||
⚫
* Former governor of [[Nangarhar Province]], prior to the [[Taliban]] regime.
⚫
* Based in [[Towr Kham]], a small town, in [[Nangarhar Province]], on the border with Pakistan.
⚫
* Close ties to the family of [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]], the last king of [[Afghanistan]].
⚫
* Speculation links him to the drug trade, and to bribes that enabled al Qaeda and the Taliban's leadership to escape [[Tora Bora]].
⚫
* Went to the [[Bonn Conference]] to endorse the choice of [[Hamid Karzai]] as leader of the [[Afghan Transitional Administration]].
⚫
* Assassinated in July 2002.
⚫
|-
| [[Hazrat Ali (Afghan politician)|Hazrat Ali]] ||
⚫
* Based in [[Towr Kham]], a small town, in [[Nangarhar Province]], on the border with [[Pakistan]].
⚫
* Speculation links him to the drug trade, and to bribes that enabled [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Taliban]]'s leadership to escape [[Tora Bora]].
* Reported to have allowed [[Osama bin Laden]] to escape from Tora Bora.<ref name=Csm20020304>
* Reported to have allowed [[Osama bin Laden]] to escape from Tora Bora.<ref name=Csm20020304>
{{cite news
{{cite news
| url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0304/p01s03-wosc.html
| url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0304/p01s03-wosc.html
| title=How bin Laden got away: A day-by-day account of how Osama bin Laden eluded the world's most powerful military machine
| title=How bin Laden got away: A day-by-day account of how Osama bin Laden eluded the world's most powerful military machine
| publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]
| work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]
| author=[[Philip Smucker]]
| author=Philip Smucker
| author-link=Philip Smucker
| date=
| accessdate=2008-09-08
| access-date=2008-09-08
| quote=
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Abdul Qadir (Afghan leader)|Abdul Qadir]] ||
| [[Ezatullah (Nangarhar)|Ezatullah]] ||
* A local leader of an anti-[[Taliban]] militia, from [[Sorubi]], set up a provisional government in [[Nangarhar Province]] on November 16, 2001, after the Taliban retreated.<ref name=NewYorkTimes20011116>
⚫
* Former governor of Nangarhar Province, prior to the Taliban regime.
⚫
{{cite news
⚫
* Close ties to the family of [[Mohammed Zahir]], the last king of Afghanistan.
| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E4D6143BF935A25752C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
⚫
* Went to the [[Bonn Conference]] to endorse the choice of [[Hamid Karzai]] as leader of the [[Afghan Transitional Administration]].
| title= A NATION CHALLENGED: AFGHANISTAN REDUX; Warlord Rule Is Re-emerging In Some Towns
⚫
* Assassinated in July 2002.
⚫
| work=[[The New York Times]]
⚫
|-
⚫
| author=David Rohde
| [[Ezatullah (Sorubi)|Ezatullah]] ||
⚫
| date= November 16, 2001
⚫
| access-date=2008-02-19
| quote=The third arrived from [[Sorubi]], where Ezatullah, a local commander with only one name, has created his own fief.
| author-link= David Rohde
}}</ref> The two other leaders in the provisional government were [[Hazrat Ali (Afghan politician)|Hazrati Ali]] from [[Towr Kham]] and [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Mawlawi]] [[Mohammad Yunus Khalis]] from the Provincial capital, [[Jalalabad]].
|-
|-
| [[Hajji]] [[Mohammed Zaman]] ||
| [[Hajji]] [[Mohammed Zaman]] ||
* The Shura's "Defense Chief".<ref name=FoxNews20011209>
* The Shura's "Defense Chief".<ref name=FoxNews20011209>
{{cite news
{{cite news
| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,40444,00.html
| url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/battle-for-mountains-will-be-tough
| title=Battle for Mountains Will Be Tough
| title=Battle for Mountains Will Be Tough
| publisher=[[Fox News]]
| publisher=[[Fox News]]
| date= December 9, 2001
| date= December 9, 2001
| accessdate=2008-05-20
| access-date=2008-05-20
| quote=
}}</ref><ref name=Cnn-2001-11-29>
}}</ref><ref name=Cnn-2001-11-29>
{{cite news
{{cite news
Line 87: Line 61:
| author=Rone Tempest
| author=Rone Tempest
| date= October 19, 2001
| date= October 19, 2001
| accessdate=2008-05-17
| access-date=2008-05-17
| quote=
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*
*
* Karzai appointed Zaman deputy chief of Police for [[Nangarhar Province]].<ref name=WashingtonPost20060606>
* [[Hamid Karzai]] appointed Zaman Deputy Chief of Police for [[Nangarhar Province]].<ref name=WashingtonPost20060606>
{{cite news
{{cite news
| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/06/AR2006060600576.html
| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/06/AR2006060600576.html
| title=2 Soldiers Killed by Afghan Roadside Bomb
| title=2 Soldiers Killed by Afghan Roadside Bomb
| publisher=[[Washington Post]]
| work=[[The Washington Post]]
| author=Amir Shah
| author=Amir Shah
| date= June 6, 2006
| date= June 6, 2006
| accessdate=2008-05-20
| access-date=2008-05-20
| quote=
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Line 110: Line 82:
| publisher=[[St Petersburg Times]]
| publisher=[[St Petersburg Times]]
| date=October 21, 2001
| date=October 21, 2001
| accessdate=2008-05-20
| access-date=2008-05-20
| quote=
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Haji [[Zaman Ghamsharik]] ||
| Haji [[Zaman Ghamsharik]] ||
* Reported to have allowed [[Osama bin Laden]] to escape from Tora Bora.<ref name=Csm20020304/>
* Reported to have allowed [[Osama bin Laden]] to escape from Tora Bora.<ref name=Csm20020304/>
* Reported to have been "lured from exile" in France, by the USA.<ref name=Csm20020304/>
* Reported to have been "lured from exile" in [[France]], by the USA.<ref name=Csm20020304/>
|-
|-
| [[Pir Baksh Bardiwal]] ||
| [[Pir Baksh Gardiwal]] ||
* The Eastern Shura's "Intelligence Chief".<ref name=Csm20020304/>
* The Eastern Shura's "Intelligence Chief".<ref name=Csm20020304/>
|-
|-
Line 126: Line 97:
* Lead one of the pincer movements intended to capture [[Osama bin Laden]] as he escaped from [[Tora Bora]] in December 2001.<ref name=WashingtonPost-2001-12-11>
* Lead one of the pincer movements intended to capture [[Osama bin Laden]] as he escaped from [[Tora Bora]] in December 2001.<ref name=WashingtonPost-2001-12-11>
{{cite news
{{cite news
| url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/94309803.html?dids=94309803:94309803&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+11%2C+2001&author=Susan+B.+Glasser&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Al+Qaeda%27s+Forces+Flee+Higher+in+Mountains&pqatl=google
| url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/94309803.html?dids=94309803:94309803&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+11%2C+2001&author=Susan+B.+Glasser&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Al+Qaeda%27s+Forces+Flee+Higher+in+Mountains&pqatl=google
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131173614/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/94309803.html?dids=94309803:94309803&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+11,+2001&author=Susan+B.+Glasser&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Al+Qaeda's+Forces+Flee+Higher+in+Mountains&pqatl=google
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=January 31, 2013
| title=Al Qaeda's Forces Flee Higher in Mountains
| title=Al Qaeda's Forces Flee Higher in Mountains
| publisher=[[Washington Post]]
| work=[[The Washington Post]]
| author=Susan B. Glasser
| author=Susan B. Glasser
| date=2001-12-11
| date=2001-12-11
| page=A01
| page=A01
| accessdate=2010-05-12
| access-date=2010-05-12
| quote=
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Had authority in [[Noorgal]], [[Kunar]].<ref name=ArbAnwarKhan948>
* Had authority in [[Noorgal]], [[Kunar Province|Kunar]].<ref name=ArbAnwarKhan948>{{cite web
⚫
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Reading_Room/Detainee_Related/ARB_Transcript_Set_9_21017-21351.pdf#311
{{cite web
⚫
| url={{DoD detainees ARB|ARB_Transcript_Set_9_21017-21351.pdf#311}}
| title=Summary of Administrative Review Board Proceedings for ISN 948
| title=Summary of Administrative Review Board Proceedings for ISN 948
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
Line 145: Line 117:
| quote=The weapons I had were for a group of people in the [[Noorgal]] government, Gulan, [[Said Jalal]] and [[Haji Kornai]]. I gave them back these weapons. These three commanders are supporting the American Forces and they are working with them in [[Jalalabad]].
| quote=The weapons I had were for a group of people in the [[Noorgal]] government, Gulan, [[Said Jalal]] and [[Haji Kornai]]. I gave them back these weapons. These three commanders are supporting the American Forces and they are working with them in [[Jalalabad]].
| pages=311–321
| pages=311–321
⚫
| archive-date=2015-06-27
⚫
}} [http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/948-anwar-khan/documents/2/pages/3916#12 fast mirror]
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627102900/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Reading_Room/Detainee_Related/ARB_Transcript_Set_9_21017-21351.pdf#311
</ref>
| url-status=dead
⚫
}} [http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/948-anwar-khan/documents/2/pages/3916#12 fast mirror]</ref>
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


[[Category:History of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:2000s in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)]]
[[Category:History of Nangarhar Province]]
[[Category:History of Nangarhar Province]]
[[Category:History of Khost Province]]
[[Category:History of Khost Province]]

Latest revision as of 01:37, 20 November 2024

Regional and tribal Afghan leaders rose up and formed an alliance known as the Eastern Shura to oust the Taliban in Khowst Province and Nangarhar Province, during the War in Afghanistan.[1][2][3][4] Mary Anne Weaver, writing in The New York Times on the fourth anniversary of al Qaeda's attacks on September 11, 2001, described the formation of the Eastern Shura as the result of surrender negotiations on November 13, 2001, between Mohammad Yunus Khalis and Osama bin Laden.

Eastern Shura leaders
name notes
Haji Abdul Qadeer
Hazrat Ali
Ezatullah
Hajji Mohammed Zaman
Rostom Sherzad
  • Brought 120 fighters to the alliance.[11]
Haji Zaman Ghamsharik
  • Reported to have allowed Osama bin Laden to escape from Tora Bora.[5]
  • Reported to have been "lured from exile" in France, by the USA.[5]
Pir Baksh Gardiwal
  • The Eastern Shura's "Intelligence Chief".[5]
Haji Hayat Ullah
Sher Gulan

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pepe Escobar (December 7, 2001). "Taking a spin in Tora Bora". Asia Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2001. Retrieved 2022-02-22. The Eastern Shura – which comprises the provisional governments of Nangarhar, Laghman, Kunar and Kapisa provinces...
  2. ^ Mary Anne Weaver (2005-09-11). "Lost at Tora Bora". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-12. The last time bin Laden was seen in Jalalabad was the evening of Nov. 13, when he, along with Khalis's son, Mujahid Ullah, and other tribal leaders negotiated a peaceful hand-over of power from the Taliban to a caretaker government. Under its terms, Khalis would take temporary control of the city until the formation of a newly appointed U.S.-backed government. He, of course, made certain that the Eastern Shura, as the government is called, was stacked with men who owed their loyalty to him. Hajji Abdul Qadir, his former military commander, became Nangarhar Province's governor again.
  3. ^ Ted Rall (2005-06-08). "Where's Osama? Bush doesn't care. Do we?". Boise Weekly. Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2010-05-12. U.S. state-controlled media put bin Laden in a redoubt in the mountains of Tora Bora, a stone's throw west of the Khyber Pass, in mid-November 2001. According to this official account, corrupt Eastern Shura militia let bin Laden and hundreds of other al-Qaeda fighters escape. "There were only 21 bedraggled al-Qaeda fighters who were taken prisoners," writes The Christian Science Monitor.
  4. ^ Kenneth Katzman (2003-10-07). "Afghanistan: Current Issues and U.S. Policy" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. No clear leader, following death of Abdul Qadir; Qadir's son appointed Jalalabad governor after Qadir's death.
  5. ^ a b c d Philip Smucker. "How bin Laden got away: A day-by-day account of how Osama bin Laden eluded the world's most powerful military machine". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  6. ^ David Rohde (November 16, 2001). "A NATION CHALLENGED: AFGHANISTAN REDUX; Warlord Rule Is Re-emerging In Some Towns". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-19. The third arrived from Sorubi, where Ezatullah, a local commander with only one name, has created his own fief.
  7. ^ "Battle for Mountains Will Be Tough". Fox News. December 9, 2001. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  8. ^ "Bin Laden Believed to be in Tora Bora". CNN. 2001-11-29.
  9. ^ Rone Tempest (October 19, 2001). "Pashtun leaders meet in Pakistan: Exiled commander urges fight against Taliban". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  10. ^ Amir Shah (June 6, 2006). "2 Soldiers Killed by Afghan Roadside Bomb". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  11. ^ "Taliban likely preparing for guerrilla war". St Petersburg Times. October 21, 2001. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  12. ^ Susan B. Glasser (2001-12-11). "Al Qaeda's Forces Flee Higher in Mountains". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  13. ^ OARDEC (2005-11-28). "Summary of Administrative Review Board Proceedings for ISN 948" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. pp. 311–321. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2010-05-12. The weapons I had were for a group of people in the Noorgal government, Gulan, Said Jalal and Haji Kornai. I gave them back these weapons. These three commanders are supporting the American Forces and they are working with them in Jalalabad. fast mirror
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