A. C. Cuza: Difference between revisions

Alexandru C. Cuza
Alexandru C. Cuza
Founding President of the National-Christian Defense League
	In office; 4 March 1923 – 16 July 1935
Succeeded by	Octavian Goga (party merged into the National Christian Party)
Member of the Crown Council
	In office; 16 June 1939 – 6 September 1940
Monarch	Carol II
Minister of State
	In office; 29 December 1937 – 10 February 1938
Prime Minister	Octavian Goga
Preceded by	Ion Manolescu-Strunga
Co-Leader of the National Christian Party
	In office; 16 July 1935 – 10 February 1938 Serving with Octavian Goga & Nichifor Crainic
Preceded by	Himself (as president of the National-Christian Defense League) ; Octavian Goga (as president of the National Agrarian Party)
Succeeded by	None (party banned under the 1938 Constitution)
Co-Founding President of the Democratic Nationalist Party
	In office; 6 May 1910 – 26 April 1920 Serving with Nicolae Iorga
Succeeded by	Nicolae Iorga
Personal details
Born	8 November 1857; Iași, Moldavia
Died	3 November 1947 (aged 89); Sibiu, Romania
Nationality	Romanian
Political party	Democratic Nationalist Party (1910–1920); People's Party (1920–1923); National-Christian Defense League (1923–1935); National Christian Party; (1935–1938); National Renaissance Front (1938–1940)
Occupation	Politician, Theorist

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Alexandru C. Cuza (8 November 1857 – 3 November 1947), also known as A. C. Cuza, was a Romanian far-right politician and economist.

Early life

Cuza was born in Iași into a family of mixed Armenian-Greek origins.^[1]^[2] He was the grandson of Moldavian landowner Gheorghe Cuza (1780–1835), Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza's uncle.^[3] He attended secondary school in his native city and in Dresden, Saxony, Germany, then studied law at the University of Paris, the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin, and the Université Libre de Bruxelles. He took doctorates in political science and economy (1881), as well as law (1882).

Activism and developing antisemitism

Upon his return to Romania, Cuza became active in the socialist circle formed around Constantin Mille.^{[citation needed]} He attended meetings of the Junimea literary society, contributing to its magazine Convorbiri Literare. In 1890, he engaged in the political aspect of Junimea, serving briefly as deputy mayor of Iași; in 1892, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies (serving until 1895). Cuza moved on to the Conservatives, and was yet again deputy – until a split generated by his virulent antisemitism.

Romania in Cuza's time was one of the most Francophile nations in the entire world and the Romanian intelligentsia tended to be powerfully influenced by intellectual currents from France. One particular French intellectual fascinated Cuza, namely Arthur de Gobineau whose theories of an ancient Aryan "master race" that created European civilization and of subsequent racial degeneration caused by miscegenation formed the basis of all of Cuza's thinking about race.^[4] Cuza's thesis about the Jews as the "plague" upon Romania were based upon Gobineau's theories, but Cuza elaborated by presenting Jews as a biologically different "race" that was poisoning Romania by their sheer existence.^[4] Cuza created a distinctly new antisemitism that merged traditional Eastern Orthodox antisemitism with modern pseudo-scientific antisemitism to create a new type of antisemitism that the Israeli historian Jean Ancel called "Christian racist" antisemitism.^[5] Unlike the völkisch antisemites in Germany — many, but not all of whom were indifferent, if not actively hostile to Christianity — Cuza made a point of stressing the basis of his ideology in the teachings of the Orthodox Church. At the same time, Cuza's insistence that the Jews were a biologically separate "race" meant that he rejected conversion to Orthodoxy as the solution to the "Jewish Question" as he argued that converted Jews were still racially Jews, and led him to advocate the total expulsion of all Jews from Romania as the only solution to the "Jewish Question".^[6] In an 1899 essay, Cuza wrote that the Jews were "instinctively" working for Romania's destruction, by which Cuza meant that evil was embedded within the genes of the Jews, and that because of these alleged genetic reasons the Jews would not stop trying to destroy Romania.^[6] A recurring theme of Cuza's writings was that the Jews had been collectively working to ruin Christian nations, especially Romania because of what Cuza believed to be a Jewish "genetic code".^[6]

With Xenopol and Iorga

He decided to start his own movement, one centered on the rejection of Jews from public life. His first attempt saw him joining forces with historian A. D. Xenopol, creating Liga contra alcoolismului ("The League Against Alcoholism") and its magazine, Biblioteca Ligii contra alcoolismului. The scope of this movement went well beyond fighting addiction: Cuza and Xenopol saw the root of this social evil with Jewish entrepreneurs of the rural sphere. The League claimed that Jews were encouraging Romanian peasants to drink, in order to ensure a captive market, and even to benefit from their very ruin (by having them sign off assets in order to feed their habit). The prejudice had acquired a tradition by the turn of the century – however, such attitudes ignored the fact that few other employments were left open for Jews, who were awarded full citizenship only after 1923.

In 1901, Cuza became a professor at the University of Iași. Since his previous initiative had died out, he associated with Nicolae Iorga: after a period of publishing articles in the latter's Neamul Românesc, he joined Iorga in the creation of the Democratic Nationalist Party (1910). In 1912, he became the editor of the Party official voice, the Unirea newspaper. Cuza showed himself in favor of replacing the restrictive framework of the Romanian state by adopting universal male suffrage, and proposed a land reform – in which he saw an end to leasehold estates, of which Jews would have taken an undeserved profit. The latter goal brought Cuza into an alliance with General Alexandru Averescu's People's League, a populist movement of immense, albeit brief popularity (he himself wrote down the League's founding document).

Prominence

He broke off with Iorga and founded the more radical National Christian Union in 1922 (the new Party found inspiration in Fascism and the Blackshirts, but was not paramilitary itself). It used the swastika as its symbol – one already connected to Anti-Semitic movements in Germany, and made himself known by supporting a Jewish quota in higher education (a demand which created a standoff with the government during a nationalist students' strike in 1923).^{[citation needed]}

From 1921, the swastika became the distinctive symbol of Cuza's movement, appearing in its publications, booklets and electoral programs. Cuza claimed priority and a purely Romanian character for this symbol, without in any way referring to the circulation of the swastika in Germany.^[7] ^: 27

The swastika is linked to the cult of the sun. It appears in the countries inhabited by the Pelasgic race, which we find from the very beginning in our lands. In general, the swastika is the distinctive sign of the Aryan race, signs were found on our soil… Being here since ancient times, the swastika therefore is, in the first place, ours, Romanian by its descent from the Thracian Aryans… The swastika is our national emblem. The cross is the emblem of our faith, just as it is with all Christian peoples. It is only together that the Swastika and the Cross display our entire being, our body and soul. We are Aryans and Christians.^[8]^: 33–34

Cuza's movement took shape in the same year, when it transformed into the "violently antisemitic"^[9] National-Christian Defense League with the help of young Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (already a good friend of Cuza's). The purpose of the National Christian Defense League was "to fight with all legal means in order to support economic, political and social interests against the Jews".^[6] Cuza was fiercely opposed to the Minorities Treaty which finally forced Romania to grant citizenship to the Jews in 1923. It was after 1923 that Cuza abandoned his support for universal manhood suffrage as he stated that allowing Jews the right to vote was unacceptable.^[6] Cuza stated that the solution to the "Jewish Question" was to "remove them from the country, after a transitional stage during which their influence on Romanian life would be eliminated".^[6] The steps Cuza advocated were in the "transitional stage" prior to expulsion were disemancipation, forbidding Jews to work in the public sector, separate schools for Jewish children and forbidding all Jews to live in the countryside.^[6] Unlike Codreanu, Cuza rejected violence and wanted to use only legal means. Cuza's refusal to turn the movement into a militia alienated Codreanu: in late 1927, after several attempts at imposing his line, Codreanu left in order to found the movement that would become known as the Iron Guard. Cuza's "Christian racist" antisemitism served was the ideological bedrock of the Iron Guard, but Codreanu added his own distinctive ideas into the "Christian racism" such as a strong element of Orthodox mysticism and making the Iron Guard into a death cult that rejected all the values of modern society.^[10] For the Iron Guard to kill and/or to be killed in the service of the cause were the only positive values-for Codreanu nothing else mattered.^[10] In this, Codreanu differed greatly from Cuza, who much preferred to solve the "Jewish Question" via legal measures, instead of violence.

The conflict between the two turned vitriolic. All major conflicts of the 1930s between Codreanu and the establishment found Cuza on the latter's side, eager to win back his movement's place as the leading antisemitic voice. In 1935, he joined forces with Octavian Goga's National Agrarian Party, forming the new National Christian Party.^{[citation needed]} In 1936, Cuza was elected a titular member of the Romanian Academy.^[11] After the elections of 1937, the intervention of King Carol II (a Fascist sympathizer who was however wary of the Iron Guard) brought the National Christians to government, with Goga as Prime Minister and Cuza as minister of state. Alongside the overt persecution of Jews, the government adopted Corporatism. In a paradoxical turn, Cuza agreed to have the Party turn towards paramilitary activism: his government created its answer to the armed Iron Guard, the Lăncieri ("Lance-bearers").^{[citation needed]}

The Goga-Cuza government was not able to lift Romania from crisis: as a minority rule that was meant to satisfy the King, it only managed to alienate the public. In February 1938, after several attempts at forming a national government, Carol dismissed it and replaced it with a personal dictatorship. In 1939, Cuza held his last political post as member of the Crown Council.^{[citation needed]}

Gallery

Tricolour with a swastika – the flag standard of Cuza's National Christian Party.

References

^ Pandrea, Petre (2001). Garda de fier: jurnal de filosofie politică : memorii penitenciare (in Romanian). Editura Vremea. p. 20. ISBN 978-973-9423-99-1. ...de un grec (Iorga), de un armeano-grec (A. C. Cuza)
^ Niculescu, Tatiana (2018). Mistica rugaciunii si a revolverului: Viata lui Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. Humanitas SA. p. 11. ISBN 978-973-50-6030-5. A.C. Cuza era xenofob, dar franţuzit, antisemit furibund, dar politicos, în particular, cu evreii, şi de un naţionalism delirant care îi atrăgea multe simpatii, deşi el era, la origini, mai mult grec-armean decât român.
^ Budu-Ghyka, Mona; Budu-Ghyka, Florian (March 2021). "L'Arbre Généalogique de la Famille Cuza" (PDF). ghika.net (in French). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b Turda, Marius (April 2003). "Fantasies of Degeneration: Some Remarks on Racial Anti-Semitism in Interwar Romania". Institute of Human Sciences. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^ Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 pages 10–11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 page 11.
^ Volovici, Leon (1991). Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s. Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-041024-3.
^ Cuza, A. C. Învățătura lui Isus.
^ Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944, Ivan R. Dee, 2008, p. 63, ISBN 9781461694908
^ ^a ^b Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 page 12.
^ (in Romanian) Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent at the Romanian Academy site

Bibliography

Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania (1970, ISBN 0-8179-1851-5, ISBN 973-9432-11-5)
(in Romanian) Ioan Scurtu, "Mit și realitate. Alexandru Averescu" ("Alexandru Averescu. Myth and Reality"), in Magazin Istoric
The Report of the International Committee for the Study of Holocaust in Romania (on the Romanian Presidency site) – a review of the several antisemitic doctrines, including Cuza's, that contributed to genocide of the Holocaust.
(in Romanian) The founding document of Averescu's People's League

[1] Pandrea, Petre (2001). Garda de fier: jurnal de filosofie politică : memorii penitenciare (in Romanian). Editura Vremea. p. 20. ISBN 978-973-9423-99-1. ...de un grec (Iorga), de un armeano-grec (A. C. Cuza)

[2] Niculescu, Tatiana (2018). Mistica rugaciunii si a revolverului: Viata lui Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. Humanitas SA. p. 11. ISBN 978-973-50-6030-5. A.C. Cuza era xenofob, dar franţuzit, antisemit furibund, dar politicos, în particular, cu evreii, şi de un naţionalism delirant care îi atrăgea multe simpatii, deşi el era, la origini, mai mult grec-armean decât român.

[3] Budu-Ghyka, Mona; Budu-Ghyka, Florian (March 2021). "L'Arbre Généalogique de la Famille Cuza" (PDF). ghika.net (in French). Retrieved 28 December 2023.

[:0-4] Turda, Marius (April 2003). "Fantasies of Degeneration: Some Remarks on Racial Anti-Semitism in Interwar Romania". Institute of Human Sciences. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.

[5] Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 pages 10–11.

[Ancel,_Jean_page_11-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 page 11.

[volovici-7] Volovici, Leon (1991). Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s. Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-041024-3.

[8] Cuza, A. C. Învățătura lui Isus.

[9] Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944, Ivan R. Dee, 2008, p. 63, ISBN 9781461694908

[Ancel,_Jean_page_12-10] Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 page 12.

[11] (in Romanian) Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent at the Romanian Academy site

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-{{Short description|Romanian politician and economist}}
+{{Short description|Romanian politician and economist (1857–1947)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 {{Fascism in Romania}}
 {{Antisemitism sidebar}}
-'''Air Conditioner. Cuza''' (8 November 1857 – 3 November 1947), also known as '''A. C. Cuza''', was a [[Romania]]n [[far-right]] politician and economist.
+'''Alexandru C. Cuza''' (8 November 1857 – 3 November 1947), also known as '''A. C. Cuza''', was a [[Romania]]n [[far-right]] politician and economist.
 ==Early life==
-Cuza was born in [[Iași]] into a family of mixed [[Armenians|Armenian]]-[[Greeks|Greek]] origins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandrea |first=Petre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be6gAAAAMAAJ |title=Garda de fier: jurnal de filosofie politică : memorii penitenciare |date=2001 |publisher=Editura Vremea |isbn=978-973-9423-99-1 |pages=20 |language=ro |quote=...de un grec (Iorga), de un armeano-grec (A. C. Cuza)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Niculescu |first=Tatiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pe9LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 |title=Mistica rugaciunii si a revolverului: Viata lui Corneliu Zelea Codreanu |date=2018 |publisher=Humanitas SA |isbn=978-973-50-6030-5 |pages=11 |language=en |quote=A.C. Cuza era xenofob, dar franţuzit, antisemit furibund, dar politicos, în particular, cu evreii, şi de un naţionalism delirant care îi atrăgea multe simpatii, deşi el era, la origini, mai mult grec-armean decât român.}}</ref> He attended secondary school in his native city and in [[Dresden]], [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]], [[German Empire|Germany]], then studied law at the [[University of Paris]], the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin]], and the [[Université Libre de Bruxelles]]. He took [[doctorate]]s in [[political science]] and economy (1881), as well as law (1882).
+Cuza was born in [[Iași]] into a family of mixed [[Armenians|Armenian]]-[[Greeks|Greek]] origins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandrea |first=Petre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be6gAAAAMAAJ |title=Garda de fier: jurnal de filosofie politică : memorii penitenciare |date=2001 |publisher=Editura Vremea |isbn=978-973-9423-99-1 |pages=20 |language=ro |quote=...de un grec (Iorga), de un armeano-grec (A. C. Cuza)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Niculescu |first=Tatiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pe9LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 |title=Mistica rugaciunii si a revolverului: Viata lui Corneliu Zelea Codreanu |date=2018 |publisher=Humanitas SA |isbn=978-973-50-6030-5 |pages=11 |language=en |quote=A.C. Cuza era xenofob, dar franţuzit, antisemit furibund, dar politicos, în particular, cu evreii, şi de un naţionalism delirant care îi atrăgea multe simpatii, deşi el era, la origini, mai mult grec-armean decât român.}}</ref> He was the grandson of Moldavian landowner Gheorghe Cuza (1780–1835), ''[[Domnitor]]'' [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]]'s uncle.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Mona|first2=Florian|last1=Budu-Ghyka|last2=Budu-Ghyka|title=L'Arbre Généalogique de la Famille Cuza|url=http://www.ghika.net/Familles/Cuza/Cuza.pdf|work=ghika.net|language=fr|date=March 2021|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> He attended secondary school in his native city and in [[Dresden]], [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]], [[German Empire|Germany]], then studied law at the [[University of Paris]], the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin]], and the [[Université Libre de Bruxelles]]. He took [[doctorate]]s in [[political science]] and economy (1881), as well as law (1882).
 ==Activism and developing antisemitism==
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190632/http://www.iwm.at/read-listen-watch/transit-online/fantasies-of-degeneration-some-remarks-on-racial-anti-semitism-in-interwar-romania/
  |url-status   = dead
-}}</ref> Cuza's thesis about the Jews as the "plague" upon Romania were based upon Gobineau's theories, but Cuza elaborated by presenting Jews as a biologically different "race" that was poisoning Romania by their sheer existence.<ref name=":0" /> Cuza created a distinctly new Antisemitism that merged traditional Eastern Orthodox anti-Semitism with modern pseudo-scientific Antisemitism to create a new type of Antisemitism that the Israeli historian [[Jean Ancel]] called "Christian racist" Antisemitism.<ref>Ancel, Jean ''The History of the Holocaust in Romania'', Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 pages 10–11.</ref> Unlike the ''völkisch'' anti-Semitics in Germany - many, but not all of whom were indifferent, if not actively hostile to Christianity — Cuza made a point of stressing the basis of his ideology in the teachings of the Orthodox Church. At the same time, Cuza's insistence that the Jews were a biologically separate "race" meant that he rejected conversion to Orthodoxy as the solution to the "Jewish Question" as he argued that converted Jews were still racially Jews, and led him to advocate the total expulsion of all Jews from Romania as the only solution to the "Jewish Question".<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11">Ancel, Jean ''The History of the Holocaust in Romania'', Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 page 11.</ref> In an 1899 essay, Cuza wrote that the Jews were "instinctively" working for Romania's destruction, by which Cuza meant that evil was embedded within the genes of the Jews, and that because of these alleged genetic reasons the Jews would not stop trying to destroy Romania.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> A recurring theme of Cuza's writings was that the Jews had been collectively working to ruin Christian nations, especially Romania because of what Cuza believed to be a Jewish "genetic code".<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/>
+}}</ref> Cuza's thesis about the Jews as the "plague" upon Romania were based upon Gobineau's theories, but Cuza elaborated by presenting Jews as a biologically different "race" that was poisoning Romania by their sheer existence.<ref name=":0" /> Cuza created a distinctly new antisemitism that merged traditional Eastern Orthodox antisemitism with modern pseudo-scientific antisemitism to create a new type of antisemitism that the Israeli historian [[Jean Ancel]] called "Christian racist" antisemitism.<ref>Ancel, Jean ''The History of the Holocaust in Romania'', Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 pages 10–11.</ref> Unlike the ''[[Völkisch movement|völkisch]]'' antisemites in Germany — many, but not all of whom were indifferent, if not actively hostile to Christianity — Cuza made a point of stressing the basis of his ideology in the teachings of the Orthodox Church. At the same time, Cuza's insistence that the Jews were a biologically separate "race" meant that he rejected conversion to Orthodoxy as the solution to the "Jewish Question" as he argued that converted Jews were still racially Jews, and led him to advocate the total expulsion of all Jews from Romania as the only solution to the "Jewish Question".<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11">Ancel, Jean ''The History of the Holocaust in Romania'', Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 page 11.</ref> In an 1899 essay, Cuza wrote that the Jews were "instinctively" working for Romania's destruction, by which Cuza meant that evil was embedded within the genes of the Jews, and that because of these alleged genetic reasons the Jews would not stop trying to destroy Romania.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> A recurring theme of Cuza's writings was that the Jews had been collectively working to ruin Christian nations, especially Romania because of what Cuza believed to be a Jewish "genetic code".<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/>
 ==With Xenopol and Iorga==
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 </ref>{{rp|pages=33–34}}</blockquote>
-Cuza's movement took shape in the same year, when it transformed into the "''violently anti-Semitic''"<ref>Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944, Ivan R. Dee, 2008, p. 63, {{ISBN|9781461694908}}</ref> [[National-Christian Defense League]] with the help of young [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] (already a good friend of Cuza's). The purpose of the National Christian Defense League was "to fight with all legal means in order to support economic, political and social interests against the Jews".<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> Cuza was fiercely opposed to the Minorities Treaty which finally forced Romania to grant citizenship to the Jews in 1923. It was after 1923 that Cuza abandoned his support for universal manhood suffrage as he stated that allowing Jews the right to vote was unacceptable.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> Cuza stated that the solution to the "Jewish Question" was to "remove them from the country, after a transitional stage during which their influence on Romanian life would be eliminated".<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> The steps Cuza advocated were in the "transitional stage" prior to expulsion were disemancipation, forbidding Jews to work in the public sector, separate schools for Jewish children and forbidding all Jews to live in the countryside.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> Unlike Codreanu, Cuza rejected violence and wanted to use only legal means. Cuza's refusal to turn the movement into a [[militia]] alienated Codreanu: in late 1927, after several attempts at imposing his line, Codreanu left in order to found the movement that would become known as the [[Iron Guard]]. Cuza's "Christian racist" anti-Semitism served was the ideological bedrock of the Iron Guard, but Codreanu added his own distinctive ideas into the "Christian racism" such as a strong element of Orthodox mysticism and making the Iron Guard into a death cult that rejected all the values of modern society.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 12">Ancel, Jean ''The History of the Holocaust in Romania'', Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 page 12.</ref> For the Iron Guard to kill and/or to be killed in the service of the cause were the only positive values-for Codreanu nothing else mattered.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 12"/> In this, Codreanu differed greatly from Cuza, who much preferred to solve the "Jewish Question" via legal measures, instead of violence.
+Cuza's movement took shape in the same year, when it transformed into the "''violently antisemitic''"<ref>Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944, Ivan R. Dee, 2008, p. 63, {{ISBN|9781461694908}}</ref> [[National-Christian Defense League]] with the help of young [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] (already a good friend of Cuza's). The purpose of the National Christian Defense League was "to fight with all legal means in order to support economic, political and social interests against the Jews".<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> Cuza was fiercely opposed to the Minorities Treaty which finally forced Romania to grant citizenship to the Jews in 1923. It was after 1923 that Cuza abandoned his support for universal manhood suffrage as he stated that allowing Jews the right to vote was unacceptable.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> Cuza stated that the solution to the "Jewish Question" was to "remove them from the country, after a transitional stage during which their influence on Romanian life would be eliminated".<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> The steps Cuza advocated were in the "transitional stage" prior to expulsion were disemancipation, forbidding Jews to work in the public sector, separate schools for Jewish children and forbidding all Jews to live in the countryside.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 11"/> Unlike Codreanu, Cuza rejected violence and wanted to use only legal means. Cuza's refusal to turn the movement into a [[militia]] alienated Codreanu: in late 1927, after several attempts at imposing his line, Codreanu left in order to found the movement that would become known as the [[Iron Guard]]. Cuza's "Christian racist" antisemitism served was the ideological bedrock of the Iron Guard, but Codreanu added his own distinctive ideas into the "Christian racism" such as a strong element of Orthodox mysticism and making the Iron Guard into a death cult that rejected all the values of modern society.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 12">Ancel, Jean ''The History of the Holocaust in Romania'', Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 page 12.</ref> For the Iron Guard to kill and/or to be killed in the service of the cause were the only positive values-for Codreanu nothing else mattered.<ref name="Ancel, Jean page 12"/> In this, Codreanu differed greatly from Cuza, who much preferred to solve the "Jewish Question" via legal measures, instead of violence.
-The conflict between the two turned vitriolic. All major conflicts of the 1930s between Codreanu and the establishment found Cuza on the latter's side, eager to win back his movement's place as the leading Antisemitic voice. In 1935, he joined forces with [[Octavian Goga]]'s [[National Agrarian Party (Romania)|National Agrarian Party]], forming the new [[National Christian Party]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In 1936, Cuza was elected a titular member of the [[Romanian Academy]].<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.acad.ro/bdar/armembriLit.php?vidT=C Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent] at the Romanian Academy site</ref> After the [[1937 Romanian general election|elections of 1937]], the intervention of [[King of Romania|King]] [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] (a Fascist sympathizer who was however wary of the Iron Guard) brought the National Christians to government, with Goga as [[List of Prime Ministers of Romania|Prime Minister]] and Cuza as [[minister of state]]. Alongside the overt persecution of Jews, the government adopted [[Corporatism]]. In a paradoxical turn, Cuza agreed to have the Party turn towards paramilitary activism: his government created its answer to the armed Iron Guard, the ''[[Lăncieri]]'' ("[[Lance]]-bearers").{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
+The conflict between the two turned vitriolic. All major conflicts of the 1930s between Codreanu and the establishment found Cuza on the latter's side, eager to win back his movement's place as the leading antisemitic voice. In 1935, he joined forces with [[Octavian Goga]]'s [[National Agrarian Party (Romania)|National Agrarian Party]], forming the new [[National Christian Party]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In 1936, Cuza was elected a titular member of the [[Romanian Academy]].<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.acad.ro/bdar/armembriLit.php?vidT=C Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent] at the Romanian Academy site</ref> After the [[1937 Romanian general election|elections of 1937]], the intervention of [[King of Romania|King]] [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] (a Fascist sympathizer who was however wary of the Iron Guard) brought the National Christians to government, with Goga as [[List of Prime Ministers of Romania|Prime Minister]] and Cuza as [[minister of state]]. Alongside the overt persecution of Jews, the government adopted [[Corporatism]]. In a paradoxical turn, Cuza agreed to have the Party turn towards paramilitary activism: his government created its answer to the armed Iron Guard, the ''[[Lăncieri]]'' ("[[Lance]]-bearers").{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
 The Goga-Cuza government was not able to lift Romania from crisis: as a minority rule that was meant to satisfy the King, it only managed to alienate the public. In February 1938, after several attempts at forming a [[National unity government|national government]], Carol dismissed it and replaced it with a personal dictatorship. In 1939, Cuza held his last political post as member of the Crown Council.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 * [[Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera]], ''The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania'' (1970, {{ISBN|0-8179-1851-5}}, {{ISBN|973-9432-11-5}})
 * {{in lang|ro}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070715004505/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1997/current5/mi41.htm Ioan Scurtu, "Mit și realitate. Alexandru Averescu"] ("Alexandru Averescu. Myth and Reality"), in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]''
-* [http://www.presidency.ro/index.php?_RID=htm&id=44 The Report of the International Committee for the Study of Holocaust in Romania (on the Romanian Presidency site)] – a review of the several Anti-Semitic doctrines, including Cuza's, that contributed to genocide of [[Romania during World War II#Romania and the Holocaust|the Holocaust]].
+* [http://www.presidency.ro/index.php?_RID=htm&id=44 The Report of the International Committee for the Study of Holocaust in Romania (on the Romanian Presidency site)] – a review of the several antisemitic doctrines, including Cuza's, that contributed to genocide of [[Romania during World War II#Romania and the Holocaust|the Holocaust]].
 * {{in lang|ro}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060908190100/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/4-1.htm The founding document of Averescu's People's League]
 {{Authority control}}
+{{Wikiquote}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Cuza, A. C.}}

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