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no evidence that "murder pillow" is a real name for this cactus
Taxonomy: The golden ball cactus, Notocactus leninghausii, has been transferred to the genus Parodia.
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{{Short description|Species of cactus}}
{{Short description|Species of cactus}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|status = EN
|status = EN
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|image = Echinocactus grusonii (aka).jpg
|image = Echinocactus grusonii (aka).jpg
|image_caption = ''Echinocactus grusonii'' in a cactus collection
|image_caption = ''Echinocactus grusonii'' in a cactus collection
|taxon = Echinocactus grusonii
|taxon = Kroenleinia grusonii
|authority = [[Heinrich Hildmann|Hildm.]]
|authority = ([[Heinrich Hildmann|Hildm.]]) Lodé
|status_ref = <ref name = "iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author = Guadalupe Martínez, J. |author2 = Sánchez , E. |author3 = Gómez-Hinostrosa, C. |date = 2013 |title = ''Echinocactus grusonii'' |volume = 2013 |page = e.T40962A2947851 |doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40962A2947851.en |access-date = 12 November 2021}}</ref>
|status_ref = <ref name = "iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author = Guadalupe Martínez, J. |author2 = Sánchez , E. |author3 = Gómez-Hinostrosa, C. |date = 2013 |title = ''Echinocactus grusonii'' |volume = 2013 |page = e.T40962A2947851 |doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40962A2947851.en |access-date = 12 November 2021}}</ref>
| synonyms =
*''Echinocactus grusonii'' <small>Hildm.</small><ref name=Lode />
}}
}}
'''''Kroenleinia grusonii''''', popularly known as the '''golden barrel cactus''', '''golden ball,''' "'''mother-in-law's cushion'''" or "'''mother-in-law’s chair'''", is a species of [[barrel cactus]] which is [[endemism|endemic]] to east-central [[Mexico]].


The golden barrel cactus is [[rare species|rare]] and [[endangered species|endangered]]—potentially regionally extinct—in nature. It is native to the [[List of states of Mexico|Mexican states]] of [[Querétaro]] and [[Hidalgo (Mexico)|Hidalgo]], particularly near Mesa de León.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> Wild populations of ''K.&nbsp;grusonii'' were adversely affected in the 1990s as a result of wild specimens being poached as well as the creation of the [[Zimapán Dam]] and [[reservoir]] (in Hidalgo).<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> The golden barrel cactus is a fairly adaptable species, but naturally prefers growing in rich, volcanic (but well-aerated) soil on sunny slopes, where water quickly flees from its roots. The species may be found growing at altitudes as high as {{convert|1400|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />
'''''Echinocactus grusonii''''' or '''''Kroenleinia grusonii''''', popularly known as the '''golden barrel cactus''', '''golden ball''' or '''mother-in-law's cushion''', is a species of [[barrel cactus]] which is [[endemism|endemic]] to east-central [[Mexico]].

It is [[rare species|rare]] and [[endangered species|endangered]] in the wild, where it is found near Mesa de León in the state of [[Querétaro]], and in the state of [[Hidalgo (Mexico)|Hidalgo]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> The population was critically reduced in the 1990s, by the creation of the [[Zimapán Dam]] and reservoir in Hidalgo.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> The cactus grows in volcanic rock on slopes, at altitudes around {{convert|1400|m|ft}}.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
''Echinocactus grusonii'' belongs to the small genus ''[[Echinocactus]]'', which together with the related genus ''[[Ferocactus]]'', are commonly referred to as [[barrel cactus|barrel cacti]]. The species was first described by German plantsman [[Heinrich Hildmann]] in 1891. While sometimes referred to as golden ball, this species is not to be confused with ''[[Notocactus leninghausii]]'' which have fuzzy, harmless spines and are native to Brazil and Paraguay.
''Kroenleinia grusonii'' was originally placed in the small genus ''[[Echinocactus]]'', which, together with the related genus ''[[Ferocactus]]'', are collectively referred to as ball or [[barrel cactus|barrel cacti]], and occasionally as fish-hook cacti. The species was first described by German plantsman [[Heinrich Hildmann]] in 1891, and was named for German industrialist and cacti-collector [[Hermann Gruson]]. While sometimes referred to as 'golden ball', this species is not to be confused with the "other" golden ball, ''[[Parodia leninghausii]]'', which has fuzzy, harmless spines and is native to [[Brazil]] and [[Paraguay]].


Recent [[phylogenetic]] studies have found that ''Echinocactus grusonii'' is probably [[polyphyletic]] with respect to the rest of ''Echinocactus'', and is probably derived from hybrids between ''Echinocactus'' and ''[[Ferocactus]]''. To correct this, ''Echinocactus grusonii'' has been moved to its own genus, and under this scheme the correct name would be '''''Kroenleinia grusonii''''' Lodé.<ref name=Lode>{{cite journal|author1=Lodé, J.|date=2014|title=''Kroenleinia'' gen. nov. J. Lodé: a new genus for a well-known cactus: ''Echinocactus grusonii''.|journal=Cactus Adventures International|volume=102|pages=25−29}}</ref> However, not all authorities have accepted this move so far.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.111.26856|title=Splitting Echinocactus: Morphological and molecular evidence support the recognition of Homalocephala as a distinct genus in the Cacteae |year=2018 |last1=Vargas-Luna |first1=Mario Daniel |last2=Hernández-Ledesma |first2=Patricia |last3=Majure |first3=Lucas Charles |last4=Puente-Martínez |first4=Raúl |last5=Hernández Macías |first5=Héctor Manuel |last6=Bárcenas Luna |first6=Rolando Tenoch |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=111 |pages=31–59 |pmid=30483031 |pmc=6246732 }}</ref>
Recent [[phylogenetic]] studies have found that ''Echinocactus grusonii'' is probably [[polyphyletic]], with respect to the rest of ''Echinocactus'', and is likely a result of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] between ''Echinocactus'' and ''[[Ferocactus]]''. To correct this, ''Echinocactus grusonii'' was moved to its own genus, and, under this scheme, the new species name became '''''Kroenleinia grusonii''''' Lodé.<ref name=Lode>{{cite journal|author1=Lodé, J.|date=2014|title=''Kroenleinia'' gen. nov. J. Lodé: a new genus for a well-known cactus: ''Echinocactus grusonii''.|journal=Cactus Adventures International|volume=102|pages=25−29}}</ref> However, thus far, not all authorities have accepted this change.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.111.26856|title=Splitting Echinocactus: Morphological and molecular evidence support the recognition of Homalocephala as a distinct genus in the Cacteae |year=2018 |last1=Vargas-Luna |first1=Mario Daniel |last2=Hernández-Ledesma |first2=Patricia |last3=Majure |first3=Lucas Charles |last4=Puente-Martínez |first4=Raúl |last5=Hernández Macías |first5=Héctor Manuel |last6=Bárcenas Luna |first6=Rolando Tenoch |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=111 |pages=31–59 |pmid=30483031 |pmc=6246732 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
Growing as a large roughly [[sphere|spherical]] globe, ''Echinocactus grusonii'' may eventually reach over {{convert|1|m|ft}} in height after many years. Younger Golden Barrel plants do not look similar to mature specimens. The generation lifetime is estimated to be 30 years.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />
Growing as a large, roughly [[sphere|spherical]]-globular and generally solitary (although basal shoots may sprout from adult specimens), ''K.&nbsp;grusonii'' may eventually reach over {{convert|1|m|ft}} in height, after many years, with a diameter of 40 to 80 centimeters (around 2-3 feet across). The lifespan of a single generation is estimated at 10-30 years. Younger plants do not look similar to mature specimens, with more green tissue visible and lighter-colored spines.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />


There may be up to 35 pronounced ribs in mature plants, though they are not evident in young plants, which may have a knobbly appearance. The sharp [[spine (botany)|spine]]s are long, straight or slightly curved, and various shades of yellow or, occasionally, white.
There may be up to 21–35 pronounced ribs on mature plants, though they are not evident in young plants, which may have a knobbly appearance. The areoles are yellow and somewhat woolly when the plant is young, then whitish, and finally, greyish. The sharp [[spine (botany)|spine]]s are long, straight or slightly recurved, and various shades of yellow or, occasionally, white or beige. Spines are quite large, somewhat textured (though not serrated) and are 1 or 2 cm (up to 1") apart from each other. The radial spines are arranged evenly, numbering between 8 and 10, and measure more than 3 cm (1.18") in length. The central spines numbering between 3 and 5, and measure about 5 cm (nearly 2"). They are strong, striated and fairly straight, although the central ones may be slightly curved downwards.


Puffy yellow [[flower]]s appear in summer at the top, around the crown, of the plant, but only after many years. They are 4 to 6 centimeters (up to 2.5") long and 3 to 5 centimeters (1") in diameter. The flowers only appear on older specimens and last for three days. The spherical, somewhat elongated, edible yellowish-greenish fruits are covered with white wool. They are 1.2 to 2 centimeters long and contain smooth, shiny brown seeds.<ref name="Anderson Eggli 2005 p. 188.">{{cite book | last1=Anderson | first1=Edward F. | last2=Eggli | first2=Urs | title=Das grosse Kakteen-Lexikon | publisher=Ulmer | publication-place=Stuttgart (Hohenheim) | date=2005 | isbn=3-8001-4573-1 | language=de | page=188}}</ref> If left undisturbed, flowers eventually become [[Pollination|pollinated]] by [[Nectivore|nectivorous]] [[bat]]s, [[bee]]s and [[Lepidoptera|lepidopterans]], and dry into seed pods to be wind- or animal-dispersed.
Small yellow [[flower]]s appear in summer around the crown of the plant, but only after twenty years or so.


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
[[File:Barrel cacti at Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens.jpg|thumb|Golden barrel cacti at the Huntington]]
[[File:Barrel cacti at Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens.jpg|thumb|Golden barrel cacti at the Huntington]]
''Echinocactus grusonii'' is widely cultivated by specialty [[plant nursery|plant nurseries]] as an [[ornamental plant]], for planting in [[container garden|container]]s, desert [[habitat garden]]s, [[rock garden]]s, and in conservatories.<ref name="azag">[http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Echinocactus_grusonii.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104220434/http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Echinocactus_grusonii.html |date=2013-01-04 }} . accessed 6.30.2013</ref> A white-spined form, and a short-spined form, are also in cultivation.
''Kroenleinia grusonii'' is widely cultivated by specialty [[plant nursery|plant nurseries]] as an [[ornamental plant]], for planting in [[container garden|container]]s, desert [[habitat garden]]s, [[rock garden]]s, and in conservatories.<ref name="azag">[http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Echinocactus_grusonii.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104220434/http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Echinocactus_grusonii.html|date=2013-01-04}} . accessed 6.30.2013</ref> A white-spined and a short-spined form, as well as a teal-blue cultivar ('Blue barrel'), are also in-cultivation.


It is one of the most popular cacti in cultivation and has increasingly become popular as an architectural accent plant in contemporary garden designs.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
The golden barrel is among the most popular cacti in collections and in landscaping, and has increasingly become popular as an architectural accent plant in contemporary garden designs.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}


The cactus is considered easy and relatively fast growing in warmer climates around the world. The plants do have some basic requirements; an average minimum [[winter]] temperature of 12&nbsp;°C (53.6&nbsp;°F); and good drainage with less watering in winter.<ref name="azag"/> Excess water in cool periods may lead to rot. Golden Barrels are hardy to about −8&nbsp;°C (15&nbsp;°F) for brief periods.
The golden barrel cactus is considered one of the easiest to care for, and is a relatively fast grower in warmer climates, around the world. The plants do have some basic requirements: an average minimum [[winter]] temperature of 12&nbsp;°C (53.6&nbsp;°F) (though they can tolerate brief periods of lower temperatures if provided with adequate cover and frost protection), with good drainage being the key factor. As with most succulents, the golden barrel survives with less water in winter; in nature, it is found on elevated, angled slopes, where precipitation and runoff quickly washes over the roots and leaves the plant; pooling water quickly leads to [[root rot]] and eventual death of the entire plant.<ref name="azag"/> In some climates, the species is hardy to about −8&nbsp;°C (15&nbsp;°F) for brief periods.


Beyond Central Mexico, ''Echinocactus grusonii'' specimens may also be seen in collections of desert plants in many [[botanical garden]]s. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]] it has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/6253/i-Echinocactus-grusonii-i/Details
Despite being endangered and locally-extinct in its native [[Mexican Plateau|Central Mexico]], ''K.&nbsp;grusonii'' may be found in many countries, on several continents, in both non-native wild populations and private and public gardens. It is particularly popular in the collections of desert plants within [[botanical garden]]s, where it is often successfully bred and propagated. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the golden barrel cactus has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/6253/i-Echinocactus-grusonii-i/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Echinocactus grusonii'' | access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 33 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 14 February 2018}}</ref>
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Echinocactus grusonii'' | access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 33 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 14 February 2018}}</ref> In the Americas, it is found in various locations, from Mexico south through [[Chile]], and notably throughout the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]] and the [[West Coast of the United States|U.S. West Coast]]. It is also found on several [[Caribbean]] islands. In Europe, it is found nearly everywhere around the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Levant]], the [[Middle East]], to [[South Asia]], [[South Africa]] and [[Australia]], among other locations.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="190px" heights="180px">
<gallery widths="190px" heights="180px">
File:Golden Barrel cactus, Huntington Desert Garden.jpg|Mature golden barrels showing their distinctive clustering habit. Photo from the [[Huntington Desert Garden]] in California.
File:Golden Barrel cactus, Huntington Desert Garden.jpg|Mature golden barrels showing their distinctive clustering habit. Photo from the [[Huntington Desert Garden]] in California.
Asiento de suegra (Echinocactus grusonii), Jardín Botánico, Múnich, Alemania, 2013-09-08, DD 02.JPG|Closeup of the top.
Asiento de suegra (Echinocactus grusonii), Jardín Botánico, Múnich, Alemania, 2013-09-08, DD 02.JPG|Closeup of the top
Image:Echinocactus grusonii spineless form.jpg|''Echinocactus grusonii'', a nearly spineless form
Image:Echinocactus grusonii spineless form.jpg|''Kroenleinia'', a nearly spineless form
File:Echinocactus grusonii (detail) at the US Botanic Garden - Sept 2011.jpg|''Echinocactus grusonii'' spine detail at the [[United States Botanic Gardens]]
File:Echinocactus grusonii (detail) at the US Botanic Garden - Sept 2011.jpg|''Kroenleinia grusonii'' spine detail at the [[United States Botanic Gardens]]
File:Golden Barrel Cactus (3D Crossview).jpg|[[Stereoscopy|Stereoscopic]] crossview of a golden barrel cactus.
File:Golden Barrel Cactus (3D Crossview).jpg|[[Stereoscopy|Stereoscopic]] crossview of a golden barrel cactus
File:Echinocactus grusonii 12.JPG|Spine detail
File:Echinocactus grusonii 12.JPG|Spine detail
Image:Fiore.jpg|Flower detail
Image:Fiore.jpg|Flower detail
Line 60: Line 60:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Kroenleinia grusonii}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Kroenleinia grusonii|''Kroenleinia grusonii''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Kroenleinia grusonii|''Kroenleinia grusonii''}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q131270}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131270}}


[[Category:Echinocactus|grusonii]]
[[Category:Cacti of Mexico]]
[[Category:Cacti of Mexico]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Mexico]]

Latest revision as of 19:38, 20 November 2024

Kroenleinia grusonii
Echinocactus grusonii in a cactus collection
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Subfamily: Cactoideae
Genus: Kroenleinia
Species:
K. grusonii
Binomial name
Kroenleinia grusonii
(Hildm.) Lodé
Synonyms
  • Echinocactus grusonii Hildm.[2]

Kroenleinia grusonii, popularly known as the golden barrel cactus, golden ball, "mother-in-law's cushion" or "mother-in-law’s chair", is a species of barrel cactus which is endemic to east-central Mexico.

The golden barrel cactus is rare and endangered—potentially regionally extinct—in nature. It is native to the Mexican states of Querétaro and Hidalgo, particularly near Mesa de León.[1] Wild populations of K. grusonii were adversely affected in the 1990s as a result of wild specimens being poached as well as the creation of the Zimapán Dam and reservoir (in Hidalgo).[1] The golden barrel cactus is a fairly adaptable species, but naturally prefers growing in rich, volcanic (but well-aerated) soil on sunny slopes, where water quickly flees from its roots. The species may be found growing at altitudes as high as 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level.[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Kroenleinia grusonii was originally placed in the small genus Echinocactus, which, together with the related genus Ferocactus, are collectively referred to as ball or barrel cacti, and occasionally as fish-hook cacti. The species was first described by German plantsman Heinrich Hildmann in 1891, and was named for German industrialist and cacti-collector Hermann Gruson. While sometimes referred to as 'golden ball', this species is not to be confused with the "other" golden ball, Parodia leninghausii, which has fuzzy, harmless spines and is native to Brazil and Paraguay.

Recent phylogenetic studies have found that Echinocactus grusonii is probably polyphyletic, with respect to the rest of Echinocactus, and is likely a result of hybridization between Echinocactus and Ferocactus. To correct this, Echinocactus grusonii was moved to its own genus, and, under this scheme, the new species name became Kroenleinia grusonii Lodé.[2] However, thus far, not all authorities have accepted this change.[3]

Description

[edit]

Growing as a large, roughly spherical-globular and generally solitary (although basal shoots may sprout from adult specimens), K. grusonii may eventually reach over 1 metre (3.3 ft) in height, after many years, with a diameter of 40 to 80 centimeters (around 2-3 feet across). The lifespan of a single generation is estimated at 10-30 years. Younger plants do not look similar to mature specimens, with more green tissue visible and lighter-colored spines.[1]

There may be up to 21–35 pronounced ribs on mature plants, though they are not evident in young plants, which may have a knobbly appearance. The areoles are yellow and somewhat woolly when the plant is young, then whitish, and finally, greyish. The sharp spines are long, straight or slightly recurved, and various shades of yellow or, occasionally, white or beige. Spines are quite large, somewhat textured (though not serrated) and are 1 or 2 cm (up to 1") apart from each other. The radial spines are arranged evenly, numbering between 8 and 10, and measure more than 3 cm (1.18") in length. The central spines numbering between 3 and 5, and measure about 5 cm (nearly 2"). They are strong, striated and fairly straight, although the central ones may be slightly curved downwards.

Puffy yellow flowers appear in summer at the top, around the crown, of the plant, but only after many years. They are 4 to 6 centimeters (up to 2.5") long and 3 to 5 centimeters (1") in diameter. The flowers only appear on older specimens and last for three days. The spherical, somewhat elongated, edible yellowish-greenish fruits are covered with white wool. They are 1.2 to 2 centimeters long and contain smooth, shiny brown seeds.[4] If left undisturbed, flowers eventually become pollinated by nectivorous bats, bees and lepidopterans, and dry into seed pods to be wind- or animal-dispersed.

Cultivation

[edit]
Golden barrel cacti at the Huntington

Kroenleinia grusonii is widely cultivated by specialty plant nurseries as an ornamental plant, for planting in containers, desert habitat gardens, rock gardens, and in conservatories.[5] A white-spined and a short-spined form, as well as a teal-blue cultivar ('Blue barrel'), are also in-cultivation.

The golden barrel is among the most popular cacti in collections and in landscaping, and has increasingly become popular as an architectural accent plant in contemporary garden designs.[citation needed]

The golden barrel cactus is considered one of the easiest to care for, and is a relatively fast grower in warmer climates, around the world. The plants do have some basic requirements: an average minimum winter temperature of 12 °C (53.6 °F) (though they can tolerate brief periods of lower temperatures if provided with adequate cover and frost protection), with good drainage being the key factor. As with most succulents, the golden barrel survives with less water in winter; in nature, it is found on elevated, angled slopes, where precipitation and runoff quickly washes over the roots and leaves the plant; pooling water quickly leads to root rot and eventual death of the entire plant.[5] In some climates, the species is hardy to about −8 °C (15 °F) for brief periods.

Despite being endangered and locally-extinct in its native Central Mexico, K. grusonii may be found in many countries, on several continents, in both non-native wild populations and private and public gardens. It is particularly popular in the collections of desert plants within botanical gardens, where it is often successfully bred and propagated. In the UK, the golden barrel cactus has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[6][7] In the Americas, it is found in various locations, from Mexico south through Chile, and notably throughout the American Southwest and the U.S. West Coast. It is also found on several Caribbean islands. In Europe, it is found nearly everywhere around the Mediterranean Sea and the Levant, the Middle East, to South Asia, South Africa and Australia, among other locations.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Guadalupe Martínez, J.; Sánchez , E.; Gómez-Hinostrosa, C. (2013). "Echinocactus grusonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T40962A2947851. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40962A2947851.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Lodé, J. (2014). "Kroenleinia gen. nov. J. Lodé: a new genus for a well-known cactus: Echinocactus grusonii". Cactus Adventures International. 102: 25−29.
  3. ^ Vargas-Luna, Mario Daniel; Hernández-Ledesma, Patricia; Majure, Lucas Charles; Puente-Martínez, Raúl; Hernández Macías, Héctor Manuel; Bárcenas Luna, Rolando Tenoch (2018). "Splitting Echinocactus: Morphological and molecular evidence support the recognition of Homalocephala as a distinct genus in the Cacteae". PhytoKeys (111): 31–59. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.111.26856. PMC 6246732. PMID 30483031.
  4. ^ Anderson, Edward F.; Eggli, Urs (2005). Das grosse Kakteen-Lexikon (in German). Stuttgart (Hohenheim): Ulmer. p. 188. ISBN 3-8001-4573-1.
  5. ^ a b [1] Archived 2013-01-04 at the Wayback Machine . accessed 6.30.2013
  6. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Echinocactus grusonii". Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  7. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 33. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
[edit]