Moses sees Rabbi Akiva (Menachot 29b): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Passage in the Babylonian Talmud}} |
{{Short description|Passage in the Babylonian Talmud}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Moses sees Rabbi Akiva''' teaching the Oral Torah, and later meeting his fate at the hands of the Romans, in a [[sugya]] (passage) in the [[Babylonian Talmud]]. The sugya appears in tractate ''[[Menachot]]'' (29b), which generally deals with Temple offerings. Jewish commentaries have drawn many lessons from this story, on topics ranging from rabbinic authority to interpretive innovation to the justification of human suffering (theodicy). |
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Moses sees Rabbi Akiva''' teaching the Oral Torah, and later meeting his fate at the hands of the Romans, in a [[sugya]] (passage) in the [[Babylonian Talmud]]. The sugya appears in tractate [[Menachot]] (29b), which generally deals with Temple offerings. Jewish commentaries have drawn many lessons from this story, on topics ranging from rabbinic authority to interpretive innovation to the justification of human suffering (theodicy). |
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== Context and summary == |
== Context and summary == |
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The sugya assumes familiarity with several aspects of rabbinic beliefs and practice. The opening assumes that God [[Revelation at sinai|reveals the Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai]] and that this revelation incorporates the [[Oral Torah]] of rabbinic teachings, not just the written scripture of the Hebrew Bible. The opening also refers to the [[Tag (Hebrew writing)|"crowns" (''tagim'')]] on letters for the [[Sofer|calligraphy of a Torah scroll]]. Readers are expected to know that [[Rabbi Akiva]], a leading sage of the early rabbinic period, was known for his interpretive creativity, and that he was one of the [[Ten Martyrs|ten martyrs]] who were tortured and killed by Romans during the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]]. Finally, it is helpful to know that there is a category of Jewish law that is authoritative because it is said to be a [[law given to Moses at Sinai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menachot 29b:3 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Menachot.29b.3 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref><ref>Jeffrey Rubenstein, Stories of the Babylonian Talmud (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 182–20</ref> |
The sugya assumes familiarity with several aspects of rabbinic beliefs and practice. The opening assumes that God [[Revelation at sinai|reveals the Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai]] and that this revelation incorporates the [[Oral Torah]] of rabbinic teachings, not just the written scripture of the Hebrew Bible. The opening also refers to the [[Tag (Hebrew writing)|"crowns" (''tagim'')]] on letters for the [[Sofer|calligraphy of a Torah scroll]]. Readers are expected to know that [[Rabbi Akiva]], a leading sage of the early rabbinic period, was known for his interpretive creativity, and that he was one of the [[Ten Martyrs|ten martyrs]] who were tortured and killed by Romans during the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]]. Finally, it is helpful to know that there is a category of Jewish law that is authoritative because it is said to be a [[law given to Moses at Sinai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menachot 29b:3 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Menachot.29b.3 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">Jeffrey Rubenstein, Stories of the Babylonian Talmud (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 182–20</ref> |
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[[File:Yod for the divine name.jpg|thumb|Three stylized yod letters in an illustrated [[Haggadah]]. At its tip, there are three yod letters in typical calligraphy.]] |
[[File:Yod for the divine name.jpg|thumb|Three stylized yod letters in an illustrated [[Haggadah]]. At its tip, there are three yod letters in typical calligraphy.]] |
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The immediate context for the story is a discussion of scribal writing and, as scholars have noted, a mishnah about what prevents (''me'akev'') proper writing of a mezuzah parchment, along with a statement by Rabbi Yehudah about the ''kotz'' (thorn or tip) of the letter [[yodh]]. |
The immediate context for the story is a discussion of scribal writing and, as scholars have noted, a mishnah about what prevents (''me'akev'') proper writing of a [[mezuzah]] parchment, along with a statement by [[Judah bar Ilai|Rabbi Yehudah]] about the ''kotz'' (thorn or tip) of the letter [[yodh]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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In this Talmudic sugya, [[Judah bar Ezekiel|Rav Yehudah]] narrates the story, which can be summarized as follows: When Moses ascended into heaven (or Mount Sinai), he saw God preoccupied with making [[Tag (Hebrew writing)|ornamental "crowns"]] (''tagim'') for the letters of the Torah. When Moses inquired what prevents (''me'akev'') God from giving the Torah and instead making these embellishments. God explained that a man named Akiva ben Yosef would be born, in a future generation, and that he would derive "heaps" of [[halakha]] (Jewish laws) from "each and every thorn" (''kotz'') on Torah letters. Moses requested that he be allowed to see this sage, and God assented: suddenly, Moses found himself sitting in Akiva's [[Beth midrash|beit midrash]] or study hall. As Moses listened to Akiva's teachings about the Torah, he grew weary or dismayed, because (ironically) Moses could not understand it. However, when one of the students asked Akiva for the source of his teaching, Akiva replied that it was a "[[law given to Moses at Sinai]] |
In this Talmudic sugya, [[Judah bar Ezekiel|Rav Yehudah]] narrates the story, which can be summarized as follows: When Moses ascended into heaven (or Mount Sinai), he saw God preoccupied with making [[Tag (Hebrew writing)|ornamental "crowns"]] (''tagim'') for the letters of the scriptural Torah. When Moses inquired what prevents (''me'akev'') God from giving the Torah and instead making these embellishments. God explained that a man named Akiva ben Yosef would be born, in a future generation, and that he would derive "heaps" of [[halakha]] (Jewish laws) from "each and every thorn" (''kotz'') on Torah letters. Moses requested that he be allowed to see this sage, and God assented: suddenly, Moses found himself sitting in Akiva's [[Beth midrash|beit midrash]] or study hall. As Moses listened to Akiva's teachings about the Torah, he grew weary or dismayed, because (ironically) Moses could not understand it. However, when one of the students asked Akiva for the source of his teaching, Akiva replied that it was a "[[law given to Moses at Sinai]]", so Moses was put at ease. Upon returning to God, Moses asks why he was given the Torah and not the great Rabbi Akiva. God tells him to be silent, it arose in God's mind that way. Then Moses then asks to see Akiva's ultimate reward, so God shows Moses the grisly aftermath of Akiva's execution. Horrified, Moses demands God explain His actions, at which point God again tells Moses to be silent because that's how it came to mind for God.<ref name="je">{{Jewish Encyclopedia|inline=1|title=AKIBA BEN JOSEPH|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1033-akiba-ben-joseph|access-date=23 January 2017}} |
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'''''Jewish Encyclopedia'' bibliography:''' |
'''''Jewish Encyclopedia'' bibliography:''' |
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== Academic and religious responses == |
== Academic and religious responses == |
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Jeffrey Rubenstein says that this narrative stands out because it breaks through the usual separation, in rabbinic literature, between Biblical and post-Biblical characters.<ref name=":3" /> |
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According to [[Louis Ginzberg]], "this story gives in naive style a picture of Akiba's activity as the father of Talmudical Judaism."<ref name="je" /> |
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The narrative presumes a belief in reward and punishment and, says Rubenstein, it pivots around God telling Moses to be silent. This sugya implies that humans cannot comprehend suffering, such as Akiva's, though the lesson is obscure, "is the story a failed [[theodicy]], or a protest against the unjust suffering of the righteous?"<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Rubenstein |first=Jeffrey |title=Rabbinic Stories |date=2002 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=978-0-8091-4024-4 |series=The classics of Western spirituality |location=New York, NY |pages=215-217 |chapter=Theodicy and Torah (Bavli Menahot 29b)}}</ref> |
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According to [[Louis Ginzberg]], "this story gives in naive style a picture of Akiba's activity as the father of Talmudical Judaism."<ref name="je" /> The style is packed with alliterative and other poetic features, along with a literary structure that arguably reflects the tension between authority and interpretive innovation.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levine |first=Nachman |date=2002 |title=Reading Crowned Letters and Semiotic Silences in Menachot 29b |url=http://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.18647/2389/JJS-2002 |journal=Journal of Jewish Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=35–48 |doi=10.18647/2389/JJS-2002 |issn=0022-2097}}</ref> Moses encounters Akiva as a teacher and as a martyr, in two parallel parts of the sugya.<ref name=":3" /> |
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=== Revelation and rabbinic authority === |
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| ⚫ | The story of Moses seeing Akiba deals with the broadening of Jewish teachings beyond revealed scripture, the Hebrew Bible, with a self-conscious attention to how far rabbinic exegesis has gone, as discussed by Rubenstein. [[David Weiss Halivni]] sees the sugya as an exemplar of a minimalist position on divine revelation, leaving space for rabbinic interpretation. He states the story is often misunderstood:<blockquote>Though this story is sometimes interpreted to support the claim that each succeeding generation has an equal share in revelation, and that contemporary exegesis is not beholden to the past, it actually expresses the contrary notion that the arguments and details worked out by scholars like R. Akiba were grounded upon [[Talmudical hermeneutics|principles that had been revealed to Moses at Sinai]].<ref>David Weiss Halivni, “On Man’s Role in Revelation,” in Jacob Neusner, Ernest S. Frerichs, and Nahum M. Sarna, eds., From Ancient Israel to Modern Judaism: Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox, vol. 2 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), 29-49</ref></blockquote>Kromhout and Zwiep (p. 145) see the sugya as justifying the rabbi's "maximum freedom in developing Jewish law" by opening up the distance between revelation at Sinai and midrash (interpretation), though Jewish thinkers such as [[Semuel da Silva]] viewed God as the direct author of both Written and Oral Torah.<ref>Kromhout, David, and Irene E. Zwiep. "Authority, Truth, and the Text of the Early Modern Jewish Bible." ''Scriptural Authority and Biblical Criticism in the Dutch Golden Age: God's Word Questioned'' (2017): 133.</ref> |
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=== Satirizing or promoting interpretation? === |
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[[Daniel Boyarin]] and Yair Furstenberg argue that the sugya, when Moses sees Rabbi Akiva, is to be read in light of ancient Greek satire from the [[Second Sophistic]] period, especially with the bewilderment of Moses at Akiva's implausible interpretations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niehoff |first=Maren |url=https://brill.com/view/title/21129 |title=Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters |date=2012-03-06 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-22134-5 |doi=10.1163/9789004226111_015}}</ref> The satire reading may be undermined by noticing other Talmudic texts that portray Moses as prone to misunderstanding, not to mention the gruesome ending, which is far from comic.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Instead, Azzan Yadin-Israel connects the sugya, and the confounded Moses, to the motif of the "ignorant messenger" in later Biblical prophets, such as Jeremiah, [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]], and Daniel. This humbling of prophetic knowledge is combined, according to Yadin-Israel, with the valorization of interpreters such as Rabbi Akiva in the ''Menachot'' 29b sugya and elsewhere (''[[Hagigah]]'' 15b and [[Numbers Rabbah|''Numbers Rabbah'']] 19.6).<ref name=":0" /> Moreover, he suggests that the sugya, when Moses sees Rabbi Akiva, reflects a shift after ''[[Tannaim|tannaitic]]'' (early rabbinic) literature to revalue interpretation in the Talmudic period.<ref name=":0" /> |
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As a classic text about Jewish interpretation, the ''Menachot'' 29b sugya also has been used to illustrate the shift to interpretation in Jewish "epoch-making events," such as the Shoah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berger |first=Alan L. |date=1990 |title=BEARING WITNESS: SECOND GENERATION LITERATURE OF THE SHOAH |url=https://academic.oup.com/mj/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/mj/10.1.43 |journal=Modern Judaism |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=43–63 |doi=10.1093/mj/10.1.43 |issn=0276-1114}}</ref> |
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=== Cross-cultural comparisons === |
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The visit of Moses to see Akiba has been compared to Christian narratives that have Moses going to teach [[Church Fathers|Church fathers]] in the desert.<ref>Michal Bar-Asher Siegal, “Moses in the Apophthegmata Patrum and in Rabbinic Literature,” in Michael Sommer et al, eds., ''Mosebilder: Gedanken zur Rezeption einer liter- arischen Figur im Frühjudentum, frühen Christentum und der römisch-hellenistischen Literatur'' (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017) 403–414, as cited in Zellentin (2023)</ref> More narrowly, the "crowns" in Jewish calligraphy have been compared to those in ancient Coptic and Greek writing.<ref>Yakir Paz, “‘Binding Crowns to the Letters’ ‒ A Divine Scribal Practice in Its Historical Context,” ''Tarbiz – A Quarterly for Jewish Studies'' 86 (January-June 2019): 233–267 [Hebrew]. Cited in Zellentin (2023)</ref> A German scholar of [[religious studies]], [[Holger Zellentin]], compares ''Menachot'' 29b to Christian stories of the [[transfiguration of Jesus]], which typically showed Jesus as superior to Moses, sometimes with an anti-Jewish tone. The rabbinic counter-narrative quietly alludes to its Christological parallel and it sets up Akiva as "a messianic figure, but not the Messiah; and he is martyred and his body consumed, but he is not yet resurrected."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Zellentin |first=Holger |title=“Honour with Silence the Words of Your Creator” -- Moses’ Silence in bMenaḥot 29b in Light of its Jewish and Christian Context |date=2023 |work=Syriac theology: past and present |publisher=Brill {{!}} Schöningh |isbn=978-3-657-79339-6 |editor-last=Aras |editor-first=Martina |series=Beiträge zur komparativen Theologie |location=Paderborn |editor-last2=Rizk |editor-first2=Charbel |editor-last3=Stosch |editor-first3=Klaus von}}</ref> Zellentin sees the story as teaching about silence in the face of incomprehensible acts of the divine.<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== Contemporary Judaism === |
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| ⚫ | |||
The story of Moses and Akiva has been grist for sermons. For example, politically conservative, Orthodox rabbi [[Meir Soloveichik|Meir Soloveitchik]] wrote about the sugya in a 2008 sermon with the idea that the Torah, with its detailed calligraphy, is an in-depth "love letter" from God to the Jewish people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Millerman |first=Michael |date=2008-01-01 |title=The Day the Blackberries Died |url=https://meirsoloveichik.com/the-day-the-blackberries-died/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=MeirSoloveichik.com |language=en-us}}</ref> The sugya was also used in 2015 by politically liberal, Reform rabbi [[Angela Buchdahl]], to support the notion that Jews have always been engaged in re-forming its tradition through interpretation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchdahl |first=Angela |title=Crowns of Torah: Re-Forming Judaism |url=https://www.centralsynagogue.org/worship/sermons/crowns-of-torah-re-forming-judaism-rosh-hashanah-5776 |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.centralsynagogue.org |language=en}}</ref> A British rabbi, [[Sylvia Rothschild]], quoted the sugya when giving a sermon at the [[Pinkas Synagogue]] in Prague, saying that just as Moses was puzzled by Akiva's approach, so her ancestor Pinchas Halevy Horowitz (16th C.) would not understand much of contemporary Judaism, though some aspects would be familiar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rothschild |first=Sylvia |date=2015-09-17 |title=Sermon for Rosh Hashanah at the Pinkas Synagogue in Prague |url=https://rabbisylviarothschild.com/2015/09/17/sermon-for-rosh-hashanah-at-the-pinkas-synagogue-in-prague/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=rabbisylviarothschild |language=en}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 20:50, 20 November 2024
Moses sees Rabbi Akiva teaching the Oral Torah, and later meeting his fate at the hands of the Romans, in a sugya (passage) in the Babylonian Talmud. The sugya appears in tractate Menachot (29b), which generally deals with Temple offerings. Jewish commentaries have drawn many lessons from this story, on topics ranging from rabbinic authority to interpretive innovation to the justification of human suffering (theodicy).
Context and summary
[edit]The sugya assumes familiarity with several aspects of rabbinic beliefs and practice. The opening assumes that God reveals the Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai and that this revelation incorporates the Oral Torah of rabbinic teachings, not just the written scripture of the Hebrew Bible. The opening also refers to the "crowns" (tagim) on letters for the calligraphy of a Torah scroll. Readers are expected to know that Rabbi Akiva, a leading sage of the early rabbinic period, was known for his interpretive creativity, and that he was one of the ten martyrs who were tortured and killed by Romans during the Bar Kokhba revolt. Finally, it is helpful to know that there is a category of Jewish law that is authoritative because it is said to be a law given to Moses at Sinai.[1][2]
The immediate context for the story is a discussion of scribal writing and, as scholars have noted, a mishnah about what prevents (me'akev) proper writing of a mezuzah parchment, along with a statement by Rabbi Yehudah about the kotz (thorn or tip) of the letter yodh.[3]
In this Talmudic sugya, Rav Yehudah narrates the story, which can be summarized as follows: When Moses ascended into heaven (or Mount Sinai), he saw God preoccupied with making ornamental "crowns" (tagim) for the letters of the scriptural Torah. When Moses inquired what prevents (me'akev) God from giving the Torah and instead making these embellishments. God explained that a man named Akiva ben Yosef would be born, in a future generation, and that he would derive "heaps" of halakha (Jewish laws) from "each and every thorn" (kotz) on Torah letters. Moses requested that he be allowed to see this sage, and God assented: suddenly, Moses found himself sitting in Akiva's beit midrash or study hall. As Moses listened to Akiva's teachings about the Torah, he grew weary or dismayed, because (ironically) Moses could not understand it. However, when one of the students asked Akiva for the source of his teaching, Akiva replied that it was a "law given to Moses at Sinai", so Moses was put at ease. Upon returning to God, Moses asks why he was given the Torah and not the great Rabbi Akiva. God tells him to be silent, it arose in God's mind that way. Then Moses then asks to see Akiva's ultimate reward, so God shows Moses the grisly aftermath of Akiva's execution. Horrified, Moses demands God explain His actions, at which point God again tells Moses to be silent because that's how it came to mind for God.[4][5]
In the story, the word kotz has usually been translated as thorn or thistle. However, lexicography scholar Shlomo Naeh traced it to a rare word for biblical pericope (a unit of verses).[3]
The word me'akev (prevents) is also out of place, since Jewish law would ordinarily use the term to invalidate (posul) the parchment.[3]
Academic and religious responses
[edit]Jeffrey Rubenstein says that this narrative stands out because it breaks through the usual separation, in rabbinic literature, between Biblical and post-Biblical characters.[2]
The narrative presumes a belief in reward and punishment and, says Rubenstein, it pivots around God telling Moses to be silent. This sugya implies that humans cannot comprehend suffering, such as Akiva's, though the lesson is obscure, "is the story a failed theodicy, or a protest against the unjust suffering of the righteous?"[6]
According to Louis Ginzberg, "this story gives in naive style a picture of Akiba's activity as the father of Talmudical Judaism."[4] The style is packed with alliterative and other poetic features, along with a literary structure that arguably reflects the tension between authority and interpretive innovation.[2][7] Moses encounters Akiva as a teacher and as a martyr, in two parallel parts of the sugya.[2]
Revelation and rabbinic authority
[edit]The story of Moses seeing Akiba deals with the broadening of Jewish teachings beyond revealed scripture, the Hebrew Bible, with a self-conscious attention to how far rabbinic exegesis has gone, as discussed by Rubenstein. David Weiss Halivni sees the sugya as an exemplar of a minimalist position on divine revelation, leaving space for rabbinic interpretation. He states the story is often misunderstood:
Though this story is sometimes interpreted to support the claim that each succeeding generation has an equal share in revelation, and that contemporary exegesis is not beholden to the past, it actually expresses the contrary notion that the arguments and details worked out by scholars like R. Akiba were grounded upon principles that had been revealed to Moses at Sinai.[8]
Kromhout and Zwiep (p. 145) see the sugya as justifying the rabbi's "maximum freedom in developing Jewish law" by opening up the distance between revelation at Sinai and midrash (interpretation), though Jewish thinkers such as Semuel da Silva viewed God as the direct author of both Written and Oral Torah.[9]
Satirizing or promoting interpretation?
[edit]Daniel Boyarin and Yair Furstenberg argue that the sugya, when Moses sees Rabbi Akiva, is to be read in light of ancient Greek satire from the Second Sophistic period, especially with the bewilderment of Moses at Akiva's implausible interpretations.[10] The satire reading may be undermined by noticing other Talmudic texts that portray Moses as prone to misunderstanding, not to mention the gruesome ending, which is far from comic.[3]
Instead, Azzan Yadin-Israel connects the sugya, and the confounded Moses, to the motif of the "ignorant messenger" in later Biblical prophets, such as Jeremiah, Zechariah, and Daniel. This humbling of prophetic knowledge is combined, according to Yadin-Israel, with the valorization of interpreters such as Rabbi Akiva in the Menachot 29b sugya and elsewhere (Hagigah 15b and Numbers Rabbah 19.6).[3] Moreover, he suggests that the sugya, when Moses sees Rabbi Akiva, reflects a shift after tannaitic (early rabbinic) literature to revalue interpretation in the Talmudic period.[3]
As a classic text about Jewish interpretation, the Menachot 29b sugya also has been used to illustrate the shift to interpretation in Jewish "epoch-making events," such as the Shoah.[11]
Cross-cultural comparisons
[edit]The visit of Moses to see Akiba has been compared to Christian narratives that have Moses going to teach Church fathers in the desert.[12] More narrowly, the "crowns" in Jewish calligraphy have been compared to those in ancient Coptic and Greek writing.[13] A German scholar of religious studies, Holger Zellentin, compares Menachot 29b to Christian stories of the transfiguration of Jesus, which typically showed Jesus as superior to Moses, sometimes with an anti-Jewish tone. The rabbinic counter-narrative quietly alludes to its Christological parallel and it sets up Akiva as "a messianic figure, but not the Messiah; and he is martyred and his body consumed, but he is not yet resurrected."[14] Zellentin sees the story as teaching about silence in the face of incomprehensible acts of the divine.[14]
Contemporary Judaism
[edit]The story of Moses and Akiva has been grist for sermons. For example, politically conservative, Orthodox rabbi Meir Soloveitchik wrote about the sugya in a 2008 sermon with the idea that the Torah, with its detailed calligraphy, is an in-depth "love letter" from God to the Jewish people.[15] The sugya was also used in 2015 by politically liberal, Reform rabbi Angela Buchdahl, to support the notion that Jews have always been engaged in re-forming its tradition through interpretation.[16] A British rabbi, Sylvia Rothschild, quoted the sugya when giving a sermon at the Pinkas Synagogue in Prague, saying that just as Moses was puzzled by Akiva's approach, so her ancestor Pinchas Halevy Horowitz (16th C.) would not understand much of contemporary Judaism, though some aspects would be familiar.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ "Menachot 29b:3". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
- ^ a b c d Jeffrey Rubenstein, Stories of the Babylonian Talmud (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 182–20
- ^ a b c d e f Yadin-Israel, Azzan (2014-05-14). "Bavli Menaḥot 29b and the Diminution". Journal of Ancient Judaism. 5 (1): 88–105. doi:10.30965/21967954-00501006. ISSN 1869-3296.
- ^ a b
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "AKIBA BEN JOSEPH". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography:
- Frankel, Darke ha-Mishnah, pp. 111-123;
- J. Brüll, Mebo ha-Mishnah, pp. 116-122;
- Weiss, Dor, 2 107-118;
- H. Oppenheim, in Bet Talmud, 2:237-246, 269-274;
- I. Gastfreund, Biographic des R. Akiba, Lemberg, 1871;
- J. S. Bloch, in Mimizraḥ u-Mima'arab, 1894, pp. 47-54;
- Grätz, Gesch. d. Juden, iv. (see index);
- Ewald, Gesch. d. Volkes Israel, 7 367 et seq.;
- Derenbourg, Essai, pp. 329-331, 395 et seq., 418 et seq.;
- Hamburger, R. B. T. ii. 32-43;
- Bacher, Ag. Tan. i. 271-348;
- Jost, Gesch. des Judenthums und Seiner Sekten, ii. 59 et seq.;
- Landau, in Monatsschrift, 1854, pp. 45-51, 81-93, 130-148;
- Dünner, ibid. 1871, pp. 451-454;
- Neubürger, ibid. 1873, pp. 385-397, 433-445, 529-536;
- D. Hoffmann, Zur Einleitung in die Halachischen Midraschim, pp. 5-12;
- Grätz, Gnosticismus, pp. 83-120;
- F. Rosenthal, Vier Apokryph. Bücher . . . R. Akiba's, especially pp. 95-103, 124-131;
- S. Funk, Akiba (Jena Dissertation), 1896;
- M. Poper, Pirḳe R. Akiba, Vienna, 1808;
- M. Lehmann, Akiba, Historische Erzählung, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1880;
- J. Wittkind, Ḥuṭ ha-Meshulash, Wilna, 1877;
- Braunschweiger, Die Lehrer der Mischnah, pp. 92-110.
- ^ "Menachot 29b:3". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
- ^ Rubenstein, Jeffrey (2002). "Theodicy and Torah (Bavli Menahot 29b)". Rabbinic Stories. The classics of Western spirituality. New York, NY: Paulist Press. pp. 215–217. ISBN 978-0-8091-4024-4.
- ^ Levine, Nachman (2002). "Reading Crowned Letters and Semiotic Silences in Menachot 29b". Journal of Jewish Studies. 53 (1): 35–48. doi:10.18647/2389/JJS-2002. ISSN 0022-2097.
- ^ David Weiss Halivni, “On Man’s Role in Revelation,” in Jacob Neusner, Ernest S. Frerichs, and Nahum M. Sarna, eds., From Ancient Israel to Modern Judaism: Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox, vol. 2 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), 29-49
- ^ Kromhout, David, and Irene E. Zwiep. "Authority, Truth, and the Text of the Early Modern Jewish Bible." Scriptural Authority and Biblical Criticism in the Dutch Golden Age: God's Word Questioned (2017): 133.
- ^ Niehoff, Maren (2012-03-06). Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004226111_015. ISBN 978-90-04-22134-5.
- ^ Berger, Alan L. (1990). "BEARING WITNESS: SECOND GENERATION LITERATURE OF THE SHOAH". Modern Judaism. 10 (1): 43–63. doi:10.1093/mj/10.1.43. ISSN 0276-1114.
- ^ Michal Bar-Asher Siegal, “Moses in the Apophthegmata Patrum and in Rabbinic Literature,” in Michael Sommer et al, eds., Mosebilder: Gedanken zur Rezeption einer liter- arischen Figur im Frühjudentum, frühen Christentum und der römisch-hellenistischen Literatur (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017) 403–414, as cited in Zellentin (2023)
- ^ Yakir Paz, “‘Binding Crowns to the Letters’ ‒ A Divine Scribal Practice in Its Historical Context,” Tarbiz – A Quarterly for Jewish Studies 86 (January-June 2019): 233–267 [Hebrew]. Cited in Zellentin (2023)
- ^ a b Zellentin, Holger (2023). Aras, Martina; Rizk, Charbel; Stosch, Klaus von (eds.). “Honour with Silence the Words of Your Creator” -- Moses’ Silence in bMenaḥot 29b in Light of its Jewish and Christian Context. Beiträge zur komparativen Theologie. Paderborn: Brill | Schöningh. ISBN 978-3-657-79339-6.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Millerman, Michael (2008-01-01). "The Day the Blackberries Died". MeirSoloveichik.com. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
- ^ Buchdahl, Angela. "Crowns of Torah: Re-Forming Judaism". www.centralsynagogue.org. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
- ^ Rothschild, Sylvia (2015-09-17). "Sermon for Rosh Hashanah at the Pinkas Synagogue in Prague". rabbisylviarothschild. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
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