Israel–United States military relations: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 00:35, 21 November 2024

Military relations between Israel and the United States have been extremely close,^[1] reflecting shared security interests in the Middle East.^[2]^[3] Israel is designated as a major non-NATO ally by the U.S. government. A major purchaser and user of U.S. military equipment, Israel is also involved in the joint development of military technology and it regularly engages in joint military exercises with United States and other forces.^[2]^[3] The relationship has deepened gradually over time, though, as Alan Dowty puts it, it was "not a simple linear process of growing cooperation, but rather a series of tendentious bargaining situations with different strategic and political components in each."^[4]

Until February 2022, the United States had provided Israel US$ 150 billion (non-inflation-adjusted) in bilateral assistance.^[5] In 1999, the US government signed a Memorandum of Understanding through which it committed to providing Israel with at least US$2.67 billion in military aid annually, for the following ten years; in 2009, the annual amount was raised to US$3 billion; and in 2019, the amount was raised again, now standing at a minimum of US$3.8 billion that the US is committed to providing Israel each year.^[5]

In addition, the only foreign military installations on Israeli soil are US bases, including an AN/TPY-2 early missile warning radar station on Mt. Keren.^[6]

Overview

Following the Second World War, the “new postwar era witnessed an intensive involvement of the United States in the political and economic affairs of the Middle East, in contrast to the hands-off attitude characteristic of the prewar period. "[U]nder Truman the United States had to face and define its policy in all three sectors that provided the root causes of American interests in the region: the Soviet threat, the birth of Israel, and petroleum.”^[7]

During the first twenty years following Israel's independence, United States policy in the Middle East was driven by two major policy concerns: The prevention of an arms race in the Near East,^[8] and the prevention of the spread of Soviet influence. The Truman Administration promulgated the Tripartite Declaration of 1950 for these reasons, as well as to guarantee the territorial status quo determined by 1949 Armistice Agreements. Israel's main military patron at the time was France, which supported Israel by providing it with advanced military equipment and technology, such as the Dassault Mystère fighter-bomber aircraft. Initially, the U.S. government resisted pressure by Israel and Arab countries in the region to sell them advanced weapons. In response to the supply of advanced fighter aircraft by the USSR to Iraq and the United Arab Republic, the U.S. government agreed to sell MIM-23 Hawk anti-aircraft missiles to Israel in 1962, as a "specific action designed to meet a specific situation" which "by no means constitutes change in U.S. policy in the area.". The Hawk system was approved on the grounds that it was a "purely defensive" weapon.^[8] Later, when Jordan threatened to turn to the USSR for weapons, the U.S. agreed to sell tanks and jet aircraft to Jordan in order to prevent the spread of Soviet influence, and in return, agreed to sell similar systems to Israel.^[9]

During the early 1960s, the U.S. government sought to establish a regional arms limitation agreement in the Middle East. The initiative lost steam in early 1965 after it was disclosed that the U.S. had been indirectly supplying weapons to Israel via West Germany since 1962, under the terms of a 1960 secret agreement to supply Israel with $80 million worth of armaments. The remainder of the agreement was fulfilled publicly, following its disclosure by the U.S., with Israel receiving shipments of M48 Patton tanks in 1965 and A-4E Skyhawk attack aircraft in 1968.^[10]

An Israeli-built IAI Kfir used by the United States Navy. Israel leased 25 modified Kfirs to the United States from 1985 to 1989.

U.S. policy changed markedly after the Six-Day War of 1967, in response to a perception that many Arab states (notably Egypt) had permanently drifted toward the Soviet Union. In 1968, with strong support from Congress, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson approved the sale of F-4 Phantom II fighters to Israel, establishing the precedent for U.S. support for Israel's qualitative military edge over its neighbors. The U.S., however, would continue to supply arms to Israel's neighbors, particularly Lebanon, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, in order to counter Soviet arms sales and influence in the region.^{[citation needed]}

During the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the U.S. mounted a major airlift codenamed Operation Nickel Grass to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel. Over 22,000 tons of tanks, artillery, ammunition, and other materiel were delivered to aid the Israeli military in response to a large-scale Soviet resupply effort of the Arab states. The operation was paralleled by a large-scale sealift of some 33,000 tons of materiel and the transfer of 40 F-4 Phantoms, 36 A-4 Skyhawks and twelve C-130 Hercules transport aircraft to replace Israeli war losses.^[11]

Bilateral military cooperation deepened under the Ronald Reagan administration in the 1980s. In 1981, U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and Israeli Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon signed the Strategic Cooperation Agreement, establishing a framework for continued consultation and cooperation to enhance the national security of both countries. In November 1983, the two sides formed a Joint Political Military Group, which still meets twice a year, to implement most provisions of the MOU.^[12] Joint air and sea military exercises began in June 1984, and the United States has constructed facilities to stockpile military equipment in Israel.

In 1987, the United States granted Israel the status of major non-NATO ally, enabling it to compete equally with NATO and other US allies for contracts and purchase advanced US weapons systems. Israel became the largest recipient of United States military aid in the world (see military aid and procurement below).^[3] In 1988, Reagan and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir signed a memorandum of understanding to formalize and perpetuate the work of the bilateral US-Israel military, security and economic working groups.^[12]

In an effort to prevent Israel from retaliating against Iraqi SS-1 Scud missile attacks during the Persian Gulf war of 1991, and thereby breaking up the US-Arab coalition, the US dispatched MIM-104 Patriot surface-to-air missile batteries to Israel. The effort met with very limited success, with less than 10% and perhaps as few as none of the Scuds fired against Israel intercepted successfully.^[13]

Under the Bill Clinton administration in the 1990s, the US government made efforts to bolster the Israeli government's military edge by allowing it to purchase $700m of the latest U.S. military equipment, including advanced fighters, attack helicopters and the Joint Direct Attack Munition system. A series of major joint military technology development projects was also instituted.^[2]

Further extensive military cooperation took place under the George W. Bush administration, with Israel placing major orders for F-16I multirole fighters. During the 2006 Lebanon War, the United States provided a major resupply of jet fuel and precision-guided munition to replenish depleted Israeli stocks.^[2]

Joint military activity

The United States and Israel cooperate closely in a number of areas of military activity. The U.S. underwrites some of Israel's research and development of weapons, and has contributed significant amounts of money to Israeli defense projects such as the Merkava main battle tank and the IAI Lavi ground-attack aircraft. Israel is a participant in the F-35 Lightning II fighter development program and was offered access to the F-22 Raptor program, though it turned this down due to the high costs.^[3]

The U.S. and Israel also cooperate jointly on a number of technology development programs, notably the Arrow missile system and the Tactical High Energy Laser (also known as Nautilus).^[3] The two countries carry out regular exercises together, including carrying out biennial exercises codenamed Juniper Cobra intended to test interoperability between the two militaries. In addition, the Israeli port of Haifa is the main port of call in the eastern Mediterranean for the United States Sixth Fleet, and Israel provides other logistical and maintenance support for U.S. forces in the region.^[2] The two countries also share intelligence and maintain a joint anti-terrorist working group,^[3] and in April 2007 their air forces committed to share information about mutually relevant procurements.^[14]

The United States has stored military equipment in Israel since the early 1990s and may store additional equipment in Israel when withdrawing from Iraq.^[15]

Currently the only active foreign military installations on Israeli soil are American bases, including an AN/TPY-2 early missile warning radar station on Mt. Keren.^[6]

War Reserves Stock Allies-Israel also known as War Reserve Stockpile Ammunition-Israel or simply WRSA-I was established in the 1990s and is maintained by the United States European Command.^[16] It is one of the United States' biggest War Reserves, located within Israel.^[17] Initially the WRSA-I stock had $100 million worth of reserves;^[18] however, prior to Operation Protective Edge the WRSA-I had nearly $1 billion worth of reserves,^[19] with an authorization to increase this to $1.2 billion.^[20] In 2014 with the passing of the 2014 United States—Israel Strategic Partnership Act, the US agreed to increase the stock to $1.8 billion.^[21]

The stock includes ammunition, smart bombs, missiles, military vehicles and a military hospital with 500 beds. These supplies are situated in six different locations throughout Israel.^[22] If needed, Israel could request to access the WRSA-I stock, but it would need to be approved by the US congress.^[23] During Operation Protective Edge, the US authorized Israel to access 120 mm mortar rounds and 40 mm grenade launcher ammunition.^[17] These munitions were part of a set of older items in the stock, and were due to be replaced soon.^[24]

In October 2012, the United States and Israel began their biggest joint air and missile defense exercise, known as Austere Challenge 12, involving around 3,500 U.S. troops in the region along with 1,000 IDF personnel.^[25] Germany and Britain also participated.^[26]

Controversies

The close military relationship between the U.S. and Israel has engendered a number of controversies over the years. Operation Nickel Grass—the U.S. resupply effort during the Yom Kippur War—led to retaliation by the Arab states, as OAPEC members declared a complete oil embargo on the United States, provoking the 1973 oil crisis.

The United States stipulates that U.S. military equipment provided through the FMS program can be used only for internal security or defensive purposes. Consequently, after allegations were made that Israel had used cluster bombs for offensive purposes during the 1982 Lebanon War, the United States suspended shipments of cluster bombs to Israel.^[27] Similar allegations were made regarding Israeli use of weapons supplied by the U.S. in the course of the 2006 Lebanon War and the Palestinian intifadas.^[28]

American use of its military aid for political pressure on Israel, as well as the economic and strategic restrictions attached to it, has made some Israelis question the value of American military aid. Israeli columnist Caroline Glick has argued that Israel's interests may be best served by ending the military assistance, and urged her government to initiate a conversation on cutting back on the assistance package.^[29] Former Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Arens also opposes continued US aid, arguing that Israel no longer needs it. Several Israeli political parties, including National Union, oppose the aid and propose a gradual reduction in dependency on it.

The Kirk-Menendez-Schumer bill would for the first time commit the United States to provide "diplomatic, military and economic" support for offensive actions by Israel.^[30]

In January 2014, it was reported that Israel and the United States had been quietly discussing the prospect of ending US aid, with representatives from both countries agreeing at bilateral meetings that Israel no longer needs US military aid. According to Daniel C. Kurtzer, a former US ambassador to Israel, "we may be reaching a point that after discussion of how to assure the security and intelligence cooperation, we can actually phase out the security assistance".^[31]

Following the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, when the United States temporarily suspended arms shipments to Israel, Israel reportedly reassessed its views on US aid, particularly on the view that it could always depend on a US resupply during wartime, and initiated new weapons projects to reduce its dependence on US weapons in favor of locally-made ones.^[32]

In December 2023, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced a privileged resolution invoking Section 502(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act,^[33] calling on the State Department to investigate Israeli crimes against humanity in its conduct of the war in Gaza.^[34] The resolution would freeze US military aid to Israel unless the State Department issues a report within 30 days.^[35] The proposal was defeated, 72 to 11.^[36]

In May 2024, Israel used two U.S. made GBU-39 missiles during the Tel al-Sultan massacre.^[37] In July 2024, the Biden administration resumed shipments of the 500-pound bombs to Israel, which were halted in May due to concerns about the high number of civilian casualties in Gaza.^[38]

Military aid and procurement

In terms of total money received, Israel is the largest cumulative recipient of military assistance from the United States since World War II,^[40] followed by Vietnam, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Turkey.^[41]^{[needs update]} About three quarters of the aid is earmarked for purchases of military equipment from U.S. companies and the rest is spent on domestic equipment.^[42]^[43]

Since 1987, the U.S. has provided an average of $1.8 billion annually in the form of Foreign Military Sales (FMS), Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and funds to support research and development.^[2] A bilateral memorandum of understanding was signed in January 2001, at the end of the Clinton administration, under which defense aid was increased to $2.4 billion annually from $1.8 billion, while the $1.2 billion of economic aid would be eliminated. This was predicated on the basis of the defense aid being increased by $60 million per year until the full amount was reached in 2008, while the economic aid is decreased by $120 million per year until eliminated.^[3]^[44] In 2007, the United States increased its military aid to Israel by over 25%, to an average of $3 billion per year for the following ten-year period (starting at $2.550 billion for 2008, growing by $150 million each year).^[45] The package started in October 2008, when regular aid to Israel's economy ended.^[46] Officials have insisted the aid is not tied, or meant to balance, simultaneous American plans to sell $20 billion worth of sophisticated arms to its Arab allies in the region, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia.^[46] Former U.S. President George W. Bush assured Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert that the U.S. would help keep a "qualitative advantage" to Israel over other nations in the region.^[45]

The United States is the largest single supplier of military equipment to Israel. According to the U.S. Congressional Research Service, between 1998–2005 the U.S. accounted for the vast majority of Israel's arms transfer agreements, accounting for $9.1 billion out of $9.5 billion worth of agreements.^[47] Israel deals directly with U.S. companies for the vast majority of its military purchases from the United States, though it requires permission from the U.S. government for specific purchases. Permission is not always automatic; for instance, in March 2000 it became known that the Israeli government had been refused permission to purchase BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles.^[3]

Israel has the world's largest F-16 fleet outside the United States Air Force. With the delivery of 102 F-16Is, scheduled through 2008, the Israeli Air Force will have a total F-16 inventory of 362, in addition to 106 F-15s.^[48]

In December 2016, the United States delivered the first two F-35 “Adir” stealth fighter planes, a version of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, arrived to Israel, the first of its kind in the Middle East. In April 2017, the United States delivered an additional three to total five F-35 stealth fighters now operated under the Israeli Air Force ^[49] Israel was the first country outside of the United States to receive the F-35 and is expecting to receive a total of 50 over the coming years, achieving two full squadrons by 2022. This delivery is due to the strong partnership that the two countries had in the manufacturing of the fighter jet. Israeli technology, aerospace and defense companies played a pivotal role in the technological innovation giving the plane its immense capabilities. Eventually, Israel hopes to further accommodate its air force with the F-35B STOVL. Recent US Tomahawk strikes into Syria demonstrate that fixed airfields could easily be destroyed or temporarily be made unavailable. The F35B-model has both short take off and vertical landing capability, making it a strong threat in such a small region with constant warfare.^[50]

In 2023, The State Department approved the sale of $320 million worth of guided bomb equipment to Israel.^[51]^[52] In October 2023, President Joe Biden called on Congress to pass $14.3 billion in emergency military aid to Israel in its war with Hamas.^[53] On March 30, 2024, the Biden administration authorized $2.5 billion in weapons transfers to Israel.^[54] On April 24, 2024, Biden signed a $95 billion security package which included around $17 billion in military aid for Israel.^[55] In June 2024, the United States officially signed a Letter of Offer and Acceptance, allowing Israel to purchase 25 additional Lockheed Martin F-35 stealth fighter jets for $3 billion dollars.^[56]

On 9 August 2024, the Department of State said the United States would send Israel an additional $3.5 billion to spend on US-made weapons and military equipment.^[57] On 13 August 2024, the Department of State announced that the U.S. had approved a $20 billion weapons package sale to Israel, which included fighter jets and advanced air-to-air missiles.^[58]

On Sunday, October 20, 2024, U.S. House Speaker Mike Johnson confirmed the release of classified documents detailing Israel's plans to attack Iran, describing the revelations as "deeply troubling". The documents pertain to the US Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency. They are reminiscent of the Pentagon Papers and are classified under the National Security Community classification system. These documents contained titles regarding Israel's preparations to attack Iran, as well as the supply of ammunition and drone operations. The disclosure of these documents reveals the direct involvement of the United States and its close allies in Israel's potential attack on Iran.^[59]

Foreign military sales

Note: This is not a comprehensive listing of U.S. military sales to Israel.

Year	FMS	DCS	Total
2001	$766,026,000	$4,019,000	$770,045,000
2002	$629,426,000	$1,427,000	$630,853,000
2003	$845,952,000	$16,455,000	$862,407,000
2004	$878,189,000	$418,883,000	$1,297,072,000
2005	$1,652,582,000	$1,110,223,000	$2,762,805,000
2001–2005	$4,772,175,000	$1,551,007,000	$6,323,182,000

FMS – Foreign Military Sales
DCS – Direct Commercial Sales

Source: "Facts Book: Department of Defense, Security Assistance Agency," September 30, 2005.^[60]

Foreign military financing

Note: This is not a comprehensive listing of US ESF and military aid to Israel.

Year	FMF	ESF	Supplementals	NADR-ATA	Total
2001	$1,975,644,000	$838,000,000			$2,813,644,000
2002	$2,040,000,000	$720,000,000		$28,000,000	$2,788,000,000
2003	$2,086,350,000	$596,100,000	$1,000,000,000		$3,682,450,000
2004	$2,147,256,000	$477,168,000			$2,624,424,000
2005	$2,202,240,000	$357,120,000	$50,000,000	$210,000	$2,609,570,000
2006 (estimated)	$2,257,200,000	$273,600,000		$526,000	$2,531,326,000
2007 (requested)	$2,340,000,000	$120,000,000		$320,000	$2,460,320,000
Total 2001–2007	$15,048,690,000	$3,381,988,000	$1,050,000,000	$29,056,000	$19,509,734,000
2012 (estimate)^[61]	$3,075,000,000				$3,075,000,000

FMF – Foreign Military Financing (direct military aid)
ESF – Economic Support Fund (open-ended monetary assistance that can be used to offset military spending and arms purchases, as well as for non-military purposes)
Supplementals are special one-time grants meant as a complement to already allocated aid
NADR-ATA – Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining & Related Programs

Source: "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations," Fiscal Years 2001–2007.^[60]

United States military equipment in Israeli use

This is not a comprehensive list. In addition to indigenously developed military equipment, Israel has made a number of procurements from the United States in recent years, including systems procured directly from US manufacturers and ex-US Forces equipment. The Israel Defense Forces also makes use of US military systems not necessarily procured directly from the US. The list below includes US-made weapon systems paid for from funding provided by the US, by Israel alone, or by a combination of funding from both nations. All data is from Jane's Sentinel Eastern Mediterranean 2007^[3] unless otherwise stated.

Item	Quantity	Year procured	Origin
Fighter aircraft
F-15A Eagle	25	1993	Ex-U.S. Air Force^[62]
F-16C/D Fighting Falcon	60	1991–93	U.S.
F-16A/B Fighting Falcon	50	1991–93	Ex-U.S. Air Force^[63]
F-15I Eagle	25	From 1997	U.S.
F-16I Fighting Falcon	102	From 2003	U.S.
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II	5	From 2016	U.S.
Transport planes
C-130 Hercules E/H	39	From 1974	U.S.
Boeing KC-707	??	1973	U.S.
Gulfstream G550	5	From 2003	U.S.
Utility aircraft
Cessna 206	??	??	Unknown
Training aircraft
Northrop Grumman TA-4	??	??	U.S.
Attack helicopters
AH-1E HueyCobra	14	1996	Ex-U.S. Army^[64]
AH-64 Apache	36	1990–91	U.S.
AH-64D Apache	9	From 2004	U.S.
Utility, cargo, and support helicopter
S-65/CH-53E Sea Stallion	10	1990–91	U.S.
S-65/CH-53D Sea Stallion	2	1994	Ex-U.S. Air Force
Bell 206	??	??	Unknown
Bell 212	??	??	Unknown
Sikorsky S-70A-50	15	2002-03	U.S.
S-70/UH-60A Black Hawk	10	1994	Ex-U.S. Army
Ground defense vehicles
M113	6,000	??	Unknown
M48 Patton tank	1,000	1956–1971	Ex. U.S.
M60 Patton tank	1,500	1965–1979	Ex. U.S.
Artillery
M109 howitzer	??	??	Unknown
M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System	42	From 1995	U.S.
Munitions
Joint Direct Attack Munition	6,700 ^[65]	1999–2004	U.S.
Mark 84 general-purpose bomb	??	??	U.S.
Missiles
FIM-92A Stinger	200	1993–94	U.S.
MIM-104 Patriot	32	1991	U.S.
MIM-72 Chaparral	500	On order	Ex-U.S. Forces
M48A3 Self-Propelled Chaparral System	36	On order	Ex-U.S. Forces
AGM-114 Hellfire II	??	Mid-1990s	U.S.
AGM-62 Walleye	??	??	Unknown
AGM-65 Maverick	??	??	Unknown
AGM-78 Standard ARM			U.S.
AGM-142D	41	On order	Joint Israel/U.S.
AIM-120 AMRAAM	64	On order	U.S.
AIM-7 Sparrow	??	??	Unknown
AIM-9S Sidewinder	200	1993–94	U.S.
AGM-84 Harpoon	??	??	Unknown
BGM-71 TOW-2A/B	??	Mid-1990s	U.S.

Israeli military equipment in U.S. use

There are few statistics available about Israeli arms sales to the USA. The following weapons are known to be in use by the American military.

ADM-141 TALD (Improved Tactical Air Launched Decoy) – device used to protect U.S. warplanes from enemy fire.
AGM-142 Have Nap "Popeye" – a standoff air-to-surface missile with precision guidance
M120 mortar – A 120 mm mortar developed by Soltam Systems.
B-300 / Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW) – An anti-tank or bunker buster recoilless rifle developed by Israel Military Industries. The SMAW is based on the Israeli B-300.
Cardom – A 120 mm "recoil mortar system" using modern electronic navigation, self-positioning, and target acquisition.
Gabriel (missile) – A sea skimming anti-ship missile.^{[citation needed]}
SIMON breach grenade – A rifle grenade designed to breach through doors. A variant is currently in service with the United States army.
LITENING targeting pod – A precision targeting pod designed to increase combat effectiveness of aircraft.
International MaxxPro – An MRAP armored fighting vehicle.
Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station – A remote weapon system.
IAI Kfir – An all-weather multirole combat aircraft formerly used by the US Navy for training purposes.
DASH III helmet-mounted display – The first modern Western HMD, upon which the JHMCS was based.
Uzi submachine gun – compact submachine gun primarily used by the Zim Integrated Shipping Services merchant marine and formerly the United States Secret Service.

Arms embargoes on Israel

In November 1947, while the United Nations was debating the partition of Palestine, the Truman administration imposed an arms embargo on all sides in Palestine. Following Israel's establishment in May 1948, the Truman administration continued its arms embargo against Israel.^[66] Kennedy ended the arms embargo that the Eisenhower and Truman administrations had enforced on Israel. Describing the protection of Israel as a moral and national commitment, he was the first to introduce the concept of a 'special relationship' (as he described it to Golda Meir) between the U.S. and Israel.^[67]

Throughout 2009, the Jewish Institute for National Security of America reported Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu tried to conceal that Obama had imposed a virtual arms embargo on Israel. Obama blocked all major Israeli weapons requests, including key projects and upgrades, linking arms sales to progress in the peace process.^[68]

Prior to October 7, 2023, concerns centered mainly around Israel's occupation of the West Bank, continued settlement expansion, and evidence of human rights abuses by the Israeli military in the occupied territories. A 2020 poll by J Street, a liberal Jewish lobby group, found that 57 percent of American Jews want to limit military aid to Israel to ensure it cannot pay for annexation.^[69] A report by ProPublica found the U.S. State Department had ignored reports about potential human rights violations by the Israeli army to continue weapons transfers to Israel.^[70]

References

^ Gregory S. Mahler, Israel After Begin, p. 45. SUNY Press, 1990. ISBN 0-7914-0367-X
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f United States: External Affairs", in Jane's Sentinel: North America 2007. Jane's Information Group, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Israel: External Affairs", in Jane's Sentinel: Eastern Mediterranean 2007. Jane's Information Group, 2007.
^ Prof. Alan Dowty, foreword in Abraham Ben-Zvi, Lyndon B. Johnson and the Politics of Arms Sales to Israel: in the shadow of the hawk, p. vii. Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-7146-5580-5
^ ^a ^b US Foreign Aid to Israel. Updated February 18, 2022
^ ^a ^b "How a U.S. Radar Station in the Negev Affects a Potential Israel-Iran Clash." Time Magazine, 30 May 2012.
^ Lenczowski, George (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East. Duke University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-8223-0972-6.
^ ^a ^b "U.S. Willing To Sell Hawk Missile System to Israel (September 1962)". Jewish Virtual Library. 1962-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
^ "U.S. Promises Arms Sale To Israel That Balances Sale to Jordan (March 1965)". Jewish Virtual Library. 1965-03-11. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
^ Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, The Water's Edge and Beyond: defining the limits to domestic influence on U.S. Middle East policy. Transaction Publishers, 1991. ISBN 0-88738-286-X
^ Simon Dunstan, The Yom Kippur War 1973: The Sinai, p. 67. Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-221-0
^ ^a ^b Leon T. Hadar, Quagmire: America in the Middle East, p. 75. Cato Institute, 1992. ISBN 0-932790-94-1
^ "The Patriot Missile. Performance in the Gulf War Reviewed". Archived from the original on 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
^ Yaakov Katz (June 22, 2007). "IAF, USAF greatly upgrade cooperation". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
^ Yaakov, By. "US may give Israel Iraq ammo - Israel - Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
^ "Israel Hasn't Asked for Access to US Arsenal Stored in Israel". ABC News.
^ ^a ^b Palmer, Ewan (31 July 2014). "US Confirms it Resupplied Israel with Weapons During Gaza Conflict".
^ "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. March 12, 2012.
^ "Israel Military Ordered To Continue Operation In Gaza; U.S. Approves Weapons Transfer". International Business Times. 30 July 2014.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-25. Retrieved 2020-05-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Congress OKs watered-down bill on US-Israel ties - Retrieved 11 December 2014
^ "If War Comes, Will US Open Its Military Depots In Israel?". 21 August 2012.
^ Article title
^ "US supplies Israel with bombs amid Gaza blitz". www.aljazeera.com.
^ US and Israel launch joint military drill, Al Jazeera October 21, 2012
^ "U.S.-Israeli Military Exercise Sending Message to Iran - Businessweek". Archived from the original on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
^ Clyde R. Mark, Foreign Affairs Defense and Trade Division (26 April 2005). "Israel:US Foreign Assistance" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-31. Retrieved 2015-07-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Avoiding an American Ambush Archived 2012-07-31 at archive.today Carolineglick.com, July 6, 2009. Originally published in the Jerusalem Post.
^ Gusterson, Hugh (15 January 2014). "The war bill". thebulletin.org. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ "Arens argues U.S. Military aid no longer serves Israel's interests | World Tribune". Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
^ "Israel to reduce arms production in U.S. After Obama's weapons suspension during Gaza War - World Tribune | World Tribune". Archived from the original on 2015-07-29. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
^ Chappell, John Ramming; El-Tayyab, Hassan (December 18, 2023). "Senator Sanders' New Resolution Could Force U.S. to Confront Any Complicity in Civilian Harm in Gaza". Just Security.
^ "Senate Rejects Israel Human Rights Measure, but Skepticism on Aid Persists". The New York Times. January 16, 2024.
^ "Sanders to force vote on potentially freezing military aid to Israel". The Hill. January 16, 2024.
^ "Senate Kills Measure to Scrutinize Israeli Human Rights Record as Condition for Aid". The Intercept. January 16, 2024.
^ Stein, Robin; Triebert, Christiaan; Willis, Haley (29 May 2024). "Israel Used U.S.-Made Bombs in Strike That Killed Dozens Near Rafah". The New York Times.
^ Holland, Steve (11 July 2024). "US to resume shipping 500-pound bombs to Israel, US official says". Reuters.
^ ^a ^b How much aid does the US give to Israel? USAFacts. Updated on October 12, 2023.
^ U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel Archived 2015-07-31 at the Wayback Machine. April 11, 2014. By Jeremy M. Sharp. Congressional Research Service. See appendix tables for yearly aid totals and breakdowns.
^ "India biggest recipient of US economic assistance over 66-year period: USAID - Pakistan". Dawn.Com. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
^ "CRS Report for Congress: U.S Foreign Aid to Israel" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
^ "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel - FAS Project on Government" (PDF).
^ Jeremy M. Sharp (2006-01-05). "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel – Report to Congress January 5, 200F6" (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
^ ^a ^b Forbes (July 29, 2007).[1]"Israeli PM announces 30 billion US dollar US defence aid" at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2007). Retrieved August 3, 2007.
^ ^a ^b New York Times, August 17, 2007 "US and Israel sign Military deal". Retrieved Aug 17, 2007.
^ Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1998–2005, p. 62. Congressional Research Service, October 23, 2006.
^ "More than 50 Lockheed Martin F-16s planned for Israel, more than $2 billion value"^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Lockheed Martin press release. June 19, 2001.
^ “THREE F-35 STEALTH FIGHTER JETS TO ARRIVE IN ISRAEL ON SUNDAY (2017)”.
^ “‘Lockheed VP: There’s a part of Israel in every F-35’ (2017)"^{[dead link‍]}.
^ The State Department Approves $320 Million Sale of Guided Bomb Equipment to Israel
^ US plans precision bombs transfer to Israel -source
^ Shear, Michael D.; Demirjian, Karoun (20 October 2023). "Biden Requests $105 Billion Aid Package for Israel, Ukraine and Other Crises". The New York Times.
^ "US approves bombs, jets for Israel amid threat of offensive in Gaza's Rafah". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
^ "Biden signs aid package with $17B for Israel, $1B extra humanitarian aid for Gazans". The Times of Israel. 24 April 2024.
^ Fabian, Emanuel (4 June 2024). "Israel inks deal to buy 25 more F-35 fighter jets for $3 billion". The Times of Israel.
^ "US to provide $3.5bn more in military aid to Israel amid war on Gaza". Al Jazeera. 10 August 2024.
^ "Biden administration approves $20 billion in weapons, aircraft sales to Israel". CBS News. 14 August 2024.
^ Sabbagh, Dan; Luscombe, Richard. "US investigates leaked documents alleging Israel plans to attack Iran". the guardian.
^ ^a ^b Berrigan, Frida; William D. Hartung (2006-07-20). "U.S. Military Assistance and Arms Transfers to Israel: U.S. Aid, Companies Fuel Israeli Military" (PDF). Arms Trade Resource Center Reports. World Policy Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
^ "Congressional Budget Justification : Volume 2" (PDF). State.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
^ As a part of EDA programm. IAF site, see "The service at the Israeli Air force - 25 new planes equip the IAF" section
^ As a part of EDA programm. IAF site, see "The service at the Israeli Air force - A squadron is born" section
^ As a part of EDA programm. IAF site, see "The service at the Israeli Air force - The IAF receives US Army surplus Cobras" section
^ "Israeli Air Force", globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
^ Ruebner, Josh. "Kamala Harris must protect Palestinians with an arms embargo". The Hill.
^ Shannon, Vaughn P. (2003). Balancing Act: US Foreign Policy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 0754635910.
^ "Israel's Netanyahu keeping mum about Obama's virtual arms embargo". Worldtribune.com. 27 May 2011.
^ Valdez, Jonah (10 September 2024). "The number of Americans opposed to sending arms to Israel has grown, month after month, as the brutal war on Gaza grinds on". The Intercept.
^ Murphy, Brett. "Inside the State Department's Weapons Pipeline to Israel". ProPublica. Retrieved 14 October 2024.

[1] Gregory S. Mahler, Israel After Begin, p. 45. SUNY Press, 1990. ISBN 0-7914-0367-X

[sent-NA-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f United States: External Affairs", in Jane's Sentinel: North America 2007. Jane's Information Group, 2007.

[sent-EM-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Israel: External Affairs", in Jane's Sentinel: Eastern Mediterranean 2007. Jane's Information Group, 2007.

[4] Prof. Alan Dowty, foreword in Abraham Ben-Zvi, Lyndon B. Johnson and the Politics of Arms Sales to Israel: in the shadow of the hawk, p. vii. Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-7146-5580-5

[SharpAid2Isr-5] US Foreign Aid to Israel. Updated February 18, 2022

[auto-6] "How a U.S. Radar Station in the Negev Affects a Potential Israel-Iran Clash." Time Magazine, 30 May 2012.

[7] Lenczowski, George (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East. Duke University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-8223-0972-6.

[FRU_9_14_62-8] "U.S. Willing To Sell Hawk Missile System to Israel (September 1962)". Jewish Virtual Library. 1962-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-18.

[9] "U.S. Promises Arms Sale To Israel That Balances Sale to Jordan (March 1965)". Jewish Virtual Library. 1965-03-11. Retrieved 2016-09-18.

[10] Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, The Water's Edge and Beyond: defining the limits to domestic influence on U.S. Middle East policy. Transaction Publishers, 1991. ISBN 0-88738-286-X

[11] Simon Dunstan, The Yom Kippur War 1973: The Sinai, p. 67. Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-221-0

[hadar-12] Leon T. Hadar, Quagmire: America in the Middle East, p. 75. Cato Institute, 1992. ISBN 0-932790-94-1

[13] "The Patriot Missile. Performance in the Gulf War Reviewed". Archived from the original on 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2007-05-08.

[14] Yaakov Katz (June 22, 2007). "IAF, USAF greatly upgrade cooperation". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.

[15] Yaakov, By. "US may give Israel Iraq ammo - Israel - Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.

[16] "Israel Hasn't Asked for Access to US Arsenal Stored in Israel". ABC News.

[ibtimes.co.uk-17] Palmer, Ewan (31 July 2014). "US Confirms it Resupplied Israel with Weapons During Gaza Conflict".

[18] "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. March 12, 2012.

[19] "Israel Military Ordered To Continue Operation In Gaza; U.S. Approves Weapons Transfer". International Business Times. 30 July 2014.

[20] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-25. Retrieved 2020-05-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[21] Congress OKs watered-down bill on US-Israel ties - Retrieved 11 December 2014

[22] "If War Comes, Will US Open Its Military Depots In Israel?". 21 August 2012.

[23] Article title

[24] "US supplies Israel with bombs amid Gaza blitz". www.aljazeera.com.

[25] US and Israel launch joint military drill, Al Jazeera October 21, 2012

[26] "U.S.-Israeli Military Exercise Sending Message to Iran - Businessweek". Archived from the original on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2014-10-21.

[clydemark-27] Clyde R. Mark, Foreign Affairs Defense and Trade Division (26 April 2005). "Israel:US Foreign Assistance" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress.

[28] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-31. Retrieved 2015-07-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[29] Avoiding an American Ambush Archived 2012-07-31 at archive.today Carolineglick.com, July 6, 2009. Originally published in the Jerusalem Post.

[30] Gusterson, Hugh (15 January 2014). "The war bill". thebulletin.org. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

[31] "Arens argues U.S. Military aid no longer serves Israel's interests | World Tribune". Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-20.

[32] "Israel to reduce arms production in U.S. After Obama's weapons suspension during Gaza War - World Tribune | World Tribune". Archived from the original on 2015-07-29. Retrieved 2015-08-16.

[33] Chappell, John Ramming; El-Tayyab, Hassan (December 18, 2023). "Senator Sanders' New Resolution Could Force U.S. to Confront Any Complicity in Civilian Harm in Gaza". Just Security.

[34] "Senate Rejects Israel Human Rights Measure, but Skepticism on Aid Persists". The New York Times. January 16, 2024.

[35] "Sanders to force vote on potentially freezing military aid to Israel". The Hill. January 16, 2024.

[36] "Senate Kills Measure to Scrutinize Israeli Human Rights Record as Condition for Aid". The Intercept. January 16, 2024.

[37] Stein, Robin; Triebert, Christiaan; Willis, Haley (29 May 2024). "Israel Used U.S.-Made Bombs in Strike That Killed Dozens Near Rafah". The New York Times.

[38] Holland, Steve (11 July 2024). "US to resume shipping 500-pound bombs to Israel, US official says". Reuters.

[aid-39] How much aid does the US give to Israel? USAFacts. Updated on October 12, 2023.

[jeremysharp2008-40] U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel Archived 2015-07-31 at the Wayback Machine. April 11, 2014. By Jeremy M. Sharp. Congressional Research Service. See appendix tables for yearly aid totals and breakdowns.

[41] "India biggest recipient of US economic assistance over 66-year period: USAID - Pakistan". Dawn.Com. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 2016-09-17.

[42] "CRS Report for Congress: U.S Foreign Aid to Israel" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 15 June 2016.

[43] "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel - FAS Project on Government" (PDF).

[CRS-44] Jeremy M. Sharp (2006-01-05). "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel – Report to Congress January 5, 200F6" (PDF). Congressional Research Service.

[forbes_aid-45] Forbes (July 29, 2007).[1]"Israeli PM announces 30 billion US dollar US defence aid" at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2007). Retrieved August 3, 2007.

[nyt1-46] New York Times, August 17, 2007 "US and Israel sign Military deal". Retrieved Aug 17, 2007.

[47] Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1998–2005, p. 62. Congressional Research Service, October 23, 2006.

[48] "More than 50 Lockheed Martin F-16s planned for Israel, more than $2 billion value"^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Lockheed Martin press release. June 19, 2001.

[49] “THREE F-35 STEALTH FIGHTER JETS TO ARRIVE IN ISRAEL ON SUNDAY (2017)”.

[50] “‘Lockheed VP: There’s a part of Israel in every F-35’ (2017)"^{[dead link‍]}.

[51] The State Department Approves $320 Million Sale of Guided Bomb Equipment to Israel

[52] US plans precision bombs transfer to Israel -source

[53] Shear, Michael D.; Demirjian, Karoun (20 October 2023). "Biden Requests $105 Billion Aid Package for Israel, Ukraine and Other Crises". The New York Times.

[54] "US approves bombs, jets for Israel amid threat of offensive in Gaza's Rafah". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 April 2024.

[55] "Biden signs aid package with $17B for Israel, $1B extra humanitarian aid for Gazans". The Times of Israel. 24 April 2024.

[56] Fabian, Emanuel (4 June 2024). "Israel inks deal to buy 25 more F-35 fighter jets for $3 billion". The Times of Israel.

[57] "US to provide $3.5bn more in military aid to Israel amid war on Gaza". Al Jazeera. 10 August 2024.

[58] "Biden administration approves $20 billion in weapons, aircraft sales to Israel". CBS News. 14 August 2024.

[59] Sabbagh, Dan; Luscombe, Richard. "US investigates leaked documents alleging Israel plans to attack Iran". the guardian.

[WPIUSIs-60] Berrigan, Frida; William D. Hartung (2006-07-20). "U.S. Military Assistance and Arms Transfers to Israel: U.S. Aid, Companies Fuel Israeli Military" (PDF). Arms Trade Resource Center Reports. World Policy Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2006-08-13.

[61] "Congressional Budget Justification : Volume 2" (PDF). State.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-18.

[62] As a part of EDA programm. IAF site, see "The service at the Israeli Air force - 25 new planes equip the IAF" section

[63] As a part of EDA programm. IAF site, see "The service at the Israeli Air force - A squadron is born" section

[64] As a part of EDA programm. IAF site, see "The service at the Israeli Air force - The IAF receives US Army surplus Cobras" section

[65] "Israeli Air Force", globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2007-05-13.

[66] Ruebner, Josh. "Kamala Harris must protect Palestinians with an arms embargo". The Hill.

[67] Shannon, Vaughn P. (2003). Balancing Act: US Foreign Policy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 0754635910.

[68] "Israel's Netanyahu keeping mum about Obama's virtual arms embargo". Worldtribune.com. 27 May 2011.

[69] Valdez, Jonah (10 September 2024). "The number of Americans opposed to sending arms to Israel has grown, month after month, as the brutal war on Gaza grinds on". The Intercept.

[70] Murphy, Brett. "Inside the State Department's Weapons Pipeline to Israel". ProPublica. Retrieved 14 October 2024.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Security relations between the State of Israel and the United States of America}}
+{{Short description|Bilateral security relations}}
 {{for|a general overview of bilateral relations between the two countries|Israel–United States relations}}
 [[File:Israel us flags.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Israel and the United States maintain a close military relationship. Israeli and American flags fly as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert Gates|Robert M. Gates]] arrives in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel, April 18, 2007.]]
+Military relations between [[Israel]] and the [[United States]] have been extremely close,<ref>Gregory S. Mahler, ''Israel After Begin'', p. 45. SUNY Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-7914-0367-X}}</ref> reflecting shared security interests in the [[Middle East]].<ref name="sent-NA">United States: External Affairs", in ''Jane's Sentinel: North America 2007''. Jane's Information Group, 2007.</ref><ref name="sent-EM">"Israel: External Affairs", in ''Jane's Sentinel: Eastern Mediterranean 2007''. Jane's Information Group, 2007.</ref> Israel is designated as a [[major non-NATO ally]] by the U.S. government. A major purchaser and user of U.S. military equipment, Israel is also involved in the joint development of military technology and it regularly engages in joint military exercises with United States and other forces.<ref name="sent-NA"/><ref name="sent-EM"/> The relationship has deepened gradually over time, though, as [[Alan Dowty]] puts it, it was "not a simple linear process of growing cooperation, but rather a series of tendentious bargaining situations with different strategic and political components in each."<ref>Prof. Alan Dowty, foreword in Abraham Ben-Zvi, ''Lyndon B. Johnson and the Politics of Arms Sales to Israel: in the shadow of the hawk'', p. vii. Routledge, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7146-5580-5}}</ref>
+Until February 2022, the United States had provided Israel US$ 150 billion (non-inflation-adjusted) in bilateral assistance.<ref name="SharpAid2Isr">[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf US Foreign Aid to Israel]. Updated February 18, 2022</ref> In 1999, the US government signed a Memorandum of Understanding through which it committed to providing Israel with at least US$2.67 billion in [[United States military aid|military aid]] annually, for the following ten years; in 2009, the annual amount was raised to US$3 billion; and in 2019, the amount was raised again, now standing at a minimum of US{{Nowrap|$3.8 billion}} that the US is committed to providing Israel each year.<ref name="SharpAid2Isr" />
-Military relations between [[Israel]] and the [[United States]] have been consistently close,<ref>Gregory S. Mahler, ''Israel After Begin'', p. 45. SUNY Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-7914-0367-X}}</ref> reflecting shared security interests in the [[Middle East]].<ref name="sent-NA">United States: External Affairs", in ''Jane's Sentinel: North America 2007''. Jane's Information Group, 2007.</ref><ref name="sent-EM">"Israel: External Affairs", in ''Jane's Sentinel: Eastern Mediterranean 2007''. Jane's Information Group, 2007.</ref> A major purchaser and user of U.S. military equipment, Israel is also involved in the joint development of military technology and regularly engages in joint military exercises involving United States and other forces.<ref name="sent-NA"/><ref name="sent-EM"/> The relationship has deepened gradually over time, though, as [[Alan Dowty]] puts it, it was "not a simple linear process of growing cooperation, but rather a series of tendentious bargaining situations with different strategic and political components in each."<ref>Prof. Alan Dowty, foreword in Abraham Ben-Zvi, ''Lyndon B. Johnson and the Politics of Arms Sales to Israel: in the shadow of the hawk'', p. vii. Routledge, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7146-5580-5}}</ref>
+In addition, the only foreign military installations on Israeli soil are US bases, including an [[AN/TPY-2]] early missile warning radar station on Mt. Keren.<ref name="auto">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120530100406/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2115955,00.html "How a U.S. Radar Station in the Negev Affects a Potential Israel-Iran Clash."] ''Time Magazine'', 30 May 2012.</ref>
-U.S. President Obama's former Secretary of Defense [[Robert M. Gates]] categorized the relationship between U.S. and Israel with the following: "I cannot recall a time during my public life when our two countries have had a closer defense relationship.  The U.S. and Israel are cooperating closely in areas such as missile defense technology, the [[Joint Strike Fighter]], and in training exercises such as Juniper Stallion...our bilateral relationship and this dialogue is so critical because Israel lives at the focal point of some of the biggest security challenges facing the free world: [[violent extremism]], the proliferation of nuclear technologies, and the dilemmas posed by adversarial and failed states.  And I think it important, especially at a time of such dramatic change in the region, to reaffirm once more America’s unshakable commitment to Israel’s security."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID%3D4797 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414143509/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4797 |archive-date=2013-04-14 }}</ref><ref>Kampeas, Ron. [http://blogs.jta.org/politics/article/2011/04/04/3086704/dennis-ross-on-us-israel-was-he-referring-to-wartime-joint-task-force "Dennis Ross on U.S.-Israel—was he referring to ‘wartime joint task force’?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408155647/http://blogs.jta.org/politics/article/2011/04/04/3086704/dennis-ross-on-us-israel-was-he-referring-to-wartime-joint-task-force |date=2011-04-08 }} ''JTA'', 4 April 2011.</ref>
-==Overview==
+== Overview ==
 [[File:Soldiers firing a M120 120mm mortar (Iraq).jpg|thumb|left|250px|American soldiers firing an Israeli-made [[M120 mortar]] in [[Iraq]]]]
 Following the Second World War, the “new postwar era witnessed an intensive involvement of the United States in the political and economic affairs of the [[Middle East]], in contrast to the hands-off attitude characteristic of the prewar period. "[U]nder Truman the United States had to face and define its policy in all three sectors that provided the root causes of American interests in the region: the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] threat, the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|birth of Israel]], and [[petroleum]].”<ref>{{cite book | last=Lenczowski | first=George | author-link=George Lenczowski | year=1990 |  title=American Presidents and the Middle East | publisher=[[Duke University Press]] | isbn=0-8223-0972-6 | page= 6 }}</ref>
-During the first twenty years following [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel's independence]], United States [[United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East|policy in the Middle East]] was driven by two major policy concerns: The prevention of an arms race in the [[Near East]],<ref name="FRU_9_14_62">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/FRUS9_14_62.html |title=U.S. Willing To Sell Hawk Missile System to Israel (September 1962) |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date=1962-09-14 |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref> and the prevention of the spread of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence. The [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman Administration]] promulgated the [[Tripartite Declaration of 1950]] for these reasons, as well as to guarantee the territorial ''status quo'' determined by [[1949 Armistice Agreements]]. Israel's main military patron at the time was [[France]], which supported Israel by providing it with advanced military equipment and technology, such as the [[Dassault Mystère]] [[fighter-bomber]] aircraft. Initially, the U.S. government resisted pressure by Israel and [[Arab]] countries in the region to sell them advanced weapons. In response to the supply of advanced fighter aircraft by the [[USSR]] to [[Iraq]] and the [[United Arab Republic]], the U.S. government agreed to sell [[MIM-23 Hawk]] anti-aircraft missiles to Israel in 1962, as a "specific action designed to meet a specific situation" which "by no means constitutes change in U.S. policy in area.". The Hawk system was approved on the grounds that it was a "purely defensive" weapon.<ref name="FRU_9_14_62"/> Later, when [[Jordan]] threatened to turn to the [[USSR]] for weapons, the U.S. agreed to sell tanks and jet aircraft to Jordan in order to prevent the spread of Soviet influence, and in return, agreed to sell similar systems to Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/arms4.html |title=U.S. Promises Arms Sale To Israel That Balances Sale to Jordan (March 1965) |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date=1965-03-11 |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref>
+During the first twenty years following [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel's independence]], United States [[United States foreign policy in the Middle East|policy in the Middle East]] was driven by two major policy concerns: The prevention of an arms race in the [[Near East]],<ref name="FRU_9_14_62">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/FRUS9_14_62.html |title=U.S. Willing To Sell Hawk Missile System to Israel (September 1962) |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date=1962-09-14 |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref> and the prevention of the spread of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence. The [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman Administration]] promulgated the [[Tripartite Declaration of 1950]] for these reasons, as well as to guarantee the territorial ''status quo'' determined by [[1949 Armistice Agreements]]. Israel's main military patron at the time was [[France]], which supported Israel by providing it with advanced military equipment and technology, such as the [[Dassault Mystère]] [[fighter-bomber]] aircraft. Initially, the U.S. government resisted pressure by Israel and [[Arab]] countries in the region to sell them advanced weapons. In response to the supply of advanced fighter aircraft by the [[USSR]] to [[Iraq]] and the [[United Arab Republic]], the U.S. government agreed to sell [[MIM-23 Hawk]] anti-aircraft missiles to Israel in 1962, as a "specific action designed to meet a specific situation" which "by no means constitutes change in U.S. policy in the area.". The Hawk system was approved on the grounds that it was a "purely defensive" weapon.<ref name="FRU_9_14_62"/> Later, when [[Jordan]] threatened to turn to the [[USSR]] for weapons, the U.S. agreed to sell tanks and jet aircraft to Jordan in order to prevent the spread of Soviet influence, and in return, agreed to sell similar systems to Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/arms4.html |title=U.S. Promises Arms Sale To Israel That Balances Sale to Jordan (March 1965) |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date=1965-03-11 |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref>
 During the early 1960s, the U.S. government sought to establish a regional arms limitation agreement in the Middle East. The initiative lost steam in early 1965 after it was disclosed that the U.S. had been indirectly supplying weapons to Israel via [[West Germany]] since 1962, under the terms of a 1960 secret agreement to supply Israel with $80 million worth of armaments. The remainder of the agreement was fulfilled publicly, following its disclosure by the U.S., with Israel receiving shipments of [[M48 Patton]] tanks in 1965 and [[A-4E Skyhawk]] attack aircraft in 1968.<ref>Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, ''The Water's Edge and Beyond: defining the limits to domestic influence on U.S. Middle East policy''. Transaction Publishers, 1991. {{ISBN|0-88738-286-X}}</ref>
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 During the [[Yom Kippur War]] in 1973, the U.S. mounted a major airlift codenamed [[Operation Nickel Grass]] to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel. Over 22,000 tons of [[tank]]s, [[artillery]], [[ammunition]], and other [[materiel]] were delivered to aid the Israeli military in response to a large-scale Soviet resupply effort of the Arab states. The operation was paralleled by a large-scale sealift of some 33,000 tons of materiel and the transfer of 40 F-4 Phantoms, 36 A-4 Skyhawks and twelve [[C-130 Hercules]] transport aircraft to replace Israeli war losses.<ref>Simon Dunstan, ''The Yom Kippur War 1973: The Sinai'', p. 67. Osprey Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84176-221-0}}</ref>
-Bilateral military cooperation deepened under the [[Ronald Reagan]] administration in the 1980s. In 1981, U.S. [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Caspar Weinberger]] and Israeli Minister of Defense [[Ariel Sharon]] signed the [[Strategic Cooperation Agreement]], establishing a framework for continued consultation and cooperation to enhance the national security of both countries. In November 1983, the two sides formed a [[Joint Political Military Group]], which still meets twice a year, to implement most provisions of the MOU.<ref name="hadar">Leon T. Hadar, ''Quagmire: America in the Middle East'', p. 75. Cato Institute, 1992. {{ISBN|0-932790-94-1}}</ref> Joint air and sea military exercises began in June 1984, and the United States has constructed facilities to [[War Reserve Stock|stockpile military equipment]] in Israel.
+Bilateral military cooperation deepened under the [[Ronald Reagan]] administration in the 1980s. In 1981, U.S. [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Caspar Weinberger]] and Israeli Minister of Defense [[Ariel Sharon]] signed the [[Strategic Cooperation Agreement]], establishing a framework for continued consultation and cooperation to enhance the national security of both countries. In November 1983, the two sides formed a [[Joint Political Military Group]], which still meets twice a year, to implement most provisions of the MOU.<ref name="hadar">Leon T. Hadar, ''Quagmire: America in the Middle East'', p. 75. Cato Institute, 1992. {{ISBN|0-932790-94-1}}</ref> Joint air and sea military exercises began in June 1984, and the United States has constructed facilities to [[War Reserve Stock|stockpile military equipment]] in Israel.
+[[File:Charles Q. Brown, Jr., Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, traveled to Tel Aviv, Israel and Amman, Jordan on 17 to 19 December 2023 - 23.jpg|thumb|U.S. Defense Secretary [[Lloyd Austin]] meeting with Israeli Defense Minister [[Yoav Gallant]] in the city of [[Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv, Israel]], December 18, 2023]]
-[[File:Stavridis gets distinguished ally of the IDF award from Gantz, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. Admiral [[James G. Stavridis]] ''(left)'', then [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] and commander of [[United States European Command|U.S. European Command]], receives a first-of-its-kind "Distinguished Ally of the Israel Defense Forces" award from IDF Chief of Staff [[Benny Gantz]] in Tel Aviv in 2013]]
 In 1987, the United States granted Israel the status of [[major non-NATO ally]], enabling it to compete equally with NATO and other US allies for contracts and purchase advanced US weapons systems. Israel became the largest recipient of [[United States military aid]] in the world (see [[#Military aid and procurement|military aid and procurement]] below).<ref name="sent-EM" /> In 1988, Reagan and Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] signed a memorandum of understanding to formalize and perpetuate the work of the bilateral US-Israel military, security and economic working groups.<ref name="hadar" />
-In an effort to prevent Israel from retaliating against [[Iraq]]i [[SS-1 Scud]] missile attacks during the [[Persian Gulf war]] of 1991, and thereby breaking up the US-Arab coalition, the US dispatched [[MIM-104 Patriot]] surface-to-air missile batteries to Israel. The effort met with very limited success, with less than 10% and perhaps as few as none of the Scuds fired against Israel intercepted successfully.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/issues/bmd/Patriot.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509023534/http://www.cdi.org/issues/bmd/Patriot.html |archive-date=2007-05-09 }}</ref>
+In an effort to prevent Israel from retaliating against [[Iraq]]i [[SS-1 Scud]] missile attacks during the [[Persian Gulf war]] of 1991, and thereby breaking up the US-Arab coalition, the US dispatched [[MIM-104 Patriot]] surface-to-air missile batteries to Israel. The effort met with very limited success, with less than 10% and perhaps as few as none of the Scuds fired against Israel intercepted successfully.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/issues/bmd/Patriot.html |title=The Patriot Missile. Performance in the Gulf War Reviewed|access-date=2007-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509023534/http://www.cdi.org/issues/bmd/Patriot.html |archive-date=2007-05-09 }}</ref>
 Under the [[Bill Clinton]] administration in the 1990s, the US government made efforts to bolster the Israeli government's military edge by allowing it to purchase $700m of the latest U.S. military equipment, including advanced fighters, attack helicopters and the [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] system. A series of major joint military technology development projects was also instituted.<ref name="sent-NA" />
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 The two countries carry out regular exercises together, including carrying out biennial exercises codenamed [[Juniper Cobra]] intended to test interoperability between the two militaries. In addition, the Israeli port of [[Haifa]] is the main port of call in the eastern Mediterranean for the [[United States Sixth Fleet]], and Israel provides other logistical and maintenance support for U.S. forces in the region.<ref name="sent-NA" /> The two countries also share intelligence and maintain a joint anti-terrorist working group,<ref name="sent-EM" /> and in April 2007 their air forces committed to share information about mutually relevant procurements.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182409609556&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709132401/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182409609556&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull| url-status=dead| archive-date=July 9, 2012| title=IAF, USAF greatly upgrade cooperation| author=Yaakov Katz| publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]| date=June 22, 2007}}</ref>
-The United States has stored military equipment in Israel since the early 1990s and may store additional equipment in Israel when withdrawing from Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yaakov |first=By |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168393 |title=US may give Israel Iraq ammo - Israel - Jerusalem Post |website=Jpost.com |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref>
+The United States has stored military equipment in Israel since the early 1990s and may store additional equipment in Israel when withdrawing from Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yaakov |first=By |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168393 |title=US may give Israel Iraq ammo - Israel - Jerusalem Post |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post &#124; Jpost.com |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref>
-Currently the only active foreign military installation on Israeli soil is the American [[AN/TPY-2]] early missile warning radar station on Mt. Keren also known as the [[Dimona Radar Facility]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120530100406/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2115955,00.html "How a U.S. Radar Station in the Negev Affects a Potential Israel-Iran Clash."] ''Time Magazine'', 30 May 2012.</ref>
+Currently the only active foreign military installations on Israeli soil are American bases, including an [[AN/TPY-2]] early missile warning radar station on Mt. Keren.<ref name="auto"/>
-'''War Reserves Stock Allies-Israel''' also known as '''War Reserve Stockpile Ammunition-Israel''' or simply '''WRSA-I''' was established in the 1990s and is maintained by the [[United States European Command]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2014/07/israel-hasnt-asked-for-access-to-us-arsenal-stored-in-israel/|title = Israel Hasn't Asked for Access to US Arsenal Stored in Israel|website = [[ABC News]]}}</ref> It is one of the United States' biggest War Reserves, located within Israel.<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/us-confirms-it-resupplied-israel-weapons-during-gaza-conflict-1459128|title=US Confirms it Resupplied Israel with Weapons During Gaza Conflict|first=Ewan|last=Palmer|date=31 July 2014}}</ref> Initially the WRSA-I stock had $100 million worth of reserves;<ref>http://journalistsresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Military-Aid-to-Israel.pdf</ref> however, prior to [[Operation Protective Edge]] the WRSA-I had nearly $1 billion worth of reserves,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/israel-military-ordered-continue-operation-gaza-us-approves-weapons-transfer-1643882|title=Israel Military Ordered To Continue Operation In Gaza; U.S. Approves Weapons Transfer|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> with an authorization to increase this to $1.2 billion.<ref>http://thehill.com/images/stories/blogs/flooraction/jan2012/crsisrael.pdf</ref> In 2014 with the passing of the [[2014 United States—Israel Strategic Partnership Act]], the US agreed to increase the stock to $1.8 billion.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4599523,00.html Congress OKs watered-down bill on US-Israel ties] - Retrieved 11 December 2014</ref>
+'''War Reserves Stock Allies-Israel''' also known as '''War Reserve Stockpile Ammunition-Israel''' or simply '''WRSA-I''' was established in the 1990s and is maintained by the [[United States European Command]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2014/07/israel-hasnt-asked-for-access-to-us-arsenal-stored-in-israel/|title = Israel Hasn't Asked for Access to US Arsenal Stored in Israel|website = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> It is one of the United States' biggest War Reserves, located within Israel.<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/us-confirms-it-resupplied-israel-weapons-during-gaza-conflict-1459128|title=US Confirms it Resupplied Israel with Weapons During Gaza Conflict|first=Ewan|last=Palmer|date=31 July 2014}}</ref> Initially the WRSA-I stock had $100 million worth of reserves;<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2012 |title=U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel |url=https://journalistsresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Military-Aid-to-Israel.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> however, prior to [[Operation Protective Edge]] the WRSA-I had nearly $1 billion worth of reserves,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/israel-military-ordered-continue-operation-gaza-us-approves-weapons-transfer-1643882|title=Israel Military Ordered To Continue Operation In Gaza; U.S. Approves Weapons Transfer|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> with an authorization to increase this to $1.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thehill.com/images/stories/blogs/flooraction/jan2012/crsisrael.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-05-04 |archive-date=2014-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825154732/http://thehill.com/images/stories/blogs/flooraction/jan2012/crsisrael.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2014 with the passing of the [[2014 United States—Israel Strategic Partnership Act]], the US agreed to increase the stock to $1.8 billion.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4599523,00.html Congress OKs watered-down bill on US-Israel ties] - Retrieved 11 December 2014</ref>
-The stock includes ammunition, smart bombs, missiles, military vehicles and a military hospital with 500 beds. These supplies are situated in six different locations throughout Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/01/08/open-only-in-case-of-an-emergenc.html#|title=If War Comes, Will US Open Its Military Depots In Israel?|date=21 August 2012}}</ref> If needed, Israel could request to access the WRSA-I stock, but it would need to be approved by the US congress.<ref>http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA569334</ref> During Operation Protective Edge, the US authorized Israel to access 120mm mortar rounds and 40mm grenade launcher ammunition.<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/> These munitions were part of a set of older items in the stock, and were due to be replaced soon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/us-supplies-israel-with-bombs-amid-gaza-blitz-2014730233016747143.html|title=US supplies Israel with bombs amid Gaza blitz|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>
+The stock includes ammunition, smart bombs, missiles, military vehicles and a military hospital with 500 beds. These supplies are situated in six different locations throughout Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/01/08/open-only-in-case-of-an-emergenc.html#|title=If War Comes, Will US Open Its Military Depots In Israel?|date=21 August 2012}}</ref> If needed, Israel could request to access the WRSA-I stock, but it would need to be approved by the US congress.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003951/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA569334 Article title]</ref> During Operation Protective Edge, the US authorized Israel to access 120&nbsp;mm mortar rounds and 40&nbsp;mm grenade launcher ammunition.<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/> These munitions were part of a set of older items in the stock, and were due to be replaced soon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/us-supplies-israel-with-bombs-amid-gaza-blitz-2014730233016747143.html|title=US supplies Israel with bombs amid Gaza blitz|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>
-In October 2012, United States and Israel began their biggest joint air and missile defense exercise, known as [[2012 US-Israel military exercise|Austere Challenge 12]], involving around 3,500 U.S. troops in the region along with 1,000 IDF personnel.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/2012102195738284839.html US and Israel launch joint military drill], ''Al Jazeera'' October 21, 2012</ref> Germany and Britain also participated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-15/u-dot-s-dot-israeli-military-exercise-sending-message-to-iran |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817063133/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-15/u-dot-s-dot-israeli-military-exercise-sending-message-to-iran |archive-date=2014-08-17 }}</ref>
+In October 2012, the United States and Israel began their biggest joint air and missile defense exercise, known as [[2012 US-Israel military exercise|Austere Challenge 12]], involving around 3,500 U.S. troops in the region along with 1,000 IDF personnel.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/2012102195738284839.html US and Israel launch joint military drill], ''Al Jazeera'' October 21, 2012</ref> Germany and Britain also participated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-15/u-dot-s-dot-israeli-military-exercise-sending-message-to-iran |title=U.S.-Israeli Military Exercise Sending Message to Iran - Businessweek |access-date=2014-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817063133/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-15/u-dot-s-dot-israeli-military-exercise-sending-message-to-iran |archive-date=2014-08-17 }}</ref>
 ==Controversies==
@@ Line 57: / Line 58: @@
 The close military relationship between the U.S. and Israel has engendered a number of controversies over the years. [[Operation Nickel Grass]]—the U.S. resupply effort during the [[Yom Kippur War]]—led to retaliation by the [[Arab states]], as [[OAPEC]] members declared a complete oil embargo on the United States, provoking the [[1973 oil crisis]].
-The United States stipulates that U.S. military equipment provided through the FMS program can be used only for internal security or defensive purposes. Consequently, after allegations were made that Israel had used [[cluster bombs]] for offensive purposes during the [[1982 Lebanon War]], the United States suspended shipments of cluster bombs to Israel.<ref name=clydemark>{{cite web|title=Israel:US Foreign Assistance |author=Clyde R. Mark, Foreign Affairs Defense and Trade Division |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]], The Library of Congress |date=26 April 2005 |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7xVgexnWtJ4J:www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/IB85066.pdf }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Similar allegations were made regarding Israeli use of weapons supplied by the U.S. in the course of the [[2006 Lebanon War]] and the Palestinian [[Wikt:intifada|intifada]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731092044/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-31 }}</ref>
+The United States stipulates that U.S. military equipment provided through the FMS program can be used only for internal security or defensive purposes. Consequently, after allegations were made that Israel had used [[cluster bombs]] for offensive purposes during the [[1982 Lebanon War]], the United States suspended shipments of cluster bombs to Israel.<ref name=clydemark>{{cite web|title=Israel:US Foreign Assistance |author=Clyde R. Mark, Foreign Affairs Defense and Trade Division |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]], The Library of Congress |date=26 April 2005 |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/IB85066.pdf }}</ref> Similar allegations were made regarding Israeli use of weapons supplied by the U.S. in the course of the [[2006 Lebanon War]] and the Palestinian [[Wikt:intifada|intifada]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731092044/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-31 }}</ref>
 American use of its military aid for political pressure on Israel, as well as the economic and strategic restrictions attached to it, has made some Israelis question the value of American military aid. Israeli columnist [[Caroline Glick]] has argued that Israel's interests may be best served by ending the military assistance, and urged her government to initiate a conversation on cutting back on the assistance package.<ref>[http://www.carolineglick.com/e/2009/07/ Avoiding an American Ambush] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120731141238/http://www.carolineglick.com/e/2009/07/ |date=2012-07-31 }} Carolineglick.com, July 6, 2009. Originally published in the ''Jerusalem Post.''</ref> Former Israeli Defense Minister [[Moshe Arens]] also opposes continued US aid, arguing that Israel no longer needs it. Several Israeli political parties, including [[National Union (Israel)|National Union]], oppose the aid and propose a gradual reduction in dependency on it.
-The Kirk-Menendez-Schumer bill would for the first time commit the United States to provide "diplomatic, military and economic" support for offensive actions by Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebulletin.org/war-bill |title=The war bill |last1=Gusterson |first1=Hugh |date=15 January 2014 |website=thebulletin.org |publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |access-date=16 January 2014}}</ref>
+The Kirk-Menendez-Schumer bill would for the first time commit the United States to provide "diplomatic, military and economic" support for offensive actions by Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebulletin.org/war-bill |title=The war bill |last1=Gusterson |first1=Hugh |date=15 January 2014 |website=thebulletin.org |publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |access-date=16 January 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116235727/http://thebulletin.org/war-bill |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-In January 2014, it was reported that Israel and the United States had been quietly discussing the prospect of ending US aid, with representatives from both countries agreeing at bilateral meetings that Israel no longer needs US military aid. According to [[Daniel C. Kurtzer]], a former US ambassador to Israel, "we may be reaching a point that after discussion of how to assure the security and intelligence cooperation, we can actually phase out the security assistance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/09/arens-argues-u-s-military-aid-no-longer-serves-israels-interests/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125239/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/09/arens-argues-u-s-military-aid-no-longer-serves-israels-interests/ |archive-date=2014-02-14 }}</ref>
+In January 2014, it was reported that Israel and the United States had been quietly discussing the prospect of ending US aid, with representatives from both countries agreeing at bilateral meetings that Israel no longer needs US military aid. According to [[Daniel C. Kurtzer]], a former US ambassador to Israel, "we may be reaching a point that after discussion of how to assure the security and intelligence cooperation, we can actually phase out the security assistance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/09/arens-argues-u-s-military-aid-no-longer-serves-israels-interests/ |title=Arens argues U.S. Military aid no longer serves Israel's interests &#124; World Tribune |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125239/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/09/arens-argues-u-s-military-aid-no-longer-serves-israels-interests/ |archive-date=2014-02-14 }}</ref>
-Following the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]], when the United States temporarily suspended arms shipments to Israel, Israel reportedly reassessed its views on US aid, particularly on the view that it could always depend on a US resupply during wartime, and initiated new weapons projects to reduce its dependence on US weapons in favor of locally-made ones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/10/20/israel-plans-reduce-arms-u-s/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729121906/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/10/20/israel-plans-reduce-arms-u-s/ |archive-date=2015-07-29 }}</ref>
+Following the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]], when the United States temporarily suspended arms shipments to Israel, Israel reportedly reassessed its views on US aid, particularly on the view that it could always depend on a US resupply during wartime, and initiated new weapons projects to reduce its dependence on US weapons in favor of locally-made ones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/10/20/israel-plans-reduce-arms-u-s/ |title=Israel to reduce arms production in U.S. After Obama's weapons suspension during Gaza War - World Tribune &#124; World Tribune |access-date=2015-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729121906/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/10/20/israel-plans-reduce-arms-u-s/ |archive-date=2015-07-29 }}</ref>
+In December 2023, Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] introduced a privileged resolution invoking Section 502(b) of the [[Foreign Assistance Act]],<ref>{{cite web | last1=Chappell | first1=John Ramming | last2=El-Tayyab | first2=Hassan | title=Senator Sanders' New Resolution Could Force U.S. to Confront Any Complicity in Civilian Harm in Gaza | website=Just Security | date=December 18, 2023 | url=https://www.justsecurity.org/90716/senator-sanders-new-resolution-could-force-u-s-to-confront-any-complicity-in-civilian-harm-in-gaza/ }}</ref> calling on the State Department to investigate [[Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war|Israeli crimes against humanity]] in its conduct of the [[Israel–Hamas war|war in Gaza]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Senate Rejects Israel Human Rights Measure, but Skepticism on Aid Persists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/us/politics/senate-israel-aid.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 16, 2024}}</ref> The resolution would freeze [[United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war|US military aid to Israel]] unless the State Department issues a report within 30 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanders to force vote on potentially freezing military aid to Israel |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4411339-sanders-freezing-military-aid-israel-vote/ |work=The Hill |date=January 16, 2024}}</ref> The proposal was defeated, 72 to 11.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senate Kills Measure to Scrutinize Israeli Human Rights Record as Condition for Aid |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/01/16/senate-israel-human-rights-condition-aid/ |work=The Intercept |date=January 16, 2024}}</ref>
+In May 2024, Israel used two U.S. made [[GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb|GBU-39]] missiles during the [[Tel al-Sultan massacre]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stein |first1=Robin |last2=Triebert |first2=Christiaan |last3=Willis |first3=Haley |date=29 May 2024 |title=Israel Used U.S.-Made Bombs in Strike That Killed Dozens Near Rafah |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/29/world/middleeast/israel-us-rafah-bombs.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In July 2024, the Biden administration resumed shipments of the [[Mark 82 bomb|500-pound bombs]] to Israel, which were halted in May due to concerns about the high number of [[Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war|civilian casualties in Gaza]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |title=US to resume shipping 500-pound bombs to Israel, US official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-resume-shipping-500-pound-bombs-israel-us-official-says-2024-07-10/ |work=Reuters |date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
 == Military aid and procurement ==
+[[File:US foreign assistance obligations to Israel by type, 1951-2022.png|thumb|upright=1.4|US foreign assistance obligations to Israel by type, 1951-2022.<ref name=aid>[https://usafacts.org/articles/how-much-military-aid-does-the-us-give-to-israel How much aid does the US give to Israel?] [[USAFacts]]. Updated on October 12, 2023.</ref>]]
+[[File:Total US foreign assistance by country, adjusted for inflation, 1946-2022.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Total US foreign aid to Israel compared to other countries. 1946-2022.<ref name=aid/>]]
 [[File:US Israel Military Meeting (49121017622).jpg|thumb|Israeli (left) and American (right) generals meet in Tel Aviv in 2019]]
-In terms of total money received, [[Israel]] is the largest cumulative recipient of [[United States military aid|military assistance]] from the [[United States]] since [[World War II]],<ref name=jeremysharp2008>[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731092044/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf |date=2015-07-31 }}. April 11, 2014. By Jeremy M. Sharp. [[Congressional Research Service]]. See appendix tables for yearly aid totals and breakdowns.</ref> followed by [[Vietnam]], [[Egypt]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1194228/ |title=India biggest recipient of US economic assistance over 66-year period: USAID - Pakistan |date=14 July 2015 |publisher=Dawn.Com |access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref> About three quarters of the aid is earmarked for purchases of military equipment from U.S. companies and the rest is spent on domestic equipment.<ref>{{cite web|title=CRS Report for Congress: U.S Foreign Aid to Israel|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/CRS_AidToIsrael.pdf|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref>
+In terms of total money received, [[Israel]] is the largest cumulative recipient of [[United States military aid|military assistance]] from the [[United States]] since [[World War II]],<ref name=jeremysharp2008>[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731092044/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf |date=2015-07-31 }}. April 11, 2014. By Jeremy M. Sharp. [[Congressional Research Service]]. See appendix tables for yearly aid totals and breakdowns.</ref> followed by [[Vietnam]], [[Egypt]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1194228/ |title=India biggest recipient of US economic assistance over 66-year period: USAID - Pakistan |date=14 July 2015 |publisher=Dawn.Com |access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2023}} About three quarters of the aid is earmarked for purchases of military equipment from U.S. companies and the rest is spent on domestic equipment.<ref>{{cite web|title=CRS Report for Congress: U.S Foreign Aid to Israel|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/CRS_AidToIsrael.pdf|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel - FAS Project on Government |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf }}</ref>
-Since 1987, the U.S. has provided an average of $1.8 billion annually in the form of [[Foreign Military Sales]] (FMS), [[United States Foreign Military Financing|Foreign Military Financing]] (FMF) and funds to support research and development.<ref name="sent-NA" /> A bilateral memorandum of understanding was signed in January 2001, at the end of the Clinton administration, under which defense aid was increased to $2.4 billion annually from $1.8 billion, while the $1.2 billion of [[United States foreign aid|economic aid]] would be eliminated. This was predicated on the basis of the defense aid being increased by $60 million per year until the full amount was reached in 2008, while the economic aid is decreased by $120 million per year until eliminated.<ref name="sent-EM" /><ref name=CRS>{{cite news|title=U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel – Report to Congress January 5, 200F6|date=2006-01-05|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|author=Jeremy M. Sharp|url=http://www.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33222_20060105.pdf}}</ref> In 2007, the United States increased its military aid to Israel by over 25%, to an average of $3 billion per year for the following ten-year period (starting at $2.550 billion for 2008, growing by $150 million each year).<ref name="forbes_aid">Forbes (July 29, 2007).[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/894255.html]{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022125040/http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/07/29/afx3963706.html |date=October 22, 2007 |title="Israeli PM announces 30 billion US dollar US defence aid" }}. Retrieved August 3, 2007.</ref> The package started in October 2008, when regular aid to Israel's economy ended.<ref name="nyt1">''New York Times'', August 17, 2007 [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/world/middleeast/16cnd-israel.html?hp "US and Israel sign Military deal"]. Retrieved Aug 17, 2007.</ref> Officials have insisted the aid is not tied, or meant to balance, simultaneous American plans to sell $20 billion worth of sophisticated arms to its Arab allies in the region, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia.<ref name="nyt1" /> Former U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] assured Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] that the U.S. would help keep a "qualitative advantage" to Israel over other nations in the region.<ref name="forbes_aid" />
+Since 1987, the U.S. has provided an average of $1.8 billion annually in the form of [[Foreign Military Sales]] (FMS), [[United States Foreign Military Financing|Foreign Military Financing]] (FMF) and funds to support research and development.<ref name="sent-NA" /> A bilateral memorandum of understanding was signed in January 2001, at the end of the Clinton administration, under which defense aid was increased to $2.4 billion annually from $1.8 billion, while the $1.2 billion of [[United States foreign aid|economic aid]] would be eliminated. This was predicated on the basis of the defense aid being increased by $60 million per year until the full amount was reached in 2008, while the economic aid is decreased by $120 million per year until eliminated.<ref name="sent-EM" /><ref name=CRS>{{cite news|title=U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel – Report to Congress January 5, 200F6|date=2006-01-05|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|author=Jeremy M. Sharp|url=http://www.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33222_20060105.pdf}}</ref> In 2007, the United States increased its military aid to Israel by over 25%, to an average of $3 billion per year for the following ten-year period (starting at $2.550 billion for 2008, growing by $150 million each year).<ref name="forbes_aid">Forbes (July 29, 2007).[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/894255.html]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022125040/http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/07/29/afx3963706.html|date=October 22, 2007|title="Israeli PM announces 30 billion US dollar US defence aid"}}. Retrieved August 3, 2007.</ref> The package started in October 2008, when regular aid to Israel's economy ended.<ref name="nyt1">''New York Times'', August 17, 2007 [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/world/middleeast/16cnd-israel.html?hp "US and Israel sign Military deal"]. Retrieved Aug 17, 2007.</ref> Officials have insisted the aid is not tied, or meant to balance, simultaneous American plans to sell $20 billion worth of sophisticated arms to its Arab allies in the region, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia.<ref name="nyt1" /> Former U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] assured Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] that the U.S. would help keep a "qualitative advantage" to Israel over other nations in the region.<ref name="forbes_aid" />
 The United States is the largest single supplier of military equipment to Israel. According to the [[U.S. Congressional Research Service]], between 1998–2005 the U.S. accounted for the vast majority of Israel's arms transfer agreements, accounting for $9.1 billion out of $9.5 billion worth of agreements.<ref>''[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL33696.pdf Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1998–2005]'', p. 62. Congressional Research Service, October 23, 2006.</ref> Israel deals directly with U.S. companies for the vast majority of its military purchases from the United States, though it requires permission from the U.S. government for specific purchases. Permission is not always automatic; for instance, in March 2000 it became known that the Israeli government had been refused permission to purchase [[BGM-109 Tomahawk]] missiles.<ref name="sent-EM" />
@@ Line 77: / Line 84: @@
 Israel has the world's largest F-16 fleet outside the [[United States Air Force]]. With the delivery of 102 F-16Is, scheduled through 2008, the [[Israeli Air Force]] will have a total F-16 inventory of 362, in addition to 106 F-15s.<ref>[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/wms/findPage.do?dsp=fec&ci=12098&rsbci=0&fti=0&ti=0&sc=400 "More than 50 Lockheed Martin F-16s planned for Israel, more than $2 billion value"]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[Lockheed Martin]] press release. June 19, 2001.</ref>
-In December 2016, the United States delivered the first two F-35 “Adir” stealth fighter planes, a version of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, arrived to Israel, the first of its kind in the Middle East. In April 2017, the United States delivered an additional three to total five F-35 stealth fighters now operated under the Israeli Air Force <ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Three-F-35-stealth-fighter-jets-to-arrive-in-Israel-on-Sunday-488449 “THREE F-35 STEALTH FIGHTER JETS TO ARRIVE IN ISRAEL ON SUNDAY (2017)”]. </ref> Israel was the first country outside of the United States to receive the F-35 and is expecting to receive a total of 50 over the coming years, achieving two full squadrons by 2022. This delivery is due to the strong partnership that the two countries had in the manufacturing of the fighter jet. Israeli technology, aerospace and defense companies played a pivotal role in the technological innovation giving the plane its immense capabilities. Eventually, Israel hopes to further accommodate its air force with the F-35B STOVL. Recent US Tomahawk strikes into Syria demonstrate that fixed airfields could easily be destroyed or temporarily be made unavailable. The F35B-model has both short take off and vertical landing capability, making it a strong threat in such a small region with constant warfare.<ref>
+In December 2016, the United States delivered the first two F-35 “Adir” stealth fighter planes, a version of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, arrived to Israel, the first of its kind in the Middle East. In April 2017, the United States delivered an additional three to total five F-35 stealth fighters now operated under the Israeli Air Force <ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Three-F-35-stealth-fighter-jets-to-arrive-in-Israel-on-Sunday-488449 “THREE F-35 STEALTH FIGHTER JETS TO ARRIVE IN ISRAEL ON SUNDAY (2017)”].</ref> Israel was the first country outside of the United States to receive the F-35 and is expecting to receive a total of 50 over the coming years, achieving two full squadrons by 2022. This delivery is due to the strong partnership that the two countries had in the manufacturing of the fighter jet. Israeli technology, aerospace and defense companies played a pivotal role in the technological innovation giving the plane its immense capabilities. Eventually, Israel hopes to further accommodate its air force with the F-35B STOVL. Recent US Tomahawk strikes into Syria demonstrate that fixed airfields could easily be destroyed or temporarily be made unavailable. The F35B-model has both short take off and vertical landing capability, making it a strong threat in such a small region with constant warfare.<ref>
- [http://www.defensenews.com/articles/lockheed-vp-there-a-part-of-israel-in-ever-f-35 “‘Lockheed VP: There’s a part of Israel in every F-35’ (2017)"]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. </ref>
+ [http://www.defensenews.com/articles/lockheed-vp-there-a-part-of-israel-in-ever-f-35 “‘Lockheed VP: There’s a part of Israel in every F-35’ (2017)"]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.</ref>
+In 2023, The State Department approved the sale of $320 million worth of guided bomb equipment to Israel.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/06/world/middleeast/us-israel-bomb-equipment-sale.html The State Department Approves $320 Million Sale of Guided Bomb Equipment to Israel]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-plans-precision-bombs-transfer-israel-source-2023-11-06/ US plans precision bombs transfer to Israel -source]</ref> In October 2023, President [[Joe Biden]] called on Congress to pass $14.3&nbsp;billion in emergency military aid to Israel in its [[Israel–Hamas war|war with Hamas]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Demirjian |first2=Karoun |date=20 October 2023 |title=Biden Requests $105 Billion Aid Package for Israel, Ukraine and Other Crises |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/20/us/politics/biden-aid-israel-ukraine-taiwan-border.html }}</ref> On March 30, 2024, the Biden administration authorized $2.5 billion in weapons transfers to Israel.<ref>{{cite web |title=US approves bombs, jets for Israel amid threat of offensive in Gaza's Rafah |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/30/us-approves-bombs-jets-for-israel-amid-threat-of-offensive-in-gazas-rafah |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref> On April 24, 2024, Biden signed a [[Public Law 118-50|$95 billion security package]] which included around $17 billion in military aid for Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden signs aid package with $17B for Israel, $1B extra humanitarian aid for Gazans |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/biden-signs-95-billion-war-aid-measure-with-relief-for-ukraine-israel-and-taiwan/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=24 April 2024}}</ref> In June 2024, the United States officially signed a Letter of Offer and Acceptance, allowing Israel to [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement|purchase]] 25 additional [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|Lockheed Martin F-35]] stealth fighter jets for $3 billion dollars.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=Israel inks deal to buy 25 more F-35 fighter jets for $3 billion |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-inks-deal-to-buy-25-more-f-35-fighter-jets-for-3-billion/ |website=The Times of Israel |date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
+On 9 August 2024, the Department of State said the United States would send Israel an additional $3.5 billion to spend on US-made weapons and military equipment.<ref>{{cite news |title=US to provide $3.5bn more in military aid to Israel amid war on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/10/us-to-send-3-5bn-more-in-military-aid-to-israel-amid-war-on-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |date=10 August 2024}}</ref> On 13 August 2024, the Department of State announced that the U.S. had approved a $20 billion weapons package sale to Israel, which included fighter jets and advanced air-to-air missiles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden administration approves $20 billion in weapons, aircraft sales to Israel |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-approves-20-billion-weapons-sales-israel-hamas-backs-out-cease-fire-talks/ |work=CBS News |date=14 August 2024}}</ref>
+On Sunday, October 20, 2024, [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] Speaker [[Mike Johnson]] confirmed the release of classified documents detailing Israel's plans to attack [[Iran]], describing the revelations as "deeply troubling". The documents pertain to the US Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and the [[National Security Agency]]. They are reminiscent of the Pentagon Papers and are classified under the National Security Community classification system. These documents contained titles regarding Israel's preparations to attack Iran, as well as the supply of ammunition and drone operations. The disclosure of these documents reveals the direct involvement of the United States and its close allies in Israel's potential  attack on Iran.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |last2=Luscombe |first2=Richard |title=US investigates leaked documents alleging Israel plans to attack Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/20/leaked-documents-allege-israel-plans-attack-iran |website=the guardian}}</ref>
 === Foreign military sales ===
@@ Line 88: / Line 101: @@
 ![[Foreign military sales|FMS]]
 ![[Arms industry|DCS]]
+!Total
-!TOTAL
 |-
 |2001
@@ Line 133: / Line 146: @@
 !Supplementals
 ![[NADR-ATA]]
+!Total
-!TOTAL
 |-
 |2001
@@ Line 204: / Line 217: @@
 :''Source: "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations," Fiscal Years 2001–2007.''<ref name="WPIUSIs" />
-=== U.S. military equipment in Israeli use ===
+=== United States military equipment in Israeli use ===
 {{Further|Military equipment of Israel|Israeli Air Force|List of aircraft of the Israeli Air Force}}
-This is not a comprehensive list. In addition to indigenously developed military equipment, Israel has made a number of procurements from the United States in recent years, including systems procured directly from U.S. manufacturers and ex-U.S. Forces equipment. The [[Israel Defense Forces]] also makes use of U.S. military systems not necessarily procured directly from the U.S. The list below includes U.S.-made weapon systems paid for from funding provided by the US, by Israel alone, or by a combination of funding from both nations. All data is from [[Jane's]] ''Sentinel Eastern Mediterranean 2007''<ref name="sent-EM" /> unless otherwise stated.
+This is not a comprehensive list. In addition to indigenously developed military equipment, Israel has made a number of procurements from the United States in recent years, including systems procured directly from US manufacturers and ex-US Forces equipment. The [[Israel Defense Forces]] also makes use of US military systems not necessarily procured directly from the US. The list below includes US-made weapon systems paid for from funding provided by the US, by Israel alone, or by a combination of funding from both nations. All data is from [[Jane's]] ''Sentinel Eastern Mediterranean 2007''<ref name="sent-EM" /> unless otherwise stated.
 [[File:Arrow anti-ballistic missile launch.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Arrow anti-ballistic missile system]], developed in partnership with the United States]]
 {|class="wikitable"
 |-
-! '''Item'''
+! Item
-! '''Quantity'''
+! Quantity
-! '''Year<br />procured'''
+! Year<br />procured
-! '''Origin'''
+! Origin
 |-
 !colspan=4|[[Fighter aircraft]]
@@ Line 234: / Line 247: @@
  - A squadron is born" section</ref>
 |-
-| [[F-15E Strike Eagle#F-15I|F15I Eagle]]
+| [[F-15E Strike Eagle#F-15I|F-15I Eagle]]
 | 25
 | From 1997
@@ Line 445: / Line 458: @@
 === Israeli military equipment in U.S. use ===
-{{Further information|Defense industry of Israel}}
+{{Further|Defense industry of Israel}}
 There are few statistics available about Israeli arms sales to the USA. The following weapons are known to be in use by the American military.
 * [[ADM-141 TALD]] (Improved Tactical Air Launched Decoy) – device used to protect U.S. warplanes from enemy fire.
@@ Line 458: / Line 471: @@
 * [[Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station]] – A [[remote weapon system]].
 * [[IAI Kfir]] – An all-weather [[multirole combat aircraft]] formerly used by the US Navy for training purposes.
-* [[DASH III]] [[helmet-mounted display]] – The first modern Western HMD, upon which the [[JHMCS]] was based.
+* DASH III [[helmet-mounted display]] – The first modern Western HMD, upon which the [[JHMCS]] was based.
 * [[Uzi]] submachine gun – compact [[submachine gun]] primarily used by the [[Zim Integrated Shipping Services]] [[Merchant navy|merchant marine]] and formerly the [[United States Secret Service]].
+===Arms embargoes on Israel===
+{{see also|Arms embargoes on Israel}}
+In November 1947, while the United Nations was debating the partition of Palestine, the [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]] imposed an arms embargo on all sides in Palestine. Following Israel's establishment in May 1948, the Truman administration continued its arms embargo against Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ruebner |first1=Josh |title=Kamala Harris must protect Palestinians with an arms embargo |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/4860513-harris-israel-weapons-embargo/ |agency=The Hill}}</ref>
+Kennedy ended the arms embargo that the Eisenhower and Truman administrations had enforced on Israel. Describing the protection of Israel as a moral and national commitment, he was the first to introduce the concept of a 'special relationship' (as he described it to [[Golda Meir]]) between the U.S. and Israel.<ref>{{cite book |title=Balancing Act: US Foreign Policy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |author=Shannon, Vaughn P. |year=2003 |location=Aldershot |page=55 |isbn=0754635910}}</ref>
+Throughout 2009, the [[Jewish Institute for National Security of America]] reported Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu tried to conceal that Obama had imposed a virtual arms embargo on Israel. Obama blocked all major Israeli weapons requests, including key projects and upgrades, linking arms sales to progress in the peace process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Netanyahu keeping mum about Obama's virtual arms embargo |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2010/me_israel0104_02_10.asp |agency=Worldtribune.com |date=27 May 2011}}</ref>
+Prior to October 7, 2023, concerns centered mainly around Israel's [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation of the West Bank]], [[International law and Israeli settlements|continued settlement expansion]], and evidence of [[Israeli war crimes|human rights abuses]] by the Israeli military in the occupied territories. A 2020 poll by [[J Street]], a liberal Jewish lobby group, found that 57 percent of American Jews want to limit military aid to Israel to ensure it cannot pay for annexation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Valdez |first1=Jonah |title=The number of Americans opposed to sending arms to Israel has grown, month after month, as the brutal war on Gaza grinds on. |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/09/10/polls-arms-embargo-israel-weapons-gaza/ |agency=The Intercept |date=10 September 2024}}</ref> A report by [[ProPublica]] found the U.S. State Department had ignored reports about potential human rights violations by the Israeli army to continue weapons transfers to Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Brett |title=Inside the State Department’s Weapons Pipeline to Israel |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/gaza-palestine-israel-blocked-humanitarian-aid-blinken |website=ProPublica |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[Israel–United States relations]]
+* [[Israel lobby in the United States]]
 * [[United States foreign aid]]
-* [[United States security assistance to the Palestinian Authority]]
+* [[United States foreign policy in the Middle East]]
+* [[United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority]]
-* [[2012 US-Israel military exercise]]
+* [[United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war]]
+* [[2012 US–Israel military exercise]]
+* [[Military history of Israel]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 472: / Line 497: @@
 {{Foreign relations of Israel}}
 {{Foreign relations of the United States}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Israel-United States military relations}}
 [[Category:Israel–United States military relations| ]]
-[[Category:Bilateral military relations of the United States|Israel]]
 [[Category:Bilateral military relations of Israel|United States]]
-[[Category:Israel–United States relations|military]]
+[[Category:Bilateral military relations of the United States]]
+[[Category:Israel–United States relations|Military]]
+[[Category:Military diplomacy]]
+[[Category:United States foreign policy]]

v t e Foreign relations of Israel
Africa	Algeria Angola Botswana Cameroon Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Kenya Liberia Libya Malawi Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe
Americas	Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Haiti Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru United States military Uruguay Venezuela
Asia	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China Hong Kong East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen
Europe	Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
Oceania	Australia Fiji Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga
Former states	East Germany Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Multilateral	Arab world Arab League Arab–Israeli conflict Arab–Israeli alliance European Union United Nations
Diplomacy	Alliance of the periphery Camp David Accords Egypt Jordan Oslo Accords Abraham Accords United Arab Emirates Bahrain Sudan Morocco Diplomatic missions of Israel in Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs International recognition Legitimacy Free trade agreements of Israel