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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|School associated with Visva Bharati University}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2019}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox university
{{Infobox residential college
| name = Sangit Bhavana
| name = Sangit Bhavana
| image = Sangeet Bhavan - 1919 CE - Santiniketan 2014-06-29 5393.JPG
| native_name =
| image_name = Sangeet Bhavan - 1919 CE - Santiniketan 2014-06-29 5393.JPG
| caption = Sangit Bhavana, Santiniketan
| image_size =
| scarf =
| university = [[Visva-Bharati University]]
| image_alt =
| caption = Sangit Bhavan, Santiniketan
| full_name =
| latin_name =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| founder = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| mottoeng =
| named_for =
| previous_names =
| established = 1933
| closed =
| established = 1933
| type =
| sister_college =
| affiliation = [[Visva-Bharati University]]
| principal = Prof. Nikhil Chowdhury
| endowment =
| undergraduates =
| budget =
| graduates =
| officer_in_charge =
| endowment =
| chairman =
| location = [[Santiniketan]], West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.68101|N|87.68183|E|display=inline,title}}
| chancellor =
| president =
| location_map =
| vice-president =
| colours =
| superintendent =
|logo =
⚫
| website = {{URL|http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SangitBhavana.html|visvabharati.ac.in/sangitbhavana}}
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Prof. Nikhil Chowdhury
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Santiniketan]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| former_names =
| nickname =
⚫
| website = [http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SangitBhavana.html Sangit Bhavana]
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Sangit Bhavana''' (Institute of Dance, Drama and Music), of [[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Santiniketan]], started functioning as a part of [[Kala Bhavana]] in 1919 and as a separate institution in 1933. It was established by the Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]].
'''Sangit Bhavana''' (Institute of Dance, Drama and Music), of [[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Santiniketan]], started functioning as a part of [[Kala Bhavana]] in 1919 and as a separate institution in 1933. It was established by the Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangeet Bhavan is still relevant while completing hundred years |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/sangeet-bhavan-is-still-relevant-while-completing-hundred-years-1.1044742 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>
==Backdrop==
“Gurudeva Rabindranath Tagore always acknowledged the rightful place of music and dance in his scheme of education. He regarded the language of sound and movement to be the highest means of self-expression without which people remain inarticulate. Himself being a composer of great originality, he wrote dance-dramas, operas and more than 2,000 songs to fit where human emotions come to play.”<ref name="bhavana">{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SangitBhavana.html| title = Sangit Bhavana| publisher = Visva Bharati |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>


==Overview==
{{Cquote
''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' writes, "Like the fine arts, music was an important part of the curriculum taught at [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore's]] school. For the [[Santiniketan]] community, his songs were a constant source of joy and solace. They were integral to each aspect of Santiniketan's unique way of life and cultural identity. Not surprisingly, the teaching of music and dance received a fresh impetus when [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva-Bharati]] was founded. A new musical tradition evolved under the guidance of stalwarts like [[Dinendranath Tagore]], Rabindranath's musician grandnephew, and Pandit Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri, a versatile Maharashtrian musician who taught [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref name="statesman">{{cite web | url =https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/centenary-of-the-nestii-1502729997.html | title = Centenary of the Nest II | first= Sukalyan| last= Chanda| date = 4 February 2019 | publisher = The Statesman, 5 February 2019 |accessdate = 12 September 2019}}</ref>
| quote =

It may be that Santiniketan will remain a musical dream; a city built to music and therefore never built at all. But even then it will be high that proved too high; the heroic, for this earth too hard; the passion that left the ground to lose itself in the sky. The poet has written mush music for Bengal. Here is something he has dreamt for the dreamers of all ages.
"Simultaneously, a new style of dance was created through experimentation with styles borrowed from various traditions and cultures. Traditional [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and [[Kathakali]] styles and also non-Indian dance forms such as the [[Kandyan dance|Ceylonese Kandy dance]] were incorporated into this new dance style that had an identity of its own. Such syncretism was a hallmark of Visva- Bharati's distinctive cultural outlook.<ref name="statesman"/>
| author = '''Krishna Kripalani'''

| source = <ref>{{cite web | url = https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/240041/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|title = Sangit Bhavana and its Acharyas |work= Visva-Bharati News 1933 page 88| publisher = Shodh Ganga |accessdate = 8 September 2019}}</ref>
"Santiniketan revolutionized Bengali and, by extension, Indian perceptions of culture by challenging social prejudices against the performing arts. The students broke a taboo when they began to participate in performances on the public stage. In short, in Santiniketan the performing arts gained a new respectability."<ref name="statesman"/>
| width = 40%
| float = right
}}


==History==
==History==
Rabindranath's school, Brahmacharyasrama, at Santiniketan, was formally opened on 22 December 1901.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/History.html | title = Visva Bharati| work= History| publisher = Visva Bharati |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>Music was an important part of the curriculum right from the beginning, but the music taught was limited to [[Rabindra Sangeet|Rabindra Sangit]].<ref name="bhimrao">{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/BhimraoHasurkarSastri.html| title = Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri | publisher = Visva Bharati |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>In 1919, when [[Kala Bhavana]] first started functioning, it taught both music and art. In 1933, the two streams were separated with individual institutes for each stream - Kala Bhavana and Sangit Bhavana.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/file/English-Chapter-I.pdf| title = From Bharmacharyashrama to Visva-Bharati: A Chronicle of Metamorphosis of a Tiny School into an Internationally-Acclaimed Centre of Learning| publisher = Visva Baharati |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>
Rabindranath's school, Brahmacharyasrama, at Santiniketan, was formally opened on 22 December 1901.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/History.html | title = Visva Bharati| work= History| publisher = Visva Bharati |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref> Music was an important part of the curriculum right from the beginning, but the music taught was limited to [[Rabindra Sangeet|Rabindra Sangit]].<ref name="bhimrao">{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/BhimraoHasurkarSastri.html| title = Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri | publisher = Visva Bharati |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref> In 1919, when [[Kala Bhavana]] first started functioning, it taught both music and art. In 1933, the two streams were separated with individual institutes for each stream - Kala Bhavana and Sangit Bhavana.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/file/English-Chapter-I.pdf| title = From Bharmacharyashrama to Visva-Bharati: A Chronicle of Metamorphosis of a Tiny School into an Internationally-Acclaimed Centre of Learning| publisher = Visva Baharati |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>


[[Dinendranath Tagore]], grandson of [[Dwijendranath Tagore]], the poet’s eldest brother, was brought up in the culturally rich environment of [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]] and was a talented musician familiar with both [[Hindustani classical music]] and music in [[western culture]]. He was particularly good with [[musical notation]]s and was in-charge of the music department from the earliest years.<ref name="dinu">{{cite web | url =http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/DinendranathTagore.html | title = Dinendranath Tagore (1882-1935) | publisher =Visva Bharati|accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri introduced the teaching of Hindustani classical music in Santiniketan. He was the second adhakshya of the music department from 1923 to 1927.<ref name="bhimrao"/>Thereafter, Dinendra Nath Tagore once again took over charge.<ref name="dinu"/>
[[Dinendranath Tagore]], grandson of [[Dwijendranath Tagore]], the poet's eldest brother, was brought up in the culturally rich environment of [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]] and was a talented musician familiar with both [[Hindustani classical music]] and music in [[western culture]]. He was particularly good with [[musical notation]]s and was in-charge of the music department from the earliest years.<ref name="dinu">{{cite web | url =http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/DinendranathTagore.html | title = Dinendranath Tagore (1882-1935) | publisher =Visva Bharati|accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref> Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri introduced the teaching of Hindustani classical music in Santiniketan. He was the second adhakshya of the music department from 1923 to 1927.<ref name="bhimrao"/> Thereafter, Dinendra Nath Tagore once again took over charge.<ref name="dinu"/>


⚫
[[Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University|Bhatkhande Music Institute]] set up by renowned musicologist and pioneer in classical music training, [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]], in [[Lucknow]], provided well-trained Hindusthani classical music acharyas to Visva Bharati for many years.<ref name="shodhganga"/>
⚫
The association of music with the courtesans in those days somewhat damaged its reputation as an art form, but Rabindranath’s experiments with the art of dance at Santiniketan were initially received with opposition and criticism from the then existing orthodox society.<ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web | url = https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/240041/7/07_chapter%202.pdf| title = Sangit Bhavana and Rabindranath’s Vision| publisher = Sodhgnga |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>

⚫
The association of music with the courtesans in those days somewhat damaged its reputation as an art form, and [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath's]] experiments with the art of dance at [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]] were initially received with opposition and criticism from the then existing orthodox society.<ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web | url = https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/240041/7/07_chapter%202.pdf| title = Sangit Bhavana and Rabindranath's Vision| publisher = Sodhgnga |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>


In 1919, Rabindranath decided to include [[Manipuri dance]] in the curriculum of Santiniketan after witnessing a dance performance in Sylhet. He requested [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]], the king of [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]], to send a Manipuri dance teacher and the latter sent Rajkumar Buddhimanta Singh to Santiniketan. Later, Nileswar Mukherjee of Bhanugach also joined Santiniketan as a teacher of Manipuri dance.<ref>{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA131| year=1988| publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|page=131}}</ref>
In 1919, Rabindranath decided to include [[Manipuri dance]] in the curriculum of Santiniketan after witnessing a dance performance in Sylhet. He requested [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]], the king of [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]], to send a Manipuri dance teacher and the latter sent Rajkumar Buddhimanta Singh to Santiniketan. Later, Nileswar Mukherjee of Bhanugach also joined Santiniketan as a teacher of Manipuri dance.<ref>{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA131| year=1988| publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|page=131}}</ref>


[[Guru Kelu Nair]] was the first [[Kathakali]] teacher at Santiniketan from 1937 to 1941. Subsequently, Haridasan Nair, Balakrishnan Menon, Keshava Poduval, Unni Krishna Kuruppu and Mohan Krishnan Poduval were some of the eminent teachers at Santiniketan for Kathakali dance. In later years, Kalamandalam Govindan Kutty was associated with both Kolkata and Santiniketan.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sangeetgalaxy.co.in/admin/manufiles/17514625094-Chandani.pdf| title = Dance Education in Santiniketan|work= Shasthrapathi Chandani Kasturi Arachchi | publisher = Sangeet Galaxy, July 2016|accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>
Rabindranath Tagore was attracted to [[Kathakali]] mainly as a result of its rhythmic dance components like ''kalasam'' and ''sari'', with only a veneer of gestural ''abhinaya''. He sent [[Santideb Ghosh]], twice to South India to get in touch with [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]. In 1939 [[Vallathol Narayana Menon|Poet Vallathol]] visited Santiniketan. Rabindranath requested him to send a Kathakali teacher to Santiniketan. Santideb Ghosh again visited Kerala for the purpose. [[Guru Kelu Nair]] was the first [[Kathakali]] teacher at [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]] from 1937 to 1941. Subsequently, Haridasan Nair, Balakrishnan Menon, Keshava Poduval, Unni Krishna Kuruppu and Mohan Krishnan Poduval were some of the eminent teachers at Santiniketan for Kathakali dance. In later years, Kalamandalam Govindan Kutty was associated with both [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sangeetgalaxy.co.in/admin/manufiles/17514625094-Chandani.pdf| title = Dance Education in Santiniketan|work= Shasthrapathi Chandani Kasturi Arachchi | publisher = Sangeet Galaxy, July 2016|accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref>


==The institute overview==
==The institute overview==
Emininet names in the musical arena such as [[Dinendranath Tagore]], Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri, [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]], [[Santidev Ghosh]], Sushil Kumar Bhanja Choudhuri and [[Sailajaranjan Majumdar]] laid down rich traditions in earlier years.<ref name="bhavana"/>In later years the traditions were upheld by such persons as [[Kanika Banerjee]] and [[Nilima Sen]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/KanikaBandyopadhyay.html| title = Kanika Bandopadhyay| publisher = Visva Bharati |accessdate = 3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.veethi.com/india-people/nilima_sen-profile-9271-24.htm| title = Nilima Sen profile| publisher = Veethi |accessdate = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
Eminent names in the musical arena such as [[Dinendranath Tagore]], Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri, [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]], [[Santidev Ghosh]], Sushil Kumar Bhanja Choudhuri and [[Sailajaranjan Majumdar]] laid down rich traditions in earlier years.<ref name="bhavana">{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SangitBhavana.html| title = Sangit Bhavana| publisher = Visva Bharati |accessdate = 4 September 2019}}</ref> In later years the traditions were upheld by such persons as [[Kanika Banerjee]] and [[Nilima Sen]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/KanikaBandyopadhyay.html| title = Kanika Bandopadhyay| publisher = Visva Bharati |accessdate = 3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.veethi.com/india-people/nilima_sen-profile-9271-24.htm| title = Nilima Sen profile| publisher = Veethi |accessdate = 29 August 2019}}</ref>


In addition to those who studied at Santineiketan and remained back as notable teachers, some of the students who have emerged as popular singers are: [[Suchitra Mitra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rabindra Sangeet exponent Suchitra Mitra passes away|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rabindra-sangeet-exponent-suchitra-mitra-pas/732688/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 January 2011 }}</ref>,[[Subinoy Roy]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/kolkatar-korcha-1.702335 | title = Kolkatar Karcha|work= {{Bn icon}}| publisher = Ananda Bazar Patrika, 6 November 2017|accessdate = 29 August 2019}}</ref>, [[Sumitra Guha]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://underscorerecords.com/artistes/detail/145/Sumitra-Guha| title = Sumitra Guha| publisher = Underscore Records |accessdate = 29 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-rezwana-choudhury-bannya-a-bangladeshi-exponent-of-rabindra-sangeet/articleshow/53575934.cms?from=mdr| title = Meet Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, a Bangladeshi exponent of Rabindra Sangeet | publisher = The Economic Times, 7 August 2016 |accessdate = 10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.last.fm/music/Rezwana+Chowdhury+Banya/+wiki | title = Rezwana Chowdhury Banya |work= Biography| publisher = last.fm |accessdate = 10 August 2019}}</ref>
In addition to those who studied at Santineiketan and remained back as notable teachers, some of the students who have emerged as popular singers, beyond Santiniketan, are: [[Suchitra Mitra]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Rabindra Sangeet exponent Suchitra Mitra passes away|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rabindra-sangeet-exponent-suchitra-mitra-pas/732688/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 January 2011 }}</ref> [[Subinoy Roy]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/kolkatar-korcha-1.702335 | title = Kolkatar Karcha|work= {{in lang|bn}}| publisher = Ananda Bazar Patrika, 6 November 2017|accessdate = 29 August 2019}}</ref> [[Sumitra Guha]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://underscorerecords.com/artistes/detail/145/Sumitra-Guha| title = Sumitra Guha| publisher = Underscore Records |accessdate = 29 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-rezwana-choudhury-bannya-a-bangladeshi-exponent-of-rabindra-sangeet/articleshow/53575934.cms?from=mdr| title = Meet Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, a Bangladeshi exponent of Rabindra Sangeet | newspaper = The Economic Times | date = 7 August 2016 | publisher = The Economic Times, 7 August 2016 |accessdate = 10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.last.fm/music/Rezwana+Chowdhury+Banya/+wiki | title = Rezwana Chowdhury Banya |work= Biography| publisher = last.fm |accessdate = 10 August 2019}}</ref>


Sangit Bhavana "focuses on the realms of music and dance. The courses vary from PG to undergraduate study and from diplomas to certificate courses. Almost all forms and styles of Indian music and dance are dealt with under one roof."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/tagores-vision-of-an-institution/article2987625.ece| title = Tagore's Vision of an Institution |work= Colleges | date = 26 March 2012 | publisher = 26 March 2012 |accessdate = 11 September 2019}}</ref> Sangit Bhavana imparts training in Rabindra Sangit, Hindusthani classical vocal and instrumental music ([[esraj]], [[sitar]], [[tabla]], [[pakhvaj]]), Manipuri and Kathakali dance styles, dramas and Tagore's own musical dance-dramas. For exceptionally talented post-graduates, there is scope for research.<ref name="bhavana"/>
⚫
[[Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University|Bhatkhande Music Institute]] set up by renowned musicologist and pioneer in classical music training, [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]], in [[Lucknow]], provided well-trained Hindusthani classical music acharyas to Visva Bharati for many years.<ref name="shodhganga"/>

Sangit Bhavana imparts training in Rabindra Sangit, Hindusthani classical vocal and instrumental music ([[esraj]], [[sitar]], [[tabla]], [[pakhvaj]]), Manipuri and Kathakali dance styles, dramas and Tagore’s own musical dance-dramas. For exceptionally talented post-graduates, there is scope for research.<ref name="bhavana"/>


==In popular culture and in history==
==In popular culture and in history==
*[[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] (then Mrinalini Swaminathan, 20 years old), studied [[Kathakali]] under [[Guru Kelu Nair]] and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] under Guru Ambui Singh. An extremely creative person she was always on the look out for new forms in traditional techniques to express herself. When Tagore gave her the leading role in his dance drama ''[[Rabindra Nritya Natya|Chandalika]]'' she was thrilled, more so because she had to do the [[Bharatnatyam]] choreography by her-self. ‘Dance it as you wish,’ Tagore said. It was the first time that Bharatnatyam was introduced in Tagore’s dance drama.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q2GlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT172&lpg=PT172&dq=mrinalini+sarabhai+Santiniketan+Chandalika&source=bl&ots=GV9rc-P_cX&sig=ACfU3U3bxrYvN617qbLVagpucZPau6rmMw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-lMvt2LrkAhXHtI8KHW2vDIwQ6AEwEHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=mrinalini%20sarabhai%20Santiniketan%20Chandalika&f=false| title = Women, Speak, Nation: Gender, Culture and Politics|work= edited by Panchali Roy| publisher = Taylor and Francis/ Google |accessdate = 6 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] (then Mrinalini Swaminathan, 20 years old), studied [[Kathakali]] under [[Guru Kelu Nair]] and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] under Guru Ambui Singh. An extremely creative person she was always on the look out for new forms in traditional techniques to express herself. When Tagore gave her the leading role in his dance drama ''[[Rabindra Nritya Natya|Chandalika]]'' she was thrilled, more so because she had to do the [[Bharatnatyam]] choreography by her-self. ‘Dance it as you wish,’ Tagore said. It was the first time that Bharatnatyam was introduced in Tagore's dance drama.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2GlDwAAQBAJ&q=mrinalini+sarabhai+Santiniketan+Chandalika&pg=PT172| title = Women, Speak, Nation: Gender, Culture and Politics|work= edited by Panchali Roy| date = 24 July 2019| publisher = Taylor and Francis/ Google | isbn = 9781000507270|accessdate = 6 September 2019}}</ref>
*The Kandyan dance of Ceylon and the dance-dramas of Java and Bali represented the 'Asian mind' for Tagore. The hybrid form of Tagore’s dance drama developed over time. [[Pratima Devi (painter)|Pratima Devi]] called it a product of ‘chemical synthesis’ of several traditional Asian dance forms and modern European dance. Kathakali and Manipuri formed the base and there were additives from the modern European styles of [[Rudolf von Laban|Rudolf Laban]], [[Kurt Jooss]] and [[Mary Wigman]]. Tagore’s niece Shrimati Tagore brought in many of these to Santiniketan after training in Europe for three years. A Japanese dancer named Maki had choroegraphed ''[[Rabindra Nritya Natya|Chitrangada]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rb-GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=Santideb+Ghosh+Java+and+Bali&source=bl&ots=TqMHl5Ty4S&sig=ACfU3U0U6lxdiHz8OeCJmfmhYhMNF5dwHw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHxZ7Ul77kAhXJpI8KHaOmDKQ4FBDoATAAegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=Santideb%20Ghosh%20Java%20and%20Bali&f=false| title = Performing Otherness: Java and Bali on International Stages, 1905-1952 |work= Page 166| publisher = Springer/ Google |accessdate = 7 September 2019}}</ref>
*The [[Kandyan dance]] of Ceylon and the [[Indonesian dance|dance-dramas of Java and Bali]] represented the 'Asian mind' for Tagore. The hybrid form of Tagore's dance drama developed over time. [[Pratima Devi (painter)|Pratima Devi]] called it a product of ‘chemical synthesis’ of several traditional Asian dance forms and modern European dance. Kathakali and Manipuri formed the base and there were additives from the modern European styles of [[Rudolf von Laban|Rudolf Laban]], [[Kurt Jooss]] and [[Mary Wigman]]. Tagore's niece Shrimati Tagore brought in many of these to Santiniketan after training in Europe for three years. A Japanese dancer named Maki had choreographed ''[[Rabindra Nritya Natya|Chitrangada]]''<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rb-GDAAAQBAJ&q=Santideb+Ghosh+Java+and+Bali&pg=PA164| title = Performing Otherness: Java and Bali on International Stages, 1905-1952 |work= Page 166| date = 27 October 2010 | publisher = Springer/ Google | isbn = 9780230309005 |accessdate = 7 September 2019}}</ref>
*Tagore’s music was a blend of different genres and many of his compositions were sung in Western classical mode also. Two Ashramites, Allen Danielu and Arthur Gedes, presented Tagore’s lyrics in English, set to his tunes, and rendered in western style with piano as accompaniment.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d0EoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=Arthur+Gedes&source=bl&ots=cxWyi7PWin&sig=ACfU3U3rLs7PSimmgXy2dR0UftpVCpvXdg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlkc2B_MTkAhUDOo8KHcEEBbwQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Arthur%20Gedes&f=false| title = Over The Years|work=Sudip Bhattacharya, page 65 | publisher = Edurecreation Publishing / Google |accessdate = 9 September 2019}}</ref>
*Tagore's music was a blend of different genres and many of his compositions were sung in Western classical mode also. Two Ashramites, Allen Danielu and Arthur Gedes, presented Tagore's lyrics in English, set to his tunes, and rendered in western style with piano as accompaniment.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d0EoDwAAQBAJ&q=Arthur+Gedes&pg=PA65| title = Over The Years|work=Sudip Bhattacharya, page 65 | date = 26 December 2015| publisher = Edurecreation Publishing / Google |accessdate = 9 September 2019}}</ref>
*Manoj and Manisha Murali Nair, a brother and sister duo, have produced 10 Rabindra Sangit albums till now. They are children of Kalamandalam Murlidharan Nair, the Kathakali guru at Visva Bharati.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/together-with-tagore/cid/1540504 | title = Together with Tagore | publisher = The Telegraph, 9 May 2017 |accessdate = 5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/tagore-in-tune/article4030817.ece| title = Tagore in Tune| publisher = The Hindu, 25 October 2012 |accessdate = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
*Manoj and Manisha Murali Nair, a brother and sister duo, have produced 10 Rabindra Sangit albums until now. They are children of Kalamandalam Murlidharan Nair, the Kathakali guru at Visva Bharati.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/together-with-tagore/cid/1540504 | title = Together with Tagore | publisher = The Telegraph, 9 May 2017 |accessdate = 5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/tagore-in-tune/article4030817.ece| title = Tagore in Tune| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 25 October 2012| publisher = The Hindu, 25 October 2012 |accessdate = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
*Rabindranath's timeless song ''Purano shei diner katha'' has its roots in Scotland. It was inspired by ''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'' (Long long ago) by the Scottish poet and lyricist [[Robert Burns]]. Several other Tagore songs have a similar history. In 2011, the Scottish government set up a Centre for Tagore Studies at Napier University in Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tagore-drew-inspiration-from-Scottish-bard-for-his-poem/articleshow/10799964.cms| title = Tagore drew inspiration from Scottish bard for his poem | newspaper = The Times of India | date = 20 November 2011 | publisher = The Times of India, 20 November 2011 |accessdate = 9 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-now-a-rabindranath-tagore-hub-in-edinburgh-university-1687015| title = Now, a Rabindranath Tagore hub in Edinburgh University | publisher = DNA 10 May 2012|accessdate = 9 September 2019}}</ref> In January 2019, Visva Bharati organised a special programme on Rabindranath and Robert Burns.
⚫
*Pallavi Krishnan, leading Mohiniyattam exponent completed her graduation in dance (Kathakali) from Santiniketan and then did her post graduation in Mohiniyattam from [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pallavikrishnan.com/profile.html| title = Pallavi Krishnan| publisher = Pallavi Krishnan|accessdate = 9 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/dec/03/pallavi-enthuses-effortless-grace-1906390.html| title = Pallavi enthuses effortless grace| publisher = The New Indian Express, 3 Decemeber 2018 |accessdate = 9 September 2019}}</ref>
:See also - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycGMGDEb3W8 Special programme on Rabindranath Tagore and Scottish poet Robert Burns]
⚫
*[[Pallavi Krishnan]], leading Mohiniyattam exponent completed her graduation in dance (Kathakali) from Santiniketan and then did her post graduation in Mohiniyattam from [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pallavikrishnan.com/profile.html| title = Pallavi Krishnan| publisher = Pallavi Krishnan| accessdate = 9 September 2019| archive-date = 21 September 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190921222413/http://www.pallavikrishnan.com/profile.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/dec/03/pallavi-enthuses-effortless-grace-1906390.html| title = Pallavi enthuses effortless grace| date = 3 December 2018| publisher = The New Indian Express, 3 December 2018 |access-date = 9 September 2019}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{external media
{{external media
| align=right
|float=right
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DzMEGO0Wkc Visva Bharati and Preparation of Basanta Utsav] (commentary in Bengali)
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DzMEGO0Wkc Visva Bharati and Preparation of Basanta Utsav] (commentary in Bengali)
|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycGMGDEb3W8 Special programme on Rabindranath Tagore and Scottish poet Robert Burns] (commentary in English and Bengali)
|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mwl-P-QLLxU DD Santiniketan 22 she Sravan]
}}
}}


{{Santiniketan}}
{{Santiniketan}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Music schools in India]]
[[Category:Music schools in India]]
[[Category:Dance schools in India]]
[[Category:Dance schools in India]]
[[Category:Dance education in India]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University]]
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[[Category:Education in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Education in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in British India]]

Latest revision as of 01:13, 21 November 2024

Sangit Bhavana
Visva-Bharati University
Sangit Bhavana, Santiniketan
LocationSantiniketan, West Bengal, India
Coordinates23°40′52″N 87°40′55″E / 23.68101°N 87.68183°E / 23.68101; 87.68183
FounderRabindranath Tagore
Established1933
PrincipalProf. Nikhil Chowdhury
Websitevisvabharati.ac.in/sangitbhavana

Sangit Bhavana (Institute of Dance, Drama and Music), of Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, started functioning as a part of Kala Bhavana in 1919 and as a separate institution in 1933. It was established by the Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.[1]

Overview

[edit]

The Statesman writes, "Like the fine arts, music was an important part of the curriculum taught at Tagore's school. For the Santiniketan community, his songs were a constant source of joy and solace. They were integral to each aspect of Santiniketan's unique way of life and cultural identity. Not surprisingly, the teaching of music and dance received a fresh impetus when Visva-Bharati was founded. A new musical tradition evolved under the guidance of stalwarts like Dinendranath Tagore, Rabindranath's musician grandnephew, and Pandit Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri, a versatile Maharashtrian musician who taught Hindustani classical music.[2]

"Simultaneously, a new style of dance was created through experimentation with styles borrowed from various traditions and cultures. Traditional Manipuri and Kathakali styles and also non-Indian dance forms such as the Ceylonese Kandy dance were incorporated into this new dance style that had an identity of its own. Such syncretism was a hallmark of Visva- Bharati's distinctive cultural outlook.[2]

"Santiniketan revolutionized Bengali and, by extension, Indian perceptions of culture by challenging social prejudices against the performing arts. The students broke a taboo when they began to participate in performances on the public stage. In short, in Santiniketan the performing arts gained a new respectability."[2]

History

[edit]

Rabindranath's school, Brahmacharyasrama, at Santiniketan, was formally opened on 22 December 1901.[3] Music was an important part of the curriculum right from the beginning, but the music taught was limited to Rabindra Sangit.[4] In 1919, when Kala Bhavana first started functioning, it taught both music and art. In 1933, the two streams were separated with individual institutes for each stream - Kala Bhavana and Sangit Bhavana.[5]

Dinendranath Tagore, grandson of Dwijendranath Tagore, the poet's eldest brother, was brought up in the culturally rich environment of Jorasanko Thakur Bari and was a talented musician familiar with both Hindustani classical music and music in western culture. He was particularly good with musical notations and was in-charge of the music department from the earliest years.[6] Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri introduced the teaching of Hindustani classical music in Santiniketan. He was the second adhakshya of the music department from 1923 to 1927.[4] Thereafter, Dinendra Nath Tagore once again took over charge.[6]

Bhatkhande Music Institute set up by renowned musicologist and pioneer in classical music training, Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, in Lucknow, provided well-trained Hindusthani classical music acharyas to Visva Bharati for many years.[7]

The association of music with the courtesans in those days somewhat damaged its reputation as an art form, and Rabindranath's experiments with the art of dance at Santiniketan were initially received with opposition and criticism from the then existing orthodox society.[7]

In 1919, Rabindranath decided to include Manipuri dance in the curriculum of Santiniketan after witnessing a dance performance in Sylhet. He requested Birendra Kishore Manikya, the king of Tripura, to send a Manipuri dance teacher and the latter sent Rajkumar Buddhimanta Singh to Santiniketan. Later, Nileswar Mukherjee of Bhanugach also joined Santiniketan as a teacher of Manipuri dance.[8]

Rabindranath Tagore was attracted to Kathakali mainly as a result of its rhythmic dance components like kalasam and sari, with only a veneer of gestural abhinaya. He sent Santideb Ghosh, twice to South India to get in touch with Kerala Kalamandalam. In 1939 Poet Vallathol visited Santiniketan. Rabindranath requested him to send a Kathakali teacher to Santiniketan. Santideb Ghosh again visited Kerala for the purpose. Guru Kelu Nair was the first Kathakali teacher at Santiniketan from 1937 to 1941. Subsequently, Haridasan Nair, Balakrishnan Menon, Keshava Poduval, Unni Krishna Kuruppu and Mohan Krishnan Poduval were some of the eminent teachers at Santiniketan for Kathakali dance. In later years, Kalamandalam Govindan Kutty was associated with both Kolkata and Santiniketan.[9]

The institute overview

[edit]

Eminent names in the musical arena such as Dinendranath Tagore, Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri, Indira Devi Chaudhurani, Santidev Ghosh, Sushil Kumar Bhanja Choudhuri and Sailajaranjan Majumdar laid down rich traditions in earlier years.[10] In later years the traditions were upheld by such persons as Kanika Banerjee and Nilima Sen.[11][12]

In addition to those who studied at Santineiketan and remained back as notable teachers, some of the students who have emerged as popular singers, beyond Santiniketan, are: Suchitra Mitra,[13] Subinoy Roy,[14] Sumitra Guha[15] and Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya.[16][17]

Sangit Bhavana "focuses on the realms of music and dance. The courses vary from PG to undergraduate study and from diplomas to certificate courses. Almost all forms and styles of Indian music and dance are dealt with under one roof."[18] Sangit Bhavana imparts training in Rabindra Sangit, Hindusthani classical vocal and instrumental music (esraj, sitar, tabla, pakhvaj), Manipuri and Kathakali dance styles, dramas and Tagore's own musical dance-dramas. For exceptionally talented post-graduates, there is scope for research.[10]

[edit]
  • Mrinalini Sarabhai (then Mrinalini Swaminathan, 20 years old), studied Kathakali under Guru Kelu Nair and Manipuri under Guru Ambui Singh. An extremely creative person she was always on the look out for new forms in traditional techniques to express herself. When Tagore gave her the leading role in his dance drama Chandalika she was thrilled, more so because she had to do the Bharatnatyam choreography by her-self. ‘Dance it as you wish,’ Tagore said. It was the first time that Bharatnatyam was introduced in Tagore's dance drama.[19]
  • The Kandyan dance of Ceylon and the dance-dramas of Java and Bali represented the 'Asian mind' for Tagore. The hybrid form of Tagore's dance drama developed over time. Pratima Devi called it a product of ‘chemical synthesis’ of several traditional Asian dance forms and modern European dance. Kathakali and Manipuri formed the base and there were additives from the modern European styles of Rudolf Laban, Kurt Jooss and Mary Wigman. Tagore's niece Shrimati Tagore brought in many of these to Santiniketan after training in Europe for three years. A Japanese dancer named Maki had choreographed Chitrangada[20]
  • Tagore's music was a blend of different genres and many of his compositions were sung in Western classical mode also. Two Ashramites, Allen Danielu and Arthur Gedes, presented Tagore's lyrics in English, set to his tunes, and rendered in western style with piano as accompaniment.[21]
  • Manoj and Manisha Murali Nair, a brother and sister duo, have produced 10 Rabindra Sangit albums until now. They are children of Kalamandalam Murlidharan Nair, the Kathakali guru at Visva Bharati.[22][23]
  • Rabindranath's timeless song Purano shei diner katha has its roots in Scotland. It was inspired by Auld Lang Syne (Long long ago) by the Scottish poet and lyricist Robert Burns. Several other Tagore songs have a similar history. In 2011, the Scottish government set up a Centre for Tagore Studies at Napier University in Edinburgh.[24][25] In January 2019, Visva Bharati organised a special programme on Rabindranath and Robert Burns.
See also - Special programme on Rabindranath Tagore and Scottish poet Robert Burns

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sangeet Bhavan is still relevant while completing hundred years". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Chanda, Sukalyan (4 February 2019). "Centenary of the Nest II". The Statesman, 5 February 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  3. ^ "Visva Bharati". History. Visva Bharati. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  4. ^ a b "Bhimrao Hasurkar Sastri". Visva Bharati. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  5. ^ "From Bharmacharyashrama to Visva-Bharati: A Chronicle of Metamorphosis of a Tiny School into an Internationally-Acclaimed Centre of Learning" (PDF). Visva Baharati. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  6. ^ a b "Dinendranath Tagore (1882-1935)". Visva Bharati. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  7. ^ a b "Sangit Bhavana and Rabindranath's Vision" (PDF). Sodhgnga. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  8. ^ Naorem Sanajaoba (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p. 131. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.
  9. ^ "Dance Education in Santiniketan" (PDF). Shasthrapathi Chandani Kasturi Arachchi. Sangeet Galaxy, July 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  10. ^ a b "Sangit Bhavana". Visva Bharati. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  11. ^ "Kanika Bandopadhyay". Visva Bharati. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  12. ^ "Nilima Sen profile". Veethi. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  13. ^ "Rabindra Sangeet exponent Suchitra Mitra passes away". The Indian Express. 3 January 2011.
  14. ^ "Kolkatar Karcha". (in Bengali). Ananda Bazar Patrika, 6 November 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  15. ^ "Sumitra Guha". Underscore Records. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  16. ^ "Meet Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, a Bangladeshi exponent of Rabindra Sangeet". The Economic Times. The Economic Times, 7 August 2016. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  17. ^ "Rezwana Chowdhury Banya". Biography. last.fm. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  18. ^ "Tagore's Vision of an Institution". Colleges. 26 March 2012. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  19. ^ Women, Speak, Nation: Gender, Culture and Politics. Taylor and Francis/ Google. 24 July 2019. ISBN 9781000507270. Retrieved 6 September 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Performing Otherness: Java and Bali on International Stages, 1905-1952. Springer/ Google. 27 October 2010. ISBN 9780230309005. Retrieved 7 September 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "Over The Years". Sudip Bhattacharya, page 65. Edurecreation Publishing / Google. 26 December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  22. ^ "Together with Tagore". The Telegraph, 9 May 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  23. ^ "Tagore in Tune". The Hindu. The Hindu, 25 October 2012. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  24. ^ "Tagore drew inspiration from Scottish bard for his poem". The Times of India. The Times of India, 20 November 2011. 20 November 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  25. ^ "Now, a Rabindranath Tagore hub in Edinburgh University". DNA 10 May 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  26. ^ "Pallavi Krishnan". Pallavi Krishnan. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  27. ^ "Pallavi enthuses effortless grace". The New Indian Express, 3 December 2018. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
[edit]
External videos
video icon Visva Bharati and Preparation of Basanta Utsav (commentary in Bengali)
video icon DD Santiniketan 22 she Sravan
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