Equal Credit Opportunity Act: Difference between revisions

Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974
Acronyms (colloquial)	ECOA
Citations
Public law	88 Stat. 1500, Pub. L. 93–495
Legislative history
	Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on October 28, 1974;
United States Supreme Court cases
	Hawkins v. Community Bank of Raymore, No. 14-520, 577 U.S. ___ (2016);

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The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) is a United States law (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 1691 et seq.), enacted October 28, 1974,^[1] that makes it unlawful for any creditor to discriminate against any applicant, with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age (provided the applicant has the capacity to contract);^[2] the applicant's use of a public assistance program to receive all or part of their income; or the applicant's previous good-faith exercise of any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act. The law applies to any person who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly participates in a credit decision, including banks, retailers, bankcard companies, finance companies, and credit unions.

The part of the law that defines its authority and scope is known as Regulation B,^[3] from the (b) that appears in Title 12 part 1002's official identifier: 12 C.F.R. § 1002.1(b) (2017).^[4] Failure to comply with Regulation B can subject a financial institution to civil liability for actual and punitive damages in individual or class actions. Liability for punitive damages can be as much as $10,000 in individual actions and the lesser of $500,000 or 1% of the creditor's net worth in class actions.^[5]

Before the enactment of the law, lenders and the federal government frequently and explicitly discriminated against female loan applicants and held female applicants to different standards from male applicants.^[6] A large coalition of women's and civil rights groups pressured the government to pass the ECOA (and the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974) to prohibit such discrimination.^[6]^[7]

Background

As a legislative fellow with Senator Bill Brock of Tennessee, Dr. Emily Card was motivated by her own experience in being denied a credit card and home mortgage. This led her to work on legislation prohibiting discrimination in granting credit to women. Her work and coordination with women's organizations such as the National Organization of Women generated a report on gender-based discrimination in the banking industry that was supported by thousands of letters from women throughout the United States who had been denied credit.^[8]

Prohibitions

Among other things, the ECOA states that it is illegal for creditors to:^[1]

Discriminate based on race, sex, age, national origin, or marital status, or because one receives public assistance.
Ask about marital status if a candidate is applying for separate, unsecured credit, with one exception: one can be asked about marital status if one lives in a community property state. No matter what the state of residence is, joint credit (credit shared by a married couple) or credit secured with property is exempt from this.
Ask the candidate if they plan to have children or additional children, but creditors can ask about the number, ages, and financial obligations relating to all existing children.
Disallow regular sources of income, such as reliable veteran's benefits, welfare payments, Social Security payments, alimony, child support, etc. Nor may they refuse to consider or discount any income earned from a part-time job, pension, annuity, or retirement benefits program.

Requirements

The ECOA states that creditors must:

Provide the applicant with a notification of action taken within 30 calendar days of receiving a completed application, unless certain exceptions apply. These notifications of action taken are sometimes required to be in writing, while in other cases, oral notification satisfies the Regulation's requirement.
Give the specific reason(s) (or let the candidate know how to get the reason(s)) why one is denied credit or granted credit in a way different from the terms under which they originally applied. This same rule applies if a creditor closes the account, refuses to increase a line of credit, makes a negative change in the terms of the credit and doesn't make the same change for other consumers, or refuses to give credit at the same, or approximately the same, terms as were offered when the credit was initially applied for.

Scope additions

When the Banking committee marked up the ECOA, congresswoman Lindy Boggs added the provision banning discrimination due to sex or marital status without informing the other members of the committee beforehand, personally inserting the language on her own and photocopying new versions of the bill.^[9] She then told the other committee members, "Knowing the members composing this committee as well as I do, I'm sure it was just an oversight that we didn't have 'sex' or 'marital status' included. I've taken care of that, and I trust it meets with the committee's approval."^[9] The committee unanimously approved the bill.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b "15 U.S. Code § 1691 - Scope of prohibition". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
^ Dlabay, Les R.; Burrow, James L.; Brad, Brad (2009). Intro to Business. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-538-44561-0. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits creditors from denying a person credit because of age, race, sex, or marital status.
^ "12 CFR 1002.1 - Authority, scope and purpose". law.cornell.edu. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations". ecfr.gov. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ Regulation B, Equal Credit Opportunity 12 CFR 202.14(b) as stated in Closing the Gap: A Guide to Equal Opportunity Lending Archived April 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Federal Reserve System of Boston.
^ ^a ^b Thurston, Chloe N., ed. (2018), "Bankers in the Bedroom", At the Boundaries of Homeownership: Credit, Discrimination, and the American State, Cambridge University Press, pp. 142–182, doi:10.1017/9781108380058.006, ISBN 978-1-108-42205-5
^ Krippner, Greta R. (2017). "Democracy of Credit: Ownership and the Politics of Credit Access in Late Twentieth-Century America". American Journal of Sociology. 123 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1086/692274. ISSN 0002-9602. S2CID 149044094.
^ Ulaby, Neda (October 28, 2024). "Smithsonian's new series is tied to 50th anniversary of Equal Credit Opportunity Act". National Public Radio.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Former Congresswoman and Ambassador Lindy Boggs Dies at 97". ABC News. July 27, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2015.

External links

Consumer Credit Protection Act as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection — Title VII is the Act
Public Law 93-495 as enacted (details) in the US Statutes at Large — Title V is the Act
Annual Report to Congress on the Equal Credit Opportunity Act – These annual reports by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System discuss actions taken in response to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act

[lii-1] "15 U.S. Code § 1691 - Scope of prohibition". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved April 6, 2018.

[2] Dlabay, Les R.; Burrow, James L.; Brad, Brad (2009). Intro to Business. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-538-44561-0. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits creditors from denying a person credit because of age, race, sex, or marital status.

[3] "12 CFR 1002.1 - Authority, scope and purpose". law.cornell.edu. Retrieved April 27, 2018.

[4] "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations". ecfr.gov. Retrieved April 27, 2018.

[5] Regulation B, Equal Credit Opportunity 12 CFR 202.14(b) as stated in Closing the Gap: A Guide to Equal Opportunity Lending Archived April 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Federal Reserve System of Boston.

[:0-6] Thurston, Chloe N., ed. (2018), "Bankers in the Bedroom", At the Boundaries of Homeownership: Credit, Discrimination, and the American State, Cambridge University Press, pp. 142–182, doi:10.1017/9781108380058.006, ISBN 978-1-108-42205-5

[7] Krippner, Greta R. (2017). "Democracy of Credit: Ownership and the Politics of Credit Access in Late Twentieth-Century America". American Journal of Sociology. 123 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1086/692274. ISSN 0002-9602. S2CID 149044094.

[8] Ulaby, Neda (October 28, 2024). "Smithsonian's new series is tied to 50th anniversary of Equal Credit Opportunity Act". National Public Radio.

[abcnews1-9] "Former Congresswoman and Ambassador Lindy Boggs Dies at 97". ABC News. July 27, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2015.

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-The '''Equal Credit Opportunity Act''' (ECOA) is a [[United States]] law (codified at {{usc|15|1691}} et seq.), enacted October 28, 1974,<ref name="lii">{{cite web |title=15 U.S. Code § 1691 - Scope of prohibition |url= https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1691 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> that makes it unlawful for any creditor to discriminate against any applicant, with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age (provided the applicant has the capacity to contract);<ref>{{cite book |title=Intro to Business |last1=Dlabay |first1=Les R. |last2=Burrow |first2=James L. |last3=Brad |first3=Brad |date=2009 |publisher=South-Western [[Cengage Learning]] |location=[[Mason, Ohio]] |isbn=978-0-538-44561-0 |page=470 |quote=The ''Equal Credit Opportunity Act'' prohibits creditors from denying a person credit because of age, race, sex, or marital status.}}</ref> the applicant's use of a public assistance program to receive all or part of their income; or the applicant's previous good-faith exercise of any right under the [[Consumer Credit Protection Act]]. The law applies to any person who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly participates in a credit decision, including [[bank]]s, [[retailer]]s, [[bankcard]] companies, finance companies, and [[credit union]]s.
+The '''Equal Credit Opportunity Act''' ('''ECOA''') is a [[United States]] law (codified at {{usc|15|1691}} et seq.), enacted October 28, 1974,<ref name="lii">{{cite web |title=15 U.S. Code § 1691 - Scope of prohibition |url= https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1691 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> that makes it unlawful for any creditor to discriminate against any applicant, with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age (provided the applicant has the capacity to contract);<ref>{{cite book |title=Intro to Business |last1=Dlabay |first1=Les R. |last2=Burrow |first2=James L. |last3=Brad |first3=Brad |date=2009 |publisher=South-Western [[Cengage Learning]] |location=[[Mason, Ohio]] |isbn=978-0-538-44561-0 |page=470 |quote=The ''Equal Credit Opportunity Act'' prohibits creditors from denying a person credit because of age, race, sex, or marital status.}}</ref> the applicant's use of a public assistance program to receive all or part of their income; or the applicant's previous good-faith exercise of any right under the [[Consumer Credit Protection Act]]. The law applies to any person who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly participates in a credit decision, including [[bank]]s, [[retailer]]s, [[bankcard]] companies, finance companies, and [[credit union]]s.
 The part of the law that defines its authority and scope is known as '''Regulation B''',<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/12/1002.1 |title=12 CFR 1002.1 - Authority, scope and purpose. |website=law.cornell.edu |access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> from the (b) that appears in Title 12 part 1002's official identifier: 12 C.F.R. § 1002.1(b) (2017).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=be564f42892b095c2e5581671a6b5723&mc=true&node=pt12.8.1002&rgn=div5#se12.8.1002_12 |title=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations |website=ecfr.gov |access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> Failure to comply with Regulation B can subject a financial institution to civil liability for actual and punitive damages in individual or class actions. Liability for punitive damages can be as much as $10,000 in individual actions and the lesser of $500,000 or 1% of the creditor's net worth in class actions.<ref>Regulation B, Equal Credit Opportunity
 CFR 202.14(b) as stated in [http://www.thebrokenwindow.net/papers/c/closingt.pdf Closing the Gap: A Guide to Equal Opportunity Lending] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150419061711/http://www.thebrokenwindow.net/papers/c/closingt.pdf |date=April 19, 2015 }}, [[Federal Reserve System]] of Boston.</ref>
 Before the enactment of the law, lenders and the federal government frequently and explicitly discriminated against female loan applicants and held female applicants to different standards from male applicants.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Bankers in the Bedroom |date=2018 |url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/at-the-boundaries-of-homeownership/bankers-in-the-bedroom/823C5303C44C3B4D1BC842385FC123DD |work=At the Boundaries of Homeownership: Credit, Discrimination, and the American State |pages=142–182 |editor-last=Thurston |editor-first=Chloe N. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108380058.006 |isbn=978-1-108-42205-5}}</ref> A large coalition of women's and civil rights groups pressured the government to pass the ECOA (and the [[Housing and Community Development Act of 1974]]) to prohibit such discrimination.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krippner |first=Greta R. |date=2017 |title=Democracy of Credit: Ownership and the Politics of Credit Access in Late Twentieth-Century America |url= https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/692274 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1086/692274 |s2cid=149044094 |issn=0002-9602}}</ref>
+== Background ==
+As a legislative fellow with Senator [[Bill Brock]] of [[Tennessee]], Dr. [[Emily Card]] was motivated by her own experience in being denied a credit card and home mortgage. This led her to work on legislation prohibiting discrimination in granting credit to women. Her work and coordination with women's organizations such as the [[National Organization for Women|National Organization of Women]] generated a report on gender-based discrimination in the banking industry that was supported by thousands of letters from women throughout the United States who had been denied credit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaby |first=Neda |date=October 28, 2024 |title=Smithsonian's new series is tied to 50th anniversary of Equal Credit Opportunity Act |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/10/28/nx-s1-5163432/smithsonians-new-series-is-tied-to-50th-anniversary-of-equal-credit-opportunity-act |website=National Public Radio}}</ref>
 ==Prohibitions==
 Among other things, the ECOA states that it is illegal for creditors to:<ref name="lii" />
-*Discriminate based on race, sex, age, national origin, or marital status, or because one receives public assistance.
+* Discriminate based on race, sex, age, national origin, or marital status, or because one receives public assistance.
-*Ask about marital status if a candidate is applying for separate, unsecured credit, with one exception: one can be asked about marital status if one lives in a [[community property]] state. No matter what the state of residence is, [[joint credit]] (credit shared by a married couple) or credit secured with property is exempt from this.
+* Ask about marital status if a candidate is applying for separate, unsecured credit, with one exception: one can be asked about marital status if one lives in a [[community property]] state. No matter what the state of residence is, [[joint credit]] (credit shared by a married couple) or credit secured with property is exempt from this.
-*Ask the candidate if they plan to have children or additional children, but creditors can ask about the number, ages, and financial obligations relating to all existing children.
+* Ask the candidate if they plan to have children or additional children, but creditors can ask about the number, ages, and financial obligations relating to all existing children.
-*Disallow regular sources of income, such as reliable [[Veteran's pension|veteran's benefits]], [[welfare]] payments, [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] payments, [[alimony]], [[child support]], etc.  Nor may they refuse to consider or discount any income earned from a part-time job, [[pension]], [[annuity (financial contracts)|annuity]], or retirement benefits program.
+* Disallow regular sources of income, such as reliable [[Veteran's pension|veteran's benefits]], [[welfare]] payments, [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] payments, [[alimony]], [[child support]], etc.  Nor may they refuse to consider or discount any income earned from a part-time job, [[pension]], [[annuity (financial contracts)|annuity]], or retirement benefits program.
 ==Requirements==
 The ECOA states that creditors must:
-*Provide the applicant with a notification of action taken within 30 calendar days of receiving a completed application, unless certain exceptions apply. These notifications of action taken are sometimes required to be in writing, while in other cases, oral notification satisfies the Regulation's requirement.
+* Provide the applicant with a notification of action taken within 30 calendar days of receiving a completed application, unless certain exceptions apply. These notifications of action taken are sometimes required to be in writing, while in other cases, oral notification satisfies the Regulation's requirement.
-*Give the specific reason(s) (or let the candidate know how to get the reason(s)) why one is denied credit or granted credit in a way different from the terms under which they originally applied. This same rule applies if a creditor closes the account, refuses to increase a [[line of credit]], makes a negative change in the terms of the credit and doesn't make the same change for other consumers, or refuses to give credit at the same, or approximately the same, terms as were offered when the credit was initially applied for.
+* Give the specific reason(s) (or let the candidate know how to get the reason(s)) why one is denied credit or granted credit in a way different from the terms under which they originally applied. This same rule applies if a creditor closes the account, refuses to increase a [[line of credit]], makes a negative change in the terms of the credit and doesn't make the same change for other consumers, or refuses to give credit at the same, or approximately the same, terms as were offered when the credit was initially applied for.
 ==Scope additions==
 When the Banking committee marked up the ECOA, congresswoman [[Lindy Boggs]] added the provision banning discrimination due to sex or marital status without informing the other members of the committee beforehand, personally inserting the language on her own and photocopying new versions of the bill.<ref name="abcnews1">{{cite web |url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/congresswoman-ambassador-lindy-boggs-dies-97/story?id=19792180 |title=Former Congresswoman and Ambassador Lindy Boggs Dies at 97 |work=ABC News |date=July 27, 2013 |access-date=April 15, 2015}}</ref> She then told the other committee members, "Knowing the members composing this committee as well as I do, I'm sure it was just an oversight that we didn't have 'sex' or 'marital status' included. I've taken care of that, and I trust it meets with the committee's approval."<ref name="abcnews1" /> The committee unanimously approved the bill.<ref name="abcnews1" />
+==See also==
+* [[Women's National Bank (Washington DC)]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 66: / Line 72: @@
 ==Further reading==
-*{{cite web |title=Your Equal Credit Opportunity Rights |work=Consumer Information |publisher=US Federal Trade Commission |date=January 2003 |url= https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0347-your-equal-credit-opportunity-rights |access-date=April 6, 2018}}
+* {{cite web |title=Your Equal Credit Opportunity Rights |work=Consumer Information |publisher=US Federal Trade Commission |date=January 2003 |url= https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0347-your-equal-credit-opportunity-rights |access-date=April 6, 2018}}
 ==External links==
 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-260/uslm/COMPS-260.xml Consumer Credit Protection Act] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-260/pdf/COMPS-260.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-260/ details]) in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection] — Title VII is the Act
 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/93/public/495?link-type=pdf&.pdf#page=22 Public Law 93-495] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/93/public/495?link-type=details details]) in the [[United States Statutes at Large|US Statutes at Large]] — Title V is the Act
-*[https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/257 Annual Report to Congress on the Equal Credit Opportunity Act] – These annual reports by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System discuss actions taken in response to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act
+* [https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/257 Annual Report to Congress on the Equal Credit Opportunity Act] – These annual reports by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System discuss actions taken in response to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act
 {{Federal Reserve System}}
-{{Gerald Ford}}
+{{Presidency of Gerald Ford}}
 {{Bank regulation in the United States}}

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