2017 Puebla earthquake: Difference between revisions

2017 Puebla earthquake
	Clockwise from top left: Citizens helping to remove debris from a collapsed building in Mexico City; Major damage in the Morelos municipality of Jojutla; A partially collapsed building in Mexico City; The Grand Park fountain in Los Angeles is lit up in the colors of the Mexican flag in recognition of the victims of the earthquake.
UTC time	2017-09-19 18:14:40
ISC event	611079453
USGS-ANSS	ComCat
Local date	19 September 2017
Local time	13:14:40 CDT
Duration	Strong shaking for about 20 seconds
Magnitude	7.1 Mw
Depth	48.0 km (30 mi)
Epicenter	18°35′02″N 98°23′56″W / 18.584°N 98.399°W
Type	Dip-slip (normal)
Total damage	$8 billion USD
Max. intensity	MMI IX (Violent)
Peak acceleration	0.114 g
Aftershocks	39 (as of 12:30 23 September 2017 CDT)
Casualties	370 dead, 6,011 injured

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The 2017 Puebla earthquake, also known as 19S, struck at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 M_w and strong shaking for about 20 seconds. Its epicenter was about 55 km (34 mi) south of the city of Puebla, Mexico. The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of Puebla and Morelos and in the Greater Mexico City area, including the collapse of more than 40 buildings.^[5]^[6]^[7] 370 people were killed by the earthquake and related building collapses, including 228 in Mexico City,^[8]^[9] and more than 6,000 were injured.^[10]

The quake coincidentally occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed around 10,000 people. The 1985 quake was commemorated, and a national earthquake drill was held, at 11 a.m. local time, just two hours before the 2017 earthquake.^[11]^[12] Twelve days earlier, the even larger 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck 650 km (400 mi) away, off the coast of the state of Chiapas.^[13]

Background

Mexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions, sitting atop several intersecting tectonic plates. The border between the Cocos plate and North American plate, along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, creates a subduction zone that generates large seismic events.^[5] Activity along the edges of the Rivera and Caribbean plates also generate seismic events. All together, these seismic forces cause an average of 40 earthquakes a day in Mexico.^[3]

Mexico City is built on a dry lakebed with soft soil made up of sand and clay, which amplifies the destruction that major earthquakes cause.^[14] Loose sediments near the surface slow the shockwaves' speed from about 2.4 kilometres per second (8,600 km/h; 1.5 mi/s) to roughly 45 metres per second (160 km/h; 150 ft/s).^[15] This increases the shockwaves' amplitude, which causes more violent shaking. Deeper and denser soil layers increase amplified shockwaves' destructive duration.^[15]

Less than two weeks before the Puebla earthquake, Mexico had been struck by an earthquake in Chiapas on 7 September, which killed almost 100 people. Despite its close timing, the Puebla earthquake was not an aftershock of the Chiapas event, as the epicenters were 650 km (400 mi) apart.^[16]

The possibility of a link between the earthquakes was being investigated in the days after the second one. Big earthquakes can increase the long-term risk of seismic activity by transferring "static stress" to adjacent faults, but only at a distance of up to four times the length of the original rupture. In the 19 September earthquake, static stress transfer was considered unlikely due to the distance between the earthquakes, in excess of the expected 400 km maximum. "Dynamic triggering", with seismic waves propagating from one quake affecting other faults, may operate at much longer distances, but usually happens within hours or a few days of the triggering quake; a 12-day gap is hard to explain.^[17]

19 September is designated as a day of remembrance for the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed approximately 10,000 people. Every year at 11 a.m., a national earthquake drill is conducted by the government through the use of public loudspeakers located throughout Mexico City.^[18] The 2017 drill took place as scheduled, at 11 a.m., around two hours before the central Mexico earthquake.^[12]^[19]

Earthquake

Video after the earthquake in Mexico City

According to the National Seismological Service (SSN) of Mexico, the epicenter was located 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Axochiapan, Morelos, and 120 km (75 mi) from Mexico City.^[3] The earthquake was measured at a magnitude of 7.1, occurring at 13:14:40 Central Daylight Time, at a depth of 48 km (30 mi).^[3] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) placed the epicenter 5 km (3.1 mi) ENE of San Juan Raboso and reported a measurement of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale.^[5] Post-earthquake surveys indicated a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) near the epicenter region.^[2] While there was a report of strong shaking for about one minute, which is a long time for an earthquake,^[20] acceleration/velocity/displacement seismograms at UNAM showed about 20 seconds of strong shaking with a period of ≈1 second.^[21] SSN reported a peak ground acceleration of 112 cm/s² (0.114 g₀) at the Popocatépetl reporting station in Tlamacas, Estado de México.^[3] According to the USGS, the earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping normal fault.^[5]

According to the bulletin of Mexico's SASMEX earthquake warning system, 20 seconds' advance warning was given in Mexico City;^[22] however the general experience in the capital was that the alarm and cellphone alerts started only a few seconds before, or during the quake.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] Some residents reportedly mistook the alert for a continuation of the earlier drill.^[27] 25 of the early-warning seismic sensors detected the earthquake, and alerts were also provided to Oaxaca, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and Puebla, with lead times stated to range from 12 to 48 seconds.^{[citation needed]}

Casualties

**Deaths as of 2 October 2017^[update]**
State	Deaths	Ref
Guerrero	6	^[8]
Morelos	75	^[8]
Oaxaca	1	^[8]
Puebla	45	^[8]
State of Mexico	15	^[8]
Mexico City	228	^[8]
Totals:	370	^[8]

Nine days after the earthquake, at least 361 people had been reported killed.^[28]^[29] At least 74 people were killed in the state of Morelos, 220 in Mexico City, 45 in Puebla, 13 in the State of Mexico, 6 in the state of Guerrero and one in the state of Oaxaca.^[28]^[30]^[29] In Mexico City, the bodies of 26 students and four instructors were pulled from the rubble of the Enrique C. Rébsamen school; 30 students and 8 adults were still unaccounted for as of the evening of 19 September^[update].^[31]^[32] The Mexico City campus of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education suffered damage, with at least 5 people killed and 40 injured.^[33]

More than 6,000 people had been reported injured by the day after the earthquake, with more than 300 confirmed dead^[34] as rescue efforts continued.

On 1 October the number of people known to have been killed was stated to be 361,^[29] with more than 4,500 injured. By place, 220 were killed in Mexico City, 74 in the state of Morelos, 45 in Puebla, 15 in Mexico State, six in Guerrero, and one in Oaxaca.^[35]

An investigation published in October 2017 revealed that since 2012 there had been over 6,000 complaints about construction violations in Mexico City, with no public record of how many were followed up. Many of the buildings complained about collapsed in the 19 September earthquake. After the earthquake the Urban Development and Housing Secretariat (Seduvi) did not respond to requests for information on responses to complaints. Local activists called the construction system totally corrupt, and said that some developers circumvent building regulations, and city authorities frequently ignore complaints.^[36] Mónica García Villegas, the owner of Colegio Rébsamen in Mexico City where 26 people including 19 children died when the building collapsed, was found guilty on 17 September 2020 of "culpable homicide" for ignoring safety regulations. The Mexico City prosecutor (FGJ-CdMx) asked for 57 years of prison.^[37]

The casualties included eight foreigners, including four Taiwanese women, a Korean man, a Spanish man, a Panamanian woman and an Argentine man.^[38] The actress Cecilia Suárez was injured while filming The House of Flowers in Condesa, Mexico City.^[39] Mexico first female clown, Adela Peralta Leppe, was also killed when her building collapsed on her. She was trapped under rubble for 30 hours, and died months later due to complications.^{[citation needed]}

Damage and aftermath

In Puebla, church steeples had toppled in the city of Cholula,^[40] and a church on the slopes of Popocatépetl in Atzitzihuacan collapsed during mass, killing 15 people.^[40] A second church, which was built in the 17th century, fell in Atzala during a baptism, killing 11 people including a baby.^[41]

At least 44 buildings collapsed in Mexico City due to the earthquake, trapping people inside, creating large plumes of dust, and starting fires.^[40] At least 50 to 60 people were rescued by emergency workers and citizens.^[30]^[42] Several buildings caught fire.^[43] Condesa, Roma and del Valle neighbourhoods were among those most affected in the zone: a building located on Álvaro Obregón Avenue collapsed, and several buildings on Ámsterdam Avenue suffered damage.^[44]^[45]^[46] The building housing the Philippine Embassy in Mexico City was badly damaged, requiring it to vacate the property.^[47]

Gas leaks were reported, along with "piles" of rubble from collapsed buildings.^[42] Stock prices declined at the Mexico Stock Exchange but recovered before trading was suspended.^[48] Comisión Federal de Electricidad, the national electric utility, reported that 4.78 million customers lost power in Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla, State of Mexico, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, and parts of Mexico City—roughly 35% of the company's customers in those states. However, none of the generating stations in the region sustained structural damage.^[49]

Mexico City International Airport suspended operations while damage assessments took place, but reopened at 4:00 p.m. CDT (2100 UTC). 180 flights were cancelled or diverted during the closure.^[50]^[6]^[51] A plane carrying President Enrique Peña Nieto, returning from touring damage in Oaxaca from the earlier Chiapas earthquake, was diverted to Santa Lucía Air Force Base.^[52] Mexico City Metro service was temporarily cancelled on several subway lines due to a power failure, but restored by 17:30, offering free service to stranded passengers.^[53] Building evacuations also caused delays to Metrobús service in the city.^[54]

The federal Secretariat of the Interior (SEGOB) declared a state of emergency for all 33 municipalities of Morelos,^[55] for all 16 boroughs of Mexico City,^[56] and 112 of the 217 municipalities of Puebla.^[57] The declarations allow funds from the National Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) to be used during the emergency response phase.^[55]^[56]^[57] The Mexican Army and Mexican Navy deployed 3,000 active-duty troops to Mexico City through the DN-III-E and Plan Marina emergency response plans. The troops were tasked with debris cleanup, search and rescue, and security missions. Additionally, the Secretariat of National Defence moved eight helicopters to Mexico City, and activated 3 shelters in the affected areas.^[58]

A damage survey by American structural engineers revealed that a number of collapsed buildings had been erected in the 1960s and 1970s with unreinforced masonry walls confined by non-ductile concrete frames.^[59]

The hashtag #FuerzaMéxico (Be strong, Mexico) was used on social media outlets.^[60]

Mexico's political parties offered to help victims in different ways, including the diverting some of the money they receive from the government for their campaigns.^[61]^[62]^[63] After months of debate and legal challenges, the donations were: PRI US$5,792,000, PAN US$2,479,000, PVEM US$524,000, Movimiento Ciudadano US$2,529,000, Encuentro Social US$506,000, PRD US$1,239,000, and Nueva Alianza US$2,081,000; Morena and PT did not specify how much they would donate. Although these amounts were not reported to the national election board Instituto Nacional Electoral.^[64]

In association football, Copa MX postponed that week's matches in the 2017 Apertura tournament round of 16 to mid-October in the aftermath of the quake. All major national competitions—including Liga MX, Liga MX Femenil, and Ascenso MX—followed suit; Liga MX president Enrique Bonilla stated that "we'd like to bring the people a moment of happiness in this tough time, but it's a more complex decision than that and it's necessary to have all the information from the authorities."^[65]^[66]

The Mexican Navy reported that a child named Frida Sofia was believed to be still trapped under the debris of the Enrique C. Rébsamen School; the story would be widely publicized by Mexican media outlets, including coverage of apparent rescue attempts. However, by 21 September, it become increasingly clear that Sofia did not actually exist; that day, the Navy's undersecretary confirmed that all the children in the school's rubble had been accounted for, and that there was no record of a "Frida Sofia". Mexican media outlets, including television broadcasters such as Televisa, faced criticism for their sensationalised coverage of what was ultimately a hoax. "Timmy O'Toole" began to trend on Mexican social media in reference to The Simpsons episode "Radio Bart"—whose plot focused on a similar hoax perpetuated by Bart Simpson; in reference to the hoax, TV Azteca would air that episode the same day.^[67]^[68]^[69]^[70]

International response

In response to the earthquake and the preceding one in Oaxaca, by the end of September 501 rescue workers, 32 search dogs, equipment, and over 440 tonnes of humanitarian aid had been sent to Mexico from over 27 countries around the world.^[71]^[72]

Among the countries that came to Mexico's aid were Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Panama, Peru, Russia, Spain, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, the Vatican, and Venezuela, with aid coming from the United Nations and the European Union, as well.^[72]

Russia delivered 35 tonnes of aid supplies to Mexico, including 24.5 tonnes of canned goods, as well as 64 community-sized tents.^[71]

China shipped 3,000 tents along with more than 500 camp cots.^[71]

Canada sent 1,500 family-sized tents.^[71]

The Israel Defense Forces sent a group of 71 search and rescue soldiers^[73] including engineers, to help in the aftermath of the earthquake. The contingent had special dispensation to travel during the Rosh Hashanah holiday, normally forbidden under religious law.^[74]

The Japan International Cooperation Agency sent a disaster relief team of 72 search-and-rescue personnel, four search dogs and five tons of equipment with personnel from the Japan Disaster Relief Team, Tokyo Fire Department and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police's SAR officers.^[75] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country remarked that it was a show of thanks, as Mexico had sent a search team to help Japan during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.^[76]

Turkish state aid agency TİKA sent humanitarian aid – including packages containing hygienic and medical supplies prepared in coordination with the Mexican Red Cross – to Mexico City and Xochimilco.^[77] TIKA also provided tools and equipment to be used in search-and-rescue efforts.^[77]

US President Donald Trump called Peña Nieto to offer condolences, while the White House offered search and rescue assistance.^[78] The U.S. Agency for International Development deployed an urban search and rescue team from the Los Angeles County Fire Department and experts from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to the affected regions.^[79]

Celebrities who donated large sums include actress Salma Hayek ($100,000), Formula 1 driver Sergio Pérez ($170,000), actress and singer Ana Brenda Contreras ($57,000), writer J. K. Rowling, singer Shawn Mendes ($100,000), Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg ($1,000,000), Apple CEO Tim Cook ($1,000,000), and others.^[80]

Direct Relief, an emergency response organization, provided emergency response kits to a trauma hospital in southern Mexico City. They contained enough supplies to treat 1,000 people for a month. Direct Relief prepared shipments of medicines and medical supplies to improve its support to health care partners within the country.^[81]

Aftershocks

2017 Central Mexico earthquake and aftershocks

Graph of earthquakes by magnitude
Map of earthquakes as of 22 September
Red mark indicates the mainshock
Number of aftershocks

Reconstruction

652 homes were destroyed, 1,157 were damaged in Jojutla, Morelos, and many other buildings, including schools and the Palacio Municipal (city hall), were damaged in the earthquake.^[82] Two years later, in January 2020, residents were still waiting for reconstruction.^[83]

Nearly three-and-a-half years after the earthquake, in January 2021, César Cravioto, commissioner for reconstruction in Mexico City, reported that 53% (13,945 homes) of the buildings damaged had initiated rebuilding. Work will begin soon on 30% (8,030 homes), and work on 4,601 homes (17%) is undefined. 59 buildings have been demolished and 11 are scheduled to be demolished but have not started. Reconstruction of 21 buildings belonging to the Patrimonio Cultural Histórico are being attended to; 13 are in process and work has finished on eight. MXN $5.3 billion were budgeted for reconstruction from January 2019 to December 2020 and MXN $3.8 billion were spent.^[84]

Gallery

Collapsed building in Mexico City
President Peña Nieto addresses the media
Volunteers and rescuers working at collapsed building at Colonia Roma, Mexico City.
Volunteers and rescuers working at a collapsed warehouse, colonia Obrera, Mexico City.
Volunteers moving debris at Colonia Obrera, Mexico City
Crumbled sidewalk outside a Hilton hotel, Mexico City.

References

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^ "Mexico earthquake forces postponement of Liga MX Jornada 10". Sporting News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
^ Withers, Rachel (22 September 2017). "A Mexican TV Network Used a Simpsons Episode to Criticize a Competitor's Sensational Earthquake Coverage". Slate. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
^ Regeneración, Administrador (22 September 2017). "TV Azteca 'trolea' a Televisa con episodio de 'Timmy O'Toole' de Los Simpson por caso Frida Sofía". Regeneración (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2020.
^ Noel, Andrea (21 September 2017). "Mexicans Outraged After Praying for Fake 'Trapped Child'". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
^ "Mexico earthquake: Girl who captivated the nation never existed". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Foreign donations total 440 tonnes – At least 27 countries have sent earthquake aid to Mexico". Mexico News Daily. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Mexico thanks those around the world who helped after earthquakes". Agencia EFE. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
^ IDF team heads home as Mexico quake rescue mission ends By Stuart Winer and AP, 28 September 2017
^ Gross, Judah Ari (20 September 2017). "IDF to send 50-person delegation to earthquake-hit Mexico". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
^ "'Japan Disaster Relief Team: 30 Years On' Part 1: Highly Rated Search and Rescue Team Assists After Mexico Quake" (Press release). Japan International Cooperation Agency. 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
^ Velázquez, Iris (21 September 2017). "Arriban rescatistas japoneses a México" (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b Anadolu Agency (21 September 2017). "Turkey sends aid to 'quake-hit Mexico". World Bulletin. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
^ "230 confirmed dead as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue – as it happened". The Guardian. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
^ McCleskey, Clayton (20 September 2017). "USAID Deploys Disaster Assistance Team for Earthquake in Mexico". U.S. Agency for International Development. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ "Shawn Mendes, Salma Hayek, Mark Zuckerberg and More Celebrities Donate to Mexico City Earthquake Relief Efforts". 22 September 2017.
^ "Responding to the Earthquake in Mexico | Bright Funds". brightfunds.org. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ García-Carrera, Jesús Salvador; Mena-Hernández, Ulises; Bermúdez-Alarcón, Francisco Javier (1 March 2018). "El terremoto 19S en Morelos: la experiencia operativa del INEEL en la evaluación del riesgo estructural". Salud Pública de México (in Spanish). 60: 65–82. doi:10.21149/9408. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
^ "Exigen reconstrucción de secundaria en Jojutla" [Reconstruction of middle school demanded in Jojutla]. La Jornada Morelos (in Spanish). 9 January 2020.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "CDMX: al 53% la reconstrucción de los inmuebles dañados por el sismo de 2017". infobae (in European Spanish). Infobae. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

External links

Why Mexico City is so vulnerable to earthquakes – CNN
A Shock WIthout Aftershocks – Berkeley Seismological Laboratory
The Strange Tectonic Coincidence of Mexico's September Earthquakes – The New Yorker
Chiapas and Puebla, Mexico, Earthquakes: Chain Reaction or Coincidence? – Temblor, Inc.
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
ReliefWeb's main page for this event.

[1] "Event:PUEBLA, MEXICO". National Geophysical Data Center.

[Montalvo-Arrieta-2] Montalvo-Arrieta, Juan C.; Pérez-Campos, Xyoli; Ramirez-Guzman, Leonardo; Sosa-Ramírez, Rocío L.; Ruiz-Esparza, Moisés Contreras; Leonardo-Suárez, Miguel (2019). "Macroseismic Intensities from the 19 September 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla–Morelos Earthquake". Seismological Research Letters. 90 (6): 2142–2153. Bibcode:2019SeiRL..90.2142M. doi:10.1785/0220190145. S2CID 210730927.

[SSN-3] "Sismo del día 19 de Septiembre de 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M 7.1)" [Earthquake of 19 September 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M 7.1)] (PDF) (in Spanish). National Seismological Service. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[4] Sismologico Nacional [@SismologicoMX] (23 September 2017). "Réplicas hasta las 12:30 hrs del 23/09/2017" (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.

[USGS-5] "M 7.1 – 5 km ENE of Raboso, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[CNN-6] Almasy, Steve; Simon, Darran (19 September 2017). "Central Mexico earthquake kills dozens, topples buildings". CNN. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[reforma-7] "Mueren 4 tras sismo; caen 29 edificios" [4 die in earthquake after 29 buildings fall]. Reforma (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[AP_Oct_4-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Recuperan cuerpo de última víctima del terremoto en México". Associated Press News (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2017.

[9] "Asciende a 46 la cifra de muertos por sismo: fallece mujer originaria de Atlixco". diariocambio.com.mx (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2017.

[10] "Reporta Ssa 51 lesionados graves – Independiente de Hidalgo". Independiente de Hidalgo (in Mexican Spanish). 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

[11] "Powerful Earthquake Shakes Mexico on 32nd Anniversary of Deadly Temblor". NPR. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[Tagesschau-12] "Starkes Erdbeben erschüttert Mexiko" [Strong earthquake shakes Mexico]. Tagesschau (in German). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[AP-Latest-13] "The Latest: Death toll rises to 226 from Mexico earthquake". Associated Press News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[14] Grad, Shelby; Lin, Rong-Gong II (19 September 2017). "Mexico City's notoriously soft soil probably contributed to destruction from 7.1 earthquake". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[:0-15] Watkins, Derek; White, Jeremy (22 September 2017). "Mexico City Was Built on an Ancient Lake Bed. That Makes Earthquakes Much Worse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[16] "The Latest: Seismologist: Mexico's 7.1 quake not aftershock". Associated Press News. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[Witze2017-17] Witze, Alexandra (20 September 2017). "Pair of deadly Mexico quakes puzzles scientists". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22650. ISSN 1476-4687.

[18] "Millions of Mexicans commemorate 1985 quake with drill". Madrid: EFE. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[19] Partlow, Joshua (19 September 2017). "Strong earthquake shakes Mexico, killing at least 40 people". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[20] "Deadly earthquake in the Puebla region, Mexico – at least 226 fatalities – September 19, 2017". Earthquake-Report.com. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017. As @NTelevisaPuebla reports, the strong shaking lasted for approx. 1 minute and that's a very long time. The longer strong shaking lasts, the more damage will be inflicted! Page added to frequently.

[21] "IRIS: Special Event: Central Mexico". IRIS – Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[22] "Boletín del Sistema de Alerta Sísmica Mexicano (SASMEX), 19 September 2017 at 13:15:04" [SASMEX Bulletin]. Centro de Insrumentación y Registro Sísmico a.c. (in Spanish). 19 September 2017.

[23] "Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón, 20 September 2017 at 12:17:00" [Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón]. El Grafico (in Spanish). 20 September 2017.

[24] "Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 04:47:00" [Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica]. UnoTV (in Spanish). 20 September 2017.

[25] "¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?, 21 September 2017 at 20:12:00" [¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?]. CHISPA (in Spanish). 21 September 2017.

[26] "Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 20:12:00" [Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica]. BASTA (in Spanish). 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

[27] Amos, Jonathan (20 September 2017). "Are Mexico's two September earthquakes connected?". BBC News. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

[Guardian-28] Argen, David (19 September 2017). "Mexico earthquake: more than 60 dead as powerful tremor hits southern region". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[segobpc-tweet-29] Puente, Luis Felipe [@LUISFELIPE_P] (1 October 2017). "#Actualización" (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.

[AP-30] Stevenson, Mark; Sherman, Christopher; Orsi, Peter (19 September 2017). "149 killed as 7.1 magnitude quake fells buildings in Mexico". Associated Press News. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[31] Vargas, Rosa Elvira (19 September 2017). "Confirma EPN recuperación de 22 cuerpos en colegio Enrique C. Rébsamen" [EPN confirms recovery of 22 bodies in Enrique C. Rébsamen school]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[32] "Hay 26 niños fallecidos y 30 desaparecidos en derrumbe de escuela Rébsamen: Peña Nieto" [Peña Nieto: 26 children dead and 30 missing in collapse of Rébsamen school]. El Universal (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[33] Sánchez Jiménez, Arturo (20 September 2017). "Cinco muertos y 40 heridos en el Tec de Monterrey" [Five dead and 40 wounded at Tec de Monterrey]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[34] "Death toll in Mexico quake rises to 295, search for survivors goes on". NBC News.

[notimex1oc-35] Notimex (30 September 2017). "Actualizan cifra, 360 decesos en el país por sismo del 19 de septiembre" [Figure updated, 360 deaths in the country due to the earthquake of 19 September]. Enfoque Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[36] Pskowski, Martha; Adler, David (13 October 2017). "6,000 complaints ... then the quake: the scandal behind Mexico City's 225 dead". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2017. Article has many examples of violations of building codes, followed by buildings collapsing in the earthquake; for example a collapsed six-storey building that had been constructed on the foundations of a previous two-storey building.

[37] "Tribunal declara culpable de homicidio culposo a exdirectora del Rébsamen; FGJ-CdMx pide 57 años de prisión". www.msn.com. Sin Embargo. Retrieved 18 September 2020.

[38] "Foreigners killed in Mexico quake from Taiwan, Korea, Spain". The Indian Express. 23 September 2017.

[39] González, Renata (19 September 2018). "A un año del sismo, elenco de 'La casa de las flores' recuerda cómo vivió el 19S" [One year on, the cast of 'The House of Flowers' recall how they survived 19S]. Quién (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 November 2019.

[mexibritain-40] Henderson, Barney; Horton, Helena; Strange, Hannah (20 September 2017). "Mexico City earthquake: More than 225 dead as buildings reduced to rubble". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[bbcmexi-41] "Deadly quake rocks Mexico". BBC News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[NYTimes-42] Semple, Kirk; Malkin, Elisabeth; Villegas, Paulina (19 September 2017). "Powerful Earthquake Strikes Mexico, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[CBC-43] "At least 134 dead after magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Mexico". CBC News. Associated Press. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[44] "Era horrible, todo temblaba" [It was horrible, everything trembled]. El País (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[45] Lafuente, Javier (20 September 2017). "Más de 220 muertos por un fuerte terremoto en México" [More than 220 dead by a strong earthquake in Mexico]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[46] Villalobos, Areli (19 September 2017). "Rescatan a 10 personas de un edificio colapsado en Álvaro Obregón 286, colonia Roma" [10 people are rescued from a collapsed building in Álvaro Obregón 286, colony Roma]. Proceso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[47] Viray, Patricia Lourdes (20 September 2017). "No Filipino casualties in Mexico quake; embassy damaged". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[48] Imbert, Fred (19 September 2017). "Mexico stocks fall and then are halted after earthquake shakes buildings in Mexico City". CNBC. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[49] "Sismo Afecta Suministro Eléctrico A Más De 4.8 Millones De Hogares Y Comercios En El Valle De México, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero Y Tlaxcala" [Sismo Affects Electrical Supply to More Than 4.8 Million Homes and Businesses in the Valley of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Tlaxcala] (in Spanish). Comisión Federal de Electricidad. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[50] Vásquez, Azucena (19 September 2017). "Afecta sismo a 180 vuelos en AICM" [Earthquake affects 180 flights to AICM] (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[LATimes-51] Linthicum, Kate; Lin, Rong-Gong II; Zavis, Alexandra (19 September 2017). "At least 79 killed as powerful 7.1 earthquake strikes central Mexico". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[52] Elizalde, Elizabeth (19 September 2017). "Powerful 7.1 magnitude quake rocks Mexico City, kills at least 55". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[53] "Metro de la CDMX ofrece servicio gratuito tras sismo" [CDMX Metro offers free service after earthquake]. Canal44 (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[54] "Servicio de Metro, Metrobús y Mexibús afectados tras sismo" [Metro, Metrobús and Mexibús service affected after earthquake]. El Universal (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[segob-morelos-55] "La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 33 municipios del estado de Morelos, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 33 municipalities of the state of Morelos, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[segob-cdmx-56] "La Secretaría de Gobernación declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para la Ciudad de México, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [The Ministry of the Interior declares Extraordinary Emergency for the City of Mexico, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[segob-puebla-57] "La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 112 municipios del estado de Puebla, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [The SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 112 municipalities of the state of Puebla, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[58] Jiménez, Benito (19 September 2017). "Activan Plan DN-III en CDMX tras sismo" [Plan DN-III activated in CDMX after earthquake]. Reforma (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[59] Minnick, Benjamin (6 November 2017). "What can Seattle area learn from Mexico City's quake experience?". Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce. Retrieved 6 November 2017.

[60] Willingham, AJ; Santiago, Cassandra; Valdez, Gustavo. "In a collapsed Mexico school, a community digs for signs of life". CNN. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[61] "The Latest: Mexico parties offer funds for quake relief". Associated Press News. 26 September 2017.

[62] "Partidos y damnificados ¿quién da más?". El Universal. 23 September 2017.

[63] "Partidos se benefician con donativos para damnificados". EL Debate.

[64] "Esto fue lo que los partidos donaron a los damnificados". nacion321.com (in Spanish).

[65] "Copa MX postponed after 7.1 earthquake". ESPN. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2024.

[66] "Mexico earthquake forces postponement of Liga MX Jornada 10". Sporting News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2024.

[67] Withers, Rachel (22 September 2017). "A Mexican TV Network Used a Simpsons Episode to Criticize a Competitor's Sensational Earthquake Coverage". Slate. Retrieved 15 January 2022.

[68] Regeneración, Administrador (22 September 2017). "TV Azteca 'trolea' a Televisa con episodio de 'Timmy O'Toole' de Los Simpson por caso Frida Sofía". Regeneración (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2020.

[69] Noel, Andrea (21 September 2017). "Mexicans Outraged After Praying for Fake 'Trapped Child'". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 6 May 2018.

[70] "Mexico earthquake: Girl who captivated the nation never existed". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2024.

[foreign-donations-71] "Foreign donations total 440 tonnes – At least 27 countries have sent earthquake aid to Mexico". Mexico News Daily. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

[mexico-thanks-72] "Mexico thanks those around the world who helped after earthquakes". Agencia EFE. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

[73] IDF team heads home as Mexico quake rescue mission ends By Stuart Winer and AP, 28 September 2017

[74] Gross, Judah Ari (20 September 2017). "IDF to send 50-person delegation to earthquake-hit Mexico". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[75] "'Japan Disaster Relief Team: 30 Years On' Part 1: Highly Rated Search and Rescue Team Assists After Mexico Quake" (Press release). Japan International Cooperation Agency. 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.

[76] Velázquez, Iris (21 September 2017). "Arriban rescatistas japoneses a México" (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[anadolu-77] Anadolu Agency (21 September 2017). "Turkey sends aid to 'quake-hit Mexico". World Bulletin. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

[78] "230 confirmed dead as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue – as it happened". The Guardian. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

[79] McCleskey, Clayton (20 September 2017). "USAID Deploys Disaster Assistance Team for Earthquake in Mexico". U.S. Agency for International Development. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[80] "Shawn Mendes, Salma Hayek, Mark Zuckerberg and More Celebrities Donate to Mexico City Earthquake Relief Efforts". 22 September 2017.

[81] "Responding to the Earthquake in Mexico | Bright Funds". brightfunds.org. Retrieved 14 March 2019.

[82] García-Carrera, Jesús Salvador; Mena-Hernández, Ulises; Bermúdez-Alarcón, Francisco Javier (1 March 2018). "El terremoto 19S en Morelos: la experiencia operativa del INEEL en la evaluación del riesgo estructural". Salud Pública de México (in Spanish). 60: 65–82. doi:10.21149/9408. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

[83] "Exigen reconstrucción de secundaria en Jojutla" [Reconstruction of middle school demanded in Jojutla]. La Jornada Morelos (in Spanish). 9 January 2020.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[84] "CDMX: al 53% la reconstrucción de los inmuebles dañados por el sismo de 2017". infobae (in European Spanish). Infobae. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Mw7.1 earthquake in Mexico}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
 {{Infobox earthquake
  | name        = 2017 Puebla earthquake
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
  | type        = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Dip-slip (normal)]]
  | affected    =
- | damages     = $8 billion [[United States dollar|USD]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event:PUEBLA, MEXICO|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/10267|website=ngdc.noaa.gov}}</ref>
+ | damages     = $8 billion [[United States dollar|USD]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event:PUEBLA, MEXICO|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/10267|publisher=National Geophysical Data Center}}</ref>
  | intensity   = {{MMI|9}}<ref name="Montalvo-Arrieta" />
- | pga         = 0.114 ''[[peak_ground_acceleration|g]]''<ref name=SSN />
+ | pga         = 0.114 ''[[peak ground acceleration|g]]''<ref name=SSN />
  | tsunami     =
  | landslide   =
  | foreshocks  =
- | aftershocks = 39 (as of 12:30 23 September 2017 CDT)<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Sismologico Nacional |user=SismologicoMX |language=Spanish |number=911669047015636992|title=Réplicas hasta las 12:30 hrs del 23/09/2017 |date=23 September 2017 }}</ref>
+ | aftershocks = 39 (as of 12:30 23 September 2017 CDT)<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Sismologico Nacional|user=SismologicoMX|language=Spanish|number=911669047015636992|title=Réplicas hasta las 12:30 hrs del 23/09/2017|date=23 September 2017}}</ref>
  | casualties  = 370 dead, 6,011 injured
  | engvar      = <!-- follow article: =en-UK will show 'Epicentre' -->
 }}
-The '''2017 Puebla earthquake''', also known as '''19S''', struck at 13:14&nbsp;[[Central Time Zone|CDT]] (18:14 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 {{M|w|link=y}} and strong shaking for about 20 seconds. Its epicenter was about {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the city of [[Puebla City|Puebla]], [[Mexico]]. The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of [[Puebla]] and [[Morelos]] and in the [[Greater Mexico City]] area, including the collapse of more than 40 buildings.<ref name="USGS"/><ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last1=Almasy |first1=Steve |last2=Simon |first2=Darran |date=19 September 2017 |title=Central Mexico earthquake kills dozens, topples buildings |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/19/americas/mexico-earthquake/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="reforma">{{cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title=Mueren 4 tras sismo; caen 29 edificios |language=es |trans-title=4 die in earthquake after 29 buildings fall |url=http://www.reforma.com/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?id=1213712&v=5 |work=[[Reforma]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> 370 people were killed by the earthquake and related building collapses, including 228 in [[Mexico City]],<ref name=AP_Oct_4>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/70b3a90e267d44138eb30203d96aab7d/Recuperan-cuerpo-de-%C3%BAltima-v%C3%ADctima-del-terremoto-en-M%C3%A9xico|title=Recuperan cuerpo de última víctima del terremoto en México|work=AP News|access-date=4 October 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diariocambio.com.mx/2017/regiones/angelopolis/item/23077-asciende-a-46-la-cifra-de-muertos-por-sismo-fallece-mujer-originaria-de-atlixco|title=Asciende a 46 la cifra de muertos por sismo: fallece mujer originaria de Atlixco|website=www.diariocambio.com.mx|language=es-es|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> and more than 6,000 were injured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elindependientedehidalgo.com.mx/reporta-ssa-51-lesionados-graves/|title=Reporta Ssa 51 lesionados graves – Independiente de Hidalgo|date=28 September 2017|work=Independiente de Hidalgo|access-date=28 September 2017|language=es-MX|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000341/https://www.elindependientedehidalgo.com.mx/reporta-ssa-51-lesionados-graves/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+The '''2017 Puebla earthquake''', also known as '''19S''', struck at 13:14&nbsp;[[Central Time Zone|CDT]] (18:14 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 {{M|w|link=y}} and strong shaking for about 20 seconds. Its epicenter was about {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the city of [[Puebla City|Puebla]], [[Mexico]]. The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of [[Puebla]] and [[Morelos]] and in the [[Greater Mexico City]] area, including the collapse of more than 40 buildings.<ref name="USGS"/><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|last1=Almasy|first1=Steve|last2=Simon|first2=Darran|date=19 September 2017|title=Central Mexico earthquake kills dozens, topples buildings|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/19/americas/mexico-earthquake/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="reforma">{{cite news|date=19 September 2017|title=Mueren 4 tras sismo; caen 29 edificios|language=es|trans-title=4 die in earthquake after 29 buildings fall|url=http://www.reforma.com/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?id=1213712&v=5|work=[[Reforma (newspaper)|Reforma]]|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> 370 people were killed by the earthquake and related building collapses, including 228 in [[Mexico City]],<ref name=AP_Oct_4>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/70b3a90e267d44138eb30203d96aab7d/Recuperan-cuerpo-de-%C3%BAltima-v%C3%ADctima-del-terremoto-en-M%C3%A9xico|title=Recuperan cuerpo de última víctima del terremoto en México|work=Associated Press News|access-date=4 October 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diariocambio.com.mx/2017/regiones/angelopolis/item/23077-asciende-a-46-la-cifra-de-muertos-por-sismo-fallece-mujer-originaria-de-atlixco|title=Asciende a 46 la cifra de muertos por sismo: fallece mujer originaria de Atlixco|website=diariocambio.com.mx|language=es-es|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> and more than 6,000 were injured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elindependientedehidalgo.com.mx/reporta-ssa-51-lesionados-graves/|title=Reporta Ssa 51 lesionados graves – Independiente de Hidalgo|date=28 September 2017|work=Independiente de Hidalgo|access-date=28 September 2017|language=es-MX|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000341/https://www.elindependientedehidalgo.com.mx/reporta-ssa-51-lesionados-graves/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-The quake coincidentally occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]], which killed around 10,000 people. The 1985 quake was commemorated, and a national earthquake drill was held, at 11&nbsp;a.m. local time, just two hours before the 2017 earthquake.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title=Powerful Earthquake Shakes Mexico on 32nd Anniversary of Deadly Temblor |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/19/552141609/powerful-earthquake-shakes-mexico-on-32nd-anniversary-of-deadly-temblor |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Tagesschau">{{cite news|title=Starkes Erdbeben erschüttert Mexiko|work=[[Tagesschau (Germany)|Tagesschau]]|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/erdbeben-mexiko-105.html|language=de|trans-title=Strong earthquake shakes Mexico|date=19 September 2017|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Twelve days earlier, the even larger [[2017 Chiapas earthquake]] struck {{convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}} away, off the coast of the state of [[Chiapas]].<ref name="AP-Latest">{{cite news |date=20 September 2017 |title=The Latest: Death toll rises to 226 from Mexico earthquake |url=https://apnews.com/f6e1ffab3ccc4057a8ba47765c8c9632 |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
+The quake coincidentally occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]], which killed around 10,000 people. The 1985 quake was commemorated, and a national earthquake drill was held, at 11&nbsp;a.m. local time, just two hours before the 2017 earthquake.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 September 2017|title=Powerful Earthquake Shakes Mexico on 32nd Anniversary of Deadly Temblor|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/19/552141609/powerful-earthquake-shakes-mexico-on-32nd-anniversary-of-deadly-temblor|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Tagesschau">{{cite news|title=Starkes Erdbeben erschüttert Mexiko|work=[[Tagesschau (Germany)|Tagesschau]]|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/erdbeben-mexiko-105.html|language=de|trans-title=Strong earthquake shakes Mexico|date=19 September 2017|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Twelve days earlier, the even larger [[2017 Chiapas earthquake]] struck {{convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}} away, off the coast of the state of [[Chiapas]].<ref name="AP-Latest">{{cite news|date=20 September 2017|title=The Latest: Death toll rises to 226 from Mexico earthquake|url=https://apnews.com/f6e1ffab3ccc4057a8ba47765c8c9632|work=[[Associated Press News]]|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
 ==Background==
 [[File:Mexico tectonic plates.png|thumb|220px|right|Tectonic plates of Mexico. Visible in the image is most of the North American continent, along with Central America. Mexico is located in the lower middle part of the picture, to the right of the Cocos plate.]]
-Mexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions, sitting atop several intersecting [[tectonic plate]]s. The border between the [[Cocos Plate]] and [[North American Plate]], along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, creates a [[subduction zone]] that generates large seismic events.<ref name="USGS"/> Activity along the edges of the [[Rivera Plate|Rivera]] and [[Caribbean]] plates also generate seismic events. All together, these seismic forces cause an average of 40 earthquakes a day in Mexico.<ref name="SSN"/>
+Mexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions, sitting atop several intersecting [[tectonic plate]]s. The border between the [[Cocos plate]] and [[North American plate]], along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, creates a [[subduction]] zone that generates large seismic events.<ref name="USGS"/> Activity along the edges of the [[Rivera plate|Rivera]] and [[Caribbean plate]]s also generate seismic events. All together, these seismic forces cause an average of 40 earthquakes a day in Mexico.<ref name="SSN"/>
-Mexico City is [[Lake Texcoco|built on a dry lakebed]] with soft soil made up of sand and clay, which amplifies the destruction that major earthquakes cause.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grad |first1=Shelby |last2=Lin |first2=Rong-Gong II |date=19 September 2017 |title=Mexico City's notoriously soft soil probably contributed to destruction from 7.1 earthquake |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-mexico-soft-soil-20170919-htmlstory.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Loose sediments near the surface slow the shockwaves' speed from about {{convert|2.4|km/s|km/h mi/s}} to roughly {{convert|45|m/s|km/h ft/s}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/22/world/americas/mexico-city-earthquake-lake-bed-geology.html|title=Mexico City Was Built on an Ancient Lake Bed. That Makes Earthquakes Much Worse.|last1=Watkins|first1=Derek|date=22 September 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 September 2017|last2=White|first2=Jeremy|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This increases the shockwaves' amplitude, which causes more violent shaking. Deeper and denser soil layers increase amplified shockwaves' destructive duration.<ref name=":0" />
+Mexico City is [[Lake Texcoco|built on a dry lakebed]] with soft soil made up of sand and clay, which amplifies the destruction that major earthquakes cause.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grad|first1=Shelby|last2=Lin|first2=Rong-Gong II|date=19 September 2017|title=Mexico City's notoriously soft soil probably contributed to destruction from 7.1 earthquake|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-mexico-soft-soil-20170919-htmlstory.html|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Loose sediments near the surface slow the shockwaves' speed from about {{convert|2.4|km/s|km/h mi/s}} to roughly {{convert|45|m/s|km/h ft/s}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/22/world/americas/mexico-city-earthquake-lake-bed-geology.html|title=Mexico City Was Built on an Ancient Lake Bed. That Makes Earthquakes Much Worse.|last1=Watkins|first1=Derek|date=22 September 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 September 2017|last2=White|first2=Jeremy|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This increases the shockwaves' amplitude, which causes more violent shaking. Deeper and denser soil layers increase amplified shockwaves' destructive duration.<ref name=":0" />
-Less than two weeks before the Puebla earthquake, Mexico had been struck by an [[2017 Chiapas earthquake|earthquake in Chiapas]] on 7 September, which killed almost 100 people. Despite its close timing, the Puebla earthquake was not an [[aftershock]] of the Chiapas event, as the epicenters were {{convert|650|km|abbr=on}} apart.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title=The Latest: Seismologist: Mexico's 7.1 quake not aftershock |url=https://apnews.com/f6e1ffab3ccc4057a8ba47765c8c9632/The-Latest:-Seismologist:-Mexico's-7.1-quake-not-aftershock |work=Associated Press |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
+Less than two weeks before the Puebla earthquake, Mexico had been struck by an [[2017 Chiapas earthquake|earthquake in Chiapas]] on 7 September, which killed almost 100 people. Despite its close timing, the Puebla earthquake was not an [[aftershock]] of the Chiapas event, as the epicenters were {{convert|650|km|abbr=on}} apart.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 September 2017|title=The Latest: Seismologist: Mexico's 7.1 quake not aftershock|url=https://apnews.com/f6e1ffab3ccc4057a8ba47765c8c9632/The-Latest:-Seismologist:-Mexico's-7.1-quake-not-aftershock|work=Associated Press News|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
-The possibility of a [[Remotely triggered earthquakes|link between the earthquakes]] was being investigated in the days after the second one. Big earthquakes can increase the long-term risk of seismic activity by [[Coulomb stress transfer|transferring "static stress"]] to adjacent faults, but only at a distance of up to four times the length of the original rupture. In the 19 September earthquake, static stress transfer was considered unlikely due to the distance between the earthquakes, in excess of the expected 400&nbsp;km maximum. "Dynamic triggering", with seismic waves propagating from one quake affecting other faults, may operate at much longer distances, but usually happens within hours or a few days of the triggering quake; a 12-day gap is hard to explain.<ref name="Witze2017">{{cite journal|last1=Witze|first1=Alexandra|title=Pair of deadly Mexico quakes puzzles scientists|journal=Nature|date=20 September 2017 |issn=1476-4687|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22650}}</ref>
+The possibility of a [[Remotely triggered earthquakes|link between the earthquakes]] was being investigated in the days after the second one. Big earthquakes can increase the long-term risk of seismic activity by [[Coulomb stress transfer|transferring "static stress"]] to adjacent faults, but only at a distance of up to four times the length of the original rupture. In the 19 September earthquake, static stress transfer was considered unlikely due to the distance between the earthquakes, in excess of the expected 400&nbsp;km maximum. "Dynamic triggering", with seismic waves propagating from one quake affecting other faults, may operate at much longer distances, but usually happens within hours or a few days of the triggering quake; a 12-day gap is hard to explain.<ref name="Witze2017">{{cite journal|last1=Witze|first1=Alexandra|title=Pair of deadly Mexico quakes puzzles scientists|journal=Nature|date=20 September 2017|issn=1476-4687|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22650}}</ref>
-September is designated as a day of remembrance for the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]], which killed approximately 10,000 people. Every year at 11&nbsp;a.m., a national earthquake drill is conducted by the government through the use of public loudspeakers located throughout Mexico City.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2016 |title=Millions of Mexicans commemorate 1985 quake with drill |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/millions-of-mexicans-commemorate-1985-quake-with-drill/50000262-3044852 |publisher=[[EFE]] |location=Madrid |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> The 2017 drill took place as scheduled, at 11&nbsp;a.m., around two hours before the central Mexico earthquake.<ref name="Tagesschau"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Partlow |first=Joshua |date=19 September 2017 |title=Strong earthquake shakes Mexico, killing at least 40 people |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/strong-earthquake-shakes-mexico-damaging-buildings-and-causing-panic/2017/09/19/d2b044f6-9d6a-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
+September is designated as a day of remembrance for the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]], which killed approximately 10,000 people. Every year at 11&nbsp;a.m., a national earthquake drill is conducted by the government through the use of public loudspeakers located throughout Mexico City.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 September 2016|title=Millions of Mexicans commemorate 1985 quake with drill|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/millions-of-mexicans-commemorate-1985-quake-with-drill/50000262-3044852|publisher=[[EFE]]|location=Madrid|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> The 2017 drill took place as scheduled, at 11&nbsp;a.m., around two hours before the central Mexico earthquake.<ref name="Tagesschau"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Partlow|first=Joshua|date=19 September 2017|title=Strong earthquake shakes Mexico, killing at least 40 people|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/strong-earthquake-shakes-mexico-damaging-buildings-and-causing-panic/2017/09/19/d2b044f6-9d6a-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
 ==Earthquake==
 [[File:2017 Central Mexico earthquake in México City.webm|thumb|right|Video after the earthquake in [[Mexico City]]]]
-According to the [[National Seismological Service]] (SSN) of Mexico, the [[epicenter]] was located {{cvt|12|km}} southeast of [[Axochiapan]], [[Morelos]], and {{cvt|120|km}} from Mexico City.<ref name="SSN">{{cite web |date=19 September 2017 |title=Sismo del día 19 de Septiembre de 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M&nbsp;7.1) |trans-title=Earthquake of 19 September 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M&nbsp;7.1) |language=es |url=http://www.ssn.unam.mx/sismicidad/reportes-especiales/2017/SSNMX_rep_esp_20170919_Puebla-Morelos_M71.pdf |publisher=[[National Seismological Service]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> The earthquake was measured at a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 7.1, occurring at 13:14:40 [[Central Time Zone|Central Daylight Time]], at a depth of {{cvt|48|km}}.<ref name="SSN"/> The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) placed the epicenter {{cvt|5|km}} ENE of [[San Juan Raboso]] and reported a measurement of VIII (Severe) on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]].<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |date=19 September 2017 |title=M 7.1 – 5km ENE of Raboso, Mexico |url= https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000ar20#executive |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Post-earthquake surveys indicated a maximum intensity of IX (''Violent'') near the epicenter region.<ref name="Montalvo-Arrieta">{{cite journal |last1=Montalvo-Arrieta |first1=Juan C. |last2=Pérez-Campos |first2=Xyoli |last3=Ramirez-Guzman |first3=Leonardo |last4=Sosa-Ramírez |first4=Rocío L. |last5=Ruiz-Esparza |first5=Moisés Contreras |last6=Leonardo-Suárez |first6=Miguel |title=Macroseismic Intensities from the 19 September 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla–Morelos Earthquake |journal=Seismological Research Letters |date=2019 |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=2142–2153 |doi=10.1785/0220190145|bibcode=2019SeiRL..90.2142M |s2cid=210730927 }}</ref> While there was a report of strong shaking for about one minute, which is a long time for an earthquake,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake-report.com/2017/09/19/very-strong-earthquake-central-mexico-september-19-2017/ |title=Deadly earthquake in the Puebla region, Mexico – at least 226 fatalities – September 19, 2017 |publisher=Earthquake-Report.com |date=20 September 2017 |access-date=20 September 2017 |quote=As @NTelevisaPuebla reports, the strong shaking lasted for approx. 1 minute and that's a very long time. The longer strong shaking lasts, the more damage will be inflicted! |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920051234/https://earthquake-report.com/2017/09/19/very-strong-earthquake-central-mexico-september-19-2017/ |url-status=dead }} Page added to frequently.</ref> acceleration/velocity/displacement [[seismogram]]s at [[UNAM]] showed about 20&nbsp;seconds of strong shaking with a period of ≈1&nbsp;second.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ds.iris.edu/ds/nodes/dmc/specialevents/2017/09/19/central-mexico/ |title=IRIS: Special Event: Central Mexico |website=IRIS – Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology |date=20 September 2017 |access-date= 20 September 2017}}</ref> SSN reported a [[peak ground acceleration]] of {{cvt|112|cm/s2|g0|lk=out}} at the [[Popocatépetl]] reporting station in Tlamacas, [[State of Mexico|Estado de México]].<ref name="SSN"/> According to the USGS, the earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping [[normal fault]].<ref name="USGS"/>
+According to the [[National Seismological Service]] (SSN) of Mexico, the [[epicenter]] was located {{cvt|12|km}} southeast of [[Axochiapan]], [[Morelos]], and {{cvt|120|km}} from Mexico City.<ref name="SSN">{{cite web|date=19 September 2017|title=Sismo del día 19 de Septiembre de 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M&nbsp;7.1)|trans-title=Earthquake of 19 September 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M&nbsp;7.1)|language=es|url=http://www.ssn.unam.mx/sismicidad/reportes-especiales/2017/SSNMX_rep_esp_20170919_Puebla-Morelos_M71.pdf|publisher=[[National Seismological Service]]|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> The earthquake was measured at a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 7.1, occurring at 13:14:40 [[Central Time Zone|Central Daylight Time]], at a depth of {{cvt|48|km}}.<ref name="SSN"/> The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) placed the epicenter {{cvt|5|km}} ENE of [[San Juan Raboso]] and reported a measurement of VIII (Severe) on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]].<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|date=19 September 2017|title=M 7.1 – 5&nbsp;km ENE of Raboso, Mexico|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000ar20#executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Post-earthquake surveys indicated a maximum intensity of IX (''Violent'') near the epicenter region.<ref name="Montalvo-Arrieta">{{cite journal|last1=Montalvo-Arrieta|first1=Juan C.|last2=Pérez-Campos|first2=Xyoli|last3=Ramirez-Guzman|first3=Leonardo|last4=Sosa-Ramírez|first4=Rocío L.|last5=Ruiz-Esparza|first5=Moisés Contreras|last6=Leonardo-Suárez|first6=Miguel|title=Macroseismic Intensities from the 19 September 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla–Morelos Earthquake|journal=Seismological Research Letters|date=2019|volume=90|issue=6|pages=2142–2153|doi=10.1785/0220190145|bibcode=2019SeiRL..90.2142M|s2cid=210730927}}</ref> While there was a report of strong shaking for about one minute, which is a long time for an earthquake,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake-report.com/2017/09/19/very-strong-earthquake-central-mexico-september-19-2017/|title=Deadly earthquake in the Puebla region, Mexico – at least 226 fatalities – September 19, 2017|publisher=Earthquake-Report.com|date=20 September 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|quote=As @NTelevisaPuebla reports, the strong shaking lasted for approx. 1 minute and that's a very long time. The longer strong shaking lasts, the more damage will be inflicted!|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920051234/https://earthquake-report.com/2017/09/19/very-strong-earthquake-central-mexico-september-19-2017/|url-status=dead}} Page added to frequently.</ref> acceleration/velocity/displacement [[seismogram]]s at [[UNAM]] showed about 20&nbsp;seconds of strong shaking with a period of ≈1&nbsp;second.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ds.iris.edu/ds/nodes/dmc/specialevents/2017/09/19/central-mexico/|title=IRIS: Special Event: Central Mexico|website=IRIS – Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology|date=20 September 2017|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> SSN reported a [[peak ground acceleration]] of {{cvt|112|cm/s2|g0|lk=out}} at the [[Popocatépetl]] reporting station in Tlamacas, [[State of Mexico|Estado de México]].<ref name="SSN"/> According to the USGS, the earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping [[normal fault]].<ref name="USGS"/>
-According to the bulletin of Mexico's [[SASMEX]] earthquake warning system, 20 seconds' advance warning was given in Mexico City;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://148.206.32.17/reportes_sasmex/sasmex_reporte_20170919_131504_es.php|title=Boletín del Sistema de Alerta Sísmica Mexicano (SASMEX), 19 September 2017 at 13:15:04|language=es|trans-title=SASMEX Bulletin|website=Centro de Insrumentación y Registro Sísmico a.c.|date=19 September 2017}}</ref> however the general experience in the capital was that the alarm and cellphone alerts started only a few seconds before, or during the quake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elgrafico.mx/la-roja/20-09-2017/alarma-sismica-sono-cuando-ya-temblaba-en-cdmx-te-explicamos-la-razon|title=Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón, 20 September 2017 at 12:17:00|language=es|trans-title=Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón|website=El Grafico|date=20 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unotv.com/noticias/estados/distrito-federal/detalle/te-explicamos-por-qu-no-son-la-alerta-ssmica-390116/|title=Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 04:47:00|language=es|trans-title=Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica|website=UnoTV|date=20 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chispa.tv/curiosidades/Por-que-no-sono-la-alarma-sismica-en-Mexico-20170920-0011.html|title=¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?, 21 September 2017 at 20:12:00|language=es|trans-title=¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?|website=CHISPA|date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diariobasta.com/2017/09/20/primero-temblo-despues-se-escucho-la-alarma-sismica/|title=Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 20:12:00|language=es|trans-title=Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica|website=BASTA|date=20 September 2017|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035627/http://diariobasta.com/2017/09/20/primero-temblo-despues-se-escucho-la-alarma-sismica/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some residents reportedly mistook the alert for a continuation of the earlier drill.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-41332013 |title=Are Mexico's two September earthquakes connected? |publisher=BBC |access-date= 21 September 2017|work=BBC News |date=20 September 2017 |last1=Amos |first1=Jonathan }}</ref> 25 of the early-warning seismic sensors detected the earthquake, and alerts were also provided to Oaxaca, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and Puebla, with lead times stated to range from 12 to 48 seconds.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
+According to the bulletin of Mexico's [[SASMEX]] earthquake warning system, 20 seconds' advance warning was given in Mexico City;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://148.206.32.17/reportes_sasmex/sasmex_reporte_20170919_131504_es.php|title=Boletín del Sistema de Alerta Sísmica Mexicano (SASMEX), 19 September 2017 at 13:15:04|language=es|trans-title=SASMEX Bulletin|website=Centro de Insrumentación y Registro Sísmico a.c.|date=19 September 2017}}</ref> however the general experience in the capital was that the alarm and cellphone alerts started only a few seconds before, or during the quake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elgrafico.mx/la-roja/20-09-2017/alarma-sismica-sono-cuando-ya-temblaba-en-cdmx-te-explicamos-la-razon|title=Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón, 20 September 2017 at 12:17:00|language=es|trans-title=Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón|website=El Grafico|date=20 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unotv.com/noticias/estados/distrito-federal/detalle/te-explicamos-por-qu-no-son-la-alerta-ssmica-390116/|title=Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 04:47:00|language=es|trans-title=Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica|website=UnoTV|date=20 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chispa.tv/curiosidades/Por-que-no-sono-la-alarma-sismica-en-Mexico-20170920-0011.html|title=¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?, 21 September 2017 at 20:12:00|language=es|trans-title=¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?|website=CHISPA|date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diariobasta.com/2017/09/20/primero-temblo-despues-se-escucho-la-alarma-sismica/|title=Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 20:12:00|language=es|trans-title=Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica|website=BASTA|date=20 September 2017|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035627/http://diariobasta.com/2017/09/20/primero-temblo-despues-se-escucho-la-alarma-sismica/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some residents reportedly mistook the alert for a continuation of the earlier drill.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-41332013|title=Are Mexico's two September earthquakes connected?|access-date=21 September 2017|publisher=BBC News|date=20 September 2017|last1=Amos|first1=Jonathan}}</ref> 25 of the early-warning seismic sensors detected the earthquake, and alerts were also provided to Oaxaca, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and Puebla, with lead times stated to range from 12 to 48 seconds.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
 ==Casualties==
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-Nine days after the earthquake, at least 361 people had been reported killed.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Argen |first=David |date=19 September 2017 |title=Mexico earthquake: more than 60 dead as powerful tremor hits southern region |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/19/mexico-city-earthquake-anniversary-1985 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="segobpc-tweet">{{cite tweet|number=914522557449068544|user=LUISFELIPE_P|title=#Actualización|date=1 October 2017|language=Spanish|last=Puente|first=Luis Felipe}}</ref> At least 74 people were killed in the state of [[Morelos]], 220 in Mexico City, 45 in [[Puebla]], 13 in the [[State of Mexico]], 6 in the state of [[Guerrero]] and one in the state of [[Oaxaca]].<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="AP">{{cite news |last1=Stevenson |first1=Mark |last2=Sherman |first2=Christopher |last3=Orsi |first3=Peter |date=19 September 2017 |title=149 killed as 7.1 magnitude quake fells buildings in Mexico |url=https://apnews.com/a9e8799894e6486aa5a3d3d49badb7dd/7.1-magnitude-quake-kills-2,-collapses-buildings-in-Mexico |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="segobpc-tweet"/> In Mexico City, the bodies of 26 students and four instructors were pulled from the rubble of the Enrique C. Rébsamen school; 30 students and 8 adults were still unaccounted for {{asof|2017|9|19|alt=as of the evening of 19 September}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vargas|first1=Rosa Elvira|title=Confirma EPN recuperación de 22 cuerpos en colegio Enrique C. Rébsamen|trans-title=EPN confirms recovery of 22 bodies in Enrique C. Rébsamen school|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2017/09/19/recuperan-22-cadaveres-de-la-escuela-enrique-c-rebsamen|access-date=20 September 2017|work=[[La Jornada]]|date=19 September 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hay 26 niños fallecidos y 30 desaparecidos en derrumbe de escuela Rébsamen: Peña Nieto |trans-title=Peña Nieto: 26 children dead and 30 missing in collapse of Rébsamen school |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/hay-26-ninos-fallecidos-y-30-desaparecidos-en-derrumbe-de-escuela-rebsamen-pena-nieto|access-date=20 September 2017|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=19 September 2017|language=es}}</ref> The Mexico City campus of the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] suffered damage, with at least 5 people killed and 40 injured.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sánchez Jiménez|first1=Arturo|title=Cinco muertos y 40 heridos en el Tec de Monterrey|trans-title=Five dead and 40 wounded at Tec de Monterrey|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2017/09/20/cinco-muertos-y-40-heridos-en-el-tec-de-monterrey-1|access-date=20 September 2017|work=La Jornada|date=20 September 2017|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+Nine days after the earthquake, at least 361 people had been reported killed.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|last=Argen|first=David|date=19 September 2017|title=Mexico earthquake: more than 60 dead as powerful tremor hits southern region|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/19/mexico-city-earthquake-anniversary-1985|work=The Guardian|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="segobpc-tweet">{{cite tweet|number=914522557449068544|user=LUISFELIPE_P|title=#Actualización|date=1 October 2017|language=Spanish|last=Puente|first=Luis Felipe}}</ref> At least 74 people were killed in the state of [[Morelos]], 220 in Mexico City, 45 in [[Puebla]], 13 in the [[State of Mexico]], 6 in the state of [[Guerrero]] and one in the state of [[Oaxaca]].<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="AP">{{cite news|last1=Stevenson|first1=Mark|last2=Sherman|first2=Christopher|last3=Orsi|first3=Peter|date=19 September 2017|title=149 killed as 7.1 magnitude quake fells buildings in Mexico|url=https://apnews.com/a9e8799894e6486aa5a3d3d49badb7dd/7.1-magnitude-quake-kills-2,-collapses-buildings-in-Mexico|work=[[Associated Press News]]|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="segobpc-tweet"/> In Mexico City, the bodies of 26 students and four instructors were pulled from the rubble of the Enrique C. Rébsamen school; 30 students and 8 adults were still unaccounted for {{as of|2017|9|19|alt=as of the evening of 19 September}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vargas|first1=Rosa Elvira|title=Confirma EPN recuperación de 22 cuerpos en colegio Enrique C. Rébsamen|trans-title=EPN confirms recovery of 22 bodies in Enrique C. Rébsamen school|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2017/09/19/recuperan-22-cadaveres-de-la-escuela-enrique-c-rebsamen|access-date=20 September 2017|work=[[La Jornada]]|date=19 September 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hay 26 niños fallecidos y 30 desaparecidos en derrumbe de escuela Rébsamen: Peña Nieto|trans-title=Peña Nieto: 26 children dead and 30 missing in collapse of Rébsamen school|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/hay-26-ninos-fallecidos-y-30-desaparecidos-en-derrumbe-de-escuela-rebsamen-pena-nieto|access-date=20 September 2017|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=19 September 2017|language=es}}</ref> The Mexico City campus of the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] suffered damage, with at least 5 people killed and 40 injured.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sánchez Jiménez|first1=Arturo|title=Cinco muertos y 40 heridos en el Tec de Monterrey|trans-title=Five dead and 40 wounded at Tec de Monterrey|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2017/09/20/cinco-muertos-y-40-heridos-en-el-tec-de-monterrey-1|access-date=20 September 2017|work=La Jornada|date=20 September 2017|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-More than 6,000 people had been reported injured by the day after the earthquake, with more than 300 confirmed dead<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/death-toll-mexico-quake-rises-293-search-survivors-continues-n804051|title=Death toll in Mexico quake rises to 295, search for survivors goes on|website=NBC News}}</ref> as rescue efforts continued.
+More than 6,000 people had been reported injured by the day after the earthquake, with more than 300 confirmed dead<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/death-toll-mexico-quake-rises-293-search-survivors-continues-n804051|title=Death toll in Mexico quake rises to 295, search for survivors goes on|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> as rescue efforts continued.
 On 1 October the number of people known to have been killed was stated to be 361,<ref name="segobpc-tweet"/> with more than 4,500 injured. By place, 220 were killed in Mexico City, 74 in the state of Morelos, 45 in Puebla, 15 in Mexico State, six in Guerrero, and one in Oaxaca.<ref name=notimex1oc>{{cite web|url=http://www.enfoquenoticias.com.mx/noticias/actualizan-cifra-360-decesos-en-el-pa-s-por-sismo-del-19-de-septiembre|title=Actualizan cifra, 360 decesos en el país por sismo del 19 de septiembre|language=es|trans-title=Figure updated, 360 deaths in the country due to the earthquake of 19 September|website=Enfoque Noticias|date=30 September 2017|author=Notimex|access-date=1 October 2017}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-An investigation published in October 2017 revealed that since 2012 there had been over 6,000 complaints about construction violations in Mexico City, with no public record of how many were followed up. Many of the buildings complained about collapsed in the 19 September earthquake. After the earthquake the Urban Development and Housing Secretariat (Seduvi) did not respond to requests for information on responses to complaints. Local activists called the construction system totally corrupt, and said that some developers circumvent building regulations, and city authorities frequently ignore complaints.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/13/complaints-earthquake-scandal-mexico-city-dead-construction-collapse |title=6,000 complaints ... then the quake: the scandal behind Mexico City's 225 dead |work=The Guardian |date=13 October 2017 |first1=Martha|last1=Pskowski|first2=David|last2=Adler|access-date= 13 October 2017}} Article has many examples of violations of building codes, followed by buildings collapsing in the earthquake; for example a collapsed six-storey building that had been constructed on the foundations of a previous two-storey building.</ref> Mónica García Villegas, the owner of Colegio Rébsamen in Mexico City where 26 people including 19 children died when the building collapsed, was found guilty on 17 September, [[2020 in Mexico|2020]] of "culpable homicide" for ignoring safety regulations. The Mexico City prosecutor (FGJ-CdMx) asked for 57 years of prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribunal declara culpable de homicidio culposo a exdirectora del Rébsamen; FGJ-CdMx pide 57 años de prisión |url=https://www.msn.com/es-mx/noticias/mexico/tribunal-declara-culpable-de-homicidio-culposo-a-exdirectora-del-r%C3%A9bsamen-fgj-cdmx-pide-57-a%C3%B1os-de-prisi%C3%B3n/ar-BB19aeGF?ocid=msedgntp |access-date=18 September 2020 |work=www.msn.com |publisher=Sin Embargo}}</ref>
+An investigation published in October 2017 revealed that since 2012 there had been over 6,000 complaints about construction violations in Mexico City, with no public record of how many were followed up. Many of the buildings complained about collapsed in the 19 September earthquake. After the earthquake the Urban Development and Housing Secretariat (Seduvi) did not respond to requests for information on responses to complaints. Local activists called the construction system totally corrupt, and said that some developers circumvent building regulations, and city authorities frequently ignore complaints.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/13/complaints-earthquake-scandal-mexico-city-dead-construction-collapse|title=6,000 complaints ... then the quake: the scandal behind Mexico City's 225 dead|work=The Guardian|date=13 October 2017|first1=Martha|last1=Pskowski|first2=David|last2=Adler|access-date=13 October 2017}} Article has many examples of violations of building codes, followed by buildings collapsing in the earthquake; for example a collapsed six-storey building that had been constructed on the foundations of a previous two-storey building.</ref> Mónica García Villegas, the owner of Colegio Rébsamen in Mexico City where 26 people including 19 children died when the building collapsed, was found guilty on 17 September [[2020 in Mexico|2020]] of "culpable homicide" for ignoring safety regulations. The Mexico City prosecutor (FGJ-CdMx) asked for 57 years of prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tribunal declara culpable de homicidio culposo a exdirectora del Rébsamen; FGJ-CdMx pide 57 años de prisión|url=https://www.msn.com/es-mx/noticias/mexico/tribunal-declara-culpable-de-homicidio-culposo-a-exdirectora-del-r%C3%A9bsamen-fgj-cdmx-pide-57-a%C3%B1os-de-prisi%C3%B3n/ar-BB19aeGF?ocid=msedgntp|access-date=18 September 2020|work=www.msn.com|publisher=Sin Embargo}}</ref>
-The casualties included eight foreigners, including four Taiwanese women, a Korean man, a Spanish man, a Panamanian woman and an Argentine man.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/foreigners-killed-in-mexico-quake-from-taiwan-korea-spain-4857226/|title=Foreigners killed in Mexico quake from Taiwan, Korea, Spain|date=23 September 2017|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The actress [[Cecilia Suárez]] was injured while filming ''[[The House of Flowers (TV series)|The House of Flowers]]'' in [[Condesa]], Mexico City.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2018/09/19/a-un-ano-de-la-tragedia-el-elenco-de-la-casa-de-las-flores-recuerda-como-vivio-el-19s|title=A un año del sismo, elenco de 'La casa de las flores' recuerda cómo vivió el 19S|language=es|trans-title=One year on, the cast of 'The House of Flowers' recall how they survived 19S|website=Quién|last=González|first=Renata|date=19 September 2018|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> Mexico first female clown, [[Adela Peralta Leppe]], was also killed when her building collapsed on her. She was trapped under rubble for 30 hours, and died months later due to complications.{{fact|date=August 2024}}
+The casualties included eight foreigners, including four Taiwanese women, a Korean man, a Spanish man, a Panamanian woman and an Argentine man.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/foreigners-killed-in-mexico-quake-from-taiwan-korea-spain-4857226/|title=Foreigners killed in Mexico quake from Taiwan, Korea, Spain|date=23 September 2017|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The actress [[Cecilia Suárez]] was injured while filming ''[[The House of Flowers (TV series)|The House of Flowers]]'' in [[Condesa]], Mexico City.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2018/09/19/a-un-ano-de-la-tragedia-el-elenco-de-la-casa-de-las-flores-recuerda-como-vivio-el-19s|title=A un año del sismo, elenco de 'La casa de las flores' recuerda cómo vivió el 19S|language=es|trans-title=One year on, the cast of 'The House of Flowers' recall how they survived 19S|website=Quién|last=González|first=Renata|date=19 September 2018|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> Mexico first female clown, [[Adela Peralta Leppe]], was also killed when her building collapsed on her. She was trapped under rubble for 30 hours, and died months later due to complications.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
 ==Damage and aftermath==
-In Puebla, church steeples had toppled in the city of [[Cholula, Puebla|Cholula]],<ref name=mexibritain /> and a church on the slopes of [[Popocatépetl]] in [[Atzitzihuacan]] collapsed during mass, killing 15 people.<ref name=mexibritain>{{cite news |last1=Henderson |first1=Barney |last2=Horton |first2=Helena |last3=Strange |first3=Hannah |date=20 September 2017 |title=Mexico City earthquake: More than 225 dead as buildings reduced to rubble |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/20/mexico-city-earthquake-200-dead-buildings-reduced-rubble/ |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> A second church, which was built in the 17th century, fell in [[Atzala]] during a baptism, killing 11 people including a baby.<ref name=bbcmexi>{{cite news |date=20 September 2017 |title=Deadly quake rocks Mexico |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-latin-america-41328094 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
+In Puebla, church steeples had toppled in the city of [[Cholula, Puebla|Cholula]],<ref name=mexibritain /> and a church on the slopes of [[Popocatépetl]] in [[Atzitzihuacan]] collapsed during mass, killing 15 people.<ref name=mexibritain>{{cite news|last1=Henderson|first1=Barney|last2=Horton|first2=Helena|last3=Strange|first3=Hannah|date=20 September 2017|title=Mexico City earthquake: More than 225 dead as buildings reduced to rubble|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/20/mexico-city-earthquake-200-dead-buildings-reduced-rubble/|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> A second church, which was built in the 17th century, fell in [[Atzala]] during a baptism, killing 11 people including a baby.<ref name=bbcmexi>{{cite news|date=20 September 2017|title=Deadly quake rocks Mexico|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-latin-america-41328094|publisher=BBC News|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
-At least 44 buildings collapsed in Mexico City due to the earthquake, trapping people inside, creating large plumes of dust, and starting fires.<ref name=mexibritain /> At least 50 to 60 people were rescued by emergency workers and citizens.<ref name="AP"/><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |last1=Semple |first1=Kirk |last2=Malkin |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Villegas |first3=Paulina |date=19 September 2017 |title=Powerful Earthquake Strikes Mexico, Killing Dozens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/19/world/americas/mexico-earthquake.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Several buildings caught fire.<ref name="CBC">{{cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title=At least 134 dead after magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Mexico |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/mexico-earthquake-1.4297047 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> [[Condesa]], [[Colonia Roma|Roma]] and [[Colonia del Valle|del Valle]] neighbourhoods were among those most affected in the zone: a building located on [[Avenida Álvaro Obregón|Álvaro Obregón Avenue]] collapsed, and several buildings on [[Amsterdam Avenue, Mexico City|Ámsterdam Avenue]] suffered damage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Era horrible, todo temblaba|trans-title=It was horrible, everything trembled|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/09/20/actualidad/1505862075_239301.html|access-date=20 September 2017|work=El País|date=19 September 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lafuente|first1=Javier|title=Más de 220 muertos por un fuerte terremoto en México|trans-title=More than 220 dead by a strong earthquake in Mexico|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/09/19/actualidad/1505845600_736646.html|access-date=20 September 2017|work=El País|date=20 September 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Villalobos|first1=Areli|title=Rescatan a 10 personas de un edificio colapsado en Álvaro Obregón 286, colonia Roma|trans-title=10 people are rescued from a collapsed building in Álvaro Obregón 286, colony Roma|url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/503904/rescatan-a-10-personas-edificio-colapsado-en-alvaro-obregon-286-colonia-roma|access-date=20 September 2017|work=[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]|date=19 September 2017|language=es|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001427/http://www.proceso.com.mx/503904/rescatan-a-10-personas-edificio-colapsado-en-alvaro-obregon-286-colonia-roma|url-status=dead}}</ref> The building housing the [[Embassy of the Philippines, Mexico City|Philippine Embassy in Mexico City]] was badly damaged, requiring it to vacate the property.<ref>{{cite news | author=Viray, Patricia Lourdes | title=No Filipino casualties in Mexico quake; embassy damaged | url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/09/20/1740961/no-filipino-casualties-mexico-quake-embassy-damaged | work=[[The Philippine Star]] | date=20 September 2017 | access-date=12 June 2020 }}</ref>
+At least 44 buildings collapsed in Mexico City due to the earthquake, trapping people inside, creating large plumes of dust, and starting fires.<ref name=mexibritain /> At least 50 to 60 people were rescued by emergency workers and citizens.<ref name="AP"/><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|last1=Semple|first1=Kirk|last2=Malkin|first2=Elisabeth|last3=Villegas|first3=Paulina|date=19 September 2017|title=Powerful Earthquake Strikes Mexico, Killing Dozens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/19/world/americas/mexico-earthquake.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Several buildings caught fire.<ref name="CBC">{{cite news|date=19 September 2017|title=At least 134 dead after magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Mexico|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/mexico-earthquake-1.4297047|publisher=[[CBC News]]|agency=Associated Press|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> [[Condesa]], [[Colonia Roma|Roma]] and [[Colonia del Valle|del Valle]] neighbourhoods were among those most affected in the zone: a building located on [[Avenida Álvaro Obregón|Álvaro Obregón Avenue]] collapsed, and several buildings on [[Amsterdam Avenue, Mexico City|Ámsterdam Avenue]] suffered damage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Era horrible, todo temblaba|trans-title=It was horrible, everything trembled|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/09/20/actualidad/1505862075_239301.html|access-date=20 September 2017|work=El País|date=19 September 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lafuente|first1=Javier|title=Más de 220 muertos por un fuerte terremoto en México|trans-title=More than 220 dead by a strong earthquake in Mexico|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/09/19/actualidad/1505845600_736646.html|access-date=20 September 2017|work=El País|date=20 September 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Villalobos|first1=Areli|title=Rescatan a 10 personas de un edificio colapsado en Álvaro Obregón 286, colonia Roma|trans-title=10 people are rescued from a collapsed building in Álvaro Obregón 286, colony Roma|url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/503904/rescatan-a-10-personas-edificio-colapsado-en-alvaro-obregon-286-colonia-roma|access-date=20 September 2017|work=[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]|date=19 September 2017|language=es|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001427/http://www.proceso.com.mx/503904/rescatan-a-10-personas-edificio-colapsado-en-alvaro-obregon-286-colonia-roma|url-status=dead}}</ref> The building housing the [[Embassy of the Philippines, Mexico City|Philippine Embassy in Mexico City]] was badly damaged, requiring it to vacate the property.<ref>{{cite news|author=Viray, Patricia Lourdes|title=No Filipino casualties in Mexico quake; embassy damaged|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/09/20/1740961/no-filipino-casualties-mexico-quake-embassy-damaged|work=[[The Philippine Star]]|date=20 September 2017|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>
-Gas leaks were reported, along with "piles" of rubble from collapsed buildings.<ref name="NYTimes"/> Stock prices declined at the [[Mexico Stock Exchange]] but recovered before trading was suspended.<ref>{{cite news |last=Imbert |first=Fred |date=19 September 2017 |title=Mexico stocks fall and then are halted after earthquake shakes buildings in Mexico City |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/19/mexico-stocks-are-falling-right-now-because-of-an-earthquake.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> [[Comisión Federal de Electricidad]], the national electric utility, reported that 4.78&nbsp;million customers lost power in Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla, State of Mexico, Oaxaca, [[Tlaxcala]], and parts of Mexico City—roughly 35% of the company's customers in those states. However, none of the [[Power station|generating stations]] in the region sustained structural damage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sismo Afecta Suministro Eléctrico A Más De 4.8 Millones De Hogares Y Comercios En El Valle De México, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero Y Tlaxcala|trans-title=Sismo Affects Electrical Supply to More Than 4.8 Million Homes and Businesses in the Valley of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Tlaxcala|url=http://saladeprensa.cfe.gob.mx/boletines/show/8468/|publisher=[[Comisión Federal de Electricidad]]|access-date=22 September 2017|language=es|date=20 September 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050851/http://saladeprensa.cfe.gob.mx/boletines/show/8468/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Gas leaks were reported, along with "piles" of rubble from collapsed buildings.<ref name="NYTimes"/> Stock prices declined at the [[Mexico Stock Exchange]] but recovered before trading was suspended.<ref>{{cite news|last=Imbert|first=Fred|date=19 September 2017|title=Mexico stocks fall and then are halted after earthquake shakes buildings in Mexico City|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/19/mexico-stocks-are-falling-right-now-because-of-an-earthquake.html|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> [[Comisión Federal de Electricidad]], the national electric utility, reported that 4.78&nbsp;million customers lost power in Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla, State of Mexico, Oaxaca, [[Tlaxcala]], and parts of Mexico City—roughly 35% of the company's customers in those states. However, none of the [[Power station|generating stations]] in the region sustained structural damage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sismo Afecta Suministro Eléctrico A Más De 4.8 Millones De Hogares Y Comercios En El Valle De México, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero Y Tlaxcala|trans-title=Sismo Affects Electrical Supply to More Than 4.8 Million Homes and Businesses in the Valley of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Tlaxcala|url=http://saladeprensa.cfe.gob.mx/boletines/show/8468/|publisher=[[Comisión Federal de Electricidad]]|access-date=22 September 2017|language=es|date=20 September 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050851/http://saladeprensa.cfe.gob.mx/boletines/show/8468/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-[[Mexico City International Airport]] suspended operations while damage assessments took place, but reopened at 4:00&nbsp;p.m.&nbsp;[[Central Time Zone|CDT]] (2100 UTC). 180 flights were cancelled or diverted during the closure.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vásquez|first1=Azucena|title=Afecta sismo a 180 vuelos en AICM|url=http://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/articulo/default.aspx?id=1213824|access-date=19 September 2017|publisher=[[Reforma]]|date=19 September 2017|language=es|trans-title=Earthquake affects 180 flights to AICM}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="LATimes">{{cite news |last1=Linthicum |first1=Kate |last2=Lin |first2=Rong-Gong II |last3=Zavis |first3=Alexandra |date=19 September 2017 |title=At least 79 killed as powerful 7.1 earthquake strikes central Mexico |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-mexico-earthquake-20170919-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> A plane carrying President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], returning from touring damage in [[Oaxaca]] from the [[2017 Chiapas earthquake|earlier Chiapas earthquake]], was diverted to [[Santa Lucía Air Force Base]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Elizalde |first=Elizabeth |date=19 September 2017 |title=Powerful 7.1 magnitude quake rocks Mexico City, kills at least 55 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/powerful-earthquake-rocks-mexico-city-article-1.3506619 |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |location=New York |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919204747/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/powerful-earthquake-rocks-mexico-city-article-1.3506619 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mexico City Metro]] service was temporarily cancelled on several subway lines due to a power failure, but restored by 17:30, offering free service to stranded passengers.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title=Metro de la CDMX ofrece servicio gratuito tras sismo |trans-title=CDMX Metro offers free service after earthquake |language=es |url=http://canal44.com/metro-de-la-cdmx-ofrece-servicio-gratuito-tras-sismo/ |work=[[XHIJ-TDT|Canal44]] |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045425/http://canal44.com/metro-de-la-cdmx-ofrece-servicio-gratuito-tras-sismo/ |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Building evacuations also caused delays to [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] service in the city.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title=Servicio de Metro, Metrobús y Mexibús afectados tras sismo |trans-title=Metro, Metrobús and Mexibús service affected after earthquake |language=es |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/servicio-de-metro-metrobus-y-mexibus-afectados-tras-sismo |work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
+[[Mexico City International Airport]] suspended operations while damage assessments took place, but reopened at 4:00&nbsp;p.m.&nbsp;[[Central Time Zone|CDT]] (2100 UTC). 180 flights were cancelled or diverted during the closure.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vásquez|first1=Azucena|title=Afecta sismo a 180 vuelos en AICM|url=http://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/articulo/default.aspx?id=1213824|access-date=19 September 2017|publisher=[[Reforma (newspaper)|Reforma]]|date=19 September 2017|language=es|trans-title=Earthquake affects 180 flights to AICM}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="LATimes">{{cite news|last1=Linthicum|first1=Kate|last2=Lin|first2=Rong-Gong II|last3=Zavis|first3=Alexandra|date=19 September 2017|title=At least 79 killed as powerful 7.1 earthquake strikes central Mexico|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-mexico-earthquake-20170919-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> A plane carrying President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], returning from touring damage in [[Oaxaca]] from the [[2017 Chiapas earthquake|earlier Chiapas earthquake]], was diverted to [[Santa Lucía Air Force Base]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Elizalde|first=Elizabeth|date=19 September 2017|title=Powerful 7.1 magnitude quake rocks Mexico City, kills at least 55|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/powerful-earthquake-rocks-mexico-city-article-1.3506619|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919204747/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/powerful-earthquake-rocks-mexico-city-article-1.3506619|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mexico City Metro]] service was temporarily cancelled on several subway lines due to a power failure, but restored by 17:30, offering free service to stranded passengers.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 September 2017|title=Metro de la CDMX ofrece servicio gratuito tras sismo|trans-title=CDMX Metro offers free service after earthquake|language=es|url=http://canal44.com/metro-de-la-cdmx-ofrece-servicio-gratuito-tras-sismo/|work=[[XHIJ-TDT|Canal44]]|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045425/http://canal44.com/metro-de-la-cdmx-ofrece-servicio-gratuito-tras-sismo/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Building evacuations also caused delays to [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] service in the city.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 September 2017|title=Servicio de Metro, Metrobús y Mexibús afectados tras sismo|trans-title=Metro, Metrobús and Mexibús service affected after earthquake|language=es|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/servicio-de-metro-metrobus-y-mexibus-afectados-tras-sismo|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
 The federal [[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretariat of the Interior]] (SEGOB) declared a state of emergency for all 33 [[municipalities of Morelos]],<ref name="segob-morelos">{{cite web|title=La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 33 municipios del estado de Morelos, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1|trans-title=SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 33 municipalities of the state of Morelos, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1|url=https://www.gob.mx/segob/prensa/la-segob-declara-emergencia-extraordinaria-para-33-municipios-del-estado-de-morelos-por-la-ocurrencia-de-sismo-de-magnitud-7-1|publisher=[[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretaría de Gobernación]]|access-date=20 September 2017|language=es|date=19 September 2017}}</ref> for all 16 [[Municipalities of Mexico City|boroughs of Mexico City]],<ref name="segob-cdmx">{{cite web|title=La Secretaría de Gobernación declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para la Ciudad de México, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1|trans-title=The Ministry of the Interior declares Extraordinary Emergency for the City of Mexico, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1|url=https://www.gob.mx/segob/prensa/la-secretaria-de-gobernacion-declara-emergencia-extraordinaria-para-la-ciudad-de-mexico-por-la-ocurrencia-de-sismo-de-magnitud-7-1|publisher=[[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretaría de Gobernación]]|access-date=20 September 2017|language=es|date=19 September 2017}}</ref> and 112 of the 217 [[municipalities of Puebla]].<ref name="segob-puebla">{{cite web|title=La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 112 municipios del estado de Puebla, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1|trans-title=The SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 112 municipalities of the state of Puebla, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1|url=https://www.gob.mx/segob/prensa/la-segob-declara-emergencia-extraordinaria-para-112-municipios-del-estado-de-puebla-por-la-ocurrencia-de-sismo-de-magnitud-7-1|publisher=[[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretaría de Gobernación]]|access-date=20 September 2017|language=es|date=19 September 2017}}</ref> The declarations allow funds from the National Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) to be used during the emergency response phase.<ref name="segob-morelos"/><ref name="segob-cdmx"/><ref name="segob-puebla"/> The [[Mexican Army]] and [[Mexican Navy]] deployed 3,000 active-duty troops to Mexico City through the [[Plan DN-III-E|DN-III-E and Plan Marina]] emergency response plans. The troops were tasked with debris cleanup, [[search and rescue]], and security missions. Additionally, the [[SEDENA|Secretariat of National Defence]] moved eight helicopters to Mexico City, and activated 3 shelters in the affected areas.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jiménez|first1=Benito|title=Activan Plan DN-III en CDMX tras sismo|url=http://www.reforma.com/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?id=1213791|access-date=20 September 2017|work=Reforma|date=19 September 2017|language=es|trans-title=Plan DN-III activated in CDMX after earthquake}}</ref>
-A damage survey by American structural engineers revealed that a number of collapsed buildings had been erected in the 1960s and 1970s with [[unreinforced masonry]] walls confined by non-ductile concrete frames.<ref>{{cite news |last=Minnick |first=Benjamin |date=6 November 2017 |title=What can Seattle area learn from Mexico City's quake experience? |url=http://www.djc.com/news/co/12105852.html |work=[[Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce]] |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
+A damage survey by American structural engineers revealed that a number of collapsed buildings had been erected in the 1960s and 1970s with [[unreinforced masonry]] walls confined by non-ductile concrete frames.<ref>{{cite news|last=Minnick|first=Benjamin|date=6 November 2017|title=What can Seattle area learn from Mexico City's quake experience?|url=http://www.djc.com/news/co/12105852.html|work=[[Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce]]|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
-All Round of 16 matches of the [[Copa MX]], an association football cup competition, were suspended until further notice.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title=Copa MX anuncia postergación de octavos de final |trans-title=Copa MX announces postponement of Round of 16 |language=es |url=http://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/mexico/nota/_/id/3555503/copa-mx-anuncia-postergacion-de-octavos-de-final |publisher=[[ESPN Deportes]] |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
 The hashtag #FuerzaMéxico (Be strong, Mexico) was used on social media outlets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/20/world/enrique-rebsamen-school-mexico-earthquake-trnd/index.html|title=In a collapsed Mexico school, a community digs for signs of life|first1=AJ|last1=Willingham|first2=Cassandra|last2=Santiago|first3=Gustavo|last3=Valdez|publisher=CNN|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
-Mexico's political parties offered to help victims in different ways, including the diverting some of the money they receive from the government for their campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/7c3ece2202c642989b556ac30309cf6a|title=The Latest: Mexico parties offer funds for quake relief|date=26 September 2017|website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/columna/salvador-garcia-soto/nacion/partidos-y-damnificados-quien-da-mas|title=Partidos y damnificados ¿quién da más?|date=23 September 2017|website=El Universal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.debate.com.mx/mexico/Partidos-se-benefician-con-donativos-para-damnificados-20170925-0007.html|title=Partidos se benefician con donativos para damnificados|website=EL Debate}}</ref> After months of debate and legal challenges, the donations were: PRI US$5,792,000, PAN US$2,479,000, PVEM US$524,000, Movimiento Ciudadano US$2,529,000, Encuentro Social US$506,000, PRD US$1,239,000, and Nueva Alianza US$2,081,000; Morena and PT did not specify how much they would donate. Although these amounts were not reported to the national election board [[Instituto Nacional Electoral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacion321.com/partidos/esto-fue-lo-que-los-partidos-donaron-a-los-damminifcados|title= Esto fue lo que los partidos donaron a los damnificados |language=es |website=www.nacion321.com}}</ref>
+Mexico's political parties offered to help victims in different ways, including the diverting some of the money they receive from the government for their campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/7c3ece2202c642989b556ac30309cf6a|title=The Latest: Mexico parties offer funds for quake relief|date=26 September 2017|work=Associated Press News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/columna/salvador-garcia-soto/nacion/partidos-y-damnificados-quien-da-mas|title=Partidos y damnificados ¿quién da más?|date=23 September 2017|website=El Universal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.debate.com.mx/mexico/Partidos-se-benefician-con-donativos-para-damnificados-20170925-0007.html|title=Partidos se benefician con donativos para damnificados|website=EL Debate}}</ref> After months of debate and legal challenges, the donations were: PRI US$5,792,000, PAN US$2,479,000, PVEM US$524,000, Movimiento Ciudadano US$2,529,000, Encuentro Social US$506,000, PRD US$1,239,000, and Nueva Alianza US$2,081,000; Morena and PT did not specify how much they would donate. Although these amounts were not reported to the national election board [[Instituto Nacional Electoral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacion321.com/partidos/esto-fue-lo-que-los-partidos-donaron-a-los-damminifcados|title=Esto fue lo que los partidos donaron a los damnificados|language=es|website=nacion321.com}}</ref>
+In association football, [[Copa MX]] postponed that week's matches in the [[Apertura 2017 Copa MX|2017 Apertura tournament]] round of 16 to mid-October in the aftermath of the quake. All major national competitions—including [[Liga MX]], [[Liga MX Femenil]], and [[Ascenso MX]]—followed suit; Liga MX president Enrique Bonilla stated that "we'd like to bring the people a moment of happiness in this tough time, but it's a more complex decision than that and it's necessary to have all the information from the authorities."<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 September 2017|title=Copa MX postponed after 7.1 earthquake|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37533336/copa-mx-matches-cancelled-week-magnitude-71-earthquake-hits-mexico|access-date=28 October 2024|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 September 2017|title=Mexico earthquake forces postponement of Liga MX Jornada 10|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/liga-mx/news/mexicos-clasico-nacional-set-for-saturday-postponed-after-earthquake/1tz2jn32kb64e15hyrckauam58|access-date=28 October 2024|website=Sporting News}}</ref>
+The [[Mexican Navy]] reported that a child named Frida Sofia was believed to be still trapped under the debris of the Enrique C. Rébsamen School; the story would be widely publicized by Mexican media outlets, including coverage of apparent rescue attempts. However, by 21 September, it become increasingly clear that Sofia did not actually exist; that day, the Navy's undersecretary confirmed that all the children in the school's rubble had been accounted for, and that there was no record of a "Frida Sofia". Mexican media outlets, including television broadcasters such as [[Televisa]], faced criticism for their [[Sensationalism|sensationalised]] coverage of what was ultimately a hoax. "Timmy O'Toole" began to trend on Mexican social media in reference to ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Radio Bart]]"—whose plot focused on a similar hoax perpetuated by [[Bart Simpson]]; in reference to the hoax, [[TV Azteca]] would air that episode the same day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Withers|first=Rachel|date=22 September 2017|title=A Mexican TV Network Used a Simpsons Episode to Criticize a Competitor's Sensational Earthquake Coverage|url=https://slate.com/culture/2017/09/mexican-tv-uses-simpsons-episode-to-teach-a-lesson-about-sensational-disaster-coverage.html|access-date=15 January 2022|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Regeneración|first=Administrador|date=22 September 2017|title=TV Azteca 'trolea' a Televisa con episodio de 'Timmy O'Toole' de Los Simpson por caso Frida Sofía|url=https://regeneracion.mx/tv-azteca-trolea-a-televisa-con-episodio-de-timmy-otoole-de-los-simpson-por-caso-frida-sofia/|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Regeneración|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Noel|first=Andrea|date=21 September 2017|title=Mexicans Outraged After Praying for Fake 'Trapped Child'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/mexicans-outraged-after-praying-for-fake-trapped-child|access-date=6 May 2018|work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=22 September 2017|title=Mexico earthquake: Girl who captivated the nation never existed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41359331|access-date=28 October 2024|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
 ===International response===
@@ Line 148: / Line 150: @@
 The [[Israel Defense Forces]] sent a group of 71 search and rescue soldiers<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-team-heads-home-as-mexico-quake-rescue-mission-ends/7 IDF team heads home as Mexico quake rescue mission ends] By Stuart Winer and AP, 28 September 2017</ref> including engineers, to help in the aftermath of the earthquake. The contingent had special dispensation to travel during the [[Rosh Hashanah]] holiday, normally forbidden under religious law.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gross|first1=Judah Ari|title=IDF to send 50-person delegation to earthquake-hit Mexico|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-send-50-person-delegation-to-earthquake-hit-mexico/|access-date=20 September 2017|work=The Times of Israel|date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
-The [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] sent a disaster relief team of 72 search-and-rescue personnel, four search dogs and five tons of equipment with personnel from the Japan Disaster Relief Team, Tokyo Fire Department and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police's SAR officers.<ref>{{cite press release |date=4 October 2017 |title='Japan Disaster Relief Team: 30 Years On' Part 1: Highly Rated Search and Rescue Team Assists After Mexico Quake |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2017/171004_01.html |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130057/https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2017/171004_01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] of the country remarked that it was a show of thanks, as Mexico had sent a search team to help Japan during the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Velázquez|first1=Iris|title=Arriban rescatistas japoneses a México|url=http://www.reforma.com/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?id=1215794|access-date=22 September 2017|publisher=Reforma|date=21 September 2017|language=es}}</ref>
+The [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] sent a disaster relief team of 72 search-and-rescue personnel, four search dogs and five tons of equipment with personnel from the Japan Disaster Relief Team, Tokyo Fire Department and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police's SAR officers.<ref>{{cite press release|date=4 October 2017|title='Japan Disaster Relief Team: 30 Years On' Part 1: Highly Rated Search and Rescue Team Assists After Mexico Quake|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2017/171004_01.html|publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130057/https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2017/171004_01.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] of the country remarked that it was a show of thanks, as Mexico had sent a search team to help Japan during the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Velázquez|first1=Iris|title=Arriban rescatistas japoneses a México|url=http://www.reforma.com/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?id=1215794|access-date=22 September 2017|publisher=Reforma|date=21 September 2017|language=es}}</ref>
 Turkish state aid agency [[Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency|TİKA]] sent humanitarian aid – including packages containing hygienic and medical supplies prepared in coordination with the Mexican Red Cross – to Mexico City and Xochimilco.<ref name=anadolu/> TIKA also provided tools and equipment to be used in search-and-rescue efforts.<ref name=anadolu>{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/haber/194220/turkey-sends-aid-to-quake-hit-mexico|title=Turkey sends aid to 'quake-hit Mexico|date=21 September 2017|author=Anadolu Agency|website=World Bulletin|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>
@@ Line 154: / Line 156: @@
 [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Donald Trump]] called Peña Nieto to offer condolences, while the White House offered search and rescue assistance.<ref>{{cite news|title=230 confirmed dead as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/sep/20/mexico-earthquake-survivors-rescue-live/|access-date=21 September 2017|work=The Guardian|date=21 September 2017}}</ref> The [[U.S. Agency for International Development]] deployed an urban search and rescue team from the [[Los Angeles County Fire Department]] and experts from the [[Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance]] to the affected regions.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McCleskey|first1=Clayton|title=USAID Deploys Disaster Assistance Team for Earthquake in Mexico|url=https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/sep-20-2017-usaid-deploys-disaster-assistance-team-earthquake-mexico|publisher=[[U.S. Agency for International Development]]|access-date=22 September 2017|date=20 September 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050912/https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/sep-20-2017-usaid-deploys-disaster-assistance-team-earthquake-mexico|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Celebrities who donated large sums include actress [[Salma Hayek]] ($100,000), Formula 1 driver [[Sergio Perez]] ($170,000), actress and singer [[Ana Brenda Contreras]] ($57,000), writer [[J. K. Rowling]], singer [[Shawn Mendes]] ($100,000), Facebook founder [[Mark Zuckerberg]] ($1,000,000), Apple CEO [[Tim Cook]] ($1,000,000), and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/shawn-mendes-salma-hayek-mark-zuckerberg-donate-to-mexico-city-earthquake-relief-efforts-1202566352/|title=Shawn Mendes, Salma Hayek, Mark Zuckerberg and More Celebrities Donate to Mexico City Earthquake Relief Efforts|date=22 September 2017}}</ref>
+Celebrities who donated large sums include actress [[Salma Hayek]] ($100,000), Formula 1 driver [[Sergio Pérez]] ($170,000), actress and singer [[Ana Brenda Contreras]] ($57,000), writer [[J. K. Rowling]], singer [[Shawn Mendes]] ($100,000), Facebook founder [[Mark Zuckerberg]] ($1,000,000), Apple CEO [[Tim Cook]] ($1,000,000), and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/shawn-mendes-salma-hayek-mark-zuckerberg-donate-to-mexico-city-earthquake-relief-efforts-1202566352/|title=Shawn Mendes, Salma Hayek, Mark Zuckerberg and More Celebrities Donate to Mexico City Earthquake Relief Efforts|date=22 September 2017}}</ref>
-[[Direct Relief]], an emergency response organization, provided emergency response kits to a trauma hospital in southern Mexico City. They contained enough supplies to treat 1,000 people for a month. Direct Relief prepared shipments of medicines and medical supplies to improve its support to health care partners within the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brightfunds.org/stories/responding-to-the-earthquake-in-mexico|title=Responding to the Earthquake in Mexico {{!}} Bright Funds|website=www.brightfunds.org|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>
+[[Direct Relief]], an emergency response organization, provided emergency response kits to a trauma hospital in southern Mexico City. They contained enough supplies to treat 1,000 people for a month. Direct Relief prepared shipments of medicines and medical supplies to improve its support to health care partners within the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brightfunds.org/stories/responding-to-the-earthquake-in-mexico|title=Responding to the Earthquake in Mexico {{!}} Bright Funds|website=brightfunds.org|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
 ==Aftershocks==
@@ Line 176: / Line 178: @@
 ==Reconstruction==
-homes were destroyed, 1,157 were damaged in [[Jojutla]], Morelos, and many other buildings, including schools and the ''Palacio Municipal'' (city hall), were damaged in the earthquake.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=García-Carrera |first1=Jesús Salvador |last2=Mena-Hernández |first2=Ulises |last3=Bermúdez-Alarcón |first3=Francisco Javier |title=El terremoto 19S en Morelos: la experiencia operativa del INEEL en la evaluación del riesgo estructural |url=http://saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/article/view/9408/11478 |journal=Salud Pública de México |access-date=27 May 2020 |pages=65–82 |language=es |doi=10.21149/9408 |date=1 March 2018|volume=60 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Two years later, in January 2020, residents were still waiting for reconstruction.<ref>{{cite web|website=La Jornada Morelos|title=Exigen reconstrucción de secundaria en Jojutla|date=9 Jan 2020|language=es|trans-title=Reconstruction of middle school demanded in Jojutla|url=https://www.lajornadamorelos.com.mx/municipios/2020/01/09/17150}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+homes were destroyed, 1,157 were damaged in [[Jojutla]], Morelos, and many other buildings, including schools and the ''Palacio Municipal'' (city hall), were damaged in the earthquake.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=García-Carrera|first1=Jesús Salvador|last2=Mena-Hernández|first2=Ulises|last3=Bermúdez-Alarcón|first3=Francisco Javier|title=El terremoto 19S en Morelos: la experiencia operativa del INEEL en la evaluación del riesgo estructural|url=http://saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/article/view/9408/11478|journal=Salud Pública de México|access-date=27 May 2020|pages=65–82|language=es|doi=10.21149/9408|date=1 March 2018|volume=60|doi-access=free}}</ref> Two years later, in January 2020, residents were still waiting for reconstruction.<ref>{{cite web|website=La Jornada Morelos|title=Exigen reconstrucción de secundaria en Jojutla|date=9 January 2020|language=es|trans-title=Reconstruction of middle school demanded in Jojutla|url=https://www.lajornadamorelos.com.mx/municipios/2020/01/09/17150}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-Nearly three-and-a-half years after the earthquake, in January 2021, César Cravioto, commissioner for reconstruction in Mexico City, reported that 53% (13,945 homes) of the buildings damaged had initiated rebuilding. Work will begin soon on 30% (8,030 homes), and work on 4,601 homes (17%) is undefined. 59 buildings have been demolished and 11 are scheduled to be demolished but have not started. Reconstruction of 21 buildings belonging to the Patrimonio Cultural Histórico are being attended to; 13 are in process and work has finished on eight. MXN $5.3 billion were budgeted for reconstruction from January 2019 to December 2020 and MXN $3.8 billion were spent.<ref>{{cite news |title=CDMX: al 53% la reconstrucción de los inmuebles dañados por el sismo de 2017 |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/01/27/cdmx-al-53-la-reconstruccion-de-los-inmuebles-danados-por-el-sismo-de-2017/ |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=infobae |publisher=Infobae |date=27 January 2021 |language=es-ES}}</ref>
+Nearly three-and-a-half years after the earthquake, in January 2021, César Cravioto, commissioner for reconstruction in Mexico City, reported that 53% (13,945 homes) of the buildings damaged had initiated rebuilding. Work will begin soon on 30% (8,030 homes), and work on 4,601 homes (17%) is undefined. 59 buildings have been demolished and 11 are scheduled to be demolished but have not started. Reconstruction of 21 buildings belonging to the Patrimonio Cultural Histórico are being attended to; 13 are in process and work has finished on eight. MXN $5.3 billion were budgeted for reconstruction from January 2019 to December 2020 and MXN $3.8 billion were spent.<ref>{{cite news|title=CDMX: al 53% la reconstrucción de los inmuebles dañados por el sismo de 2017|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/01/27/cdmx-al-53-la-reconstruccion-de-los-inmuebles-danados-por-el-sismo-de-2017/|access-date=27 January 2021|work=infobae|publisher=Infobae|date=27 January 2021|language=es-ES}}</ref>
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 199: / Line 201: @@
 ==Further reading==
-*{{citation|doi=10.1785/0220190145|title=Macroseismic Intensities from the 19 September 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla–Morelos Earthquake|journal=Seismological Research Letters|year=2019|last1=Montalvo-Arrieta|first1=Juan C.|last2=Pérez-Campos|first2=Xyoli|last3=Ramirez-Guzman|first3=Leonardo|last4=Sosa-Ramírez|first4=Rocío L.|last5=Ruiz-Esparza|first5=Moisés Contreras|last6=Leonardo-Suárez|first6=Miguel|volume=90|issue=6|pages=2142–2153|bibcode=2019SeiRL..90.2142M |s2cid=210730927 }}
+*{{citation|doi=10.1785/0220190145|title=Macroseismic Intensities from the 19 September 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla–Morelos Earthquake|journal=Seismological Research Letters|year=2019|last1=Montalvo-Arrieta|first1=Juan C.|last2=Pérez-Campos|first2=Xyoli|last3=Ramirez-Guzman|first3=Leonardo|last4=Sosa-Ramírez|first4=Rocío L.|last5=Ruiz-Esparza|first5=Moisés Contreras|last6=Leonardo-Suárez|first6=Miguel|volume=90|issue=6|pages=2142–2153|bibcode=2019SeiRL..90.2142M|s2cid=210730927}}
 ==External links==

v t e ← Earthquakes in 2017 →
January	Tripura, India (5.7, January 3) Amatrice, Italy (5.7, January 18) † Bougainville, Papua New Guinea (7.9, January 22)
February	Uttarakhand, India (5.1, February 6) Surigao del Norte, Philippines (6.5, February 10)
April	Central, Botswana (6.5, April 3) Batangas, Philippines 5.1, April 4 5.9, April 8 Valparaiso, Chile (6.9, April 24)
May	Taxkorgan, China 5.4, May 10
June	Lesbos, Greece 6.3, June 12 San Marcos, Guatemala 6.9, June 14
July	Leyte, Philippines 6.5, July 6 Commander Islands, Russia (7.7, July 17) Aegean Sea 6.6, July 20
August	Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan, China 6.5, August 8 Jinghe, Xinjiang, China 6.3, August 8 Ischia, Italy 4.2, August 21
September	Ryanggang, North Korea (6.3, September 3) Chiapas, Mexico (8.1, September 8) † Puebla, Mexico (7.1, September 19) †
November	Kermanshah, Iran (7.3, November 12) † ‡ Jacó, Costa Rica (6.5, November 13) Pohang, South Korea (5.4, November 15)
December	Java, Indonesia (6.5, December 15)
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year Dates for all earthquakes are in UTC Additional information at [[1]]

v t e Earthquakes in Mexico
Historical	1475 Tenochtitlan 1787 New Spain 1887 Sonora 1892 Laguna Salada
20th century	1911 Michoacán 1911 Guerrero 1912 Acambay 1915 Mexicali 1920 Xalapa 1931 Oaxaca 1932 Jalisco 1937 Orizaba 1940 El Centro 1941 Colima 1957 Guerrero 1959 Coatzacoalcos 1964 Guerrero 1965 Oaxaca 1973 Colima 1973 Veracruz 1978 Oaxaca 1979 Petatlán 1979 Imperial Valley 1980 Oaxaca 1981 Playa Azul 1985 Mexico City 1987 Superstition Hills 1995 Chiapas 1995 Colima–Jalisco 1995 Guerrero 1999 Oaxaca 1999 Tehuacán
21st century	2003 Colima 2010 Oaxaca 2010 Baja California 2011 Guerrero 2011 Zumpango 2012 Guerrero–Oaxaca 2014 Guerrero 2014 Mexico–Guatemala 2017 Chiapas 2017 Puebla 2018 Oaxaca 2020 Oaxaca 2021 Guerrero 2022 Michoacán