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== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Statue of Liberty 7.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Statue of Liberty]] in New York City]]
[[File:Statue of Liberty 7.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Statue of Liberty]] in New York City]]
This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works<ref name=mcny>{{Citation |title=The Statue of Liberty: The Museum of the City of New York| first = Cara A | last= Sutherland| publisher= Barnes & Noble | year= 2003| isbn= 0-7607-3890-4 | page = 77 | quote = auction of art and literary work}}; Mark Twain also contributed.</ref> conducted by the "Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi|Bartholdi]] Pedestal Fund for the [[Statue of Liberty]]" to raise money for the pedestal's construction.<ref name = young>{{Citation | title = Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters| first= Bette Roth|last= Young| year = 1997 | publisher = The Jewish Publication Society | isbn= 0-8276-0618-4 | page = 3 | quote = …fell into obscurity. At the unveiling of the statue […] both Emma and her sonnet were absent […] [[Georgina Schuyler]] set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem, inscribed on a bronze tablet, inside the pedestal…}}.</ref> Lazarus's contribution was solicited by fundraiser [[William Maxwell Evarts]]. Initially, she refused but writer [[Constance Cary Harrison]] convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor.<ref>{{Citation | title= Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World| first1 = Deborah G | last1 = Felder| first2 = Diana L | last2 = Rosen | publisher = Citadel | year = 2003| isbn = 0-8065-2443-X | page = 45 | quote = …William Maxwell Evert [sic; presumably a misspelling of "William Maxwell Evarts] asked […] Lazarus[…] to compose original works […] who […] refused […] until […] Constance Cary Harrison[…] suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York…}}.</ref> Lazarus was involved in aiding Jewish refugees to New York who had fled [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire#1881–1884|antisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe]], and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin Sabina |year=2010 |title=Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |pages=165–166 |isbn=978-0-8014-4851-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/enlighteningworl00khan }}</ref>
This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works<ref name=mcny>{{Citation |title=The Statue of Liberty: The Museum of the City of New York| first = Cara A | last= Sutherland| publisher= Barnes & Noble | year= 2003| isbn= 0-7607-3890-4 | page = 77 | quote = auction of art and literary work}}; Mark Twain also contributed.</ref> conducted by the "Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi|Bartholdi]] Pedestal Fund for the [[Statue of Liberty]]" to raise money for the pedestal's construction.<ref name = young>{{Citation | title = Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters| first= Bette Roth|last= Young| year = 1997 | publisher = The Jewish Publication Society | isbn= 0-8276-0618-4 | page = 3 | quote = …fell into obscurity. At the unveiling of the statue […] both Emma and her sonnet were absent […] [[Georgina Schuyler]] set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem, inscribed on a bronze tablet, inside the pedestal…}}.</ref> Lazarus's contribution was solicited by fundraiser [[William Maxwell Evarts]]. Initially, she refused but writer [[Constance Cary Harrison]] convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor.<ref>{{Citation | title= Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World| first1 = Deborah G | last1 = Felder| first2 = Diana L | last2 = Rosen | publisher = Citadel | year = 2003| isbn = 0-8065-2443-X | page = 45 | quote = …William Maxwell Evert [sic; presumably a misspelling of "William Maxwell Evarts] asked […] Lazarus[…] to compose original works […] who […] refused […] until […] Constance Cary Harrison[…] suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York…}}.</ref> Lazarus was involved in aiding [[Jews|Jewish]] refugees to New York who had fled [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire#1881–1884|antisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe]], and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin Sabina |year=2010 |title=Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |pages=165–166 |isbn=978-0-8014-4851-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/enlighteningworl00khan }}</ref>


"The New Colossus" was the first entry read at the exhibit's opening on November 2, 1883. It remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/emma-lazarus.htm|title=Image-Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/statue-history|title=The Statue of Liberty – Engineering, Construction, and Crossing the Atlantic|date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886. It was, however, published in [[Joseph Pulitzer]]'s ''[[New York World]]'' as well as ''[[The New York Times]]'' during this time period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/emma-lazarus.htm|title=National Park Service-Statue of Liberty-Emma Lazarus}}</ref> In 1901, Lazarus's friend [[Georgina Schuyler]] began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem, which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.<ref name="young"/>
"The New Colossus" was the first entry read at the exhibit's opening on November 2, 1883. It remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/emma-lazarus.htm|title=Image-Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/statue-history|title=The Statue of Liberty – Engineering, Construction, and Crossing the Atlantic|date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886. It was, however, published in [[Joseph Pulitzer]]'s ''[[New York World]]'' as well as ''[[The New York Times]]'' during this time period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/emma-lazarus.htm|title=National Park Service-Statue of Liberty-Emma Lazarus}}</ref> In 1901, Lazarus's friend [[Georgina Schuyler]] began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem, which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.<ref name="young"/>


On the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty, the line "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" is missing the comma.<ref name="shapiro2006">{{cite news |first=Gary |last=Shapiro |title=Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/44816 |work=The New York Sun |date=December 8, 2006 |access-date=June 8, 2007 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207155500/https://www.nysun.com/article/44816 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The plaque also describes itself as an [[engraving]]; it is actually a [[Casting (metalworking)|casting]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
On the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty, the line "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" is missing the comma after the word "keep."<ref name="shapiro2006">{{cite news |first=Gary |last=Shapiro |title=Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/44816 |work=The New York Sun |date=December 8, 2006 |access-date=June 8, 2007 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207155500/https://www.nysun.com/article/44816 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The plaque also describes itself as an [[engraving]]; it is actually a [[Casting (metalworking)|casting]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}


The original manuscript is held by the [[American Jewish Historical Society]].<ref name=Roberts2011>{{Citation
The original manuscript is held by the [[American Jewish Historical Society]].<ref name=Roberts2011>{{Citation

Latest revision as of 05:14, 21 November 2024

This article is about the 19th-century sonnet. For the 2017 video game, see Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus.

The New Colossus
Emma Lazarus's manuscript for "The New Colossus"
Created1883
LocationStatue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City[1]
Author(s)Emma Lazarus
PurposeTo raise money for construction of the statue's pedestal
Full text
The New Colossus at Wikisource

"The New Colossus" is a sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus (1849–1887). She wrote the poem in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World).[2] In 1903, the poem was cast onto a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level.

History

[edit]
Statue of Liberty in New York City

This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works[3] conducted by the "Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty" to raise money for the pedestal's construction.[4] Lazarus's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts. Initially, she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor.[5] Lazarus was involved in aiding Jewish refugees to New York who had fled antisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe, and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.[6]

"The New Colossus" was the first entry read at the exhibit's opening on November 2, 1883. It remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885,[7][8] but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886. It was, however, published in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period.[9] In 1901, Lazarus's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem, which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.[4]

On the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty, the line "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" is missing the comma after the word "keep."[10] The plaque also describes itself as an engraving; it is actually a casting.[citation needed]

The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society.[11]

Text

[edit]

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.

"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"[12]

Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty with the text of the poem
Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty with the text of the poem

Interpretation

[edit]
The poem references the Colossus of Rhodes in the lines:
"... the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land."

The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet.[13]

The title of the poem and the first two lines reference the Greek Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a famously gigantic sculpture that stood beside or straddled the entrance to the harbor of the island of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC. In the poem, Lazarus contrasts that ancient symbol of grandeur and empire ("the brazen giant of Greek fame") with a "New" Colossus – the Statue of Liberty, a female embodiment of commanding "maternal strength" ("Mother of Exiles").[13][14]

The "sea-washed, sunset gates" are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers, to the west of Brooklyn. The "imprisoned lightning" refers to the electric light in the torch, then a novelty.

The "air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame" refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn, which were separate cities at the time the poem was written, before being consolidated as boroughs of the City of Greater New York in 1898.[14]

The "huddled masses" refers to the large numbers of immigrants arriving in the United States in the 1880s, particularly through the port of New York.[15] Lazarus was an activist and advocate for Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Imperial Russia.[16]

Influence

[edit]
New York Harbor with the Hudson River (far left), the East River (right) and the Statue of Liberty (foreground)

Immigration to the United States

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to the United States

Paul Auster wrote that "Bartholdi's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism, but 'The New Colossus' reinvented the statue's purpose, turning Liberty into a welcoming mother, a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world."[17]

John T. Cunningham wrote that "The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration, but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face, heading toward Ellis Island. However, it was [Lazarus's poem] that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants."[18]

The poem was quoted in John F. Kennedy's book A Nation of Immigrants (1958).[19] In 2019, during the Trump administration, Ken Cuccinelli, whom Trump appointed as acting director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, revised a line from the poem in support of the administration's "public charge rule" to reject applicants for visas or green cards on the basis of income and education. Cuccinelli added the caveat "Give me your tired and your poor who can stand on their own two feet, and who will not become a public charge"; later suggested that the "huddled masses" were European; and downplayed the poem as it was "not actually part of the original Statue of Liberty." Cuccinelli's remark prompted criticism.[20][21][22] The Trump administration rule was later blocked by a federal appeals court.[23]

Cultural reception

[edit]
Reverse of the 1986 Statue of Liberty dollar by John Mercanti, featuring an extract from the second stanza of The New Colossus.

Lazarus's sonnet appears in various creative works. The 1941 motion picture Hold Back the Dawn paraphrases "The New Colossus" in its dialogue.[24][25] Alfred Hitchcock's wartime film Saboteur (1942) had dialogue near the close, in which a character quotes lines from the sonnet.[26][19] An Irving Berlin production called Miss Liberty ran for about a year around 1949. One of the songs was "Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor".[19][27] The musician Joan Baez collaborated on a soundtrack to Italian film Sacco & Vanzetti and used text from "The New Colossus" for some of the lyrics.[28] "Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor"—a song from the soundtrack of 1986 animated film An American Tail—includes a choral arrangement of "The New Colossus" praised by The Mary Sue as "powerful stuff".[29] By 2020, the American Jewish Historical Society in New York City produced a New Colossus Project of exhibitions, videos, and curriculum related to the poem. It also hosts the Emma Lazarus Translation Project. Translations of the poem into other languages by poets from around the world are collected.[30][31]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Statue of Liberty National Monument". US: National Park Service. December 31, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  2. ^ Lazarus, Emma, The New Colossus, Liberty State Park
  3. ^ Sutherland, Cara A (2003), The Statue of Liberty: The Museum of the City of New York, Barnes & Noble, p. 77, ISBN 0-7607-3890-4, auction of art and literary work; Mark Twain also contributed.
  4. ^ a b Young, Bette Roth (1997), Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters, The Jewish Publication Society, p. 3, ISBN 0-8276-0618-4, …fell into obscurity. At the unveiling of the statue […] both Emma and her sonnet were absent […] Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem, inscribed on a bronze tablet, inside the pedestal….
  5. ^ Felder, Deborah G; Rosen, Diana L (2003), Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World, Citadel, p. 45, ISBN 0-8065-2443-X, …William Maxwell Evert [sic; presumably a misspelling of "William Maxwell Evarts] asked […] Lazarus[…] to compose original works […] who […] refused […] until […] Constance Cary Harrison[…] suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York….
  6. ^ Khan, Yasmin Sabina (2010). Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-0-8014-4851-5.
  7. ^ "Image-Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue".
  8. ^ "The Statue of Liberty – Engineering, Construction, and Crossing the Atlantic". February 28, 2020.
  9. ^ "National Park Service-Statue of Liberty-Emma Lazarus".
  10. ^ Shapiro, Gary (December 8, 2006). "Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
  11. ^ Roberts, Sam (2011), "How a Sonnet Made a Statue the 'Mother of Exiles'", New York Times, retrieved November 21, 2013
  12. ^ Lehman, David, ed. (2006). The Oxford Book of American Poetry. Oxford University Press. p. 184. OCLC 62697134.
  13. ^ a b Hunter, Walt (January 16, 2018). "The Story Behind the Poem on the Statue of Liberty". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  14. ^ a b Allen, Austin (November 22, 2017). "Emma Lazarus: "The New Colossus"". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  15. ^ "Immigration and Americanization, 1880–1930". Digital Public Library of America.
  16. ^ Mettler, Katie (February 1, 2017). "'Give me your tired, your poor': The story of poet and refugee advocate Emma Lazarus". The Washington Post.
  17. ^ Auster, Paul (2005), "NYC = USA", Collected Prose: Autobiographical Writings, True Stories, Critical Essays, Prefaces, and Collaborations with Artists, Picador, p. 508, ISBN 0-312-42468-X.
  18. ^ Cunningham, John T (2003), Ellis Island: Immigration's Shining Center, Arcadia Publishing, pp. 46–48, ISBN 0-7385-2428-X.
  19. ^ a b c McGill, Meredith L. (2008). The Traffic in Poems: Nineteenth-century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange. Rutgers University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780813542300.
  20. ^ "Immigration official Ken Cuccinelli: Statue of Liberty poem refers to immigrants from Europe". USA Today. August 13, 2019.
  21. ^ "Trump official revises Statue of Liberty poem to defend migrant rule change". BBC News. August 14, 2019.
  22. ^ Jacey Fortin (August 14, 2019). "'Huddled Masses' in Statue of Liberty Poem Are European, Trump Official Says". New York Times.
  23. ^ Jacey Fortin (August 4, 2020). "Appeals Court Blocks Immigrant Wealth Test in the Northeast". New York Times. After announcing the policy, Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, the department's acting deputy secretary and a defendant in the case, promoted the rule by revising the iconic sonnet on the Statue of Liberty by saying the United States would welcome those "who can stand on their own two feet.' He added that the verses, written by Emma Lazarus, referred to 'people coming from Europe where they had class-based societies.'
  24. ^ Krauss, David (August 26, 2019). "From Silents to the Seventies: Hold Back the Dawn". highdefdigest.com. High-Def Digest: The Bonus View. Retrieved August 15, 2024. When one guest makes a disparaging crack about the U.S., another defends our country with an eloquent reading of the poem that's etched in stone close to the Statue of Liberty: "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free…" It's especially powerful in light of the recent controversy surrounding that poem's meaning and whether it accurately reflects our nation's current policies.
  25. ^ Erickson, Glenn (July 6, 2019). "Hold Back The Dawn". trailersfromhell.com. TrailersFromHell. Retrieved August 15, 2024. Francen's professor quotes the inscription on the Statue of Liberty, which Inspector Hammock gets wrong.
  26. ^ Lehman, David (2004). "Colossal Ode". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved August 15, 2024. abruptly quotes the best-known lines from Emma Lazarus' poem "The New Colossus," engraved on the statue's pedestal Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me ...
  27. ^ Esther Schor, Emma Lazarus, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group – 2008, page 255
  28. ^ Watts, Emily Stipes (1977). The Poetry of American Women from 1632 to 1945. Austin Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292764359. OCLC 2463497.
  29. ^ Goodwin, Sara (January 30, 2017). "I'm Not Crying, You're Crying: 10 Sad Tracks for a Good Cry". The Mary Sue. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  30. ^ "Emma Lazarus Translation Project". ajhs.org. American Jewish Historical Society. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  31. ^ Moscaliuc, Mihaela (February 16, 2020). "'The New Colossus' Translation Project - The Best American Poetry". The Best American Poetry (blog). Typepad. Share your passions with the world. typepad.com. Retrieved August 15, 2024. We received translations of "The New Colossus" into Yiddish, Hebrew, Spanish, Spanglish, Persian, Sicilian, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Romanian, Ukrainian, French, Albanian, Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Basque, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Slovak, German, Swedish, Irish, Arabic, Bulgarian, Turkish, Czech, Haitian Creole, Argentinian Spanish, Filipino, Korean, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Esperanto, Greek, Shona, Kumanji, Turkmen, and Isthmus Zapotec.
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