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{{short description|Material used to cover and decorating wallpaper}}
{{short description|Material used to cover and decorate interior walls of buildings}}
{{Other uses|Wallpaper (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Wallpaper (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2011}}
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| image3 = Wallpaper Design with Hostas or Marsh Lilies MET DP821148.jpg
| image3 = Wallpaper Design with Hostas or Marsh Lilies MET DP821148.jpg
| image4 = Sidewall (France), 1830–40 (CH 18615643).jpg
| image4 = Sidewall (France), 1830–40 (CH 18615643).jpg
| footer = Various examples of samples of wallpapers
| footer = Various wallpaper designs
}}
}}


'''Wallpaper''' is a material used in [[interior decoration]] to cover the interior walls of domestic and public [[building]]s. It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall using [[wallpaper paste]]. Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper" (so that it can be painted or used to help cover uneven surfaces and minor wall defects thus giving a better surface), textured (such as [[Anaglypta]]), with a regular repeating [[pattern]] design, or, much less commonly today, with a single non-repeating large design carried over a set of sheets. The smallest rectangle that can be tiled to form the whole pattern is known as the pattern '''repeat'''.
'''Wallpaper''' is used in [[interior decoration]] to cover the interior walls of domestic and public [[building]]s. It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall using [[wallpaper paste]]. Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper" to help cover uneven surfaces and minor wall defects, "textured", plain with a regular repeating [[pattern]] design, or with a single non-repeating large design carried over a set of sheets.


The smallest wallpaper rectangle that can be tiled to form the whole pattern is known as the pattern '''repeat'''. Wallpaper printing techniques include [[surface printing]], [[rotogravure]], [[screen-printing]], [[rotary printing press]], and [[digital printing]].
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Wallpaper printing techniques include [[surface printing]], [[rotogravure|gravure printing]], silk [[screen-printing]], [[Rotary printing press|rotary printing]], and [[digital printing]]. Wallpaper is made in long rolls which are hung vertically on a wall. Patterned wallpapers are designed so that the pattern "repeats", and thus pieces cut from the same roll can be hung next to each other so as to continue the pattern without it being easy to see where the join between two pieces occurs. In the case of large complex patterns of images this is normally achieved by starting the second piece halfway into the length of the repeat, so that if the pattern going down the roll repeats after 24 inches, the next piece sideways is cut from the roll to begin 12 inches down the pattern from the first. The number of times the pattern repeats horizontally across a roll does not matter for this purpose.<ref>Mathematically speaking, there are seventeen basic patterns, described as [[wallpaper group]]s, that can be used to tile an infinite plane. All manufactured wallpaper patterns are based on these groups. Wallpapers with a large figurative pattern are likely to be in group "p1".</ref> A single pattern can be issued in several different colorways.


== Modern wallpaper ==
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==History==
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Modern wallpaper is made in long rolls which are hung vertically on a wall. Patterned wallpapers are designed so that the pattern "repeats", and thus pieces cut from the same roll can be hung next to each other so as to continue the pattern without it being easy to see where the join between two pieces occurs. In the case of large complex patterns of images this is normally achieved by starting the second piece halfway into the length of the repeat, so that if the pattern going down the roll repeats after {{convert|24|in}}, the next piece sideways is cut from the roll to begin {{convert|12|in}} down the pattern from the first. The number of times the pattern repeats horizontally across a roll does not matter for this purpose. A single pattern can be issued in several different colorways.

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== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
[[File:G. Bruno - Le Tour de la France par deux enfants p052.jpg|thumb|The traditional hand-blocking technique, France in 1877]]
[[File:G. Bruno - Le Tour de la France par deux enfants p052.jpg|thumb|The traditional hand-blocking technique, France in 1877]]
The main historical techniques are: hand-painting, [[woodblock printing]] (overall the most common), [[stencil]]ling, and various types of machine-printing. The first three all date back to before 1700.<ref name=grove/>
The main historical techniques are hand-painting, [[woodblock printing]] (overall the most common), [[stencil]]ling, and various types of machine printing. The first three all date back to before 1700.<ref name=grove/>


Wallpaper, using the [[printmaking]] technique of [[woodcut]], gained popularity in [[Renaissance]] Europe amongst the emerging [[gentry]]. The social elite continued to hang large [[tapestries]] on the walls of their homes, as they had in the [[Middle Ages]]. These tapestries added color to the room as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were extremely expensive and so only the very rich could afford them. Less well-off members of the elite, unable to buy tapestries due either to prices or wars preventing international trade, turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms.
Wallpaper, using the [[printmaking]] technique of [[woodcut]], gained popularity in [[Renaissance]] Europe amongst the emerging [[gentry]]. The social elite continued to hang large [[tapestries]] on the walls of their homes, as they had in the [[Middle Ages]]. These tapestries added color to the room as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were extremely expensive and so only the very rich could afford them. Less well-off members of the elite, unable to buy tapestries due either to prices or wars preventing international trade, turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms.


Early wallpaper featured scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large sheets of the paper were sometimes hung loosely on the walls, in the style of tapestries, and sometimes pasted as today. [[Old master prints|Prints]] were very often pasted to walls, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest sizes of prints, which came in several sheets, were probably mainly intended to be pasted to walls. Some important artists made such pieces - notably [[Albrecht Dürer]], who worked on both large picture prints and also ornament prints - intended for wall-hanging. The largest picture print was ''[[The Triumphal Arch]]'' commissioned by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] and completed in 1515. This measured a colossal 3.57 by 2.95 metres, made up of 192 sheets, and was printed in a first edition of 700 copies, intended to be hung in palaces and, in particular, town halls, after hand-coloring.
Early wallpaper featured scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large sheets of the paper were sometimes hung loosely on the walls, in the style of tapestries, and sometimes pasted as today. [[Old master prints|Prints]] were very often pasted to walls, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest sizes of prints, which came in several sheets, were probably mainly intended to be pasted to walls. Some important artists made such pieces – notably [[Albrecht Dürer]], who worked on both large picture prints and also ornament prints – intended for wall-hanging. The largest picture print was ''[[The Triumphal Arch]]'' commissioned by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] and completed in 1515. This measured a colossal {{convert|3.57|by|2.95|m}}, made up of 192 sheets, and was printed in a first edition of 700 copies, intended to be hung in palaces and, in particular, town halls, after hand-coloring.


Very few samples of the earliest repeating pattern wallpapers survive, but there are a large number of [[old master print]]s, often in [[engraving]] of repeating or repeatable decorative patterns. These are called ornament prints and were intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.
Very few samples of the earliest repeating pattern wallpapers survive, but there are a large number of [[old master print]]s, often in [[engraving]] of repeating or repeatable decorative patterns. These are called ornament prints and were intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.


England and France were leaders in European wallpaper manufacturing. Among the earliest known samples is one found on a wall from England and is printed on the back of a London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in [[England]] following [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s excommunication from the Catholic Church - English aristocrats had always imported tapestries from [[Flanders]] and [[Arras]], but Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church had resulted in a fall in trade with Europe. Without any tapestry manufacturers in England, English gentry and aristocracy alike turned to wallpaper.
England and France were leaders in European wallpaper manufacturing. Among the earliest known samples is one found on a wall from England and is printed on the back of a London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in [[England]] following [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s excommunication from the Catholic Church – English aristocrats had always imported tapestries from [[Flanders]] and [[Arras]], but Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church had resulted in a fall in trade with Europe. Without any tapestry manufacturers in England, English gentry and aristocracy alike turned to wallpaper.


During [[the Protectorate]] under [[Oliver Cromwell]], the manufacture of wallpaper, seen as a frivolous item by the [[Puritan]] government, was halted. Following the Restoration of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], wealthy people across England began demanding wallpaper again - Cromwell's Puritan regime had imposed a repressive and restrictive culture on the population, and following his death, wealthy people began purchasing comfortable domestic items which had been banned under the Puritan state.
During [[the Protectorate]] under [[Oliver Cromwell]], the manufacture of wallpaper, seen as a frivolous item by the [[Puritan]] government, was halted. Following the Restoration of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], wealthy people across England began demanding wallpaper again – Cromwell's Puritan regime had imposed a repressive and restrictive culture on the population, and following his death, wealthy people began purchasing comfortable domestic items which had been banned under the Puritan state.


===18th century===
=== 18th century ===
[[File:KA-Tapete-Beerdigung05.JPG|thumb|Hand-painted Chinese wallpaper showing a funeral procession, made for the European market, c. 1780]]
[[File:KA-Tapete-Beerdigung05.JPG|thumb|Hand-painted Chinese wallpaper showing a funeral procession, made for the European market, {{Circa|1780}}]]

In 1712, during the reign of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]], a [[wallpaper tax]] was introduced which was not abolished until 1836. By the mid-eighteenth century, Britain was the leading wallpaper manufacturer in Europe, exporting vast quantities to Europe in addition to selling on the middle-class British market. However this trade was seriously disrupted in 1755 by the [[Seven Years' War]] and later the [[Napoleonic Wars]], and by a heavy level of duty on imports to France.
In 1712, during the reign of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]], a [[wallpaper tax]] was introduced which was not abolished until 1836. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading wallpaper manufacturer in Europe, exporting vast quantities to Europe in addition to selling on the middle-class British market. However this trade was seriously disrupted in 1755 by the [[Seven Years' War]] and later the [[Napoleonic Wars]], and by a heavy level of duty on imports to France.


In 1748 the British Ambassador to Paris decorated his salon with blue [[flock wallpaper]], which then became very fashionable there. In the 1760s the French manufacturer [[Jean-Baptiste Réveillon]] hired designers working in silk and tapestry to produce some of the most subtle and luxurious wallpaper ever made. His sky blue wallpaper with [[fleurs-de-lys]] was used in 1783 on the first balloons by the [[Montgolfier brothers]].<ref name=grove>{{citation |title = Grove Art Online "Wallpaper"|publisher = Oxford Art Online }}</ref> The landscape painter [[Jean-Baptiste Pillement]] discovered in 1763 a method to use fast colours.
In 1748 the British Ambassador to Paris decorated his salon with blue [[flock wallpaper]], which then became very fashionable there. In the 1760s the French manufacturer [[Jean-Baptiste Réveillon]] hired designers working in silk and tapestry to produce some of the most subtle and luxurious wallpaper ever made. His sky blue wallpaper with [[fleurs-de-lys]] was used in 1783 on the first balloons by the [[Montgolfier brothers]].<ref name=grove>{{citation |title = Grove Art Online "Wallpaper"|publisher = Oxford Art Online }}</ref> The landscape painter [[Jean-Baptiste Pillement]] discovered in 1763 a method to use fast colours.
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Hand-blocked wallpapers like these use [[Woodblock printing|hand-carved blocks]] and by the 18th century designs include panoramic views of antique architecture, exotic landscapes and pastoral subjects, as well as repeating patterns of stylized flowers, people and animals.
Hand-blocked wallpapers like these use [[Woodblock printing|hand-carved blocks]] and by the 18th century designs include panoramic views of antique architecture, exotic landscapes and pastoral subjects, as well as repeating patterns of stylized flowers, people and animals.


In 1785 [[Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf]] had invented the first machine for printing coloured tints on sheets of wallpaper. In 1799 [[Louis-Nicolas Robert]] patented a machine to produce continuous lengths of paper, the forerunner of the [[Fourdrinier machine]]. This ability to produce continuous lengths of wallpaper now offered the prospect of novel designs and nice tints being widely displayed in drawing rooms across Europe.{{r|Britannica 1}}
In 1785 [[Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf]] had invented the first machine for printing coloured tints on sheets of wallpaper. In 1799 [[Louis-Nicolas Robert]] patented a machine to produce continuous lengths of paper, the forerunner of the [[Fourdrinier machine]]. This ability to produce continuous lengths of wallpaper now offered the prospect of novel designs and nice tints being widely displayed in drawing rooms across Europe.


Wallpaper manufacturers active in England in the 18th century included John Baptist Jackson<ref name=grove /> and John Sherringham.<ref>Bulletin of the City Art Museum of St. Louis, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1930</ref> Among the firms established in 18th-century America: J. F. Bumstead & Co. (Boston), William Poyntell (Philadelphia), John Rugar (New York).<ref name=grove />
Wallpaper manufacturers active in England in the 18th century included John Baptist Jackson<ref name=grove /> and John Sherringham.<ref>Bulletin of the City Art Museum of St. Louis, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1930</ref> Among the firms established in 18th-century America: J. F. Bumstead & Co. (Boston), William Poyntell (Philadelphia), John Rugar (New York).<ref name=grove />


High-quality wallpaper made in China became available from the later part of the 17th century; this was entirely handpainted and very expensive. It can still be seen in rooms in palaces and grand houses including [[Nymphenburg Palace]], [[Łazienki Palace]], [[Chatsworth House]], [[Temple Newsam]], [[Broughton Castle]], [[Lissan House]], and [[Erddig]]. It was made up to 1.2 metres wide. English, French and German manufacturers imitated it, usually beginning with a printed outline which was coloured in by hand, a technique sometimes also used in later Chinese papers.
High-quality wallpaper made in China became available from the later part of the 17th century; this was entirely handpainted and very expensive. It can still be seen in rooms in palaces and grand houses including [[Nymphenburg Palace]], [[Łazienki Palace]], [[Chatsworth House]], [[Temple Newsam]], [[Broughton Castle]], [[Lissan House]], and [[Erddig]]. It was made up to {{Convert|1.2|m}} wide. English, French and German manufacturers imitated it, usually beginning with a printed outline which was coloured in by hand, a technique sometimes also used in later Chinese papers.


==France and America==
=== France and America ===
Towards the end of the 18th century the fashion for scenic wallpaper revived in both America and France, leading to some enormous [[panorama]]s, like the 1804 20 strip wide panorama, ''Sauvages de la Mer du Pacifique'' (Savages of the Pacific), designed by the artist [[Jean-Gabriel Charvet]] for the French manufacturer [[Joseph Dufour et Cie]] showing the Voyages of [[Captain Cook]].<ref>{{Citation |publisher = De l'Imprimerie de Moiroux, rue franche |isbn = 0665141149 |location = A Macon [France?] |title = Les sauvages de la mer Pacifique, tableau pour décoration en papier peint |author = Joseph Dufour |date = 1804 |id = 0665141149 |ol = 23705116M }}</ref> This famous so-called "papier peint" wallpaper is still in situ in Ham House, Peabody, Massachusetts.<ref>Horace H. F. Jayne. Captain Cook Wallpaper. Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum, Vol. 17, No. 69 (Oct., 1921)</ref> It was the largest panoramic wallpaper of its time, and marked the burgeoning of a French industry in panoramic wallpapers. Dufour realized almost immediate success from the sale of these papers and enjoyed a lively trade with America. The [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] style currently in favour worked well in houses of the [[Federal architecture|Federal period]] with Charvet's elegant designs. Like most 18th-century wallpapers, the panorama was designed to be hung above a [[dado (architecture)|dado]].
Towards the end of the 18th century the fashion for scenic wallpaper revived in both America and France, leading to some enormous [[panorama]]s, like the 1804 20 strip wide panorama, {{Lang|fr|Sauvages de la Mer du Pacifique}} (Savages of the Pacific), designed by the artist [[Jean-Gabriel Charvet]] for the French manufacturer [[Joseph Dufour et Cie]] showing the Voyages of [[Captain Cook]].<ref>{{Citation |publisher = De l'Imprimerie de Moiroux, rue franche |isbn = 0665141149 |location = A Macon [France?] |title = Les sauvages de la mer Pacifique, tableau pour décoration en papier peint |author = Joseph Dufour |date = 1804 |id = 0665141149 |ol = 23705116M }}</ref> This famous so-called "papier peint" wallpaper is still in situ in Ham House, Peabody, Massachusetts.<ref>Horace H. F. Jayne. Captain Cook Wallpaper. Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum, Vol. 17, No. 69 (Oct., 1921)</ref> It was the largest panoramic wallpaper of its time, and marked the burgeoning of a French industry in panoramic wallpapers. Dufour realized almost immediate success from the sale of these papers and enjoyed a lively trade with America. The [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] style currently in favour worked well in houses of the [[Federal architecture|Federal period]] with Charvet's elegant designs. Like most 18th-century wallpapers, the panorama was designed to be hung above a [[dado (architecture)|dado]].


[[Image:'Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique', panels 1-10 of woodblock printed wallpaper designed by --Jean-Gabriel Charvet-- and manufacturered by --Joseph Dufour--.jpg|thumb|center|800px|'Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique', panels 1-10 of woodblock printed wallpaper designed by Jean-Gabriel Charvet and manufactured by [[Joseph Dufour et Cie|Joseph Dufour]]]]
{{wide image|'Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique', panels 1-10 of woodblock printed wallpaper designed by --Jean-Gabriel Charvet-- and manufacturered by --Joseph Dufour--.jpg|1024px|align-cap=center|{{lang|fr|Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique}}, panels 1–10 of woodblock printed wallpaper designed by Jean-Gabriel Charvet and manufactured by [[Joseph Dufour et Cie|Joseph Dufour]]}}


Beside [[Joseph Dufour et Cie]] (1797 - c. 1830) other French manufacturers of panoramic scenic and ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'' wallpapers, [[Zuber et Cie]] (1797–present) and [[Arthur et Robert]] exported their product across Europe and North America. Zuber et Cie's c. 1834 design ''Views of North America''<ref>R. P. Emlen: ‘Imagining America in 1834: Zuber's Scenic Wallpaper "Vues d'Amérique du Nord"’, Winterthur Port., xxxii (Summer–Aug 1997)</ref> hangs in the [[Diplomatic Reception Room]] of the [[White House]].
Beside [[Joseph Dufour et Cie]] (1797 – {{Circa|1830}}) other French manufacturers of panoramic scenic and {{lang|fr|[[trompe-l'œil]]}} wallpapers, [[Zuber et Cie]] (1797–present) and [[Arthur et Robert]] exported their product across Europe and North America. Zuber et Cie's {{c.|1834}} design ''Views of North America''<ref>R. P. Emlen: ‘Imagining America in 1834: Zuber's Scenic Wallpaper "Vues d'Amérique du Nord"’, Winterthur Port., xxxii (Summer–Aug 1997)</ref> hangs in the [[Diplomatic Reception Room]] of the [[White House]].


Among the firms begun in France in the 19th century: Desfossé & Karth.<ref name=grove /> In the United States: John Bellrose, Blanchard & Curry, Howell Brothers, Longstreth & Sons, Isaac Pugh in Philadelphia; Bigelow, Hayden & Co. in Massachusetts; Christy & Constant, A. Harwood, R. Prince in New York.<ref>Decorator and Furnisher, Vol. 16, No. 6 (Sep., 1890)</ref>
Among the firms begun in France in the 19th century: Desfossé & Karth.<ref name=grove /> In the United States: John Bellrose, Blanchard & Curry, Howell Brothers, Longstreth & Sons, Isaac Pugh in Philadelphia; Bigelow, Hayden & Co. in Massachusetts; Christy & Constant, A. Harwood, R. Prince in New York.<ref>Decorator and Furnisher, Vol. 16, No. 6 (Sep., 1890)</ref>


The earliest known American wallpaper sample book that has survived to present day resides in the collection of [[Old Sturbridge Village]] in Sturbridge, MA. It was produced by the firm [[Adrian Janes|Janes & Bolles]] of Hartford, Connecticut, between 1821 and 1828.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-22|title=The Rosetta Stone of Wallpaper? {{!}} Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum|url=https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2014/09/22/the-rosetta-stone-of-wallpaper/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.cooperhewitt.org|language=en-US}}</ref>
The earliest known American wallpaper sample book that has survived to present day resides in the collection of [[Old Sturbridge Village]] in Sturbridge, Massachusetts. It was produced by the firm [[Adrian Janes|Janes & Bolles]] of Hartford, Connecticut, between 1821 and 1828.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-22 |title=The Rosetta Stone of Wallpaper? | publisher=Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum |url=https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2014/09/22/the-rosetta-stone-of-wallpaper/ |access-date=2021-07-20 |website=www.cooperhewitt.org |language=en-US}}</ref>


==England==
=== England ===
[[File:Artichoke wallpaper Morris and Co J H Dearle no borders.jpg|thumb|left|"Artichoke" wallpaper by [[Morris and Co]], designed by [[John Henry Dearle]]]]
[[File:Artichoke wallpaper Morris and Co J H Dearle no borders.jpg |thumb |right|"Artichoke" wallpaper by [[Morris and Co]], designed by [[John Henry Dearle]]]]


During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], trade between Europe and Britain evaporated, resulting in the gradual decline of the wallpaper industry in Britain. However, the end of the war saw a massive demand in Europe for British goods which had been inaccessible during the wars, including cheap, colourful wallpaper. The development of steam-powered printing presses in Britain in 1813 allowed manufacturers to mass-produce wallpaper, reducing its price and so making it affordable to working-class people. Wallpaper enjoyed a huge boom in popularity in the nineteenth century, seen as a cheap and very effective way of brightening up cramped and dark rooms in working-class areas. It became almost the norm in most areas of middle-class homes, but remained relatively little used in public buildings and offices, with patterns generally being avoided in such locations. In the latter half of the century [[Lincrusta]] and [[Anaglypta]], not strictly wallpapers, became popular competitors, especially below a [[dado rail]]. They could be painted and washed, and were a good deal tougher, though also more expensive.
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], trade between Europe and Britain evaporated, resulting in the gradual decline of the wallpaper industry in Britain. However, the end of the war saw a massive demand in Europe for British goods which had been inaccessible during the wars, including cheap, colourful wallpaper. The development of steam-powered printing presses in Britain in 1813 allowed manufacturers to mass-produce wallpaper, reducing its price and so making it affordable to working-class people. Wallpaper enjoyed a huge boom in popularity in the nineteenth century, seen as a cheap and very effective way of brightening up cramped and dark rooms in working-class areas. It became almost the norm in most areas of middle-class homes, but remained relatively little used in public buildings and offices, with patterns generally being avoided in such locations. In the latter half of the century [[Lincrusta]] and [[Anaglypta]], not strictly wallpapers, became popular competitors, especially below a [[dado rail]]. They could be painted and washed, and were a good deal tougher, though also more expensive.


Wallpaper manufacturing firms established in England in the 19th century included [[Jeffrey & Co]].; Shand Kydd Ltd.;<ref name=grove /> [[Lightbown Aspinall|Lightbown, Aspinall & Co.]];<ref name=grove /> John Line & Sons;<ref name=grove /> Potter & Co.;<ref>Sugden, A.V, Potters of Darwen 1839–1939 a century of wallpaper printing by machinery. 1939</ref> [[Arthur Sanderson & Sons]]; Townshend & Parker.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Spicer Brothers |location = London |title = Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue, Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations |date = 1851 |oclc = 1044640 |ol = 6962338M }}</ref> Designers included [[Owen Jones (architect)|Owen Jones]], [[William Morris]], and [[Charles Voysey (architect)|Charles Voysey]]. In particular, many 19th century designs by [[Morris & Co]] and other [[Arts and Crafts Movement|Arts and Crafts]] designers remain in production.
Wallpaper manufacturing firms established in England in the 19th century included [[Jeffrey & Co]].; Shand Kydd Ltd.;<ref name=grove /> [[Lightbown Aspinall|Lightbown, Aspinall & Co.]];<ref name=grove /> John Line & Sons;<ref name=grove /> Potter & Co.;<ref>Sugden, A.V, Potters of Darwen 1839–1939 a century of wallpaper printing by machinery. 1939</ref> [[Arthur Sanderson & Sons]]; Townshend & Parker.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Spicer Brothers |location = London |title = Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue, Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations |date = 1851 |oclc = 1044640 |ol = 6962338M }}</ref> Designers included [[Owen Jones (architect)|Owen Jones]], [[William Morris]], and [[Charles Voysey (architect)|Charles Voysey]]. In particular, many 19th century designs by [[Morris & Co]] and other [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] designers remain in production.


===20th century===
=== 20th century ===
[[File:Sample Book, L.C. Orrell and Co., Book No. 2, 1906 (CH 18802803-71).jpg|thumb|right|L.C. Orrell and Co. wallpaper, 1906]]
[[File:Sample Book, L.C. Orrell and Co., Book No. 2, 1906 (CH 18802803-71).jpg|thumb|right|L.C. Orrell and Co. wallpaper, 1906]]
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By the early twentieth century, wallpaper had established itself as one of the most popular household items across the Western world. Manufacturers in the USA included Sears;<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Sears, Roebuck and Co. |location = Chicago [Ill.] |title = Wall paper |date = 1900 |oclc = 17573461 |ol = 25126572M }}</ref> designers included Andy Warhol.<ref>Hapgood. Wallpaper and the artist: from Durer to Warhol. London: Abbeville Press, 1992</ref> Wallpaper has gone in and out of fashion since about 1930, but the overall trend has been for wallpaper-type patterned wallcoverings to lose ground to plain painted walls.


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By the early 20th century wallpaper had established itself as one of the most popular household items across the Western world. Manufacturers in the USA included Sears;<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Sears, Roebuck and Co. |location = Chicago [Ill.] |title = Wall paper |date = 1900 |oclc = 17573461 |ol = 25126572M }}</ref> designers included Andy Warhol.<ref>Hapgood. Wallpaper and the artist: from Durer to Warhol. London: Abbeville Press, 1992</ref> Wallpaper has gone in and out of fashion since about 1930, but the overall trend has been for wallpaper-type patterned wallcoverings to lose ground to plain painted walls.
===21st century===
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In the early 21st century, wallpaper evolved into a lighting feature, enhancing the mood and the ambience through lights and crystals. [[Meystyle]], a London-based company, invented [[LED wallpaper|LED-incorporated wallpaper]].<ref>Surya, Shirley (2008). "Patterns: Design, Architecture, Interiors", page 204. DOM Publishers, Singapore. {{ISBN|978-3938666715}}</ref> The development of digital printing allows designers to break the mould and combine new technology and art to bring wallpaper to a new level of popularity.<ref>Swengley, N. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/56c45506-321c-11df-b4e2-00144feabdc0.html], London, 20 March 2010. Retrieved on 30 June 2015</ref>


===Historical collections===
=== 21st century ===
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In the early 21st century wallpaper evolved into a lighting feature, enhancing the mood and the ambience through lights and crystals. [[Meystyle]], a London-based company, invented [[LED wallpaper|LED-incorporated wallpaper]].<ref>Surya, Shirley (2008). "Patterns: Design, Architecture, Interiors", page 204. DOM Publishers, Singapore. {{ISBN|978-3938666715}}</ref> The development of digital printing allows designers to break the mould and combine new technology and art to bring wallpaper to a new level of popularity.<ref>Swengley, N. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/56c45506-321c-11df-b4e2-00144feabdc0.html], London, 20 March 2010. Retrieved on 30 June 2015</ref>
⚫
Historical examples of wallpaper are preserved by cultural institutions such as the Deutsches Tapetenmuseum (Kassel) in Germany;<ref>E. W. Mick. Hauptwerke des Deutschen Tapetenmuseum in Kassel (Tokyo, 1981)</ref> the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris) and Musée du Papier Peint (Rixheim) in France;<ref name=grove /> the Victoria & Albert in the UK;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/enwiki/w/wallpaper/ |title=Wallpaper |publisher=V&A |location=London }}</ref> the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperhewitt.org/search/wallpaper? |title=Cooper-Hewitt |location=USA }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Historic New England,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicnewengland.org/collections-archives-exhibitions/collections-access/wallpaper |title=Wallpaper |author=Historic New England |location=USA |access-date=2012-10-25 |archive-date=2014-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118123125/http://www.historicnewengland.org/collections-archives-exhibitions/collections-access/wallpaper |url-status=dead }}</ref> Metropolitan Museum of Art,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/search-results?ft=wallpaper&x=0&y=0 |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=NY }}</ref> U.S. National Park Service,<ref>Patricia Hamm and James Hamm. The Removal and Conservation Treatment of a Scenic Wallpaper, "Paysage à Chasses," from the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, Vol. 20, No. 2, Conservation of Historic Wallpaper (Spring, 1981)</ref><ref>Thomas K. McClintock. The In situ Treatment of the Wallpaper in the Study of the Longfellow National Historic Site. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, Vol. 20, No. 2, Conservation of Historic Wallpaper (Spring, 1981)</ref> and Winterthur<ref>Horace L. Hotchkiss, Jr. Wallpaper from the Shop of William Poyntell. Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 4 (1968)</ref> in the USA. Original designs by William Morris and other English wallpaper companies are held by [[Walker Greenbank]].


== Historical collections ==
⚫
==Types and sizes==
⚫
Historical examples of wallpaper are preserved by cultural institutions such as the Deutsches Tapetenmuseum (Kassel) in Germany;<ref>E. W. Mick. Hauptwerke des Deutschen Tapetenmuseum in Kassel (Tokyo, 1981)</ref> the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris) and Musée du Papier Peint (Rixheim) in France;<ref name=grove /> the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] (V&A) in the UK;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/enwiki/w/wallpaper/ |title=Wallpaper |publisher=V&A |location=London }}</ref> the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperhewitt.org/search/wallpaper? |title=Cooper-Hewitt |location=USA }}</ref> Historic New England,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/wallpaper/ | title=Wallpaper Search Collection |publisher=Wallpaper Historic New England |location=USA |access-date=21 December 2023 }}</ref> Metropolitan Museum of Art,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/search-results?ft=wallpaper&x=0&y=0 |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=NY }}</ref> U.S. National Park Service,<ref>Patricia Hamm and James Hamm. The Removal and Conservation Treatment of a Scenic Wallpaper, "Paysage à Chasses," from the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, Vol. 20, No. 2, Conservation of Historic Wallpaper (Spring, 1981)</ref><ref>Thomas K. McClintock. The In situ Treatment of the Wallpaper in the Study of the Longfellow National Historic Site. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, Vol. 20, No. 2, Conservation of Historic Wallpaper (Spring, 1981)</ref> and Winterthur<ref>Horace L. Hotchkiss, Jr. Wallpaper from the Shop of William Poyntell. Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 4 (1968)</ref> in the US. Original designs by William Morris and other English wallpaper companies are held by [[Walker Greenbank]].
⚫
[[File:Wallpaper on the wall of the apartment.jpg|thumb|Wallpaper on the wall of the apartment]]

⚫
== Types and sizes ==
⚫
[[File:Wallpaper on the wall of the apartment.jpg|thumb|Wallpaper on the wall of an apartment]]
In terms of methods of creation, wallpaper types include painted wallpaper, hand-printed blockwood wallpaper, hand-printed stencil wallpaper, machine-printed wallpaper, and flock wallpaper.<ref name=grove />
In terms of methods of creation, wallpaper types include painted wallpaper, hand-printed blockwood wallpaper, hand-printed stencil wallpaper, machine-printed wallpaper, and flock wallpaper.<ref name=grove />


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Solid vinyl with a cloth backing is the most common commercial wallcovering {{citation needed|date=December 2012}} and comes from the factory as untrimmed at {{convert|54|in|cm}} approximately, to be overlapped and double cut by the installer. This same type can be pre-trimmed at the factory to {{convert|27|in|cm}} approximately.
Solid vinyl with a cloth backing is the most common commercial wallcovering {{citation needed|date=December 2012}} and comes from the factory as untrimmed at {{convert|54|in|cm}} approximately, to be overlapped and double cut by the installer. This same type can be pre-trimmed at the factory to {{convert|27|in|cm}} approximately.


==Modern developments==
== Modern developments ==
===Custom printing===
=== Custom printing ===
New digital [[Inkjet printer|inkjet printing technologies]] using ultraviolet (UV) cured inks are being used for custom wallpaper production. Very small runs can be made, even a single wall. Photographs or digital art are output onto blank wallpaper material. Typical installations are corporate lobbies, restaurants, athletic facilities, and home interiors. This gives a designer the ability to give a space the exact look and feel desired.
New digital [[Inkjet printer|inkjet printing technologies]] using ultraviolet (UV) cured inks are being used for custom wallpaper production. Very small runs can be made, even a single wall. Photographs or digital art are output onto blank wallpaper material. Typical installations are corporate lobbies, restaurants, athletic facilities, and home interiors. This gives a designer the ability to give a space the exact look and feel desired.


===High-tech===
=== High-tech ===
New types of wallpaper under development or entering the market in the early 21st century include wallpaper that blocks certain mobile phone and [[WiFi]] signals, in the interest of privacy. The wallpaper is coated with a silver ink which forms crystals that block outgoing signals.<ref name=FT>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/562009c2-7b90-11e2-95b9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2LwJF7T00 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Jvt7P |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The new role of wallpaper |author=Peter Leggatt and Nathan Brooker |date=February 22, 2013 |work=Financial Times |access-date=March 3, 2013}}</ref>
New types of wallpaper under development or entering the market in the early 21st century include wallpaper that blocks certain mobile phone and [[WiFi]] signals, in the interest of privacy. The wallpaper is coated with a silver ink which forms crystals that block outgoing signals.<ref name=FT>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/562009c2-7b90-11e2-95b9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2LwJF7T00 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Jvt7P |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The new role of wallpaper |author=Peter Leggatt and Nathan Brooker |date=February 22, 2013 |work=Financial Times |access-date=March 3, 2013}}</ref>


===Seismic===
=== Seismic ===
In 2012, scientists at the Institute of Solid Construction and Construction Material Technology at the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] announced that they had developed a wallpaper that can help keep a masonry wall from failing in an earthquake. The wallpaper uses glass fibre reinforcement in several directions and a special adhesive which forms a strong bond with the masonry when dry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2012/04/04/High-tech-wallpaper-resists-earthquakes/UPI-11931333589780/ |title=High-tech wallpaper resists earthquakes |date=April 4, 2012 |work=UPI |access-date=March 3, 2013}}</ref>
In 2012 scientists at the Institute of Solid Construction and Construction Material Technology at the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] announced that they had developed a wallpaper that can help keep a masonry wall from failing in an earthquake. The wallpaper uses glass fibre reinforcement in several directions and a special adhesive which forms a strong bond with the masonry when dry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2012/04/04/High-tech-wallpaper-resists-earthquakes/UPI-11931333589780/ |title=High-tech wallpaper resists earthquakes |date=April 4, 2012 |work=UPI |access-date=March 3, 2013}}</ref>


===As a means of artistic expression===
=== As a means of artistic expression ===
[[Tsang Kin-Wah]], one of [[Hong Kong]]'s best-known painters,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2013/05/art-basel-hong-kong |title=Art Basel Hong Kong – Local Pride |author=J.P. |date=May 23, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=February 7, 2016}}</ref> creates large-scale wallpaper installations that evoke the floral designs of William Morris in a style that has become known as [[word-art]] installation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theculturetrip.com/asia/hong-kong/articles/tsang-kin-wah-and-the-organic-necessity-of-art/ |title=Tsang Kin-wah And The Organic Necessity Of Art |author=Isabella Tam |date=January 26, 2016 |work=The Culture Trip |access-date=February 7, 2016}}</ref>
[[Tsang Kin-Wah]], one of [[Hong Kong]]'s best-known painters,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2013/05/art-basel-hong-kong |title=Art Basel Hong Kong – Local Pride |author=J.P. |date=May 23, 2013 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=February 7, 2016}}</ref> creates large-scale wallpaper installations that evoke the floral designs of William Morris in a style that has become known as [[word-art]] installation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theculturetrip.com/asia/hong-kong/articles/tsang-kin-wah-and-the-organic-necessity-of-art/ |title=Tsang Kin-wah And The Organic Necessity Of Art |author=Isabella Tam |date=January 26, 2016 |work=The Culture Trip |access-date=February 7, 2016}}</ref>


==Installation==
== Installation ==
Like [[paint]], wallpaper requires proper surface preparation before application. Additionally wallpaper is not suitable for all areas. For example, [[bathroom]] wallpaper may deteriorate rapidly due to excessive [[steam]] (if is not sealed with a specific varnish). Proper preparation includes the repair of any defects in the drywall or plaster and the removal of loose material or old adhesives. For a better finish with thinner papers and poorer quality walls the wall can be cross-lined (horizontally) with lining paper first. Accurate room measurements (length, width, and height) along with number of window and door openings is essential for ordering wallpaper. Large drops, or repeats, in a pattern can be cut and hung more economically by working from alternating rolls of paper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.primetimepaint.ca/2013/how-to-hang-wallpaper|title=How To Hang Wallpaper|date=8 February 2013|publisher=Primetime Paint & Paper|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>
Like [[paint]], wallpaper requires proper surface preparation before application. Additionally wallpaper is not suitable for all areas. For example, [[bathroom]] wallpaper may deteriorate rapidly due to excessive [[steam]] (if is not sealed with a specific varnish). Proper preparation includes the repair of any defects in the drywall or plaster and the removal of loose material or old adhesives. For a better finish with thinner papers and poorer quality walls the wall can be cross-lined (horizontally) with lining paper first. Accurate room measurements (length, width, and height) along with number of window and door openings is essential for ordering wallpaper. Large drops, or repeats, in a pattern can be cut and hung more economically by working from alternating rolls of paper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.primetimepaint.ca/2013/how-to-hang-wallpaper|title=How To Hang Wallpaper|date=8 February 2013|publisher=Primetime Paint & Paper|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>


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Most wallpaper adhesives are [[starch]] or [[methylcellulose]] based.
Most wallpaper adhesives are [[starch]] or [[methylcellulose]] based.


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[Faux painting]]
* [[Faux painting]]
* [[List of wallpaper manufacturers]]
* [[List of wallpaper manufacturers]]
Line 112: Line 118:
* [[William Morris wallpaper designs]]
* [[William Morris wallpaper designs]]


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist}}

<ref name="Britannica 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/505373/Nicolas-Louis-Robert|title=Nicolas-Louis Robert - French inventor|website=britannica.com}}</ref>

}}
* A Hyatt Mayor; Prints and People; Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971 (reprints Princeton).

[https://handyman-dubai.com/handyman-painting-services/wallpaper-installation Wallpaper magazine]

==Further reading==
===Published in the 19th century===
* {{cite book|publisher=William S. Orr and Co.|location=London|author=James Ward|title=The world in its workshops|date=1851|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA183|chapter=Paper-staining and paper-hangings|ol=20722673M}}
* {{cite book|publisher=H. C. Baird|location=Philadelphia|author=James Arrowsmith|title=The paper-hanger's companion |url=https://archive.org/details/paperhangerscom01arrogoog|date=1856|ol=23649229M}}
* {{cite book|publisher=Industrial Publication Co.|location=New York|title=Hints for painters, decorators, and paper-hangers|url=https://archive.org/details/hintsforpainter00handgoog|date=1882|ol=7244783M}}
* {{cite book|publisher=Comstock|author=Arthur S. Jennings|title=Practical Paper Hanging: A Handbook on Decoration in Paper and Other Materials|url=https://archive.org/details/practicalpaperh01jenngoog|location=NY|date=1892|oclc=21098353|ol=23547829M}}

===Published in the 20th century===
;1900s-1920s
* {{cite book|publisher=N. McClelland |location=New York|title=Wall-papers old and new|url=https://archive.org/details/wallpapersoldne00newy |date=1900|oclc=14871977|ol=25267042M}}
* {{cite book|publisher=Pitman|location=London|author=George Whiteley Ward|title=Wall paper|date=1900|ol=7209878M}}
* {{cite book|publisher=The Literary Collector Press|location=Greenwich, Conn|author=Kate Sanborn|title=Old time wall papers|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924020532143|date=1905|ol=7029953M}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Wall-coverings |volume= 28 |last= Bartlett |first= James |author-link= James Bartlett}}
* {{cite book|publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company|location=Philadelphia|title=Decorative textiles|author=Hunter, George Leland|date=1918|oclc=339212|chapter-url=//archive.org/stream/decorativetextil00hunt#page/358/mode/2up|chapter=Wall Papers|ol=6612684M}}
* {{cite book|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, inc.|author=Alvah Horton Sabin|title=House Painting, Glazing, Paper Hanging, and Whitewashing|url=https://archive.org/details/housepaintinggl00sabigoog|date=1918|chapter=Papering|ol=20535764M}}
* Nancy McClelland. Historic Wall-Papers: From Their Inception to the Introduction of Machinery (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1924)
* {{cite book|publisher=A. Lévy|location=Paris|title=Étoffes imprimées et papiers peints|url=https://archive.org/details/toffesimprimeset00mous|author=Léon Moussinac|date=1924|oclc=2897395|ol=6669679M}}
* A. V. Sugden and J. L. Edmundson: A History of English Wallpaper, 1509–1914 (London, 1925)
;1930s-1970s
* E. A. Entwisle: ‘Painted Chinese Wallpapers’, Connoisseur, xciii (1934)
* H. Clouzot and C. Follot: Histoire du papier peint en France (Paris, 1935)
* E. A. Entwisle: The Book of Wallpaper (London, 1954)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=nNwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA177 "The Hang of Wallpapering."] ''Popular Mechanics'', March 1954, pp.&nbsp;177–182, the basics.
* E. A. Entwisle: A Literary History of Wallpaper (London, 1960)
* {{Citation |author = Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration. |date = 1961 |location = New York |title = Wallpaper |ol = 5224460M}}
* B. Greysmith: Wallpaper (London, 1976)
;1980s-1990s
* James Hamm and Patricia D. Hamm, "Historic Wallpaper in the Historic Structure: Factors Influencing Degradation and Stability," Conservation Within Historic Buildings, The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London (1980).
* {{cite book|publisher=Cooper-Hewitt Museum|location=New York, NY|title=Wallpaper in the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Design|url=https://archive.org/details/wallpaperincolle00coop|date=1981|ol=3788171M}}
* O. Nouvel: Wallpapers of France, 1800–1850 (London, 1981)
* C. C. Oman and J. Hamilton: Wallpapers: A History and Illustrated Catalogue of the Collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum (London, 1982)
* F. Teynac, P. Nolot and J. D. Vivien: Wallpaper: A History (London, 1982)
* J. Hamilton: An Introduction to Wallpaper (London, 1983)
* {{Cite journal |last=Bradbury |first=Bruce |title=A Laymen's Guide to Historic Wallpaper Reproduction (An Overview of Historic and Modern Production Techniques, Some Jargon Unravelled, and Some Tips on Dating Historic Patterns) |journal=[[Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |date=1984 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.2307/1493915 |jstor=1493915}}
* {{cite book|title=Wallpaper in New England|author1=Nylander|publisher=Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities|location=Boston|year=1986}}
* M. Schoeser: Fabrics and Wallpapers: Twentieth Century (London, 1986)
* B. Jacque and O. Nouvel-Kammerer: Le Papier peint décor d’illusion (Barenbach, 1987)
* P. J. Kipp: ‘Wallpaper Conservation’, IADA Preprints, 7th International Congress of Restorers of Graphic Art: Uppsala, 1991
* E. F. Koldeweij, M. J. F. Knuijt and E. G. M. Adriaansz: Achter het behang: 400 jaar wanddecoratie in het Nederlandse binnenhuis (Amsterdam, 1991)
* R. C. Nylander: Wallpapers for Historic Buildings (Washington, DC, 1992)
* London Wallpapers: Their Manufacture and Use, 1690–1840 (exh. cat. by T. Rosaman, London, RIBA, 1992)
* L. Hoskins, ed.: The Papered Wall (London, 1994)
* Kosuda-Warner, Joanne, Kitsch to Corbusier: Wallpapers from the 1950s (exhibition catalogue) Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution, New York, 1995

===Published in the 21st century===
* O. Nouvel: French Scenic Wallpaper, 1790–1865 (Paris, 2000)
* J. Kosuda-Warner and E. Johnson: Landscape Wallcoverings (London, 2001)
* L. Jackson: Twentieth-century Pattern Design: Textile & Wallpaper Pioneers (New York, 2002)
* G. Saunders: Wallpaper in Interior Decoration (London, 2002)
* On the Wall: Contemporary Wallpaper (exh. cat. by J. Tannenbaum and M. B. Stroud, Providence, RI, Sch. Des., Mus. A., 2003)
* L. Lencek and G. Bosker: Off the Wall: Wonderful Wall Coverings of the Twentieth Century (San Francisco, 2004)
* L. Hoskins: The Papered Wall: The History, Patterns and Techniques of Wallpaper (London, 2005)
* B. Jacque and others: ‘Wallpaper in the Royal Apartments at the Tuileries, 1789–1792’, Stud. Dec. A., xiii/1 (Fall–Winter 2005–6)


{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}

Latest revision as of 07:30, 21 November 2024

For other uses, see Wallpaper (disambiguation).
Various wallpaper designs

Wallpaper is used in interior decoration to cover the interior walls of domestic and public buildings. It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper" to help cover uneven surfaces and minor wall defects, "textured", plain with a regular repeating pattern design, or with a single non-repeating large design carried over a set of sheets.

The smallest wallpaper rectangle that can be tiled to form the whole pattern is known as the pattern repeat. Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printing, rotogravure, screen-printing, rotary printing press, and digital printing.

Modern wallpaper

[edit]

Modern wallpaper is made in long rolls which are hung vertically on a wall. Patterned wallpapers are designed so that the pattern "repeats", and thus pieces cut from the same roll can be hung next to each other so as to continue the pattern without it being easy to see where the join between two pieces occurs. In the case of large complex patterns of images this is normally achieved by starting the second piece halfway into the length of the repeat, so that if the pattern going down the roll repeats after 24 inches (610 mm), the next piece sideways is cut from the roll to begin 12 inches (300 mm) down the pattern from the first. The number of times the pattern repeats horizontally across a roll does not matter for this purpose. A single pattern can be issued in several different colorways.

History

[edit]
The traditional hand-blocking technique, France in 1877

The main historical techniques are hand-painting, woodblock printing (overall the most common), stencilling, and various types of machine printing. The first three all date back to before 1700.[1]

Wallpaper, using the printmaking technique of woodcut, gained popularity in Renaissance Europe amongst the emerging gentry. The social elite continued to hang large tapestries on the walls of their homes, as they had in the Middle Ages. These tapestries added color to the room as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were extremely expensive and so only the very rich could afford them. Less well-off members of the elite, unable to buy tapestries due either to prices or wars preventing international trade, turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms.

Early wallpaper featured scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large sheets of the paper were sometimes hung loosely on the walls, in the style of tapestries, and sometimes pasted as today. Prints were very often pasted to walls, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest sizes of prints, which came in several sheets, were probably mainly intended to be pasted to walls. Some important artists made such pieces – notably Albrecht Dürer, who worked on both large picture prints and also ornament prints – intended for wall-hanging. The largest picture print was The Triumphal Arch commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and completed in 1515. This measured a colossal 3.57 by 2.95 metres (11.7 by 9.7 ft), made up of 192 sheets, and was printed in a first edition of 700 copies, intended to be hung in palaces and, in particular, town halls, after hand-coloring.

Very few samples of the earliest repeating pattern wallpapers survive, but there are a large number of old master prints, often in engraving of repeating or repeatable decorative patterns. These are called ornament prints and were intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.

England and France were leaders in European wallpaper manufacturing. Among the earliest known samples is one found on a wall from England and is printed on the back of a London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in England following Henry VIII's excommunication from the Catholic Church – English aristocrats had always imported tapestries from Flanders and Arras, but Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church had resulted in a fall in trade with Europe. Without any tapestry manufacturers in England, English gentry and aristocracy alike turned to wallpaper.

During the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, the manufacture of wallpaper, seen as a frivolous item by the Puritan government, was halted. Following the Restoration of Charles II, wealthy people across England began demanding wallpaper again – Cromwell's Puritan regime had imposed a repressive and restrictive culture on the population, and following his death, wealthy people began purchasing comfortable domestic items which had been banned under the Puritan state.

18th century

[edit]
Hand-painted Chinese wallpaper showing a funeral procession, made for the European market, c. 1780

In 1712, during the reign of Queen Anne, a wallpaper tax was introduced which was not abolished until 1836. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading wallpaper manufacturer in Europe, exporting vast quantities to Europe in addition to selling on the middle-class British market. However this trade was seriously disrupted in 1755 by the Seven Years' War and later the Napoleonic Wars, and by a heavy level of duty on imports to France.

In 1748 the British Ambassador to Paris decorated his salon with blue flock wallpaper, which then became very fashionable there. In the 1760s the French manufacturer Jean-Baptiste Réveillon hired designers working in silk and tapestry to produce some of the most subtle and luxurious wallpaper ever made. His sky blue wallpaper with fleurs-de-lys was used in 1783 on the first balloons by the Montgolfier brothers.[1] The landscape painter Jean-Baptiste Pillement discovered in 1763 a method to use fast colours.

Hand-blocked wallpapers like these use hand-carved blocks and by the 18th century designs include panoramic views of antique architecture, exotic landscapes and pastoral subjects, as well as repeating patterns of stylized flowers, people and animals.

In 1785 Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf had invented the first machine for printing coloured tints on sheets of wallpaper. In 1799 Louis-Nicolas Robert patented a machine to produce continuous lengths of paper, the forerunner of the Fourdrinier machine. This ability to produce continuous lengths of wallpaper now offered the prospect of novel designs and nice tints being widely displayed in drawing rooms across Europe.

Wallpaper manufacturers active in England in the 18th century included John Baptist Jackson[1] and John Sherringham.[2] Among the firms established in 18th-century America: J. F. Bumstead & Co. (Boston), William Poyntell (Philadelphia), John Rugar (New York).[1]

High-quality wallpaper made in China became available from the later part of the 17th century; this was entirely handpainted and very expensive. It can still be seen in rooms in palaces and grand houses including Nymphenburg Palace, Łazienki Palace, Chatsworth House, Temple Newsam, Broughton Castle, Lissan House, and Erddig. It was made up to 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) wide. English, French and German manufacturers imitated it, usually beginning with a printed outline which was coloured in by hand, a technique sometimes also used in later Chinese papers.

France and America

[edit]

Towards the end of the 18th century the fashion for scenic wallpaper revived in both America and France, leading to some enormous panoramas, like the 1804 20 strip wide panorama, Sauvages de la Mer du Pacifique (Savages of the Pacific), designed by the artist Jean-Gabriel Charvet for the French manufacturer Joseph Dufour et Cie showing the Voyages of Captain Cook.[3] This famous so-called "papier peint" wallpaper is still in situ in Ham House, Peabody, Massachusetts.[4] It was the largest panoramic wallpaper of its time, and marked the burgeoning of a French industry in panoramic wallpapers. Dufour realized almost immediate success from the sale of these papers and enjoyed a lively trade with America. The Neoclassical style currently in favour worked well in houses of the Federal period with Charvet's elegant designs. Like most 18th-century wallpapers, the panorama was designed to be hung above a dado.

Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, panels 1–10 of woodblock printed wallpaper designed by Jean-Gabriel Charvet and manufactured by Joseph Dufour

Beside Joseph Dufour et Cie (1797 – c. 1830) other French manufacturers of panoramic scenic and trompe-l'œil wallpapers, Zuber et Cie (1797–present) and Arthur et Robert exported their product across Europe and North America. Zuber et Cie's c. 1834 design Views of North America[5] hangs in the Diplomatic Reception Room of the White House.

Among the firms begun in France in the 19th century: Desfossé & Karth.[1] In the United States: John Bellrose, Blanchard & Curry, Howell Brothers, Longstreth & Sons, Isaac Pugh in Philadelphia; Bigelow, Hayden & Co. in Massachusetts; Christy & Constant, A. Harwood, R. Prince in New York.[6]

The earliest known American wallpaper sample book that has survived to present day resides in the collection of Old Sturbridge Village in Sturbridge, Massachusetts. It was produced by the firm Janes & Bolles of Hartford, Connecticut, between 1821 and 1828.[7]

England

[edit]
"Artichoke" wallpaper by Morris and Co, designed by John Henry Dearle

During the Napoleonic Wars, trade between Europe and Britain evaporated, resulting in the gradual decline of the wallpaper industry in Britain. However, the end of the war saw a massive demand in Europe for British goods which had been inaccessible during the wars, including cheap, colourful wallpaper. The development of steam-powered printing presses in Britain in 1813 allowed manufacturers to mass-produce wallpaper, reducing its price and so making it affordable to working-class people. Wallpaper enjoyed a huge boom in popularity in the nineteenth century, seen as a cheap and very effective way of brightening up cramped and dark rooms in working-class areas. It became almost the norm in most areas of middle-class homes, but remained relatively little used in public buildings and offices, with patterns generally being avoided in such locations. In the latter half of the century Lincrusta and Anaglypta, not strictly wallpapers, became popular competitors, especially below a dado rail. They could be painted and washed, and were a good deal tougher, though also more expensive.

Wallpaper manufacturing firms established in England in the 19th century included Jeffrey & Co.; Shand Kydd Ltd.;[1] Lightbown, Aspinall & Co.;[1] John Line & Sons;[1] Potter & Co.;[8] Arthur Sanderson & Sons; Townshend & Parker.[9] Designers included Owen Jones, William Morris, and Charles Voysey. In particular, many 19th century designs by Morris & Co and other Arts and Crafts Movement designers remain in production.

20th century

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L.C. Orrell and Co. wallpaper, 1906

By the early 20th century wallpaper had established itself as one of the most popular household items across the Western world. Manufacturers in the USA included Sears;[10] designers included Andy Warhol.[11] Wallpaper has gone in and out of fashion since about 1930, but the overall trend has been for wallpaper-type patterned wallcoverings to lose ground to plain painted walls.

21st century

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In the early 21st century wallpaper evolved into a lighting feature, enhancing the mood and the ambience through lights and crystals. Meystyle, a London-based company, invented LED-incorporated wallpaper.[12] The development of digital printing allows designers to break the mould and combine new technology and art to bring wallpaper to a new level of popularity.[13]

Historical collections

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Historical examples of wallpaper are preserved by cultural institutions such as the Deutsches Tapetenmuseum (Kassel) in Germany;[14] the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris) and Musée du Papier Peint (Rixheim) in France;[1] the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the UK;[15] the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt,[16] Historic New England,[17] Metropolitan Museum of Art,[18] U.S. National Park Service,[19][20] and Winterthur[21] in the US. Original designs by William Morris and other English wallpaper companies are held by Walker Greenbank.

Types and sizes

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Wallpaper on the wall of an apartment

In terms of methods of creation, wallpaper types include painted wallpaper, hand-printed blockwood wallpaper, hand-printed stencil wallpaper, machine-printed wallpaper, and flock wallpaper.[1]

Modern wallcoverings are diverse, and what is described as wallpaper may no longer actually be made from paper. Two of the most common factory trimmed sizes of wallpaper are referred to as "American" and "European" rolled goods. American rolled goods are 27 inches (69 cm) by 27 feet (8.2 m) in length. European rolled goods are 52 centimetres (20 in) wide by 10 metres (33 ft) in length,[22] approximately 5.2 square metres (56 sq ft). Most wallpaper borders are sold by length and with a wide range of widths therefore surface area is not applicable, although some may require trimming.

The most common wall covering for residential use and generally the most economical is prepasted vinyl coated paper, commonly called "strippable" which can be misleading. Cloth backed vinyl is fairly common and durable. Lighter vinyls are easier to handle and hang. Paper backed vinyls are generally more expensive, significantly more difficult to hang, and can be found in wider untrimmed widths. Foil wallpaper generally has paper backing and can (exceptionally) be up to 36 inches (91 cm) wide, and be very difficult to handle and hang. Textile wallpapers include silks, linens, grass cloths, strings, rattan, and actual impressed leaves. There are acoustical wall carpets to reduce sound. Customized wallcoverings are available at high prices and most often have minimum roll orders.

Solid vinyl with a cloth backing is the most common commercial wallcovering [citation needed] and comes from the factory as untrimmed at 54 inches (140 cm) approximately, to be overlapped and double cut by the installer. This same type can be pre-trimmed at the factory to 27 inches (69 cm) approximately.

Modern developments

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Custom printing

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New digital inkjet printing technologies using ultraviolet (UV) cured inks are being used for custom wallpaper production. Very small runs can be made, even a single wall. Photographs or digital art are output onto blank wallpaper material. Typical installations are corporate lobbies, restaurants, athletic facilities, and home interiors. This gives a designer the ability to give a space the exact look and feel desired.

High-tech

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New types of wallpaper under development or entering the market in the early 21st century include wallpaper that blocks certain mobile phone and WiFi signals, in the interest of privacy. The wallpaper is coated with a silver ink which forms crystals that block outgoing signals.[23]

Seismic

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In 2012 scientists at the Institute of Solid Construction and Construction Material Technology at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology announced that they had developed a wallpaper that can help keep a masonry wall from failing in an earthquake. The wallpaper uses glass fibre reinforcement in several directions and a special adhesive which forms a strong bond with the masonry when dry.[24]

As a means of artistic expression

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Tsang Kin-Wah, one of Hong Kong's best-known painters,[25] creates large-scale wallpaper installations that evoke the floral designs of William Morris in a style that has become known as word-art installation.[26]

Installation

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Like paint, wallpaper requires proper surface preparation before application. Additionally wallpaper is not suitable for all areas. For example, bathroom wallpaper may deteriorate rapidly due to excessive steam (if is not sealed with a specific varnish). Proper preparation includes the repair of any defects in the drywall or plaster and the removal of loose material or old adhesives. For a better finish with thinner papers and poorer quality walls the wall can be cross-lined (horizontally) with lining paper first. Accurate room measurements (length, width, and height) along with number of window and door openings is essential for ordering wallpaper. Large drops, or repeats, in a pattern can be cut and hung more economically by working from alternating rolls of paper.[27]

After pre-pasted wallpaper is moistened, or dry wallpaper is coated with wet paste, the wet surface is folded onto itself and left for a few minutes to activate the glue, which is called "booking wallpaper."[28]

Besides conventional installation on interior walls and ceilings, wallpapers have been deployed as decorative covering for hatboxes, bandboxes, books, shelves, and window-shades.[29]

Wallpaper adhesives

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Main article: Wallpaper adhesive

Most wallpaper adhesives are starch or methylcellulose based.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Grove Art Online "Wallpaper", Oxford Art Online
  2. ^ Bulletin of the City Art Museum of St. Louis, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1930
  3. ^ Joseph Dufour (1804), Les sauvages de la mer Pacifique, tableau pour décoration en papier peint, A Macon [France?]: De l'Imprimerie de Moiroux, rue franche, ISBN 0665141149, OL 23705116M, 0665141149
  4. ^ Horace H. F. Jayne. Captain Cook Wallpaper. Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum, Vol. 17, No. 69 (Oct., 1921)
  5. ^ R. P. Emlen: ‘Imagining America in 1834: Zuber's Scenic Wallpaper "Vues d'Amérique du Nord"’, Winterthur Port., xxxii (Summer–Aug 1997)
  6. ^ Decorator and Furnisher, Vol. 16, No. 6 (Sep., 1890)
  7. ^ "The Rosetta Stone of Wallpaper?". www.cooperhewitt.org. Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. 2014-09-22. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  8. ^ Sugden, A.V, Potters of Darwen 1839–1939 a century of wallpaper printing by machinery. 1939
  9. ^ Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue, Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations, London: Spicer Brothers, 1851, OCLC 1044640, OL 6962338M
  10. ^ Wall paper, Chicago [Ill.]: Sears, Roebuck and Co., 1900, OCLC 17573461, OL 25126572M
  11. ^ Hapgood. Wallpaper and the artist: from Durer to Warhol. London: Abbeville Press, 1992
  12. ^ Surya, Shirley (2008). "Patterns: Design, Architecture, Interiors", page 204. DOM Publishers, Singapore. ISBN 978-3938666715
  13. ^ Swengley, N. [1], London, 20 March 2010. Retrieved on 30 June 2015
  14. ^ E. W. Mick. Hauptwerke des Deutschen Tapetenmuseum in Kassel (Tokyo, 1981)
  15. ^ "Wallpaper". London: V&A.
  16. ^ "Cooper-Hewitt". USA.
  17. ^ "Wallpaper Search Collection". USA: Wallpaper Historic New England. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  18. ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Art". NY.
  19. ^ Patricia Hamm and James Hamm. The Removal and Conservation Treatment of a Scenic Wallpaper, "Paysage à Chasses," from the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, Vol. 20, No. 2, Conservation of Historic Wallpaper (Spring, 1981)
  20. ^ Thomas K. McClintock. The In situ Treatment of the Wallpaper in the Study of the Longfellow National Historic Site. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, Vol. 20, No. 2, Conservation of Historic Wallpaper (Spring, 1981)
  21. ^ Horace L. Hotchkiss, Jr. Wallpaper from the Shop of William Poyntell. Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 4 (1968)
  22. ^ "Paint & Wallpaper: How to decorate your home". www.johnlewis.com.
  23. ^ Peter Leggatt and Nathan Brooker (February 22, 2013). "The new role of wallpaper". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  24. ^ "High-tech wallpaper resists earthquakes". UPI. April 4, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  25. ^ J.P. (May 23, 2013). "Art Basel Hong Kong – Local Pride". The Economist. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  26. ^ Isabella Tam (January 26, 2016). "Tsang Kin-wah And The Organic Necessity Of Art". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  27. ^ "How To Hang Wallpaper". Primetime Paint & Paper. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  28. ^ "How to Hang Wallpaper". thisoldhouse.com. 4 March 2002.
  29. ^ C. Lynn: Wallpaper in America from the Seventeenth Century to World War I (New York, 1980)
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