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==Overview==
==Overview==
Past U.S. presidents [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harry S. Truman]], [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] have been described as liberal hawks for their roles in bringing about America's status as the world's premier military power. The [[Clinton Doctrine]] can also be considered as consistent with this vision. Today the term is most frequently used to describe liberals and [[leftists]] who supported or still support the decision to [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invade Iraq]] in 2003, which was authorized by the [[United States Congress]] and ordered by president [[George W. Bush]]. The war has stirred heated controversy among all political sides of the debate. The American left was divided over the issue of whether going to war in Iraq was the right decision, as some liberals felt that they should support the war, in accordance with their philosophy of [[liberal internationalism]], which had caused them to support military intervention earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Politics/Liberal-quandary.htm|title=The Liberal Quandary Over Iraq|date=December 8, 2002|work=The New York Times Magazine}}</ref>
Past U.S. presidents [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harry S. Truman]], [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] have been described as liberal hawks for their roles in bringing about America's status as the world's premier military power. The [[Clinton Doctrine]] can also be considered as consistent with this vision. Today the term is most frequently used to describe liberals who supported or still support the decision to [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invade Iraq in 2003]], which was authorized by the [[United States Congress]] and ordered by president [[George W. Bush]]. The invasion was controversial among all political sides. In December 2002, American liberals were conflicted over whether or not going to war in Iraq was the correct decision; some felt that they should support the war, in accordance with their philosophy of [[liberal internationalism]], i.e. support of military intervention.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Politics/Liberal-quandary.htm|title=The Liberal Quandary Over Iraq|date=December 8, 2002|work=The New York Times Magazine}}</ref>


One document often cited as promoting a liberal hawkish point of view is ''[[Progressive Internationalism: A Democratic National Security Strategy]]'', published by the [[Progressive Policy Institute]] in October 2003.<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/> Another document related to the philosophy is a letter to President Bush sent by [[Social Democrats USA]] in February 2003, which urged the military overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime.<ref>[http://www.socialdemocrats.org/IraqLetter3.html Letter to President Bush] sent by [[Social Democrats USA]] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134106/http://www.socialdemocrats.org/IraqLetter3.html |date=May 9, 2008 }}</ref>
One document cited as promoting a liberal hawkish point of view is ''[[Progressive Internationalism: A Democratic National Security Strategy]]'', published by the [[Progressive Policy Institute]] in October 2003.<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/> Another document related to the stance is a letter to President Bush sent by [[Social Democrats USA]] in February 2003, which urged the military overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime.<ref>[http://www.socialdemocrats.org/IraqLetter3.html Letter to President Bush] sent by [[Social Democrats USA]] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134106/http://www.socialdemocrats.org/IraqLetter3.html |date=May 9, 2008 }}</ref>


In January 2004, [[Paul Berman]], [[Thomas Friedman]], [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[George Packer]], [[Kenneth Pollack]], [[Jacob Weisberg]], [[Fareed Zakaria]], and [[Fred Kaplan (journalist)|Fred Kaplan]] participated in a five-day online forum, ''Liberal Hawks Reconsider the Iraq War'', in which they discussed whether they had been correct in advocating military action against [[Saddam Hussein]]'s regime. Kaplan by that point had renounced his prior support, but the general consensus among the participants was that, despite the absence of [[weapons of mass destruction]] in Iraq, the war had still been justified on humanitarian grounds.
In January 2004, [[Paul Berman]], [[Thomas Friedman]], [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[George Packer]], [[Kenneth Pollack]], [[Jacob Weisberg]], [[Fareed Zakaria]], and [[Fred Kaplan (journalist)|Fred Kaplan]] participated in a five-day online forum, ''Liberal Hawks Reconsider the Iraq War'', in which they discussed whether they had been correct in advocating for military action against [[Saddam Hussein]]'s regime. Kaplan by that point had renounced his prior support, but the general consensus among the participants was that, despite the absence of [[weapons of mass destruction]] in Iraq, the war had still been justified on humanitarian grounds.


Political scientists argue that liberals tend to be hawkish to counter criticism and accusations by conservatives of being "soft" and having a tendency of appeasing foreign adversaries. Others argue that they are driven by [[Wilsonian idealism]] to reshape the world in their image.
In his book ''The Good Fight'', published in 2006, [[Peter Beinart]] renounced his prior support for the Iraq War: "I was too quick to give up on containment, too quick to think time was on Saddam's side."


=== Opposition to Sunshine policy ===
=== Opposition to the Sunshine Policy ===
[[Sunshine policy]] is the dovish foreign policy of South Korean liberals against North Korea, and [[Donald Trump]] or [[Trumpist]]s have also expressed support,<ref>{{cite web |title="트럼프, 미국판 '햇볕정책' 보여줘...4차회담은 8~9월" |trans-title=Donald Trump supports the American version 'Sunshine policy'. The fourth round of talks will take place in August or September. |url=https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5175141 |publisher=노컷뉴스 |date=1 July 2019 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321085227/https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5175141 |url-status=live }}</ref> but mainstream American liberals, dubbed the 'Washington establishment', oppose the policy and support hawkish foreign policy toward North Korea,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bruce Cumings hopes Trump’s lack of ties to Washington establishment offers solution for Korean Peninsula |url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/849401.html |publisher=[[The Hankyoreh]] |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> creating a conflict with South Korean liberals.<ref name="문정인">{{cite web |title=문정인 "바이든이 미 대통령 되면 북한 문제 풀기 어려워" |trans-title=[[Moon Chung-in]] said, "If Biden [not Trump] becomes the U.S. president, it will be difficult to solve the North Korean problem". |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20200703/101805174/1 |publisher=[[동아일보]] |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>
The [[Sunshine Policy]] is the dovish foreign policy with North Korea of [[Liberalism in South Korea|South Korean liberals]], in which President [[Donald Trump]] has also expressed support,<ref>{{cite web |title="트럼프, 미국판 '햇볕정책' 보여줘...4차회담은 8~9월" |trans-title=Donald Trump supports the American version 'Sunshine policy'. The fourth round of talks will take place in August or September. |url=https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5175141 |publisher=노컷뉴스 |date=1 July 2019 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321085227/https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5175141 |url-status=live }}</ref> but the ''Washington establishment'' consisting of liberals and conservatives alike oppose their policy and support a more hawkish stance toward North Korea,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bruce Cumings hopes Trump's lack of ties to Washington establishment offers solution for Korean Peninsula |url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/849401.html |publisher=[[The Hankyoreh]] |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> creating a conflict with South Korean liberals.<ref name="문정인">{{cite web |title=문정인 "바이든이 미 대통령 되면 북한 문제 풀기 어려워" |trans-title=[[Moon Chung-in]] said, "If Biden [not Trump] becomes the U.S. president, it will be difficult to solve the North Korean problem". |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20200703/101805174/1 |publisher=[[동아일보]] |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>


Despite being a liberal, President [[Barack Obama]] opposed the Sunshine Policy and preferred a more hawkish foreign policy of "strategic patience ".<ref>Park Byoung-chul, Joo In-suck ed. (2016). [https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001516336 ''The North Korean Policy of the Obama Administration and Korea-America Relationship: Change and Perspective'']. [[Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information]].</ref>
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In the [[2020 United States presidential election]], [[Hong Joon-pyo]], a right-wing populist politician known as a [[K-Trumpism|Korean Trumpist]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/18/asia/south-korea-trump-nukes/index.html |title=South Korean opposition leader: Nukes are the only way to guarantee peace |quote=Nicknamed “Hong Trump,” he has been compared to the US President in the past for his outspoken, sometimes offensive campaigning style. ... Like Trump, Hong attracted criticism during the campaign over his attitudes towards women, after he was quoted as saying washing dishes was women’s work. Controversy also erupted over an anecdote in Hong’s autobiography in which he described helping a friend drug a girl he was on a date with. |work=[[CNN]] |date=18 October 2017 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> but supported Joe Biden.<ref>{{cite web |title=홍준표 "위장평화쇼 트럼프 시대 저물어…문재인 정권 심판받을 차례" |trans-title=Hong Joon-pyo said, "The era of Trump based on the camouflage peace show is over. Therefore, the Moon Jae-in regime [who was diplomatically friendly to Trump when Trump supported pro-North Korea foreign policy] will be judged". |url=https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2020110608250058060 |publisher=머니투데이 |date=6 November 2020 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> In contrast, South Korean liberal [[Moon Chung-in]] and [[Kim Ou-joon]] supported Donald Trump.<ref name="문정인"/><ref name="김어준">{{cite web |title=김어준 "바이든 찍으면 미북 정상회담 못 봐" 황당방송 |trans-title=Kim Ou-joon said, "If [Americans] vote Biden, [Korean] can't see the North Korea–United States summit", it is absurd remark broadcasting. |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20200703/101805174/1 |publisher=[[조선일보]] |date=8 August 2020 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>


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The hostile diplomatic approach towards North Korea has made South Korea liberals prefer Donald Trump diplomatically, who is more transactional in nature in his dealings with North Korea. However, South Korean conservatives, who are more pro-American support the liberal hawks approach. In the [[2020 United States presidential election]], [[Hong Joon-pyo]], known as a "Korean Trumpist",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/18/asia/south-korea-trump-nukes/index.html |title=South Korean opposition leader: Nukes are the only way to guarantee peace |quote=Nicknamed “Hong Trump,” he has been compared to the US President in the past for his outspoken, sometimes offensive campaigning style |work=[[CNN]] |date=18 October 2017 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> supported [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{cite web |title=홍준표 "위장평화쇼 트럼프 시대 저물어…문재인 정권 심판받을 차례" |trans-title=Hong Joon-pyo said, "The era of Trump based on the camouflage peace show is over. Therefore, the Moon Jae-in regime [who was diplomatically friendly to Trump when Trump supported pro-North Korea foreign policy] will be judged". |url=https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2020110608250058060 |publisher=머니투데이 |date=6 November 2020 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> The current president of South Korea [[Yoon Suk-yeol]], dubbed the "K-Trump" in South Korean media, defended President Joe Biden's policy toward North Korea and opposing the new Sunshine Policy approach of Donald Trump and South Korean liberals. In contrast, South Korean liberals [[Moon Chung-in]] and [[Kim Ou-joon]] supported Donald Trump's Sunshine Policy.<ref name="문정인"/><ref name="김어준">{{cite web |title=김어준 "바이든 찍으면 미북 정상회담 못 봐" 황당방송 |trans-title=Kim Ou-joon said, "If [Americans] vote Biden, [Korean] can't see the North Korea–United States summit", it is absurd remark broadcasting. |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20200703/101805174/1 |publisher=[[조선일보]] |date=8 August 2020 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>
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==Notable people associated==

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==Notable people==
[[File:Truman initiating Korean involvement.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Harry S. Truman]] signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency that initiates U.S. involvement in the Korean War]]
[[File:Truman initiating Korean involvement.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Harry S. Truman]] signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency that initiates U.S. involvement in the Korean War]]
The list includes people who have been described as liberal hawks.
The list includes people who have been described as liberal hawks.
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* [[Howard Berman]] – former U.S. Representative from California<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-mar-07-me-lopez7-story.html|title=Berman – A Hawk 20 Years in the Making|date=March 7, 2003|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
* [[Howard Berman]] – former U.S. Representative from California<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-mar-07-me-lopez7-story.html|title=Berman – A Hawk 20 Years in the Making|date=March 7, 2003|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
* [[Joe Biden]] - U.S. President, elected in 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/17/joe-biden-role-iraq-war|title=Joe Biden championed the Iraq war. Will that come back to haunt him now?|date=Feb 17, 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* [[Joe Biden]] - U.S. President, elected in 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/17/joe-biden-role-iraq-war|title=Joe Biden championed the Iraq war. Will that come back to haunt him now?|date=Feb 17, 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* [[Tony Blair]] – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/matthew-continetti/liberal-hawks-br-an-endangered-species |title=Liberal Hawks, an Endangered Species|date=May 28, 2007|work=The Weekly Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/6728938/Is-Tony-Blair-a-war-criminal.html|title=Is Tony Blair a war criminal?|date=December 4, 2009 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/weekinreview/the-nation-blair-the-hawk-finds-himself-with-some-unlikely-friends.html|title=The Nation; Blair, the Hawk, Finds Himself With Some Unlikely Friends|date=February 23, 2003|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Tony Blair]] – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/matthew-continetti/liberal-hawks-br-an-endangered-species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205171944/https://www.weeklystandard.com/matthew-continetti/liberal-hawks-br-an-endangered-species |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 5, 2018 |title=Liberal Hawks, an Endangered Species|date=May 28, 2007 |work=The Weekly Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/weekinreview/the-nation-blair-the-hawk-finds-himself-with-some-unlikely-friends.html |title=The Nation; Blair, the Hawk, Finds Himself With Some Unlikely Friends |date=February 23, 2003|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Ben Cardin]] – U.S. Senator from Maryland, former U.S. Representative from Maryland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/ben-cardin-is-a-hawk-will-maryland-voters-punish-him-for-it/ |title=Ben Cardin Is a Hawk. Will Maryland Voters Punish Him for It?|date=May 10, 2018|work=The Nation}}</ref>
* [[Ben Cardin]] – U.S. Senator from Maryland, former U.S. Representative from Maryland<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/ben-cardin-is-a-hawk-will-maryland-voters-punish-him-for-it/|title=Ben Cardin Is a Hawk. Will Maryland Voters Punish Him for It?|date=May 10, 2018|work=The Nation|access-date=2019-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614193716/https://www.thenation.com/article/ben-cardin-is-a-hawk-will-maryland-voters-punish-him-for-it/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Hillary Clinton]] – former [[First Lady of the United States]], former U.S. Senator from New York, former [[US Secretary of State]], 2008 Democratic presidential candidate, 2016 Democratic presidential nominee<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/24/magazine/how-hillary-clinton-became-a-hawk.html|title=How Hillary Clinton Became a Hawk|date=24 April 2016|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/27/hillary-the-hawk-a-history-clinton-2016-military-intervention-libya-iraq-syria/|title=Hillary the Hawk: A History|date=July 27, 2016|work=ForeignPolicy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/steve-chapman/ct-hillary-clinton-hawk-war-obama-chapman-perspec-0703-jm-20160701-column.html|title=Why is Hillary Clinton still a hawk?|date=July 1, 2016|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/yes-hillary-clinton-hawk-9833|title=Yes, Hillary Clinton Is a Hawk|date=February 6, 2014|work=The National Interest}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/hillary-hawk/|title=Hillary the Hawk|date=February 21, 2007|work=The Nation}}</ref>
* [[Hillary Clinton]] – former [[First Lady of the United States]], former U.S. Senator from New York, former [[US Secretary of State]], 2008 Democratic presidential candidate, 2016 Democratic presidential nominee<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/24/magazine/how-hillary-clinton-became-a-hawk.html |title=How Hillary Clinton Became a Hawk |date=24 April 2016|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/27/hillary-the-hawk-a-history-clinton-2016-military-intervention-libya-iraq-syria/|title=Hillary the Hawk: A History|date=July 27, 2016 |work=ForeignPolicy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/hillary-hawk/|title=Hillary the Hawk|date=February 21, 2007|work=The Nation|access-date=2019-06-14 |archive-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603031920/https://www.thenation.com/article/hillary-hawk/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Joe Donnelly]] – former U.S. Representative and senator from Indiana<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/joe-donnelly-talks-like-a-republican-in-his-newest-ad|title=Joe Donnelly talks like a Republican in his newest ad|date=October 16, 2018|work=Washington Examiner}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/05/the-loneliest-democrat-in-trump-country-216012|title=The Loneliest Democrat in Trump Country|date=December 5, 2017|work=Politico Magazine}}</ref>
* [[Joe Donnelly]] – former U.S. Representative and senator from Indiana<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/05/the-loneliest-democrat-in-trump-country-216012 |title=The Loneliest Democrat in Trump Country|date=December 5, 2017|work=Politico Magazine}}</ref>
* [[Jane Harman]] – former U.S. Representative from California<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/hire-harman-for-chair-of_b_34725|title=Hire Harman for Chair of Intelligence? No, Nancy, No|date=November 22, 2006|work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/49154/harmans-harm|title=Harman's Harm?|date=April 20, 2009|magazine=The New Republic}}</ref>
* [[Eliot Engel]] – former U.S. Representative from New York<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chavez |first1=Aida |title=Hawkish Democrat Rep. Eliot Engel Is Facing Two Primary Challengers |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/06/18/eliot-engel-primary-challenge/ |website=The Intercept |date=June 18, 2019 |access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Al Gore]] – former U.S. Senator from Tennessee, former Vice President of the United States, 2000 Democratic presidential nominee<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heilbrunn |first1=Jacob |title=President Gore's Foreign Policy |journal=World Policy Journal |year=2020 |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=49 |jstor=40209691 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209691 |access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Michael Ignatieff]] – former leader of the Liberal Party of Canada, former professor at Harvard's Carr Center for Human Rights Policy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-cavanaugh14aug14-story.html|title=Let the mighty liberal hawks soar|date=August 14, 2007|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
* [[Josh Gottheimer]] – U.S. Representative from New Jersey<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahlman |first1=Austin |title=Hawkish Democrats Ramp Up Campaign Against Possible New Iran Deal |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/08/31/iran-nuclear-deal-democrats-israel-gottheimer/ |website=The Intercept |date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref>
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* [[Henry M. Jackson|Henry "Scoop" Jackson]] – United States Senator who represented Washington State from 1953 to 1983<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904896,00.html|title=The Nation: The Democrats' Liberal Hawk on Capitol Hill|date=March 22, 1971|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-28-op-heilbrunn28-story.html|title=Return of the liberal hawks|date=May 28, 2006|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
* [[Jane Harman]] – former U.S. Representative from California<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/49154/harmans-harm|title=Harman's Harm?|date=April 20, 2009|magazine=The New Republic}}</ref>
* [[Joe Lieberman]] – former U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 2000 Democratic vice presidential nominee, 2004 Democratic presidential candidate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2007/02/20/joe-lieberman-religion-and-ira/|title=Joe Lieberman, Religion, and Iraq|date=February 20, 2007|work=Smart Politics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prospect.org/article/hawk-all-seasons|title=A Hawk for All Seasons|date=August 14, 2006|work=The American Prospect}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/261440/who-would-joe-lieberman-vote-for-in-2020-not-who-youd-think|title=Who Would Joe Lieberman Vote for in 2020? Not Who You'd Think|date=May 3, 2018|work=Tablet Magazine}}</ref>
* [[Tzipi Livni]] – former [[Vice Prime Minister of Israel|vice prime minister of Israel]], founder of the [[Hatnuah]] party, Foreign Minister, Justice Minister and Leader of the Opposition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/23/palestine-papers-tzipi-livni-israel|title=Palestine papers: Tzipi Livni
* [[Michael Ignatieff]] – former leader of the Liberal Party of Canada, former professor at Harvard's Carr Center for Human Rights Policy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-cavanaugh14aug14-story.html|title=Let the mighty liberal hawks soar |date=August 14, 2007|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
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* [[Henry M. Jackson|Henry "Scoop" Jackson]] – United States Senator who represented Washington State from 1953 to 1983<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904896,00.html |title=The Nation: The Democrats' Liberal Hawk on Capitol Hill |date=March 22, 1971|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-28-op-heilbrunn28-story.html |title=Return of the liberal hawks|date=May 28, 2006 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
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|date=Jan 23, 2011|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* [[Bob Menendez]] – U.S. Senator from New Jersey, former U.S. Representative from New Jersey<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-democrats-unlikely-hawk/|title=The Democrats' Unlikely Hawk|date=December 2, 2013|work=The American Conservative}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/02/democrat-iran-hawk-sticking-by-nuclear-deal-menendez.html|title=Democrat hawk says he's sticking by Iran deal after reclaiming top panel spot|date=February 9, 2018|work=Al-Monitor}}</ref>
* [[Joe Lieberman]] – former U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 2000 Democratic vice presidential nominee, 2004 Democratic presidential candidate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2007/02/20/joe-lieberman-religion-and-ira/ |title=Joe Lieberman, Religion, and Iraq |date=February 20, 2007|work=Smart Politics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prospect.org/article/hawk-all-seasons|title=A Hawk for All Seasons|date=August 14, 2006|work=The American Prospect}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/261440/who-would-joe-lieberman-vote-for-in-2020-not-who-youd-think|title=Who Would Joe Lieberman Vote for in 2020? Not Who You'd Think|date=May 3, 2018|work=Tablet Magazine}}</ref>
* [[Tzipi Livni]] – former [[Vice Prime Minister of Israel|vice prime minister of Israel]], founder of the [[Hatnuah]] party, Foreign Minister, Justice Minister and Leader of the Opposition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/23/palestine-papers-tzipi-livni-israel|title=Palestine papers: Tzipi Livni
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* [[Kyrsten Sinema]] – U.S. Senator from Arizona, former U.S. Representative from Arizona<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/12/politics/kfile-kyrsten-sinema-activist-past/index.html|title=Kyrsten Sinema's anti-war activist past under scrutiny as she runs for Senate|date=October 12, 2018|work=CNN Politics}}</ref>
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|date=Jan 23, 2011 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* [[Bob Menendez]] – former U.S. Senator from New Jersey, former U.S. Representative from New Jersey<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-democrats-unlikely-hawk/|title=The Democrats' Unlikely Hawk |date=December 2, 2013|work=The American Conservative}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/02/democrat-iran-hawk-sticking-by-nuclear-deal-menendez.html|title=Democrat hawk says he's sticking by Iran deal after reclaiming top panel spot|date=February 9, 2018|work=Al-Monitor}}</ref>
* [[Sam Nunn]] – former U.S. Senator from Georgia (1972-1997)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crowley |first1=Michael |title=The Stuff Sam Nunn's Nightmares Are Made of |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/magazine/25Nunn.t.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sack |first1=Kevin |title=Nunn, Model Southern Democrat, To Retire From Senate Next Year |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/10/us/nunn-model-southern-democrat-to-retire-from-senate-next-year.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Kyrsten Sinema]] – U.S. Senator from Arizona, former U.S. Representative from Arizona<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/12/politics/kfile-kyrsten-sinema-activist-past/index.html|title=Kyrsten Sinema's anti-war activist past under scrutiny as she runs for Senate|date=October 12, 2018|work=CNN Politics}}</ref>


===Government officials===
===Government officials===
* [[Jake Sullivan]] – current [[National Security Advisor (United States)|U.S. National Security Advisor]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023831_2023829_2025209,00.html|title=Jake Sullivan - 40 Under 40|first=Jay|last=Webber|magazine=Time|date=October 14, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/sources-american-power-biden-jake-sullivan|title=The Sources of American Power|first=Jake|last=Sullivan|date=October 24, 2023|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=102 |issue=6 }}</ref>
* [[Madeleine Albright]] (deceased) – former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, former U.S. Secretary of State<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/lady-hawk-175150|title=The Lady Is a Hawk|date=December 15, 1996|work=Newsweek}}</ref>
* [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] (deceased) – former National Security Advisor, political scientist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/zbigniew-brzezinski-obituary/|title=The last hawk: Zbigniew Brzezinski (1928-2017)|date=June 1, 2017|work=Open Democracy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/11/brzezinski-sees-hope-for-us-russia-relations-interview-hirsh-213400|title=Once a Hawk, Brzezinski Sees Hope for U.S.-Russia Relations|date=November 27, 2015|work=Politico Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/us/zbigniew-brzezinski-dead-national-security-adviser-to-carter.html|title=Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Adviser to Jimmy Carter, Dies at 89|date=May 26, 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2017/06/05/on-zbigniew-brzezinski-geopolitical-mastermind-realist-practitioner/|title=On Zbigniew Brzezinski: Geopolitical Mastermind, Realist Practitioner|date=June 5, 2017|work=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref>
* [[Madeleine Albright]] – former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, former U.S. Secretary of State<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/lady-hawk-175150|title=The Lady Is a Hawk|date=December 15, 1996|work=Newsweek}}</ref>
* [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] – former National Security Advisor, political scientist<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/11/brzezinski-sees-hope-for-us-russia-relations-interview-hirsh-213400 |title=Once a Hawk, Brzezinski Sees Hope for U.S.-Russia Relations|date=November 27, 2015|work=Politico Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/us/zbigniew-brzezinski-dead-national-security-adviser-to-carter.html|title=Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Adviser to Jimmy Carter, Dies at 89|date=May 26, 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2017/06/05/on-zbigniew-brzezinski-geopolitical-mastermind-realist-practitioner/|title=On Zbigniew Brzezinski: Geopolitical Mastermind, Realist Practitioner|date=June 5, 2017 |work=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref>
* [[Kenneth Pollack]] – former [[Clinton administration]] advisor and senior fellow at [[The Brookings Institution]]<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/>
* [[Kenneth Pollack]] – former [[Clinton administration]] advisor and senior fellow at [[The Brookings Institution]]<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/>
* [[Samantha Power]] – former United States Ambassador to the United Nations <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2010.522053|doi = 10.1080/14623528.2010.522053|title = A solution from hell: The United States and the rise of humanitarian interventionism, 1991–2003|year = 2010|last1 = Wertheim|first1 = Stephen|journal = Journal of Genocide Research|volume = 12|issue = 3–4|pages = 149–172|pmid = 21280380|s2cid = 811668}}</ref>
* [[Dennis Ross]]<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/dennis-rosss-iran-plan/ | title=Dennis Ross's Iran Plan | date=April 8, 2009 | last1=Dreyfuss | first1=Bob }}</ref>
* [[Susan Rice]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/jacob-heilbrunn/the-rise-susan-rice-samantha-power-8553 | title=The Return of the Liberal Hawks: Susan Rice and Samantha Power | date=June 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://newrepublic.com/article/88341/susan-rice-united-nations-libya-intervention | title=The Real Rice | magazine=The New Republic }}</ref>
* [[Michael McFaul]] – Former [[United States Ambassador to Russia]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/29/why-do-americas-liberal-hawks-attack-russia-while-giving-israel-a-free-pass | title=Why do America's liberal hawks attack Russia while giving Israel a free pass? | newspaper=The Guardian | date=January 29, 2024 | last1=Beinart | first1=Peter }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/article/hawks-home-to-roost-2993 | title=Hawks Home to Roost | date=February 4, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Richard Holbrooke]] – Former [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]]<ref name="usdmti">{{cite news|url=http://www.usembassy.it/file2001_01/alia/a1011102.htm|title=Holbrooke: Iraq Will Be a Major UN Issue for Bush Administration|date=January 11, 2001|publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Italy|access-date=February 15, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045345/http://www.usembassy.it/file2001_01/alia/a1011102.htm|archive-date=January 25, 2009}}</ref>
* [[James Woolsey]] – Former United States Under Secretary of the Navy <ref>{{cite book |last=Indyk |first=Martin |title=Innocent Abroad: An Intimate Account of American Peace Diplomacy in the Middle East |year=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-9429-1 |page= 16 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/innocentabroadin00indy/page/16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Halberstam |first=David |title=War in a Time of Peace |year=2002 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=0-7432-1824-8 |pages=191–192}}</ref>


===Other===
===Other===
*[[Ronald Asmus|Ronald D. Asmus]] (deceased) – scholar at the [[German Marshall Fund of the United States]]<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/liberal-hawk-down/?page=full |title=Liberal Hawk Down|date=October 7, 2004|work=The Nation}}</ref>
*[[Ronald Asmus|Ronald D. Asmus]] – scholar at the [[German Marshall Fund of the United States]]<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/liberal-hawk-down/?page=full|title=Liberal Hawk Down|date=October 7, 2004|work=The Nation|access-date=2019-06-14 |archive-date=2018-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828220626/https://www.thenation.com/article/liberal-hawk-down/?page=full|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Paul Berman]] – contributing editor to ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]'' and ''The New Republic'' (described as a 'Philosopher King' of liberal hawks)<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/>
* [[Paul Berman]] – contributing editor to ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]'' and ''The New Republic'' (described as a 'Philosopher King' of liberal hawks)<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/>
* [[Jonathan Chait]] – self-described liberal hawk<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/73799/the-yokes-you-krauthammer|title=The Yoke's On You, Krauthammer|first=Jonathan|last=Chait|date=17 March 2010|magazine=The New Republic}}</ref>
* [[Jonathan Chait]] – self-described liberal hawk<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/73799/the-yokes-you-krauthammer|title=The Yoke's On You, Krauthammer|first=Jonathan|last=Chait|date=17 March 2010|magazine=The New Republic}}</ref>
* [[Larry Diamond]] – senior fellow at the [[Hoover Institution]]<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/>
* [[Larry Diamond]] – senior fellow at the [[Hoover Institution]]<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/>
* [[Thomas Friedman]]<ref name="slate.com">{{cite magazine | url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/05/iraq-war-liberal-media-support-humanitarian-intervention.html | title=Why So Many Liberals Supported Invading Iraq | work=Slate | date=May 14, 2021 | last1=Malone | first1=Noreen }}</ref>
* [[Christopher Hitchens]] (deceased) – British-American journalist, essayist, critic and writer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2005/08/26/hitchens_8/|title=Hitchens takes a beating|date=August 27, 2005|work=Salon}}</ref>
* [[Christopher Hitchens]] – British-American journalist, essayist, critic and writer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2005/08/26/hitchens_8/|title=Hitchens takes a beating|date=August 27, 2005|work=Salon}}</ref>
* [[Fred Kaplan (journalist)|Fred Kaplan]]
* [[Bill Keller]]
* [[George Packer]]
* [[Michael Tomasky]] – Editor of ''[[Guardian America]]''<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/>
* [[Michael Tomasky]] – Editor of ''[[Guardian America]]''<ref name="Liberal Hawk Down"/>
* [[Jacob Weisberg]]
* [[Fareed Zakaria]]<ref name="slate.com"/>
* [[Bernard-Henri Lévy]]
* [[Garry Kasparov]]


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Cold War liberal]]
* [[Cold War liberal]]
* [[Democracy promotion]]
* [[Progressive except Palestine]]
* [[Pro-war Left]]
* [[Pro-war Left]]
* [[Neoconservatism]]
* [[Neoconservatism]]

Latest revision as of 09:20, 21 November 2024

The term liberal hawk refers to a politically liberal person (generally, in the American sense of the term) who supports a hawkish, interventionist foreign policy.

Overview

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Past U.S. presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson have been described as liberal hawks for their roles in bringing about America's status as the world's premier military power. The Clinton Doctrine can also be considered as consistent with this vision. Today the term is most frequently used to describe liberals who supported or still support the decision to invade Iraq in 2003, which was authorized by the United States Congress and ordered by president George W. Bush. The invasion was controversial among all political sides. In December 2002, American liberals were conflicted over whether or not going to war in Iraq was the correct decision; some felt that they should support the war, in accordance with their philosophy of liberal internationalism, i.e. support of military intervention.[1]

One document cited as promoting a liberal hawkish point of view is Progressive Internationalism: A Democratic National Security Strategy, published by the Progressive Policy Institute in October 2003.[2] Another document related to the stance is a letter to President Bush sent by Social Democrats USA in February 2003, which urged the military overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime.[3]

In January 2004, Paul Berman, Thomas Friedman, Christopher Hitchens, George Packer, Kenneth Pollack, Jacob Weisberg, Fareed Zakaria, and Fred Kaplan participated in a five-day online forum, Liberal Hawks Reconsider the Iraq War, in which they discussed whether they had been correct in advocating for military action against Saddam Hussein's regime. Kaplan by that point had renounced his prior support, but the general consensus among the participants was that, despite the absence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, the war had still been justified on humanitarian grounds.

Political scientists argue that liberals tend to be hawkish to counter criticism and accusations by conservatives of being "soft" and having a tendency of appeasing foreign adversaries. Others argue that they are driven by Wilsonian idealism to reshape the world in their image.

Opposition to the Sunshine Policy

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The Sunshine Policy is the dovish foreign policy with North Korea of South Korean liberals, in which President Donald Trump has also expressed support,[4] but the Washington establishment consisting of liberals and conservatives alike oppose their policy and support a more hawkish stance toward North Korea,[5] creating a conflict with South Korean liberals.[6]

Despite being a liberal, President Barack Obama opposed the Sunshine Policy and preferred a more hawkish foreign policy of "strategic patience ".[7]

The hostile diplomatic approach towards North Korea has made South Korea liberals prefer Donald Trump diplomatically, who is more transactional in nature in his dealings with North Korea. However, South Korean conservatives, who are more pro-American support the liberal hawks approach. In the 2020 United States presidential election, Hong Joon-pyo, known as a "Korean Trumpist",[8] supported Joe Biden.[9] The current president of South Korea Yoon Suk-yeol, dubbed the "K-Trump" in South Korean media, defended President Joe Biden's policy toward North Korea and opposing the new Sunshine Policy approach of Donald Trump and South Korean liberals. In contrast, South Korean liberals Moon Chung-in and Kim Ou-joon supported Donald Trump's Sunshine Policy.[6][10]

Notable people

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Harry S. Truman signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency that initiates U.S. involvement in the Korean War

The list includes people who have been described as liberal hawks.

Politicians

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Government officials

[edit]

Other

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Liberal Quandary Over Iraq". The New York Times Magazine. December 8, 2002.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Liberal Hawk Down". The Nation. October 7, 2004. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  3. ^ Letter to President Bush sent by Social Democrats USA Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ ""트럼프, 미국판 '햇볕정책' 보여줘...4차회담은 8~9월"" [Donald Trump supports the American version 'Sunshine policy'. The fourth round of talks will take place in August or September.]. 노컷뉴스. July 1, 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  5. ^ "Bruce Cumings hopes Trump's lack of ties to Washington establishment offers solution for Korean Peninsula". The Hankyoreh. June 17, 2018. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  6. ^ a b "문정인 "바이든이 미 대통령 되면 북한 문제 풀기 어려워"" [Moon Chung-in said, "If Biden [not Trump] becomes the U.S. president, it will be difficult to solve the North Korean problem".]. 동아일보. July 3, 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  7. ^ Park Byoung-chul, Joo In-suck ed. (2016). The North Korean Policy of the Obama Administration and Korea-America Relationship: Change and Perspective. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
  8. ^ "South Korean opposition leader: Nukes are the only way to guarantee peace". CNN. October 18, 2017. Retrieved 2023-03-21. Nicknamed "Hong Trump," he has been compared to the US President in the past for his outspoken, sometimes offensive campaigning style
  9. ^ "홍준표 "위장평화쇼 트럼프 시대 저물어…문재인 정권 심판받을 차례"" [Hong Joon-pyo said, "The era of Trump based on the camouflage peace show is over. Therefore, the Moon Jae-in regime [who was diplomatically friendly to Trump when Trump supported pro-North Korea foreign policy] will be judged".]. 머니투데이. November 6, 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  10. ^ "김어준 "바이든 찍으면 미북 정상회담 못 봐" 황당방송" [Kim Ou-joon said, "If [Americans] vote Biden, [Korean] can't see the North Korea–United States summit", it is absurd remark broadcasting.]. 조선일보. August 8, 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  11. ^ "Berman – A Hawk 20 Years in the Making". Los Angeles Times. March 7, 2003.
  12. ^ "Joe Biden championed the Iraq war. Will that come back to haunt him now?". The Guardian. February 17, 2020.
  13. ^ "Liberal Hawks, an Endangered Species". The Weekly Standard. May 28, 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-12-05.
  14. ^ "The Nation; Blair, the Hawk, Finds Himself With Some Unlikely Friends". The New York Times. February 23, 2003.
  15. ^ "Ben Cardin Is a Hawk. Will Maryland Voters Punish Him for It?". The Nation. May 10, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
  16. ^ "How Hillary Clinton Became a Hawk". The New York Times. April 24, 2016.
  17. ^ "Hillary the Hawk: A History". ForeignPolicy.com. July 27, 2016.
  18. ^ "Hillary the Hawk". The Nation. February 21, 2007. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  19. ^ "The Loneliest Democrat in Trump Country". Politico Magazine. December 5, 2017.
  20. ^ Chavez, Aida (June 18, 2019). "Hawkish Democrat Rep. Eliot Engel Is Facing Two Primary Challengers". The Intercept. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  21. ^ Heilbrunn, Jacob (2020). "President Gore's Foreign Policy". World Policy Journal. 17 (2): 49. JSTOR 40209691. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  22. ^ Ahlman, Austin (August 31, 2022). "Hawkish Democrats Ramp Up Campaign Against Possible New Iran Deal". The Intercept. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  23. ^ "Harman's Harm?". The New Republic. April 20, 2009.
  24. ^ "Let the mighty liberal hawks soar". Los Angeles Times. August 14, 2007.
  25. ^ "The Nation: The Democrats' Liberal Hawk on Capitol Hill". Time. March 22, 1971.
  26. ^ "Return of the liberal hawks". Los Angeles Times. May 28, 2006.
  27. ^ "Joe Lieberman, Religion, and Iraq". Smart Politics. February 20, 2007.
  28. ^ "A Hawk for All Seasons". The American Prospect. August 14, 2006.
  29. ^ "Who Would Joe Lieberman Vote for in 2020? Not Who You'd Think". Tablet Magazine. May 3, 2018.
  30. ^ "Palestine papers: Tzipi Livni". The Guardian. January 23, 2011.
  31. ^ "The Democrats' Unlikely Hawk". The American Conservative. December 2, 2013.
  32. ^ "Democrat hawk says he's sticking by Iran deal after reclaiming top panel spot". Al-Monitor. February 9, 2018.
  33. ^ Crowley, Michael. "The Stuff Sam Nunn's Nightmares Are Made of". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  34. ^ Sack, Kevin. "Nunn, Model Southern Democrat, To Retire From Senate Next Year". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  35. ^ "Kyrsten Sinema's anti-war activist past under scrutiny as she runs for Senate". CNN Politics. October 12, 2018.
  36. ^ Webber, Jay (October 14, 2010). "Jake Sullivan - 40 Under 40". Time.
  37. ^ Sullivan, Jake (October 24, 2023). "The Sources of American Power". Foreign Affairs. 102 (6).
  38. ^ "The Lady Is a Hawk". Newsweek. December 15, 1996.
  39. ^ "Once a Hawk, Brzezinski Sees Hope for U.S.-Russia Relations". Politico Magazine. November 27, 2015.
  40. ^ "Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Adviser to Jimmy Carter, Dies at 89". The New York Times. May 26, 2017.
  41. ^ "On Zbigniew Brzezinski: Geopolitical Mastermind, Realist Practitioner". Foreign Policy Journal. June 5, 2017.
  42. ^ Wertheim, Stephen (2010). "A solution from hell: The United States and the rise of humanitarian interventionism, 1991–2003". Journal of Genocide Research. 12 (3–4): 149–172. doi:10.1080/14623528.2010.522053. PMID 21280380. S2CID 811668.
  43. ^ Dreyfuss, Bob (April 8, 2009). "Dennis Ross's Iran Plan". {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  44. ^ "The Return of the Liberal Hawks: Susan Rice and Samantha Power". June 5, 2013.
  45. ^ "The Real Rice". The New Republic.
  46. ^ Beinart, Peter (January 29, 2024). "Why do America's liberal hawks attack Russia while giving Israel a free pass?". The Guardian.
  47. ^ "Hawks Home to Roost". February 4, 2009.
  48. ^ "Holbrooke: Iraq Will Be a Major UN Issue for Bush Administration". United States Diplomatic Mission to Italy. January 11, 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
  49. ^ Indyk, Martin (2009). Innocent Abroad: An Intimate Account of American Peace Diplomacy in the Middle East. Simon and Schuster. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4165-9429-1.
  50. ^ Halberstam, David (2002). War in a Time of Peace. Simon and Schuster. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0-7432-1824-8.
  51. ^ Chait, Jonathan (March 17, 2010). "The Yoke's On You, Krauthammer". The New Republic.
  52. ^ a b Malone, Noreen (May 14, 2021). "Why So Many Liberals Supported Invading Iraq". Slate.
  53. ^ "Hitchens takes a beating". Salon. August 27, 2005.
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