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The '''[[Carib people|Carib]] Expulsion''' was the [[France|French]]-led [[ethnic cleansing]] that terminated most of the [[Carib people|Carib]] population in 1660 from present-day [[Martinique]]. This followed the French invasion in 1635 and its conquest of the people on the [[Caribbean]] island that made it part of the [[French colonial empires|French colonial empire]].
The '''Carib Expulsion from Martinique''' was the [[France|French]]-led [[ethnic cleansing]] that removed most of the [[Kalinago]] (Island Carib) population in 1660 from the island of [[Martinique]]. This followed the French invasion in 1635 and its conquest of the [[Caribbean]] island that made it part of the [[French West Indies]].


==History==
==History==
The Carib people had migrated from the mainland to the islands about 1200 [[Common Era|CE]], according to carbon dating of artifacts. They largely displaced, exterminated and assimilated the [[Taíno people|Taino]] who were resident on the island at the time.<ref name="Sweeney">[http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0307/news0307-7.pdf Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent"], ''African Diaspora Archaeology Network'', March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007</ref>
The Carib people had migrated from the mainland to the islands about 1200 AD according to carbon dating of artifacts.<ref name="Sweeney">[http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0307/news0307-7.pdf Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183833/http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0307/news0307-7.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, ''African Diaspora Archaeology Network'', March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007</ref>


In 1635 the Carib were overwhelmed in turn by French forces led by the [[adventurer]] [[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]] and his nephew [[Jacques Dyel du Parquet]], who imposed [[French colonial empires|French colonial rule]] on the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] Carib peoples. [[Cardinal Richelieu]] of France gave the island to the [[Compagnie de Saint-Christophe|Saint Christophe Company]], in which he was a shareholder. Later the company was reorganized as the [[Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique|Company of the American Islands]]. The French colonists imposed [[French Law]] on the conquered inhabitants, and [[Jesuit]] [[missionaries]] arrived to [[religious conversion|convert]] them to the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>[http://www.martinique.pref.gouv.fr/pages/histoireinstitang.html "Institutional History of Martinique"], Martinique Official site, French Government (translation by Maryanne Dassonville). Retrieved 26 April 2007</ref>
In 1635 the Carib were overwhelmed by French forces led by the [[adventurer]] [[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]] and his nephew [[Jacques Dyel du Parquet]], who imposed [[French colonial empires|French colonial rule]] on the [[Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean|indigenous]] Carib peoples. [[Cardinal Richelieu]] of France gave the island to the [[Compagnie de Saint-Christophe|Saint Christophe Company]], in which he was a shareholder. Later the company was reorganized as the [[Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique|Company of the American Islands]]. The French colonists imposed [[French Law]] on the conquered inhabitants, and [[Jesuit]] [[missionaries]] arrived to [[religious conversion|convert]] them to the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>[http://www.martinique.pref.gouv.fr/pages/histoireinstitang.html "Institutional History of Martinique"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234539/http://www.martinique.pref.gouv.fr/pages/histoireinstitang.html |date=2010-03-25 }}, Martinique Official site, French Government (translation by Maryanne Dassonville). Retrieved 26 April 2007</ref>


Because the Carib people resisted working as laborers to build and maintain the [[sugar]] and [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]] plantations which the French began to develop in the Caribbean, in 1636 King [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] proclaimed ''[[La Traite des Noirs]]''. This authorized the capture and purchase of [[slavery|slaves]] from [[Africa]] and their transportation as labor to Martinique and other parts of the [[French West Indies]].<ref name="Sweeney"/>
Because the Carib people resisted working as laborers to build and maintain the [[sugar]] and [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]] plantations which the French began to develop in the Caribbean, in 1636 King [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] proclaimed ''[[La Traite des Noirs]]''. This authorized the capture or [[Trans Atlantic Slave Trade|purchase of slaves from Africa]], who were then transported as labor to Martinique and other parts of the French West Indies.<ref name="Sweeney"/>


In 1650, the Company liquidated, selling Martinique to Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who became governor, a position he held until his death in 1658. His widow Mme. du Parquet next took over control of the island from France. As more French colonists arrived, they were attracted to the fertile area known as ''Cabesterre'' (leeward side). The French had pushed the remaining Carib people to this northeastern coast and the Caravalle Peninsula, but the colonists wanted the additional land. The [[Jesuits]] and the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] agreed that whichever order arrived there first, would get all future parishes in that part of the island. The Jesuits came by sea and the Dominicans by land, with the Dominicans' ultimately prevailing.
In 1650, the Company liquidated and sold Martinique to Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who became governor until his death in 1658. His widow then took control of the island for France. As more French colonists arrived, they were attracted to the fertile area known as ''Cabesterre'' (leeward side). The French had pushed the remaining Carib people to this northeastern coast and the [[Caravalle]] Peninsula, but the colonists wanted the additional land. The [[Jesuits]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] agreed that whichever order arrived there first, would get all future parishes in that part of the island. The Jesuits came by sea and the Dominicans by land, with the Dominicans' ultimately prevailing.


When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1660, the Governor [[Charles Houel sieur de Petit Pré]] retaliated with war against them. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island.
When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1660, the Governor [[Charles Houël du Petit Pré|Charles Houel sieur de Petit Pré]] retaliated with war against them. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island.


On Martinique, the French colonists signed a peace treaty with the few remaining Carib. Some Carib had fled to [[Dominica]] or [[Saint Vincent (island)|St. Vincent]], where the French agreed to leave them at peace.
On Martinique, the French colonists signed a peace treaty with the few remaining Carib. Some Carib had fled to [[Dominica]] or [[Saint Vincent (island)|St. Vincent]], where the French agreed to leave them at peace. However, following the British conquest of these islands, the Caribs would eventually be expelled to Central America after losing the [[Second Carib War]].

{{New France}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />

{{French colonial campaigns}}


[[Category:Carib people]]
[[Category:Anti-Indigenous racism in the Caribbean]]
⚫
[[Category:Kalinago]]
[[Category:History of Martinique]]
[[Category:History of Martinique]]
[[Category:Indigenous topics of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Indigenous topics of the Caribbean]]
⚫
[[Category:New France]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in the Americas]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in North America]]
[[Category:1660 in France]]
[[Category:1660 in France]]
[[Category:Garifuna]]
[[Category:17th century in Martinique]]
[[Category:17th century in the Caribbean]]

Latest revision as of 14:06, 21 November 2024

The Carib Expulsion from Martinique was the French-led ethnic cleansing that removed most of the Kalinago (Island Carib) population in 1660 from the island of Martinique. This followed the French invasion in 1635 and its conquest of the Caribbean island that made it part of the French West Indies.

History

[edit]

The Carib people had migrated from the mainland to the islands about 1200 AD according to carbon dating of artifacts.[1]

In 1635 the Carib were overwhelmed by French forces led by the adventurer Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc and his nephew Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who imposed French colonial rule on the indigenous Carib peoples. Cardinal Richelieu of France gave the island to the Saint Christophe Company, in which he was a shareholder. Later the company was reorganized as the Company of the American Islands. The French colonists imposed French Law on the conquered inhabitants, and Jesuit missionaries arrived to convert them to the Roman Catholic Church.[2]

Because the Carib people resisted working as laborers to build and maintain the sugar and cocoa plantations which the French began to develop in the Caribbean, in 1636 King Louis XIII proclaimed La Traite des Noirs. This authorized the capture or purchase of slaves from Africa, who were then transported as labor to Martinique and other parts of the French West Indies.[1]

In 1650, the Company liquidated and sold Martinique to Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who became governor until his death in 1658. His widow then took control of the island for France. As more French colonists arrived, they were attracted to the fertile area known as Cabesterre (leeward side). The French had pushed the remaining Carib people to this northeastern coast and the Caravalle Peninsula, but the colonists wanted the additional land. The Jesuits and Dominicans agreed that whichever order arrived there first, would get all future parishes in that part of the island. The Jesuits came by sea and the Dominicans by land, with the Dominicans' ultimately prevailing.

When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1660, the Governor Charles Houel sieur de Petit Pré retaliated with war against them. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island.

On Martinique, the French colonists signed a peace treaty with the few remaining Carib. Some Carib had fled to Dominica or St. Vincent, where the French agreed to leave them at peace. However, following the British conquest of these islands, the Caribs would eventually be expelled to Central America after losing the Second Carib War.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent" Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007
  2. ^ "Institutional History of Martinique" Archived 2010-03-25 at the Wayback Machine, Martinique Official site, French Government (translation by Maryanne Dassonville). Retrieved 26 April 2007
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