Hilarion: Difference between revisions

Saint

Hilarion
Saint; Hilarion
	Hilarion the Great, from the Menologion of Basil II, c.1000 (Vatican Library)
Abbot
Born	AD 291; Thabatha, south of Gaza in Syria Palaestina, Roman Empire
Died	AD 371; Province of Cyprus, Roman Empire
Venerated in	Oriental Orthodox Church; Eastern Orthodox Church; Roman Catholic Church
Canonized	Pre-congregation
Feast	October 21
Attributes	Scroll

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Hilarion the Great (291–371) was an anchorite who spent most of his life in the desert according to the example of Anthony the Great (c. 251–356). While Anthony is considered to have established Christian monasticism in the Egyptian Desert, Hilarion is considered by his biographer Jerome to be the founder of Palestinian monasticism^[1] (see also Chariton the Confessor) and venerated as a saint exemplifying monastic virtues by the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church.

Biography

Origin and life as a hermit

Hilarion was born around 291 to pagan parents in Tabatha, a village five miles north of Gaza.^[2] Hilarion was at least bilingual, speaking both Greek as well as Aramaic which was common around Gaza.^[3] His pagan parents sent him in his youth to study with a grammarian in Alexandria, where he gave, according to Jerome, a remarkable proof of his ability and character and became an accomplished speaker.^[4] While in Alexandria, he heard of the hermit Anthony and set off to study with him. After two months of learning the ascetic life from Anthony, Hilarion started to feel that the many visitors who came to Anthony for healing or exorcism were too much to bear and he decided to set off in the wilderness of Palestine to live alone as a hermit.^[5]^[6]

Hilaron returned to Gaza where he found his parents dead and subsequently gave away his goods to his brothers and the poor.^[7] Then, he established himself as a hermit in the desert inland from the coast road seven miles from Maiuma, the port of Gaza.^[2] Though he went on one occasion to Jerusalem to venerate the holy sites, he chose not to live in the Judaean Desert as he did not wish to appear to confine God within prescribed limits, believing he could be close to God anywhere.^[8] Around 308, he built a hut where he lived in solitude for 22 years and which survived into the time of Jerome.^[9]^[7] Hilarion wove baskets as he had learned in Egypt where this was a common monastic occupation.^[5] Here he also struggled against fleshly desires and Jerome said that the devil tempted Hilarion by igniting the "flames of lust" in the young man. Hilarion fought this sexual desire by mortifying his body with hunger, thirst and strenuous labour.^[6]

Life in Gaza and attributed miracles

After these 22 years, Hilarion was approached by a brave woman who sought a cure for her sterility. First, he resisted, but soon he prayed for her upon which she was healed. From then on, Hilarion spent his life surrounded by disciples and people in need of healing and exorcism.^[6] Jerome reports several episodes in which Hilarion heals people, drives out demons, foresees the future, performs miracles and speaks divinely inspired words of wisdom. In one instance, Hilarion was able to heal the three children of Helpidius, who would later become praetorian prefect^[10] In Bethelea, Hilarion healed miraculously a certain Alaphion, which led to the conversion of the prominent family of the historian Sozomen.^[11]

As there were no monasteries in Palestine or Syria at the time, people begun to flock to Hilarion for spiritual training.^[9]^[12] Sozomen, possibly due to his local sources, singles out Epiphanius and Hesyach as the two most outstanding in the circle around Hilarion.^[13] Epiphanius of Eleutheropolis became his disciple after returning from Egypt and would later go to Cyprus where he introduced monasticism and was elected bishop of Salamis around 367/368.^[14] With many more people seeking his guidance, he established a monastery during the reign of emperor Constantius (337–361) which, by the time he was sixty-three, consisted of a large community with many visitors.^[11]

Final years and death

Hilarion remained in Gaza until three years after the death of Anthony (around 356), upon which he went to the place where Anthony had died in Egypt in order to escape the crowds that visited him.^[10]^[7] While he was there, the pagan Julian became emperor of the East in the winter of 361/362 and the city authority of Gaza attempted to arrest Hilarion who then had to flee. Jerome's and Sozomen's account differs slightly as Jerome writes that Hilarion escaped arrest in Egypt and lived there until Julian's death before travelling to Sicily, Hilarion went according to Sozomen directly to Sicily.^[2] From there, he went soon to Epidauros in Dalmatia where he was said to have stilled the sea during the tsunami of 21 July 365 by drawing three crosses in the sand. Immediately after that, he went to Cyprus.^[15]

Hilarion was welcomed in Cyprus by his old disciple Epiphanius who encouraged him to stay.^[16] He initially settled near Paphos but later retired to a more remote place twelve miles away.^[7] Here, Hilarion died at the age of eighty and was buried.^[15] Ten months after Hilarion's death, his disciple Hesyach stole his body, which was perfectly preserved and smelled sweetly, and interred it in his own monastery at Maiuma.^[13]^[15]

Veneration

Sozomen reports that after Hilarion's body was interred at his monastery, the local population started to celebrate an annual festival at the place.^[17] His relics continued to be venerated and are also mentioned by the anonymous Piacenza Pilgrim around the year 570.^[18]

Hilarion was venerated from early time in both East and West as an example of monastic holiness. Bede included him in his martyrology and he appeared frequently in Pre-Conquest English monastic calendars before his feast was ousted by those of Ursula and Dunstan's ordination.^[7] Charlemagne is said to have brought the relics of Hilarion to Moissac Abbey from where they where transferred to the church of Duravel in 1065.^[19] Hilarion is the patron saint of Caulonia under the name Sant'Ilario.^[20] In iconography, is depicted as an old man with a brown, rush-like beard divided into three points and he holds sometimes a scroll which reads: "The tools of a monk are steadfastness, humility, and love according to God."^[21]

Sources

Upon Hilarion's death, Epiphanius announced his death in a laudatory letter which served as primary source for both Jerome and Sozomenus who wrote subsequent hagiographies about Hilarion.^[16] Jerome wrote his Life of Hilarion in Latin around 390 in the monastery of Paula in Bethlehem. Jerome's work was translated into Greek by contemporary writer Sophronius upon whose translation Jerome looked favourably.^[22] Jerome was inspired by reading the Life of Anthony which also served as a literary model with regard to its content and ecclesiastic function of the text.^[23] There are two major themes Jerome focuses on, one being Hilarion's search for a life of solitary prayer and contemplation and the other being Hilarion's role as successor to Anthony.^[15] Jerome's goal was not so much to write a historical exact account but rather a hagiographic composition focusing on the life and deeds of Hilarion.^[11] Though Jerome's historical accuracy has been occasionally questioned, there can be no doubt that Hilarion was a historical figure and that Gaza became during his time a center of monasticism.^[9]^[24]

Hilarion's life is mentioned in the third, fifth and sixth book of Sozomen's Ecclesiastical history, which was written in the 440s.^[25] Whereas in the third book no new information to Jerome's Life of Hilarion is added and is in parts less detailed,^[26] Sozomen adds new information in the fifth book and sixth books, possibly thanks to his local sources and own family history. Sozomen's own origin and literary aims as a historian therefore result in a different historical sketch of Hilarion's life than that of Jerome.^[25]

Hilarion is also mentioned twice in the Sayings of the Desert Fathers.^[27]

In Literature

Johann Gottfried Herder wrote the poem "The Paradise in the desert" about the teacher-disciple relation between Anthony and Hilarion in 1797.^[28] This motive was also taken up by Gustave Flaubert in his The Temptation of Saint Anthony and changed in such as Hilarion attempts to tempt Anthony away from his faith by creating doubt.^[29] Hermann Hesse adapted a biography of Hilarion as one of the three Lives of Joseph Knecht, making up his Nobel Prize–winning novel The Glass Bead Game (also known as Magister Ludi).

References

^ Butler, Edward Cuthbert (1911). "Hilarion, St" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 458.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barnes 2010, p. 188.
^ Ferguson, Everett (1993). Personalities of the Early Church. Taylor & Francis. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8153-1061-7. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
^ Binns 1994, p. 75.
^ ^a ^b Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shaw, Teresa M. The Burden of the Flesh: Fasting and Sexuality in Early Christianity. Fortress Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-1-4514-1888-0. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Farmer, David (14 April 2011). "Hilarion". The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised. OUP Oxford. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-19-959660-7. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
^ Wilken, Robert Louis (1 January 1992). The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought. Yale University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-300-06083-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Binns 1994, p. 154.
^ ^a ^b Barnes 2010, p. 190.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 13.
^ Ward, Walter D. (17 December 2014). Mirage of the Saracen: Christians and Nomads in the Sinai Peninsula in Late Antiquity. Univ of California Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-520-95952-1. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 16.
^ Barnes 2010, p. 184.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Barnes 2010, p. 189.
^ ^a ^b Barnes 2010, p. 185.
^ Erizos (12 September 2017). "E04018: Sozomen in his Ecclesiastical History mentions veneration and miracles at the tombs of *Hilarion (anchorite in Palestine and Cyprus, ob. 371, S00099) in Cyprus and Palestine. Sozomen describes the posthumous veneration of ascetics as common in Palestine, mentioning the 4th c. monks and missionaries *Aurelios (S01700), *Alexion (S01701), and *Alaphion (S01702). Written in Greek at Constantinople, 439/450". figshare. University of Oxford. doi:10.25446/oxford.13841888.v1.
^ Robert (15 May 2015). "E00506: The Piacenza Pilgrim, in his account of his visit to Gaza (Palestine), mentions the tomb close by of *Hilarion (anchorite in Palestine and Cyprus, ob. 371, S00099). Account of an anonymous pilgrim, written in Latin, probably in Placentia (northern Italy), c. 570". figshare. doi:10.25446/oxford.13748317.v1. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ Baudoin, Jacques (2006). Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident (in French). EDITIONS CREER. p. 267. ISBN 978-2-84819-041-9. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
^ The Society of Saint Hilarion
^ "Venerable Hilarion the Great". www.oca.org. Orthodoy Church in America. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
^ Efthymiadis, Stephanos (28 July 2013). The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography: Volume I: Periods and Places. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 202–203, 389. ISBN 978-1-4094-8268-0. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
^ Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 9.
^ Barnes 2010, p. 192.
^ ^a ^b Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, pp. 14–16.
^ Barnes 2010, p. 187.
^ Ward, Benedicta (1975). The Sayings of the Desert Fathers - The alphabetical collection. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications. pp. 57, 111. ISBN 0-264-66350-0.
^ Johann Gottfried Herder: Das Paradies in der Wüste. (Wikisource)
^ Orr, Mary (13 November 2008). Flaubert's Tentation: Remapping Nineteenth-Century French Histories of Religion and Science. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-925858-1. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

Bibliography

Barnes, Timothy David (2010). Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-150226-2. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
Binns, John (1994). Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine, 314-631. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826465-1. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouri; Kofsky, Aryeh (February 2006). The Monastic School of Gaza. Brill. pp. 36–43. ISBN 9789047408444. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

External links

[1] Butler, Edward Cuthbert (1911). "Hilarion, St" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 458.

[FOOTNOTEBarnes2010188-2] Barnes 2010, p. 188.

[3] Ferguson, Everett (1993). Personalities of the Early Church. Taylor & Francis. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8153-1061-7. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

[FOOTNOTEBinns199475-4] Binns 1994, p. 75.

[FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200612-5] Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 12.

[Shaw-6] Shaw, Teresa M. The Burden of the Flesh: Fasting and Sexuality in Early Christianity. Fortress Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-1-4514-1888-0. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

[Farmer-7] Farmer, David (14 April 2011). "Hilarion". The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised. OUP Oxford. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-19-959660-7. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

[8] Wilken, Robert Louis (1 January 1992). The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought. Yale University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-300-06083-6.

[FOOTNOTEBinns1994154-9] Binns 1994, p. 154.

[FOOTNOTEBarnes2010190-10] Barnes 2010, p. 190.

[FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200613-11] Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 13.

[Ward-12] Ward, Walter D. (17 December 2014). Mirage of the Saracen: Christians and Nomads in the Sinai Peninsula in Late Antiquity. Univ of California Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-520-95952-1. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

[FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200616-13] Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTEBarnes2010184-14] Barnes 2010, p. 184.

[FOOTNOTEBarnes2010189-15] Barnes 2010, p. 189.

[FOOTNOTEBarnes2010185-16] Barnes 2010, p. 185.

[17] Erizos (12 September 2017). "E04018: Sozomen in his Ecclesiastical History mentions veneration and miracles at the tombs of *Hilarion (anchorite in Palestine and Cyprus, ob. 371, S00099) in Cyprus and Palestine. Sozomen describes the posthumous veneration of ascetics as common in Palestine, mentioning the 4th c. monks and missionaries *Aurelios (S01700), *Alexion (S01701), and *Alaphion (S01702). Written in Greek at Constantinople, 439/450". figshare. University of Oxford. doi:10.25446/oxford.13841888.v1.

[18] Robert (15 May 2015). "E00506: The Piacenza Pilgrim, in his account of his visit to Gaza (Palestine), mentions the tomb close by of *Hilarion (anchorite in Palestine and Cyprus, ob. 371, S00099). Account of an anonymous pilgrim, written in Latin, probably in Placentia (northern Italy), c. 570". figshare. doi:10.25446/oxford.13748317.v1. Retrieved 5 January 2024.

[19] Baudoin, Jacques (2006). Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident (in French). EDITIONS CREER. p. 267. ISBN 978-2-84819-041-9. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

[20] The Society of Saint Hilarion

[21] "Venerable Hilarion the Great". www.oca.org. Orthodoy Church in America. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

[Efthymiadis-22] Efthymiadis, Stephanos (28 July 2013). The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography: Volume I: Periods and Places. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 202–203, 389. ISBN 978-1-4094-8268-0. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

[FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky20069-23] Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEBarnes2010192-24] Barnes 2010, p. 192.

[FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200614–16-25] Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, pp. 14–16.

[FOOTNOTEBarnes2010187-26] Barnes 2010, p. 187.

[27] Ward, Benedicta (1975). The Sayings of the Desert Fathers - The alphabetical collection. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications. pp. 57, 111. ISBN 0-264-66350-0.

[28] Johann Gottfried Herder: Das Paradies in der Wüste. (Wikisource)

[29] Orr, Mary (13 November 2008). Flaubert's Tentation: Remapping Nineteenth-Century French Histories of Religion and Science. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-925858-1. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
 |name           = Hilarion
-|birth_date     = 291 AD
+|birth_date     = AD 291
-|death_date     = 371 AD
+|death_date     = AD 371
 |feast_day      = October 21
 |venerated_in   = [[Oriental Orthodox Church]]<br/>[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<br/>[[Roman Catholic Church]]
 |image          = Hilarion the Great (Menologion of Basil II) (cropped).jpg
 |imagesize      = 280px
-|caption        = ''Hilarion the Great'', by [[Basil II]], c.1000  ([[Vatican Library]])
+|caption        = ''Hilarion the Great'', from the [[Menologion of Basil II]], c.1000  ([[Vatican Library]])
-|birth_place    = Thabatha, south of [[Gaza City|Gaza]] in [[Syria Palaestina]]
+|birth_place    = Thabatha, south of [[Gaza City|Gaza]] in [[Syria Palaestina]], [[Roman Empire]]
-|death_place    = [[Cyprus]]
+|death_place    = [[Roman Cyprus|Province of Cyprus]], Roman Empire
 |titles         = Abbot
-|beatified_date=
-|beatified_place=
-|beatified_by=
 |canonized_date = [[Pre-congregation]]
+|attributes= Scroll
-|canonized_place=
-|canonized_by=
-|attributes=
 |patronage=
 |major_shrine=
-|suppressed_date=
 |issues=
 |prayer=
 |prayer_attrib=
 }}
-{{Christian mysticism}}
-'''Hilarion the Great''' (291–371) was an [[anchorite]] who spent most of his life in the desert according to the example of [[Anthony the Great]] (c. 251–356). While Anthony is considered to have established Christian monasticism in the [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Egyptian Desert]], Hilarion is considered by some to be the founder of [[Palaestina Prima|Palestinian]] monasticism<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hilarion, St |volume=13 |page=458 |first=Edward Cuthbert |last=Butler}}</ref> and venerated as a saint by the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church.
+'''Hilarion the Great''' (291–371) was an [[anchorite]] who spent most of his life in the desert according to the example of [[Anthony the Great]] (c. 251–356). While Anthony is considered to have established Christian monasticism in the [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Egyptian Desert]], Hilarion is considered by his biographer [[Jerome]] to be the founder of [[Palaestina Prima|Palestinian]] monasticism<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hilarion, St |volume=13 |page=458 |first=Edward Cuthbert |last=Butler}}</ref> (see also [[Chariton the Confessor]]) and venerated as a saint exemplifying monastic virtues by the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church.
-==Early life==
+==Biography==
+===Origin and life as a hermit===
-The chief source of information regarding Hilarion is the biography written by [[St. Jerome]].<ref name=kirsch>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07347a.htm Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Hilarion." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 Jan. 2013]</ref> "The life of Hilarion was written by Jerome in 390 at Bethlehem. Its object was to further the ascetic life to which he was devoted. It contains, amidst much that is legendary, some statements which attach it to genuine history, and is in any case a record of the state of the human mind in the 4th century."
+Hilarion was born around 291 to pagan parents in Tabatha, a village five miles north of Gaza.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=188}} Hilarion was at least bilingual, speaking both Greek as well as [[Aramaic]] which was common around Gaza.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferguson |first1=Everett |title=Personalities of the Early Church |date=1993 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-1061-7 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fIq9wd3Z3oC |access-date=12 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> His pagan parents sent him in his youth to study with a [[Alexandrine grammarians|grammarian in Alexandria]], where he gave, according to Jerome, a remarkable proof of his ability and character and became an accomplished speaker.{{sfn|Binns |1994|p=75}} While in Alexandria, he heard of the [[Anthony the Great|hermit Anthony]] and set off to study with him. After two months of learning the ascetic life from Anthony, Hilarion started to feel that the many visitors who came to Anthony for healing or exorcism were too much to bear and he decided to set off in the wilderness of Palestine to live alone as a hermit.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|p=12}}<ref name="Shaw">{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Teresa M. |title=The Burden of the Flesh: Fasting and Sexuality in Early Christianity |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-1888-0 |pages=108–110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZmlScS8bmYC |access-date=13 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
-<ref name=schaff>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3003.htm ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 6. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, translated by W.H. Fremantle, G. Lewis and W.G. Martley. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1893.) Revised and edited by Kevin Knight]</ref>
+[[File:Octave Tassaert - Temptation of Saint Hilarion.jpg|thumb|right|"The Temptation of Saint Hilarion", by [[Octave Tassaert]], c.1857 ([[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]])]]
-Hilarion was born in Thabatha, south of [[History of Gaza#Byzantine rule and advent of Christianity|Gaza]] in [[Syria Palaestina]] of pagan parents. He successfully studied rhetoric with a [[Grammarian (Greco-Roman world)|grammarian]] in [[History of Alexandria#Late Roman and Byzantine period|Alexandria]].<ref name=butler>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/HILARION.HTM Butler, Rev. Alban, ''The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints'', Vol.III]</ref> It seems that he was converted to Christianity in Alexandria. After that, he shunned the pleasures of his day—theatre, circus and arena—and spent his time attending church. According to St. Jerome, he was a thin and delicate youth of fragile health.
+Hilaron returned to Gaza where he found his parents dead and subsequently gave away his goods to his brothers and the poor.<ref name="Farmer">{{cite book |last1=Farmer |first1=David |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised |date=14 April 2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-959660-7 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zJJtvK2_KsC |access-date=13 October 2024 |language=en |chapter=Hilarion}}</ref> Then, he established himself as a hermit in the desert inland from the coast road seven miles from [[Maiuma (city)|Maiuma]], the port of Gaza.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=188}} Though he went on one occasion to Jerusalem to venerate the holy sites, he chose not to live in the [[Judaean Desert]] as he did not wish to appear to confine God within prescribed limits, believing he could be close to God anywhere.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilken |first1=Robert Louis |title=The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06083-6 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5R9NC_W_iAC |language=en}}</ref> Around 308, he built a hut where he lived in solitude for 22 years and which survived into the time of Jerome.{{sfn|Binns|1994|p=154}}<ref name="Farmer" /> Hilarion wove baskets as he had learned in Egypt where this was a common monastic occupation.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|p=12}} Here he also struggled against fleshly desires and Jerome said that the devil tempted Hilarion by igniting the "flames of lust" in the young man. Hilarion fought this sexual desire by mortifying his body with hunger, thirst and strenuous labour.<ref name="Shaw" />
+===Life in Gaza and attributed miracles===
-==Beginnings of monastic life==
+After these 22 years, Hilarion was approached by a brave woman who sought a cure for her sterility. First, he resisted, but soon he prayed for her upon which she was healed. From then on, Hilarion spent his life surrounded by disciples and people in need of healing and [[exorcism]].<ref name="Shaw" /> Jerome reports several episodes in which Hilarion heals people, drives out demons, foresees the future, performs miracles and speaks divinely inspired words of wisdom. In one instance, Hilarion was able to heal the three children of [[Helpidius (praetorian prefect)|Helpidius]], who would later become [[Praetorian prefecture of the East|praetorian prefect]]{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=190}} In [[Beit Lahia|Bethelea]], Hilarion healed miraculously a certain Alaphion, which led to the conversion of the prominent family of the historian Sozomen.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|p=13}}
-After hearing of Anthony, whose name, according to Jerome, "was in the mouth of all the races of [[Egypt]]", Hilarion, at the age of fifteen, went to live with him in the desert for two months. As Anthony's hermitage in the [[Nitrian Desert]] was busy with visitors seeking cures for diseases or demonic affliction, Hilarion returned home along with some monks. At Thabatha, his parents having died in the meantime, he gave his inheritance to his brothers and the poor and left for the wilderness.<ref name=kirsch/>
+As there were no monasteries in Palestine or Syria at the time, people begun to flock to Hilarion for [[spiritual direction|spiritual training]].{{sfn|Binns |1994|p=154}}<ref name="Ward">{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Walter D. |title=Mirage of the Saracen: Christians and Nomads in the Sinai Peninsula in Late Antiquity |date=17 December 2014 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95952-1 |pages=32–33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IUUBQAAQBAJ |access-date=12 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Sozomen, possibly due to his local sources, singles out Epiphanius and Hesyach as the two most outstanding in the circle around Hilarion.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|p=16}} [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius of Eleutheropolis]] became his disciple after returning from Egypt and would later go to Cyprus where he introduced monasticism and was elected bishop of [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]] around 367/368.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=184}} With many more people seeking his guidance, he established a monastery during the reign of [[emperor Constantius]] (337–361) which, by the time he was sixty-three, consisted of a large community with many visitors.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|p=13}}
-==Time at Majoma==
-[[File:Octave Tassaert - Temptation of Saint Hilarion.jpg|thumb|left|"The Temptation of Saint Hilarion", by [[Octave Tassaert]], c.1857 ([[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]])]]
+===Final years and death===
-Hilarion went to the area southwest of [[Maiuma|Majoma]],{{dubious|reason=Is Majoma really an ENGLISH spelling of Maiuma?|date=December 2023}} the [[port of Gaza]], that was limited by the sea at one side and marshland on the other. Because the district was notorious for brigandage, and his relatives and friends warned him of the danger he was incurring, it was his practice never to abide long in the same place.<ref name=schaff/> With him he took only a shirt of coarse linen, a cloak of skins given to him by St. Anthony, and a coarse blanket. He led a nomadic life, and he fasted rigorously, not partaking of his frugal meal until after sunset. He supported himself by weaving baskets.<ref name=kirsch/>
+Hilarion remained in Gaza until three years after the death of Anthony (around 356), upon which he went to the place where Anthony had died in Egypt in order to escape the crowds that visited him.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=190}}<ref name="Farmer" /> While he was there, the pagan [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] became emperor of the East in the winter of 361/362 and the city authority of Gaza attempted to arrest Hilarion who then had to flee. Jerome's and Sozomen's account differs slightly as Jerome writes that Hilarion escaped arrest in Egypt and lived there until Julian's death before travelling to Sicily, Hilarion went according to Sozomen directly to Sicily.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=188}} From there, he went soon to Epidauros in Dalmatia where he was said to have stilled the sea during the [[365 Crete earthquake|tsunami of 21 July 365]] by drawing three crosses in the sand. Immediately after that, he went to Cyprus.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=189}}
+Hilarion was welcomed in Cyprus by his old disciple Epiphanius who encouraged him to stay.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=185}} He initially settled near [[Paphos]] but later retired to a more remote place twelve miles away.<ref name="Farmer" /> Here, Hilarion died at the age of eighty and was buried.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=189}} Ten months after Hilarion's death, his disciple Hesyach stole his body, which was perfectly preserved and [[Odour of sanctity|smelled sweetly]], and interred it in his own monastery at Maiuma.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|p=16}}{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=189}}
-Hilarion lived a life of hardship and simplicity in the desert, where he also experienced spiritual dryness that included temptations to despair.<ref name=foley>[http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1175 Foley O.F.M., Leonard, ''Saint of the Day: Lives, Lessons, and Feasts'', (rev. Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media]</ref> Beset by carnal thoughts, he fasted even more. He was "so wasted that his bones scarcely held together" (Jerome). According to St. Jerome:
-{{cquote|So many were his temptations and so various the snares of demons night and day, that if I wished to relate them, a volume would not suffice. How often when he lay down did naked women appear to him, how often sumptuous feasts when he was hungry! (Jerome, Life of St Hilarion, 7)}}
+==Veneration==
-He finally built a hut of reeds and [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] at the site of modern-day [[Deir al-Balah]], in which he lived for four years. Afterwards, he constructed a tiny low-ceilinged cell, "a tomb rather than a house",<ref name=schaff/> where he slept on a bed of rushes, and recited the Bible or sang hymns. He never washed his clothes, changed them only when they fell apart, and shaved his hair only once a year. He was once visited by robbers, but they left him alone when they learned that he did not fear death (and had nothing worth stealing, anyway).<ref name=butler/>
+{{Christian mysticism}}
+Sozomen reports that after Hilarion's body was interred at [[Saint Hilarion Monastery|his monastery]], the local population started to celebrate an annual festival at the place.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Erizos |title=E04018: Sozomen in his Ecclesiastical History mentions veneration and miracles at the tombs of *Hilarion (anchorite in Palestine and Cyprus, ob. 371, S00099) in Cyprus and Palestine. Sozomen describes the posthumous veneration of ascetics as common in Palestine, mentioning the 4th c. monks and missionaries *Aurelios (S01700), *Alexion (S01701), and *Alaphion (S01702). Written in Greek at Constantinople, 439/450. |url=https://portal.sds.ox.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/E04018_Sozomen_in_his_Ecclesiastical_History_mentions_veneration_and_miracles_at_the_tombs_of_Hilarion_anchorite_in_Palestine_and_Cyprus_ob_371_S00099_in_Cyprus_and_Palestine_Originally_buried_in_Cyprus_his_body_was_stolen_and_reburied_in_h/13841888 |website=figshare |publisher=University of Oxford |doi=10.25446/oxford.13841888.v1 |date=12 September 2017}}</ref> His [[Relic|relics]] continued to be venerated and are also mentioned by the [[Piacenza Pilgrim|anonymous Piacenza Pilgrim]] around the year 570.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robert |title=E00506: The Piacenza Pilgrim, in his account of his visit to Gaza (Palestine), mentions the tomb close by of *Hilarion (anchorite in Palestine and Cyprus, ob. 371, S00099). Account of an anonymous pilgrim, written in Latin, probably in Placentia (northern Italy), c. 570. |url=https://portal.sds.ox.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/E00506_The_Piacenza_Pilgrim_in_his_account_of_his_visit_to_Gaza_Palestine_mentions_the_tomb_close_by_of_Hilarion_anchorite_in_Palestine_and_Cyprus_ob_371_S00099_Account_of_an_anonymous_pilgrim_written_in_Latin_probably_in_Placentia_northern/13748317 |website=figshare |access-date=5 January 2024 |doi=10.25446/oxford.13748317.v1 |date=15 May 2015}}</ref>
+Hilarion was venerated from early time in both East and West as an example of monastic holiness. [[Bede]] included him in his martyrology and he appeared frequently in Pre-Conquest English monastic calendars before his feast was ousted by those of [[Saint Ursula|Ursula]] and [[Dunstan]]'s ordination.<ref name="Farmer" /> Charlemagne is said to have brought the relics of Hilarion to [[Moissac Abbey]] from where they where transferred to the church of [[Duravel]] in 1065.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baudoin |first1=Jacques |title=Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident |date=2006 |publisher=EDITIONS CREER |isbn=978-2-84819-041-9 |page=267 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hwa38EjyoAC |access-date=13 October 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> Hilarion is the patron saint of [[Caulonia]] under the name Sant'Ilario.<ref>[https://sainthilarion.asn.au/about-us/our-history-and-culture/ The Society of Saint Hilarion]</ref> In iconography, is depicted as an old man with a brown, rush-like beard divided into three points and he holds sometimes a scroll which reads: "The tools of a monk are steadfastness, humility, and love according to God."<ref>{{cite web |title=Venerable Hilarion the Great |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/10/21/103009-venerable-hilarion-the-great |website=www.oca.org |publisher=Orthodoy Church in America |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
-Saint Jerome described Hilarion's diet as a half a pint of [[lentil]]s moistened with cold water, and after three years he switched to dry bread with salt and water. Eventually, perceiving his sight to grow dim and his body to be subject to an itching with an unnatural roughness, he added a little oil to this diet.<ref>
-Butler, Alban. (1846). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t72v5zs74&view=1up&seq=557 ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints, Volume 10'']. Derby. p. 553</ref>
+==Sources==
-After he had lived in the wilderness for 22 years, he became quite famous in Syria Palaestina. Visitors started to come, begging for his help. The parade of petitioners and would-be disciples drove Hilarion to retire to more remote locations. But they followed him everywhere. First he visited Anthony's retreat in Egypt. Then he withdrew to [[Sicily]], later to [[Dalmatia]], and finally to [[Cyprus]]. He died there in 371.<ref name=loyola/>
+Upon Hilarion's death, Epiphanius announced his death in a laudatory letter which served as primary source for both [[Jerome]] and [[Sozomen|Sozomenus]] who wrote subsequent hagiographies about Hilarion.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=185}} Jerome wrote his ''Life of Hilarion'' in Latin around 390 in the monastery of [[Paula of Rome|Paula]] in Bethlehem. Jerome's work was translated into Greek by contemporary writer Sophronius upon whose translation Jerome looked favourably.<ref name="Efthymiadis">{{cite book |last1=Efthymiadis |first1=Stephanos |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography: Volume I: Periods and Places |date=28 July 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8268-0 |pages=202–203, 389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gOiAgAAQBAJ |access-date=12 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Jerome was inspired by reading the ''Life of Anthony'' which also served as a literary model with regard to its content and ecclesiastic function of the text.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|p=9}} There are two major themes Jerome focuses on, one being Hilarion's search for a life of solitary prayer and [[contemplation]] and the other being Hilarion's role as successor to Anthony.{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=189}} Jerome's goal was not so much to write a historical exact account but rather a hagiographic composition focusing on the life and deeds of Hilarion.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|p=13}} Though Jerome's historical accuracy has been occasionally questioned, there can be no doubt that Hilarion was a historical figure and that Gaza became during his time a center of monasticism.{{sfn|Binns|1994|p=154}}{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=192}}
+Hilarion's life is mentioned in the third, fifth and sixth book of Sozomen's ''Ecclesiastical history'', which was written in the 440s.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|pp=14–16}} Whereas in the third book no new information to Jerome's Life of Hilarion is added and is in parts less detailed,{{sfn|Barnes|2010|p=187}} Sozomen adds new information in the fifth book and sixth books, possibly thanks to his local sources and own family history. Sozomen's own origin and literary aims as a historian therefore result in a different historical sketch of Hilarion's life than that of Jerome.{{sfn|Bitton-Ashkelony|Kofsky|2006|pp=14–16}}
-==Miracles==
-Miracles were attributed to him.<ref name=foley/> His first miracle was when he cured a woman from [[Bayt Jibrin|Eleutheropolis]] (a Roman city in Syria Palaestina) who had been barren for 15 years.<ref name=loyola>[http://www.loyolapress.com/saints-stories-for-kids.htm?cId=404005 "Saint Hilarion", ''Saint Stories For All Ages'', Loyola Press]</ref> Later, he cured three children of a fatal illness, healed a paralysed charioteer, and expelled demons.<ref name=loyola/>
+Hilarion is also mentioned twice in the [[Sayings of the Desert Fathers]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Benedicta |title=The Sayings of the Desert Fathers - The alphabetical collection |date=1975 |publisher=Cistercian Publications |location=Kalamazoo |isbn=0-264-66350-0 |pages=57,111}}</ref>
-==Monastery==
-{{Main|Saint Hilarion Monastery}}
-In time, the [[Saint Hilarion Monastery]] grew around his cell, which was so beset by visitors, especially women, that Hilarion fled.
-==Novelization==
+==In Literature==
+[[Johann Gottfried Herder]] wrote the poem "The Paradise in the desert" about the teacher-disciple relation between Anthony and Hilarion in 1797.<ref>[[Johann Gottfried Herder]]: ''[[s:Das Paradies in der Wüste|Das Paradies in der Wüste]]''. ([[Wikisource]])</ref> This motive was also taken up by Gustave Flaubert in his [[The Temptation of Saint Anthony (novel)|The Temptation of Saint Anthony]] and changed in such as Hilarion attempts to tempt Anthony away from his faith by creating doubt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Orr |first1=Mary |title=Flaubert's Tentation: Remapping Nineteenth-Century French Histories of Religion and Science |date=13 November 2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-925858-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FUTDAAAQBAJ |access-date=13 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Hermann Hesse]] adapted a biography of Hilarion as one of the three ''Lives of Joseph Knecht'', making up his Nobel Prize–winning novel ''[[The Glass Bead Game]]'' (also known as ''Magister Ludi'').
-[[Hermann Hesse]] adapted a biography of St. Hilarion as one of the three ''Lives of Joseph Knecht'', making up his Nobel Prize–winning novel ''[[The Glass Bead Game]]'' (also known as ''Magister Ludi'').
 ==See also==
@@ Line 72: / Line 64: @@
 *[[Sabbas the Sanctified]] (439–532), monk and saint, founded several monasteries in Palestine
 *[[Saint Hilarion Castle]] in Templos, Cyprus. Known in Turkish as "101 houses" (legends of Cyprus). Named for unconnected obscure saint.
+* [[Saint Hilarion Monastery]]
+*[[Theodosius the Cenobiarch]] (c. 423–529), a founder of cenobitic monastic life in the Judaean desert
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+==Bibliography==
+*{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Timothy David |title=Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History |date=2010 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-150226-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diCOxa4OYwkC |access-date=12 October 2024 |language=en}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Binns |first1=John |title=Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine, 314-631 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-826465-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C57YAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 October 2024 |language=en}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Bitton-Ashkelony |first1=Brouri|last2=Kofsky |first2= Aryeh |title=The Monastic School of Gaza |date=February 2006 |publisher= Brill |isbn=9789047408444 |pages=36–43 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hOx5DwAAQBAJ |access-date= 12 November 2023}}
 ==External links==
 {{Wikiquote}}
-*[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3003.htm The life of St. Hilarion]
+*[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3003.htm ''The life of St. Hilarion'' by Jerome]
+*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07347a.htm Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Hilarion." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 Jan. 2013]
 * {{librivox book | title=The Life of St. Hilarion | author=Jerome}}
 *[http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Hilarion-136/StHilarion.htm Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square]
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 [[Category:4th-century Romans]]
 [[Category:4th-century Christian saints]]
-[[Category:Burials in Cyprus]]
+[[Category:Converts to Christianity from ancient Roman religions]]
 [[Category:Exorcists]]
 [[Category:Desert Fathers]]
+[[Category:People of Roman Palestine]]
+[[Category:Saints from the Holy Land]]

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