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{{short description|Filipino journalist, orator, and reformist}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2023}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{family name hatnote|López|Jaena|lang=Spanish}}
{{family name hatnote|López|Jaena|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox person
⚫
{{short description|Filipino journalist, orator, and reformist}}{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{birth date|1856|12|18|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1856|12|18|mf=y}}
| birth_name = Graciano López y Jaena
| birth_name = Graciano López y Jaena
| birth_place = [[Jaro, Iloilo|Jaro]], [[Iloilo]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], [[Spanish Empire]]<ref name="baptism">{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89GQ-L9HC-C |title=Film # 004218150 Image Film # 004218150; ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89GQ-L9HC-C — FamilySearch.org |accessdate=December 8, 2016}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jaro, Iloilo|Jaro]], [[Iloilo]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], [[Spanish Empire]]<ref name="baptism">{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89GQ-L9HC-C |title=Film # 004218150 Image Film # 004218150; ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89GQ-L9HC-C — FamilySearch.org |website=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=December 8, 2016}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1896|01|20|1856|12|18|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1896|01|20|1856|12|18|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Barcelona]], Spain
| death_place = [[Barcelona]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]]
| image = Graciano lopez jaena PG.jpg
| image = Jaena1l.jpg
| resting_place = [[Fossar de la Pedrera]], [[Montjuïc Cemetery]], Barcelona, Spain
| resting_place = [[Fossar de la Pedrera]], [[Montjuïc Cemetery]], Barcelona, Spain
| other_names =
| other_names =
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[[File:Intramurosjf9916 33.JPG|thumb|Monument, Intramuros, Manila]]
[[File:Intramurosjf9916 33.JPG|thumb|Monument, Intramuros, Manila]]


'''Graciano López y Jaena''' (December 18, 1856 – January 20, 1896), commonly known as '''Graciano López Jaena''' ({{IPA-tl|ˈlopes ˈhaɪna}}), was a [[Philippines|Filipino]] journalist, orator, reformist and national hero who is well known for his newspaper, ''[[La Solidaridad]]''.<ref name=RA6155 /><ref name=TDG />
'''Graciano López y Jaena''' (December 18, 1856 – January 20, 1896), commonly known as '''Graciano López Jaena''' ({{IPA|tl|ˈlopes ˈhaɪna}}), was a [[Philippines|Filipino]] [[journalist]], [[orator]], [[reformist]], and national [[hero]] who is well known for his newspaper, ''[[La Solidaridad]]'' (December 13,1888.<ref name=RA6155 /><ref name=TDG />


Philippine historians regard López Jaena, along with [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]] and [[José Rizal]], as the [[triumvirate]] of Filipino [[propagandist]]s. Of these three [[ilustrados]], López Jaena was the first to arrive in [[Spain]] and may have begun the [[Propaganda Movement]] which advocated the reform of the then-Spanish colony of the Philippines and which eventually led to the armed [[Philippine Revolution]] that begun in Manila in 1896. The Propaganda Movement was a key step towards a Philippine national identity.
Philippine historians regard López Jaena, along with [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]] and [[José Rizal]], as the [[triumvirate]] of Filipino [[propagandist]]s. Of these three ''[[ilustrados]]'', López Jaena was the first to arrive in [[Spain]] and may have begun the [[Propaganda Movement]], which advocated the reform of the then-Spanish colony of the Philippines and which eventually led to the armed [[Philippine Revolution]] that begun in Manila in 1896. The Propaganda Movement was a key step towards a Philippine national identity.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Graciano López Jaena was born in [[Jaro, Iloilo City|Jaro]], [[Iloilo]] in the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] in the [[Spanish Empire]] on December 18, 1856. His parents were Plácido López and María Jacoba Jaena. He was baptized as "Graciano López y Jaena" on December 20, 1856 at [[Jaro Cathedral|Jaro Church]] by Plácido de Isana, and his godfather was Rufino Justiniano.<ref name="baptism"/><ref name=Agoncillo>[[Teodoro Agoncillo|Agoncillo, Teodoro A.]] (1990). ''History of The Filipino People (8th ed.)'' GAROTECH publishing: Quezon City, Philippines</ref><ref name=Yoder>Yoder, Robert L. (August 7, 1999). [https://www.univie.ac.at/ksa/apsis/aufi/history/jaena.htm Graciano López Jaena]. Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, [[University of Vienna]].</ref> Feeling that the priesthood was the most noble profession, his mother sent him to study at the [[St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary]] in Jaro. While there, he served as a secretary to his uncle, Claudio López, who was the [[honorary consul|honorary vice consul]] of [[Portugal]] in Iloilo.<ref name=Yoder />
Graciano López Jaena was born in [[Jaro, Iloilo City|Jaro]], [[Iloilo]], in the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] in the [[Spanish Empire]] on December 18, 1856. His parents were Plácido López and María Jacoba Jaena. He was baptized as "Graciano López y Jaena" on December 20, 1856, at [[Jaro Cathedral|Jaro Church]] by Plácido de Isana, and his godfather was Rufino Justiniano.<ref name="baptism"/><ref name=Agoncillo>[[Teodoro Agoncillo|Agoncillo, Teodoro A.]] (1990). ''History of The Filipino People (8th ed.)'' GAROTECH publishing: Quezon City, Philippines</ref><ref name=Yoder>Yoder, Robert L. (August 7, 1999). [https://www.univie.ac.at/ksa/apsis/aufi/history/jaena.htm Graciano López Jaena]. Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, [[University of Vienna]].</ref> Feeling that the priesthood was the most noble profession, his mother sent him to study at the [[St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary]] in Jaro. While there, he served as a secretary to his uncle, Claudio López, who was the [[honorary consul|honorary vice consul]] of [[Portugal]] in Iloilo.<ref name=Yoder />


Despite his mother wanting him to become a priest, López's true ambition was to become a physician. After convincing his parents, he sought enrollment at the [[University of Santo Tomas]] but was denied admission because the required ''[[Bachelor of Arts]]'' degree was not offered at the seminary in Jaro. Instead, he was appointed to the [[San Juan de Dios Hospital]] as an apprentice. Unfortunately, due to financial problems, he dropped out and returned to Iloilo to practice [[medicine]].<ref name=Yoder />
Despite his mother wanting him to become a priest, López's true ambition was to become a physician. After convincing his parents, he sought enrollment at the [[University of Santo Tomas]] but was denied admission because the required ''[[Bachelor of Arts]]'' degree was not offered at the seminary in Jaro. Instead, he was appointed to the [[San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation|San Juan de Dios Hospital]] as an apprentice. Due to financial problems, he dropped out and returned to Iloilo to practice [[medicine]].<ref name=Yoder />


During this period, his visits with the poor began to stir feelings about the injustices that were common.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} At the age of 18 he wrote the satirical story ''Fray Botod'' which depicted a fat and lecherous friar. Botod’s false piety "always had [[Virgin Mary|the Virgin]] and God on his lips no matter how unjust and underhanded his acts are."{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} This incurred the fury of the [[friar]]s. Although the story was not published, a copy circulated in Iloilo but the friars could not prove that López was the author.
During this period, his visits with the poor began to stir feelings about the injustices that were common.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} At the age of 18 he wrote the satirical story ''Fray Botod,'' which depicted a fat and lecherous friar. Botod’s false piety "always had [[Virgin Mary|the Virgin]] and God on his lips no matter how unjust and underhanded his acts are."{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} This incurred the fury of the [[friar]]s. Although the story was not published, a copy circulated in Iloilo but the friars could not prove that López was the author.


He got into trouble for refusing to testify that certain prisoners died of natural causes when it was obvious that they had died at the hands of the mayor of [[Pototan]]. López continued to agitate for justice and finally went to Spain when threats were made on his life. López sailed for [[Spain]] in 1880.<ref name=Agoncillo /> There he became a leading writer and speaker for Philippine reform. By this time, he attached his maternal surname permanently to his paternal one, becoming "López Jaena", in order to stick out from the many Lopezes. (If he had not done this, by modern Philippine naming conventions his name would now be interpreted as "Graciano Jaena Lopez" or "Graciano J. Lopez".)
He got into trouble for refusing to testify that certain prisoners died of natural causes when it was obvious that they had died at the hands of the mayor of [[Pototan]]. López continued to agitate for justice and finally went to Spain when threats were made on his life. López sailed for [[Spain]] in 1880.<ref name=Agoncillo /> There he became a leading writer and speaker for Philippine reform. By this time, he attached his maternal surname permanently to his paternal one, becoming "López Jaena", in order to stick out from the many Lopezes. (If he had not done this, by modern Philippine naming conventions his name would now be interpreted as "Graciano Jaena Lopez" or "Graciano J. Lopez".)
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In addition he is remembered by the Filipino people for his literary contributions to the propaganda movement. López Jaena founded the fortnightly newspaper, [[La Solidaridad]]. When the publication office moved from Barcelona to Madrid, the editorship was succeeded to Marcelo H. del Pilar. His talent can be seen in the publication ''Discursos y Artículos Varios'' (Speeches and Various Articles).
In addition he is remembered by the Filipino people for his literary contributions to the propaganda movement. López Jaena founded the fortnightly newspaper, [[La Solidaridad]]. When the publication office moved from Barcelona to Madrid, the editorship was succeeded to Marcelo H. del Pilar. His talent can be seen in the publication ''Discursos y Artículos Varios'' (Speeches and Various Articles).


López Jaena died of [[tuberculosis]] on January 20, 1896 in Barcelona, eleven months short of his 40th birthday.<ref name=Agoncillo /><ref name=Yoder /> The following day, he was buried in a mass grave at the [[Montjuïc Cemetery]] of Barcelona. He died in poverty and his remains have not been brought back to the Philippines.<ref>Tuano, D. (March 11, 2013). [http://news.abs-cbn.com/global-filipino/03/11/13/graciano-lopez-jaenas-remains-still-barcelona Graciano Lopez Jaena's remains still in Barcelona]. ''ABS-CBN News''.</ref>
López Jaena died of [[tuberculosis]] on January 20, 1896, in Barcelona, 11 months short of his 40th birthday.<ref name=Agoncillo /><ref name=Yoder /> The following day, he was buried in a mass grave at the [[Montjuïc Cemetery]] of Barcelona. He died in poverty and his remains have not been brought back to the Philippines.<ref>Tuano, D. (March 11, 2013). [http://news.abs-cbn.com/global-filipino/03/11/13/graciano-lopez-jaenas-remains-still-barcelona Graciano Lopez Jaena's remains still in Barcelona]. ''ABS-CBN News''.</ref>


==Public Holiday==
==Public Holiday==
{{main|Lopez Jaena Day}}
{{main|Lopez Jaena Day}}
December 18, Lopez Jaena's birthday, is a public holiday every year in [[Iloilo province]] and [[Iloilo City]].<ref name=RA6155>{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 6155 - An Act Declaring December Eighteenth of Each Year an Official Public Holiday in the City and Province of Iloilo to Commemorate the Birth Anniversary of Graciano Lopez Jaena|url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/republic-acts/ra-no-6155.php|accessdate=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
December 18, Lopez Jaena's birthday, is a public holiday every year in [[Iloilo province]] and [[Iloilo City]].<ref name=RA6155>{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 6155 - An Act Declaring December Eighteenth of Each Year an Official Public Holiday in the City and Province of Iloilo to Commemorate the Birth Anniversary of Graciano Lopez Jaena|date=November 9, 1970 |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/republic-acts/ra-no-6155.php|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
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[[image:Orderofdemolaygljchapter.png|thumb|right|Order of DeMolay chapter seal.]]
[[image:Orderofdemolaygljchapter.png|thumb|right|Order of DeMolay chapter seal.]]


In his honor, the Jaro Plaza was renamed the Graciano López Jaena Park, where there is also a statue of him.<ref name=TDG2>{{cite news|last=Yap|first=Tara|title=Respect cultural significance of Jaro Plaza|url=http://www.thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news/4883-respect-cultural-significance-of-jaro-plaza|accessdate=March 19, 2013|newspaper=The Daily Guardian|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728091642/http://www.thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news/4883-respect-cultural-significance-of-jaro-plaza|archivedate=July 28, 2013}}</ref>
In his honor, the Jaro Plaza was renamed the Graciano López Jaena Park, where there is also a statue of him.<ref name=TDG2>{{cite news|last=Yap|first=Tara|title=Respect cultural significance of Jaro Plaza|url=http://www.thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news/4883-respect-cultural-significance-of-jaro-plaza|access-date=March 19, 2013|newspaper=The Daily Guardian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728091642/http://www.thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news/4883-respect-cultural-significance-of-jaro-plaza|archive-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref>


The Graciano Lopez Jaena Foundation Inc works to continue his legacy and supports various public recognition of his life and works, such as the Dr. Graciano Lopez Jaena Poetry Contest.<ref name=TDG>{{cite news|last=Yap|first=Tara|title=Iloilo celebrates Lopez Jaena Day|url=http://www.thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news/21740-iloilo-celebrates-lopez-jaena-day#|accessdate=March 18, 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Guardian]]|date=December 18, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231171521/http://thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news/21740-iloilo-celebrates-lopez-jaena-day|archivedate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
The Graciano Lopez Jaena Foundation Inc works to continue his legacy and supports various public recognition of his life and works, such as the Dr. Graciano Lopez Jaena Poetry Contest.<ref name=TDG>{{cite news|last=Yap|first=Tara|title=Iloilo celebrates Lopez Jaena Day|url=http://www.thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news/21740-iloilo-celebrates-lopez-jaena-day#|access-date=March 18, 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Guardian]]|date=December 18, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231171521/http://thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news/21740-iloilo-celebrates-lopez-jaena-day|archive-date=December 31, 2012}}</ref>

The municipality of [[Lopez Jaena]] in [[Misamis Occidental]] is named after him.


An [[Order of DeMolay]] Chapter, a youth fraternal group for young men originating in [[freemasonry]], was founded around 1965 in [[Jaro, Iloilo City|Jaro]], and named '''Graciano Lopez-Jaena Chapter''' because Lopez Jaena was the first and foremost [[Freemason]] from Jaro.
An [[Order of DeMolay]] Chapter, a youth fraternal group for young men originating in [[freemasonry]], was founded around 1965 in [[Jaro, Iloilo City|Jaro]], and named '''Graciano Lopez-Jaena Chapter''' because Lopez Jaena was the first and foremost [[Freemason]] from Jaro.


Numerous Streets throughout the Philippines was named after him in his honor.
Numerous streets throughout the Philippines are named after him in his honor.


==Notable works==
==Notable works==
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==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
* Portrayed by Ricardo Cepeda in 1997 TV Series ''[[Bayani (TV series)|Bayani]]'', in episode Graciano López-Jaena: Fray Botod (1879)
* Portrayed by Ricardo Cepeda in 1996 TV Series ''[[Bayani (TV series)|Bayani]]'', in episode Graciano López-Jaena: Fray Botod (1874)


==References==
==References==
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===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | author=Zaide, Gregorio F. | title=Philippine History and Government|publisher=National Bookstore Printing Press |year=1984}}
*{{cite book | author=Zaide, Gregorio F. | title=Philippine History and Government|publisher=National Bookstore Printing Press |year=1984}}
*{{cite book | author=Agoncillo, Teodoro A. | title=History of The Filipino People (8th ed.)|publisher=GAROTECH publishing |year=1990}}
*{{cite book | author=Agoncillo, Teodoro A. | title=History of The Filipino People (8th ed.)|publisher=GAROTECH publishing |year=1967}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Graciano Lopez Jaena}}
{{Commons category|Graciano Lopez Jaena}}
* [https://archive.is/20130414152331/http://www.demolayiloilo.org/brief-history-of-graciano-lopez-jaena-chapter-order-of-demolay Chapter History of the Graciano Lopez Jaena, Order of DeMolay]
* [https://archive.today/20130414152331/http://www.demolayiloilo.org/brief-history-of-graciano-lopez-jaena-chapter-order-of-demolay Chapter History of the Graciano Lopez Jaena, Order of DeMolay]
{{Philippine Revolution}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopez Jaena, Graciano}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopez Jaena, Graciano}}
[[Category:Visayans]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
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[[Category:Spanish-language writers of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Spanish-language writers of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Filipino expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Filipino expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Filipino nationalists]]
[[Category:19th-century journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century journalists]]
[[Category:Male journalists]]
[[Category:Male journalists]]
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[[Category:University of Valencia alumni]]
[[Category:University of Valencia alumni]]
[[Category:Visayan people]]
[[Category:Visayan people]]
[[Category:Filipino newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Filipino propagandists]]
[[Category:People from the Spanish East Indies]]

Latest revision as of 19:11, 21 November 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is López and the second or maternal family name is Jaena.
Graciano López Jaena
Born
Graciano López y Jaena

(1856-12-18)December 18, 1856
Jaro, Iloilo, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire[1]
DiedJanuary 20, 1896(1896-01-20) (aged 39)
Barcelona, Spain
Resting placeFossar de la Pedrera, Montjuïc Cemetery, Barcelona, Spain
EducationSt. Vincent Ferrer Seminary
University of Valencia
Occupation(s)Writer, journalist, orator, propagandist
Known forLa Solidaridad
La Solidaridad
Monument, Intramuros, Manila

Graciano López y Jaena (December 18, 1856 – January 20, 1896), commonly known as Graciano López Jaena (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈlopes ˈhaɪna]), was a Filipino journalist, orator, reformist, and national hero who is well known for his newspaper, La Solidaridad (December 13,1888.[2][3]

Philippine historians regard López Jaena, along with Marcelo H. del Pilar and José Rizal, as the triumvirate of Filipino propagandists. Of these three ilustrados, López Jaena was the first to arrive in Spain and may have begun the Propaganda Movement, which advocated the reform of the then-Spanish colony of the Philippines and which eventually led to the armed Philippine Revolution that begun in Manila in 1896. The Propaganda Movement was a key step towards a Philippine national identity.

Biography

[edit]

Graciano López Jaena was born in Jaro, Iloilo, in the Captaincy General of the Philippines in the Spanish Empire on December 18, 1856. His parents were Plácido López and María Jacoba Jaena. He was baptized as "Graciano López y Jaena" on December 20, 1856, at Jaro Church by Plácido de Isana, and his godfather was Rufino Justiniano.[1][4][5] Feeling that the priesthood was the most noble profession, his mother sent him to study at the St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary in Jaro. While there, he served as a secretary to his uncle, Claudio López, who was the honorary vice consul of Portugal in Iloilo.[5]

Despite his mother wanting him to become a priest, López's true ambition was to become a physician. After convincing his parents, he sought enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas but was denied admission because the required Bachelor of Arts degree was not offered at the seminary in Jaro. Instead, he was appointed to the San Juan de Dios Hospital as an apprentice. Due to financial problems, he dropped out and returned to Iloilo to practice medicine.[5]

During this period, his visits with the poor began to stir feelings about the injustices that were common.[citation needed] At the age of 18 he wrote the satirical story Fray Botod, which depicted a fat and lecherous friar. Botod’s false piety "always had the Virgin and God on his lips no matter how unjust and underhanded his acts are."[citation needed] This incurred the fury of the friars. Although the story was not published, a copy circulated in Iloilo but the friars could not prove that López was the author.

He got into trouble for refusing to testify that certain prisoners died of natural causes when it was obvious that they had died at the hands of the mayor of Pototan. López continued to agitate for justice and finally went to Spain when threats were made on his life. López sailed for Spain in 1880.[4] There he became a leading writer and speaker for Philippine reform. By this time, he attached his maternal surname permanently to his paternal one, becoming "López Jaena", in order to stick out from the many Lopezes. (If he had not done this, by modern Philippine naming conventions his name would now be interpreted as "Graciano Jaena Lopez" or "Graciano J. Lopez".)

López Jaena pursued his medical studies at the University of Valencia but did not finish. Once Rizal reproached Lopéz Jaena for not finishing his medical studies.[citation needed] Graciano replied, "On the shoulders of slaves should not rest a doctor's cape." Rizal countermanded, "The shoulders do not honor the doctor's cape, but the doctor's cape honors the shoulders."

He then moved to the field of journalism. Losing interest in politics and academic life, he soon enjoyed his life in Barcelona and Madrid. However, his friends forgave him these indiscretions due to his talent with words. Mariano Ponce who was another of the Filipino propagandists in Spain observed, "... a deafening ovation followed the close of the peroration, the ladies waved their kerchiefs wildly, and the men applauded frantically as they stood up from their seats in order to embrace the speaker." Rizal noted, "His great love is politics and literature. I do not know for sure whether he loves politics in order to deliver speeches or he loves literature to be a politician."

In addition he is remembered by the Filipino people for his literary contributions to the propaganda movement. López Jaena founded the fortnightly newspaper, La Solidaridad. When the publication office moved from Barcelona to Madrid, the editorship was succeeded to Marcelo H. del Pilar. His talent can be seen in the publication Discursos y Artículos Varios (Speeches and Various Articles).

López Jaena died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1896, in Barcelona, 11 months short of his 40th birthday.[4][5] The following day, he was buried in a mass grave at the Montjuïc Cemetery of Barcelona. He died in poverty and his remains have not been brought back to the Philippines.[6]

Public Holiday

[edit]
Main article: Lopez Jaena Day

December 18, Lopez Jaena's birthday, is a public holiday every year in Iloilo province and Iloilo City.[2]

Legacy

[edit]
Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena appear on the obverse side of a 5 peso Philippine banknote circulated between 1951 and 1974.
Order of DeMolay chapter seal.

In his honor, the Jaro Plaza was renamed the Graciano López Jaena Park, where there is also a statue of him.[7]

The Graciano Lopez Jaena Foundation Inc works to continue his legacy and supports various public recognition of his life and works, such as the Dr. Graciano Lopez Jaena Poetry Contest.[3]

The municipality of Lopez Jaena in Misamis Occidental is named after him.

An Order of DeMolay Chapter, a youth fraternal group for young men originating in freemasonry, was founded around 1965 in Jaro, and named Graciano Lopez-Jaena Chapter because Lopez Jaena was the first and foremost Freemason from Jaro.

Numerous streets throughout the Philippines are named after him in his honor.

Notable works

[edit]
  • Fray Botod (Big-Bellied Friar)
  • La Hija del Fraile (The Daughter of a Friar)
  • Esperanzas (Hope)
[edit]
  • Portrayed by Ricardo Cepeda in 1996 TV Series Bayani, in episode Graciano López-Jaena: Fray Botod (1874)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Film # 004218150 Image Film # 004218150; ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89GQ-L9HC-C — FamilySearch.org". FamilySearch. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Republic Act No. 6155 - An Act Declaring December Eighteenth of Each Year an Official Public Holiday in the City and Province of Iloilo to Commemorate the Birth Anniversary of Graciano Lopez Jaena". November 9, 1970. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  3. ^ a b Yap, Tara (December 18, 2012). "Iloilo celebrates Lopez Jaena Day". The Daily Guardian. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990). History of The Filipino People (8th ed.) GAROTECH publishing: Quezon City, Philippines
  5. ^ a b c d Yoder, Robert L. (August 7, 1999). Graciano López Jaena. Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Vienna.
  6. ^ Tuano, D. (March 11, 2013). Graciano Lopez Jaena's remains still in Barcelona. ABS-CBN News.
  7. ^ Yap, Tara. "Respect cultural significance of Jaro Plaza". The Daily Guardian. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2013.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.
  • Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1967). History of The Filipino People (8th ed.). GAROTECH publishing.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graciano Lopez Jaena.
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