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{{Short description|African term for a white person}}
{{Short description|African term for a white person}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
'''{{lang|sw|Mzungu}}''' ({{IPA-sw|m̩ˈzuŋɡu|pron}}), also known as '''''muzungu''''', '''''mlungu''''', '''''musungu''''' or '''''musongo''''', is a [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] word that means "wanderer" originally pertaining to the first European explorers to the [[East Africa]]n region whom the local tribes thought were traveling aimlessly with no goals to settle, conquer or trade, like restless spirits – the initial explorers who unbeknownst to the local tribes, were tasked with mapping the area, travel and trade routes, key landmarks like the source of the river [[Nile]] as well as documenting dominant kingdoms and forging some alliances that were then later used by missionaries and colonialists in [[colonisation of Africa|their conquest]].


⚫
The term is currently used in predominantly [[Swahili language|Swahili]] speaking nations to refer to foreign people dating back to 18th century. The noun {{lang|sw|mzungu}} or its variants are used in [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Malawi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], the [[Comoros]], [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mayotte]], [[Zambia]] and in the north of [[Madagascar]] (the word changed to {{lang|mg|vozongo}} in [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], but locals will still understand the word {{lang|sw|mzungu}}) dating back to the 18th century.
[[File:Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk (in Africa).jpg|thumb|Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk (in Africa)]]

⚫
'''{{lang|sw|Mzungu}}''' ({{IPA-sw|m̩ˈzuŋɡu|pron}}), also known as ''muzungu'', ''mlungu'', ''musungu'' or ''musongo'', is a [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] word that means "wanderer" originally pertaining to spirits. The term is currently used in predominantly Swahili speaking nations to refer to foreign people dating back to 18th century. The noun Mzungu or its variants are used in [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Malawi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Comoros]], [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mayotte]], [[Zambia]] and in [[Madagascar|Northern Madagascar]] (the word changed to "vozongo" in [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], but locals will still understand the word mzungu) dating back to the 18th century.


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Literally translated {{lang|sw|mzungu}} meant "someone who roams around" or "wanderer."<ref name="chemiche-mponda">{{cite web |url=http://swahilitime.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-meaning-of-word-mzungu-maana-ya.html |title=Swahili Time |author=Chemi Che-Mponda |work=swahilitime.blogspot.com |access-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> The term was first used in Africa to describe Arab, Indian and European traders and explorers in the 18th century, apparently because they moved around aimlessly. The word ''mzungu'' comes from [[Kiswahili]], where {{lang|sw|zungu}} or {{lang|sw|zunguka}} is the word for spinning around on the same spot. {{lang|sw|Kizunguzungu}} is Kiswahili for dizziness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muzungubloguganda.com/about-the-muzungu/muzungu-definition/|title=What is a muzungu? Definition. |work=Diary of a Muzungu - Uganda travel blog |access-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> The term is now used to refer to "someone with white skin" or "[[white skin]]", but can be used to refer to all foreigners more generally.<ref>[http://muzungubloguganda.com/about-the-muzungu/muzungu-definition/]. What is a muzungu?. Retrieved on 2018-07-14.</ref> The word {{lang|sw|mzungu}} in Swahili can also mean someone who speaks English.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Githiora|first=Chege|date=December 2002|title=Sheng: Peer language, Swahili dialect or emerging Creole?|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|volume=15|issue=2|pages=159–181|doi=10.1080/1369681022000042637|s2cid=144446766|issn=1369-6815|url=http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12147}}</ref>
Literally translated {{lang|sw|mzungu}} meant "someone who roams around" or "wanderer".<ref>{{cite web |last=Che-Mponda |first=Chemi |date=5 February 2013 |title=The Meaning of the Word Mzungu - Maana ya Mzungu |url=http://swahilitime.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-meaning-of-word-mzungu-maana-ya.html |website=Swahili Time |access-date=23 September 2015 |via=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]]}}{{unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=Copy-paste from Wikipedia|date=November 2024}}</ref> The term was first used in Africa to describe Arab, Indian and European traders and explorers in the 18th century, apparently because they moved around aimlessly. The word {{lang|sw|mzungu}} comes from Swahili, where {{lang|sw|zungu}} or {{lang|sw|zunguka}} is the word for spinning around on the same spot. {{lang|sw|Kizunguzungu}} is Swahili for [[dizziness]].<ref name="Beauvoisin">{{cite web |last=Beauvoisin |first=Charlotte |date=26 February 2013 |title=What is a Muzungu? |url=http://muzungubloguganda.com/about-the-muzungu/muzungu-definition/ |website=Diary of a Muzungu |access-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> The term is now used to refer to "someone with white skin" or "[[white skin]]", but can be used to refer to all foreigners more generally.<ref name="Beauvoisin" /> The word {{lang|sw|mzungu}} in Swahili can also mean someone who speaks [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Githiora |first=Chege |date=December 2002 |title=Sheng: peer language, Swahili dialect or emerging Creole? |journal=[[Journal of African Cultural Studies]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=159–181 |doi=10.1080/1369681022000042637 |jstor=3181415 |s2cid=144446766 |s2cid-access=free}}</ref>


The possessive {{lang|sw|kizungu}} (or {{lang|sw|chizungu}}) translates as "behaving rich". However, in some areas, such as in Rwanda and Burundi, it does not necessarily refer to the colour of one's skin. Traditionally, Europeans were seen to be people of means and rich and so the terminology was extended to denote affluent persons regardless of race. It would therefore not be unusual to find any employer being referred to as {{lang|sw|mzungu}}. In the Bantu [[Swahili language]], the plural form of {{lang|sw|mzungu}} is '''{{lang|sw|wazungu}}'''.<ref>[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Africa&month=0209&week=c&msg=uECVFD0d2hUUL52mu7rZqg&user=&pw= H-Net Discussion Networks – Etymology of the term muzungu: reply] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709083820/http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Africa&month=0209&week=c&msg=uECVFD0d2hUUL52mu7rZqg&user=&pw= |date=2013-07-09 }}. H-net.msu.edu (2002-09-19). Retrieved on 2011-05-28.</ref><ref>[http://www.travelblog.org/Africa/Tanzania/Zanzibar/Zanzibar-City/blog-209050.html The Wandering Wazungu]. Travelblog.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-28.</ref><ref>[http://www.janissarystomp.com/stomp/notas.html Notas]. The Janissary Stomp. Retrieved on 2011-05-28.</ref> The plural form may be used to confer a respect, such as the use of the term {{lang|ny|azungu}} to refer to individual foreigners in [[Malawi]]'s [[Chichewa]] language.<ref name="Peace Corps">{{cite web |url=https://www.peacecorps.gov/malawi/stories/12-words-youll-hear-malawi/ |title=The 12 Words You'll Hear in Malawi |publisher=[[Peace Corps]] |access-date=14 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/WWW_Content/9780631226949/27Chap25.pdf |title=Chichewa (Bantu) |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |access-date=14 July 2018 }}</ref> The possessive {{lang|sw|kizungu}} (or {{lang|ny|chizungu}}) translated literally means "of the wanderers". It has now come to mean "language of the wanderers" and more commonly English, as it is the language most often used by {{lang|sw|wazungu}} in the [[African Great Lakes]] area. However it can be used generally for any European language. {{lang|sw|Wachizungu}}, {{lang|sw|bachizungu}}, etc. – literally "wandering people" – have come to mean people who adopt the Western culture, cuisine and lifestyle.
The possessive {{lang|sw|kizungu}} (or {{lang|sw|chizungu}}) translates as "behaving rich". However, in some areas, such as in Rwanda and Burundi, it does not necessarily refer to the colour of one's skin. Traditionally, Europeans were seen to be people of means and rich and so the terminology was extended to denote affluent persons regardless of race. It would therefore not be unusual to find any employer being referred to as {{lang|sw|mzungu}}. In the Bantu Swahili language, the plural form of {{lang|sw|mzungu}} is '''{{lang|sw|wazungu}}'''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Igoe |first=Jim |editor-last=Gebissa |editor-first=Ezekiel |date=2002-09-19 |title=Etymology of the term muzungu: reply |url=http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Africa&month=0209&week=c&msg=uECVFD0d2hUUL52mu7rZqg&user=&pw= |website=H-Net Discussion Networks |access-date=2011-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709083820/http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Africa&month=0209&week=c&msg=uECVFD0d2hUUL52mu7rZqg&user=&pw= |archive-date=2013-07-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Griffith |first=Tom |date=2007-10-20 |title=The Wandering Wazungu |url=http://www.travelblog.org/Africa/Tanzania/Zanzibar/Zanzibar-City/blog-209050.html |website=[[TravelBlog.org]] |access-date=2011-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Notes on the Songs & Instruments, plus Acknowledgments & Thanks |url=http://www.janissarystomp.com/stomp/notas.html |website=The Janissary Stomp |access-date=2011-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190357/http://www.janissarystomp.com/stomp/notas.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The plural form may be used to confer a respect, such as the use of the term {{lang|ny|azungu}} to refer to individual foreigners in Malawi's [[Chichewa language]].<ref name="Fraley">{{cite web |last=Fraley |first=Austin |date=29 January 2018 |title=The 12 Words You'll Hear in Malawi |url=https://www.peacecorps.gov/malawi/stories/12-words-youll-hear-malawi/ |publisher=[[Peace Corps]] |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mchombo |first=Sam A. |editor-last1=Spencer |editor-first1=Andrew |editor-last2=Zwicky |editor-first2=Arnold M. |editor-link2=Arnold Zwicky |year=2001 |orig-year=1998 |chapter=Chichewa (Bantu) |chapter-url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/WWW_Content/9780631226949/27Chap25.pdf |title=The Handbook of Morphology |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |pages=500–520 |isbn=978-0-631-22694-9 |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> The possessive {{lang|sw|kizungu}} (or {{lang|ny|chizungu}}) translated literally means "of the wanderers". It has now come to mean "language of the wanderers" and more commonly English, as it is the language most often used by {{lang|sw|wazungu}} in the [[African Great Lakes]] area. However it can be used generally for any European language. {{lang|sw|Wachizungu}}, {{lang|sw|bachizungu}}, etc. – literally "wandering people" – have come to mean people who adopt the [[Western culture]], cuisine and lifestyle.


==Everyday use==
== Everyday use ==
{{lang|sw|Mzungu}} can be used in an affectionate or insulting way. It is used in [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Malawi]] Zimbabwe and [[Burundi]]. It is often called out by children to get the attention of a passerby.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harrisberg|first=Kim|date=25 December 2013|title=Rwanda: A Mzungu's Thoughts On Justine Sacco|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201312270036.html|website=allafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.steamboattoday.com/news/2013/dec/27/mary-walker-christmas-kenya/ |title=Mary Walker: Christmas in Kenya |work=steamboattoday.com |access-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&pg=PR2 |title=Tanzania |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |author=Jens Finke |date=2003 |isbn=9781858287836 |access-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> For example, in [[Malawi]], it is common for people to use the casual greeting {{lang|sw|Azungu boh!}} to individuals or groups of foreigners.<ref name="Peace Corps"/>
{{lang|sw|Mzungu}} can be used in an affectionate or insulting way. It is used in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Burundi. It is often called out by children to get the attention of a passerby.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harrisberg |first=Kim |date=24 December 2013 |title=A Mzungu's thoughts on Justine Sacco |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/101825/a-mzunguas-thoughts-on-justine-sacco |newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Mary |date=27 December 2013 |title=Mary Walker: Christmas in Kenya |url=http://www.steamboattoday.com/news/2013/dec/27/mary-walker-christmas-kenya/ |newspaper=[[Steamboat Pilot & Today]] |access-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232330/http://www.steamboattoday.com/news/2013/dec/27/mary-walker-christmas-kenya/ |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Finke |first=Jens |year=2003 |title=The Rough Guide to Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&pg=PR2 |location=London; New York |publisher=[[Rough Guides]]; [[Penguin Putnam]] |page=vii |isbn=978-1-85828-783-6 |access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> For example, in Malawi, it is common for people to use the casual greeting {{lang|sw|Azungu boh!}} to individuals or groups of foreigners.<ref name="Fraley" />


{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto"
Line 23: Line 23:
| {{lang|sw|Mzungu}} || {{lang|sw|Wazungu}} || {{lang|sw|Kizungu}}
| {{lang|sw|Mzungu}} || {{lang|sw|Wazungu}} || {{lang|sw|Kizungu}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Comorian language|Shikomori]] in [[Comoros]]
! scope="row" | [[Comorian languages|Shikomori]] in the [[Comoros]]
| {{lang|swb|Mzungu}} || {{lang|swb|Wazungu}} || {{lang|swb|Chizungu}}
| {{lang|swb|Mzungu}} || {{lang|swb|Wazungu}} || {{lang|swb|Chizungu}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Luganda]] in [[Uganda]]
! scope="row" | [[Luganda]] in [[Uganda]]
|''o''{{lang|lg|Muzungu}}||''a''{{lang|lg|Bazungu}}||{{lang|lg|Kizungu}}
| {{lang|lg|Omuzungu}} || {{lang|lg|Abazungu}}|| {{lang|lg|Kizungu}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chichewa]] in [[Malawi]]
! scope="row" | [[Chichewa]] in [[Malawi]]
Line 39: Line 39:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kinyarwanda]] in [[Rwanda]] / [[Kirundi]] in [[Burundi]]
! scope="row" | [[Kinyarwanda]] in [[Rwanda]] / [[Kirundi]] in [[Burundi]]
| {{lang|rw|Umuzungu}} || {{lang|rw|Abazungu}} || {{lang|rw|ikizungu}}
| {{lang|rw|Umuzungu}} || {{lang|rw|Abazungu}} || {{lang|rw|Ikizungu}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bemba language|Bemba]] in [[Zambia]] and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
! scope="row" | [[Bemba language|Bemba]] in [[Zambia]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
| {{lang|bem|Musungu}} || {{lang|bem|Basungu}} || {{lang|bem|Chisungu}}
| {{lang|bem|Musungu}} || {{lang|bem|Basungu}} || {{lang|bem|Chisungu}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kisii language]] in [[Kenya]]
! scope="row" | [[Gusii language|Gusii]] in [[Kenya]]
| {{lang|guz|Omusongo}} || {{lang|guz|Abasongo}} || {{lang|guz|Ebisongo}}
| {{lang|guz|Omusongo}} || {{lang|guz|Abasongo}} || {{lang|guz|Ebisongo}}
|-
|-
Line 51: Line 51:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shona language|Shona]] in [[Zimbabwe]]
! scope="row" | [[Shona language|Shona]] in [[Zimbabwe]]
| {{lang|sn|Murungu}} || {{lang|sn|Varungu}} || Chirungu
| {{lang|sn|Murungu}} || {{lang|sn|Varungu}} || {{lang|sn|Chirungu}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[isiZulu]] in [[South Africa]]
! scope="row" | [[Zulu language|Zulu]] in [[South Africa]]
| {{lang|zu|Umlungu}} || {{lang|zu|Abelungu}} || {{lang|zu|Isilungu}}
| {{lang|zu|Umlungu}} || {{lang|zu|Abelungu}} || {{lang|zu|Isilungu}}
|-
|-
![[Luguru language|ikiRuguru]] in [[Tanzania]]
![[Luguru language|Luguru]] in [[Tanzania]]
| {{lang|ruf|Imzungu}}
| {{lang|ruf|Imzungu}}
| {{lang|ruf|Iwazungu}}
| {{lang|ruf|Iwazungu}}
Line 62: Line 62:
|}
|}


==See also==
== References ==
* {{lang|mi|[[Pākehā]]}}, similar term in [[Māori language|Māori]]
* [[Gaijin]], similar term in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
* [[Goy]], similar term in [[Hebrew]]
* [[Gringo]], similar term in [[Latin American Spanish]]
* [[Gweilo]], similar term in [[Cantonese]]
* [[Farang]], similar term in [[Persian language]]
* [[Louise Linton]], self-dubbed ‘angel-haired muzungu’ in her memoirs
* [[Murzyn]], similar term in [[Polish language]] to describe a black person

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
{{wiktionary|mzungu}}
{{wiktionary|mzungu}}
*[http://polishingpeanuts.com/volunteer/mzungu-mzungu-muzungu "Mzungu! Mzungu! Mzungu! Give me my money"] Ugandan experiences from Ian Anderson
*[http://polishingpeanuts.com/volunteer/mzungu-mzungu-muzungu "Mzungu! Mzungu! Mzungu! Give me my money"] Ugandan experiences from Ian Anderson
Line 81: Line 71:
{{White people terms}}
{{White people terms}}


⚫
[[Category:Swahili words and phrases]]
⚫
[[Category:European diaspora in Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnonyms]]
[[Category:Ethnonyms]]
⚫
[[Category:European diaspora in Africa]]
⚫
[[Category:Swahili words and phrases]]

Latest revision as of 20:58, 21 November 2024

Mzungu (pronounced [m̩ˈzuŋɡu]), also known as muzungu, mlungu, musungu or musongo, is a Bantu word that means "wanderer" originally pertaining to the first European explorers to the East African region whom the local tribes thought were traveling aimlessly with no goals to settle, conquer or trade, like restless spirits – the initial explorers who unbeknownst to the local tribes, were tasked with mapping the area, travel and trade routes, key landmarks like the source of the river Nile as well as documenting dominant kingdoms and forging some alliances that were then later used by missionaries and colonialists in their conquest.

The term is currently used in predominantly Swahili speaking nations to refer to foreign people dating back to 18th century. The noun mzungu or its variants are used in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Comoros, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mayotte, Zambia and in the north of Madagascar (the word changed to vozongo in Malagasy, but locals will still understand the word mzungu) dating back to the 18th century.

Etymology

[edit]

Literally translated mzungu meant "someone who roams around" or "wanderer".[1] The term was first used in Africa to describe Arab, Indian and European traders and explorers in the 18th century, apparently because they moved around aimlessly. The word mzungu comes from Swahili, where zungu or zunguka is the word for spinning around on the same spot. Kizunguzungu is Swahili for dizziness.[2] The term is now used to refer to "someone with white skin" or "white skin", but can be used to refer to all foreigners more generally.[2] The word mzungu in Swahili can also mean someone who speaks English.[3]

The possessive kizungu (or chizungu) translates as "behaving rich". However, in some areas, such as in Rwanda and Burundi, it does not necessarily refer to the colour of one's skin. Traditionally, Europeans were seen to be people of means and rich and so the terminology was extended to denote affluent persons regardless of race. It would therefore not be unusual to find any employer being referred to as mzungu. In the Bantu Swahili language, the plural form of mzungu is wazungu.[4][5][6] The plural form may be used to confer a respect, such as the use of the term azungu to refer to individual foreigners in Malawi's Chichewa language.[7][8] The possessive kizungu (or chizungu) translated literally means "of the wanderers". It has now come to mean "language of the wanderers" and more commonly English, as it is the language most often used by wazungu in the African Great Lakes area. However it can be used generally for any European language. Wachizungu, bachizungu, etc. – literally "wandering people" – have come to mean people who adopt the Western culture, cuisine and lifestyle.

Everyday use

[edit]

Mzungu can be used in an affectionate or insulting way. It is used in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Burundi. It is often called out by children to get the attention of a passerby.[9][10][11] For example, in Malawi, it is common for people to use the casual greeting Azungu boh! to individuals or groups of foreigners.[7]

Regional variations
Language Singular Plural Possessive
Swahili in the African Great Lakes Mzungu Wazungu Kizungu
Shikomori in the Comoros Mzungu Wazungu Chizungu
Luganda in Uganda Omuzungu Abazungu Kizungu
Chichewa in Malawi Mzungu Azungu Chizungu
Chinyanja in Zambia Mzungu Bazungu Chizungu
Kikuyu in Kenya Mūthūngū Athūngū Gīthūngū
Kinyarwanda in Rwanda / Kirundi in Burundi Umuzungu Abazungu Ikizungu
Bemba in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Musungu Basungu Chisungu
Gusii in Kenya Omusongo Abasongo Ebisongo
Sena in Mozambique Muzungu Azungu
Shona in Zimbabwe Murungu Varungu Chirungu
Zulu in South Africa Umlungu Abelungu Isilungu
Luguru in Tanzania Imzungu Iwazungu

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Che-Mponda, Chemi (5 February 2013). "The Meaning of the Word Mzungu - Maana ya Mzungu". Swahili Time. Retrieved 23 September 2015 – via Blogger.[unreliable source]
  2. ^ a b Beauvoisin, Charlotte (26 February 2013). "What is a Muzungu?". Diary of a Muzungu. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  3. ^ Githiora, Chege (December 2002). "Sheng: peer language, Swahili dialect or emerging Creole?". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 15 (2): 159–181. doi:10.1080/1369681022000042637. JSTOR 3181415. S2CID 144446766.
  4. ^ Igoe, Jim (19 September 2002). Gebissa, Ezekiel (ed.). "Etymology of the term muzungu: reply". H-Net Discussion Networks. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  5. ^ Griffith, Tom (20 October 2007). "The Wandering Wazungu". TravelBlog.org. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  6. ^ "Notes on the Songs & Instruments, plus Acknowledgments & Thanks". The Janissary Stomp. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  7. ^ a b Fraley, Austin (29 January 2018). "The 12 Words You'll Hear in Malawi". Peace Corps. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  8. ^ Mchombo, Sam A. (2001) [1998]. "Chichewa (Bantu)" (PDF). In Spencer, Andrew; Zwicky, Arnold M. (eds.). The Handbook of Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 500–520. ISBN 978-0-631-22694-9. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  9. ^ Harrisberg, Kim (24 December 2013). "A Mzungu's thoughts on Justine Sacco". The New Times. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  10. ^ Walker, Mary (27 December 2013). "Mary Walker: Christmas in Kenya". Steamboat Pilot & Today. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  11. ^ Finke, Jens (2003). The Rough Guide to Tanzania. London; New York: Rough Guides; Penguin Putnam. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85828-783-6. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
[edit]
Look up mzungu in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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