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The Tamil Bell is part of a bronze bell inscribed with Tamil script, acquired in approximately 1836 by missionary William Colenso. It was reportedly being used as a pot to boil potatoes by Māori women near Whangārei in the Northland Region of New Zealand. Its presence in New Zealand, at a time when there was no trade between Māori and any part of Asia, means it can be considered an out-of-place artifact. There remains no explanation of how it reached New Zealand.

History

Bell with its inscription and translation

The date that Colenso encountered the bell differs between sources, with "the 1830s",^[1] 1836,^[2] and 1841^[3] all stated across articles on the bell.

According to William Colenso, he noticed the object when visiting a Māori village in the North Island in the 1830s, being the first European to visit the village. He noticed it being used as a cooking pot for "potatoes", though these may have been kūmara. Cooking with bronze pots would have been unusual for Māori at the time, as bronze was not produced on the island and Māori had no trade routes that would have provided it. Māori at the time cooked by placing heated stones in a wooden vessel. According to Colenso, the women of the village said it had been with them for many years, and that it had been found in tree roots after a storm toppled the tree. He recognized the object as part of a ship's bell, and traded a cast iron pot for it.^[1]^[3]

Some details of this story have been challenged. In particular, the small size of the bell has raised questions as to if it would have been big enough to cook with.^[1]^[3]

When Colenso died in 1899, it was bequeathed to the Colonial Museum – now the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. It remains today in Te Papa's collection, though it has been loaned out for research and was displayed in the Indian Heritage Centre in Singapore.^[1]

Description

The object is the crown of a ship's bell, made of bronze. It is 13 cm long and 9 cm deep. It has an inscription in Tamil script, reading Mukaiyyatīṉ vakkucu uṭaiya kappal uṭaiya maṇi (which has been translated as "Mohoyiden Buks ship's bell").^[1]^[4]

Research and theories

The bell was the subject of study as early as the 1860s.^[3] Colenso wrote of the bell in 1865, "It is believed that this ancient relic may yet prove to be an important witness... Its tale has yet to be told."^[3] The most recent significant research on the bell was by Nalina Gopal, a museum curator from Singapore's Indian Heritage Centre.^[2]

Researchers, such as some examining the bell in the 1970s, concluded that the script was an archaic form of Tamil, suggesting the bell might date from 1400–1540, possibly from the Later Pandya period.^[3]^[4]^[5] In 2019, Gopal worked with other experts to date the script instead to the 17th or 18th century.^[3]^[1] The phrase "Mohideen Bux" (which might also be written in English as "Mohideen Baksh" or "Mohaideen Bakhsh") was a common name for ships sailing from Tamil Nadu. Many Muslim merchant communities in Southeast Asia revered a saint of that name, and named ships after the saint to afford the ship protection.^[1]^[3] Gopal speculated that the inscription meant that the ship was under the care of the saint.^[1]^[3] There is no definitive explanation of how the bell came to be in New Zealand.^[2] It is known that Tamil traders sailed as far as the southern tip of Madagascar and to what is today Indonesia, but there is no record of them reaching New Zealand.^[3] Gopal's research could not identify any lost trade networks that could explain its passage, or identify a particular ship it could have come from.^[1]

Explanations presented for the bell include:

Indologist V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar stated in his 1947 work The Origin and Spread of the Tamils that ancient Tamil sea-farers might have had a knowledge of Australia and Polynesia.^[6] Seafarers from Trincomalee may have reached New Zealand during the period of increased trade between the Vanni country and Southeast Asia.^[7]
Pacific historian Robert Langdon suggested that Spanish sailors were marooned in French Polynesia in the 1500s, and their descendants brought the bell to New Zealand.^[3]
The bell might have been dropped off the shore by a Portuguese ship, whose sailors had been in touch with the Indians.^[7]
An abandoned ghost ship could have floated from the Indian Ocean and wrecked on the west coast of New Zealand, particularly if it was an Indian vessel captured by Europeans and then wrecked.^[3]^[8]

The bell in itself is not considered proof of early Tamil contact with New Zealand.^[9]

Cultural significance

The Tamil Bell is one of the most popular objects in Te Papa's collection. Te Papa has produced a 3D scan of the bell to assist researchers.^[3]

The Tamil Bell has become an object of significance to some present-day Tamil people living in New Zealand. Raveen Annamalai, who founded the Aotearoa New Zealand Federation of Tamil Sangam, said in 2023: "The Tamil bell is really significant to me and my fellow Tamilians... We feel very proud that there is some connection between the Tamil community and tangata whenua."^[10]^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Darrah, Petrina (8 February 2023). "The Mystery of New Zealand's Tamil Bell, an Archaeological 'UFO'". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Swarbrick, Nancy (1 August 2023). "Sri Lankans - Immigration". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Rykers, Ellen. "For whom the bell tolls". New Zealand Geographic. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^ ^a ^b Hilder, Brett (2008). "THE STORY OF THE TAMIL BELL". Journal of Polynesian Society. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^ Sridharan, K. (1982). A maritime history of India. Government of India. p. 45.
^ Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1947). Origin and Spread of the Tamils. Adyar Library. p. 30.
^ ^a ^b New Zealand Journal of Science. Wise, Caffin & Company. 1883. p. 58. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ New Zealand Institute (1872). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. New Zealand Institute. pp. 43–. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ Kerry R. Howe (2003). The Quest for Origins: Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands? pp 144–5 Auckland:Penguin.
^ Tom, Blessen (27 July 2023). "Mysterious artefact helps forge stronger Tamil-Māori community connections". RNZ. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

External links

Picture of the bell at Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
The Tamil Bell from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Darrah, Petrina (8 February 2023). "The Mystery of New Zealand's Tamil Bell, an Archaeological 'UFO'". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

[:1-2] Swarbrick, Nancy (1 August 2023). "Sri Lankans - Immigration". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.

[:2-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Rykers, Ellen. "For whom the bell tolls". New Zealand Geographic. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

[Polynesian-4] Hilder, Brett (2008). "THE STORY OF THE TAMIL BELL". Journal of Polynesian Society. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

[sridharanp45-5] Sridharan, K. (1982). A maritime history of India. Government of India. p. 45.

[tamils_spread-6] Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1947). Origin and Spread of the Tamils. Adyar Library. p. 30.

[:3-7] New Zealand Journal of Science. Wise, Caffin & Company. 1883. p. 58. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[NZI1872-8] New Zealand Institute (1872). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. New Zealand Institute. pp. 43–. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[9] Kerry R. Howe (2003). The Quest for Origins: Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands? pp 144–5 Auckland:Penguin.

[10] Tom, Blessen (27 July 2023). "Mysterious artefact helps forge stronger Tamil-Māori community connections". RNZ. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Indian bronze bell found in 19th century New Zealand}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
-{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
+{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}}
+The '''Tamil Bell''' is part of a [[bronze]] [[Bell (instrument)|bell]] inscribed with [[Tamil script]], acquired in approximately 1836 by [[missionary]] [[William Colenso]]. It was reportedly being used as a pot to boil potatoes by [[Māori people|Māori]] women near [[Whangārei]] in the [[Northland Region]] of [[New Zealand]]. Its presence in New Zealand, at a time when there was no trade between Māori and any part of [[Asia]], means it can be considered an [[out-of-place artifact]]. There remains no explanation of how it reached New Zealand.
+==History==
 [[File:Tamilbell1.JPG|thumbnail|Bell with its inscription and translation]]
-__NOTOC__
-The '''Tamil Bell''' is a broken [[bronze]] [[Bell (instrument)|bell]] discovered in approximately 1836 by [[missionary]] [[William Colenso]]. It was being used as a pot to boil potatoes by [[Māori people|Māori]] women near [[Whangarei]] in the [[Northland Region]] of [[New Zealand]].
+The date that Colenso encountered the bell differs between sources, with "the 1830s",<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Darrah|first=Petrina|date=2023-02-08|title=The Mystery of New Zealand's Tamil Bell, an Archaeological 'UFO'|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/tamil-bell-mystery-new-zealand|access-date=2024-02-15|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en}}</ref> 1836,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Swarbrick|first=Nancy|date=1 August 2023|title=Sri Lankans - Immigration|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/1135/the-tamil-bell|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> and 1841<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Rykers|first=Ellen|title=For whom the bell tolls|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/for-whom-the-bell-tolls/|access-date=2024-02-15|website=New Zealand Geographic|language=en-NZ}}</ref> all stated across articles on the bell.
-The bell is 13&nbsp;cm long and 9&nbsp;cm deep, and has an inscription. The [[inscription]] running around the rim of the bell has been identified as old [[Tamil script|Tamil]], and reads ''Mukaiyyatīṉ vakkucu uṭaiya kappal uṭaiya maṇi'' ("Mohoyiden Buks ship’s bell").<ref name="Polynesian">{{cite web
-|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_84_1975/Volume_84%2C_No._4/The_story_of_the_Tamil_bell%2C_by_Brett_Hilder%2C_p_476-484/p1
-|title=THE STORY OF THE TAMIL BELL
-|last=Hilder
-|first=Brett
-|date=2008
-|website=Journal of Polynesian Society
-|publisher=Journal of Polynesian Society
-|access-date=22 May 2022
-|quote=}}</ref> Some of the characters in the inscription are of an archaic form no longer seen in modern [[Tamil script]], suggesting that the bell could be about 500 years old, possibly from the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Later Pandya]] period.<ref name="sridharanp45">{{cite book|title=A maritime history of India|first=K.|last=Sridharan|year=1982|publisher=Government of India|page=45}}</ref>  It is thus what is sometimes called an [[out-of-place artefact]].
+According to William Colenso, he noticed the object when visiting a Māori village in the [[North Island]] in the 1830s, being the first European to visit the village. He noticed it being used as a cooking pot for "potatoes", though these may have been [[kūmara]]. Cooking with bronze pots would have been unusual for Māori at the time, as bronze was not produced on the island and Māori had no trade routes that would have provided it. Māori at the time cooked by placing heated stones in a wooden vessel. According to Colenso, the women of the village said it had been with them for many years, and that it had been found in tree roots after a storm toppled the tree. He recognized the object as part of a ship's bell, and traded a cast iron pot for it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
+Some details of this story have been challenged. In particular, the small size of the bell has raised questions as to if it would have been big enough to cook with.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
+When Colenso died in 1899, it was bequeathed to the Colonial Museum – now the [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]]. It remains today in Te Papa's collection, though it has been loaned out for research and was displayed in the Indian Heritage Centre in Singapore.<ref name=":0" />
+==Description==
+The object is the crown of a ship's bell, made of bronze. It is 13 cm long and 9 cm deep. It has an inscription in [[Tamil script]], reading {{transl|ta|Mukaiyyatīṉ vakkucu uṭaiya kappal uṭaiya maṇi}} (which has been translated as "Mohoyiden Buks ship's bell").<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Polynesian">{{cite web|last=Hilder|first=Brett|date=2008|title=THE STORY OF THE TAMIL BELL|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_84_1975/Volume_84%2C_No._4/The_story_of_the_Tamil_bell%2C_by_Brett_Hilder%2C_p_476-484/p1|access-date=22 May 2022|website=Journal of Polynesian Society}}</ref>
+==Research and theories==
 [[File:Tamilbell2.JPG|thumbnail|Bell from a different source]]
-[[Indology|Indologist]] [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]] states in his ''The Origin and Spread of the Tamils'' that ancient Tamil sea-farers might have had a knowledge of [[Australia]] and [[Polynesia]].<ref name="tamils_spread">{{cite book|title=Origin and Spread of the Tamils|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34321|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|authorlink=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|publisher=Adyar Library|year=1947|pages= 30}}</ref> The discovery of the bell has led to speculation about a possible Tamil presence in New Zealand, but the bell is not in itself proof of early Tamil contact with New Zealand.<ref>Kerry R. Howe (2003). ''The Quest for Origins: Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands?'' pp 144–5 Auckland:Penguin.</ref> Seafarers from [[Trincomalee]] may have reached New Zealand during the period of increased trade between the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] country and South East Asia. The bell might have been dropped off the shore by a Portuguese ship, whose sailors had been in touch with the Indians.<ref>{{cite book | title=New Zealand Journal of Science | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHEVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58 | accessdate=3 June 2013 | year=1883 | publisher=Wise, Caffin & Company | pages=58 }}</ref> Also, a number of Indian vessels had been captured by the Europeans during the period; thus, another possibility is that the bell might have belonged to such a wrecked vessel, cast away on the New Zealand shores.<ref name="NZI1872">{{cite book | author=New Zealand Institute | title=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po42AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA43 | accessdate=3 June 2013 | year=1872 | publisher=New Zealand Institute. | pages=43–}}</ref>
+The bell was the subject of study as early as the 1860s.<ref name=":2" /> Colenso wrote of the bell in 1865, "It is believed that this ancient relic may yet prove to be an important witness... Its tale has yet to be told."<ref name=":2" /> The most recent significant research on the bell was by Nalina Gopal, a museum curator from Singapore's Indian Heritage Centre.<ref name=":1" />
-The bell was bequeathed by William Colenso to the Dominion Museum – now the [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]].
+Researchers, such as some examining the bell in the 1970s, concluded that the script was an archaic form of Tamil, suggesting the bell might date from 1400–1540, possibly from the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Later Pandya]] period.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Polynesian" /><ref name="sridharanp45">{{cite book|title=A maritime history of India|first=K.|last=Sridharan|year=1982|publisher=Government of India|page=45}}</ref> In 2019, Gopal worked with other experts to date the script instead to the 17th or 18th century.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The phrase "Mohideen Bux" (which might also be written in English as "Mohideen Baksh" or "Mohaideen Bakhsh") was a common name for ships sailing from [[Tamil Nadu]]. Many Muslim merchant communities in Southeast Asia revered a saint of that name, and named ships after the saint to afford the ship protection.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Gopal speculated that the inscription meant that the ship was under the care of the saint.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> There is no definitive explanation of how the bell came to be in New Zealand.<ref name=":1" /> It is known that Tamil traders sailed as far as the southern tip of Madagascar and to what is today Indonesia, but there is no record of them reaching New Zealand.<ref name=":2" /> Gopal's research could not identify any lost trade networks that could explain its passage, or identify a particular ship it could have come from.<ref name=":0" />
+Explanations presented for the bell include:
+* [[Indology|Indologist]] [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]] stated in his 1947 work ''The Origin and Spread of the Tamils'' that ancient Tamil sea-farers might have had a knowledge of [[Australia]] and [[Polynesia]].<ref name="tamils_spread">{{cite book|title=Origin and Spread of the Tamils|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34321|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|authorlink=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|publisher=Adyar Library|year=1947|pages= 30}}</ref> Seafarers from [[Trincomalee]] may have reached New Zealand during the period of increased trade between the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] country and Southeast Asia.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHEVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58|title=New Zealand Journal of Science|publisher=Wise, Caffin & Company|year=1883|pages=58|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref>
+* Pacific historian Robert Langdon suggested that Spanish sailors were marooned in [[French Polynesia]] in the 1500s, and their  descendants brought the bell to New Zealand.<ref name=":2" />
+* The bell might have been dropped off the shore by a Portuguese ship, whose sailors had been in touch with the Indians.<ref name=":3" />
+* An abandoned ghost ship could have floated from the Indian Ocean and wrecked on the west coast of New Zealand, particularly if it was an Indian vessel captured by Europeans and then wrecked.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="NZI1872">{{cite book|author=New Zealand Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po42AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA43|title=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute|publisher=New Zealand Institute|year=1872|pages=43–|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref>
+The bell in itself is not considered proof of early Tamil contact with New Zealand.<ref>Kerry R. Howe (2003). ''The Quest for Origins: Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands?'' pp 144–5 Auckland:Penguin.</ref>
+==Cultural significance==
+The Tamil Bell is one of the most popular objects in Te Papa's collection. Te Papa has produced a 3D scan of the bell to assist researchers.<ref name=":2" />
+The Tamil Bell has become an object of significance to some present-day Tamil people living in New Zealand. Raveen Annamalai, who founded the Aotearoa New Zealand Federation of Tamil Sangam, said in 2023: "The Tamil bell is really significant to me and my fellow Tamilians... We feel very proud that there is some connection between the Tamil community and [[tangata whenua]]."<ref>{{cite web|last=Tom|first=Blessen|date=2023-07-27|title=Mysterious artefact helps forge stronger Tamil-Māori community connections|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/494441/mysterious-artefact-helps-forge-stronger-tamil-maori-community-connections|access-date=2024-02-15|website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
 ==See also==
@@ Line 34: / Line 52: @@
 ==Further reading==
 * {{cite web|title=Ship's Bell|publisher=Museum of New Zealand|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/213397}}
 * {{cite book|title=The lost caravel|author=Robert Langdon|publisher=Pacific Publications|pages=243–244|isbn=978-0-85807-021-9|year=1975}}
 * {{cite book|title=The journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 84|pages=477–483|publisher=Polynesian Society (N. Z.)|year=1975}}
 * {{cite book|title=Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, Volume 4|pages=40–41|year=1872|publisher=Royal Society of New Zealand}} http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_04/rsnz_04_00_000580.html#n43
-* {{cite book|title=Digging up the past: New Zealand's archaeological history|pages=99|author=Michael Malthus Trotter|author2=Beverley McCulloch |author3=John Wilson |publisher=Penguin Books|year=1997|isbn=978-0-670-87440-8}}
+* {{cite book|title=Digging up the past: New Zealand's archaeological history|pages=99|author=Michael Malthus Trotter|author2=Beverley McCulloch|author3=John Wilson|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1997|isbn=978-0-670-87440-8}}
 * {{cite book|title=The New Zealand journal of history, Volumes 4–5|pages=10|publisher=History Department, University of Auckland|year=1970}}
-* {{cite book|title=Ethnographical Considerations on the Whence of the Maori|url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_04/rsnz_04_00_000600.pdf|work=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Volume 4|year=1871|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|pages=22–23}}
+* {{cite journal|title=Ethnographical Considerations on the Whence of the Maori|url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_04/rsnz_04_00_000600.pdf|work=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Volume 4|year=1871|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|pages=22–23}}
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/SriLankans/1/ENZ-Resources/Standard/3/en Picture of the bell] at [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]
+* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/SriLankans/1/ENZ-Resources/Standard/3/en Picture of the bell] at [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]
-*[https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/213397 The Tamil Bell] from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
+* [https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/213397 The Tamil Bell] from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
-[[Category:History of New Zealand]]
+[[Category:Cultural history of New Zealand]]
 [[Category:Tamil history]]
 [[Category:Individual bells]]