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{{Short description|Type of tramway or light rail}} |
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{{distinguish|Light metro|Tram-train}}{{use dmy dates|date=December 2022}} |
{{distinguish|Light metro|Tram-train}}{{use dmy dates|date=December 2022}} |
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[[File:Bruxelles - Brussel - Parvis de Saint-Gilles - Sint-Gillis Voorplein (12038666124).jpg|thumb|upright=1. |
[[File:Bruxelles - Brussel - Parvis de Saint-Gilles - Sint-Gillis Voorplein (12038666124).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Trams at [[Parvis de Saint-Gilles/Sint-Gillis Voorplein premetro station|Saint-Gilles/Sint-Gillis station]] with partially low platforms in [[Brussels]].]] |
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[[File:Stadtbahn Duisburg Hauptbahnhof 1905300952.jpg|thumb|upright=1. |
[[File:Stadtbahn Duisburg Hauptbahnhof 1905300952.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Low platform section for trams at [[Duisburg Hauptbahnhof]] [[Duisburg Stadtbahn|Stadtbahn]] station.]] |
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[[File:067L33100380 2er Linie Ustrab, Umbau für U Bahnbetrieb, Haltestelle Volkstheater, Linie E2, Typ L 543, l3, l3 10.03.1980.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Low platform station for trams in Vienna during transformation. A third rail and emergency stairs from the future high platform have already been installed.]] |
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[[File:Stazione pantano (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Monte Compatri-Pantano (Rome Metro)|Pantano station]] before conversion.]] |
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'''Premetro''' (sometimes '''pre-metro''') is a type of [[light rail|light rail transit]]. Here infrastructure is gradually built with the goal to use [[rapid transit]] trains in the distant future, but using [[tram]]s or light rail vehicles preliminary in the meantime. This infrastructure consists of tunnels and/or viaducts, so vehicles have [[grade separation|no conflicts with other traffic]]. To achieve that these rapid trains will be able to use the infrastructure, wider curves and lesser grades need to be designed and built.<ref name="TRB165">{{cite book |last1=Program |first1=Transit Cooperative Research |title=Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual |date=2013 |publisher=Transportation Research Board |isbn=978-0-309-28344-1 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6c_BngEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=11 Glossary and symbols |quote=pre-metro — a light rail transit system designed with provisions for easy conversion to heavy rail (rail rapid transit).}}</ref><ref name="DLC&C">{{cite book |last1=De Leuw, Cather & Company |title=Light Rail Transit: A State of the Art Review, Executive Summary | quote = This step-by-step planning approach to building rail rapid transit is known as pre-metro, implying the intention to ultimately construct a fully grade separated route to be used by rail rapid transit or ''metro'' trains. |date=1976 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_FyYpNHB0UC |access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jenkin |first1=P. |title=Urban Railways and the Civil Engineer |date=1988 |publisher=Thomas Telford |isbn=978-0-7277-1337-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt1cqH7u0UkC&pg=PA10 |access-date=9 August 2024 |quote=Pre-Metro is an extreme case of light rail, on segregated right of way, and designed to upgrading to metro when passenger demand increases sufficiently.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mattila |first1=Matti |title=Wizzit Magazine 3/2011 |date=5 August 2012 |publisher=Annorlunda Mediatuotanto Oy |isbn=978-1-4478-2842-6 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Gy_r1gCEYUC&pg=PA19 |access-date=9 August 2024 |quote=Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investments costs over time.}}</ref><ref name="SMH">{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RfpjAAAAIBAJ&pg=5235%2C5030573 | author = John Hoyle | title=Letters to the editor -- The tram is the answer | newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] | quote = Cities such as [[Frankfurt]] and Cologne in West Germany have further developed their tramway system by introducing a concept known as "premetro." In this system trams or light rail vehicles make extensive use of tunnels, reserve track and by utilizing folding steps these vehicles can operate through high or low stopping places. | date=16 May 1975 | access-date=2014-01-13}}</ref> |
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== Premetro versus semi-metro == |
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The use of tram vehicles in tunnels originated in the United States in the nineteenth century and was often called "subway–surface line". Later, in the second half of the twentieth century the term "[[semi-metro]]" was coined for tram systems with some sections in tunnels and on viaducts. Only when a semi-metro section is designed for later use of heavy [[rapid transit]] trains, it falls in the premetro category. The large scale report "Light Rail Transit: A State of the Art Review" describes on page 9 the relationship of premetro systems to broader terms as follows: {{Quote frame|Certain design features distinguish these systems from semi-metro or conventional light rail transit systems<ref name="DLC&C" />|align=center |width=55%}} |
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The same distinction is made in glossaries.<ref name="TRB165" /><ref>{{cite web |title=PREMETRO [1 record] | date=8 October 2009 |url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&srchtxt=PREMETRO&i=1&index=ent |publisher=TERMIUM Plus® |access-date=23 July 2024 |quote=Un semi-métro peut constituer une étape intermédiaire vers la constitution d'un véritable métro lorsqu'il est envisagé d'étendre par phases successives le site propre intégral à la totalité de la ligne ou du réseau. Les ouvrages sont alors dimensionnés au gabarit du futur métro et on parle du pré-métro. |language=fr}}</ref> During the period when tram vehicles are used, the specific line falls into the [[light rail]] category.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Transportation Research Board National Research Council |title=Urban Public Transportation Glossary |date=1989 |url=https://trid.trb.org/view/297446 |access-date=16 February 2023 |quote=pre-metro: a light rail transit system designed with provisions for easy conversion to rail rapid transit}}</ref><ref name="UTS&T">{{cite book |last1=Vuchic |first1=Vukan R. |title=Urban transit systems and technology |date=2007 |publisher=J. Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, N.J |isbn=9780471758235 |page=580 |doi=10.1002/9780470168066.fmatter |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9780470168066.fmatter |access-date=7 October 2023 |quote=PREMETRO—An LRT system designed with provisions for easy conversion into RRT (metro).}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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An early example was the [[Tremont Street subway]] (1897) in [[Boston]], today part of the [[MBTA Green Line]]. This tunnel was intended solely to reduce streetcar congestion on surface streets, not for later conversion to metro service.<ref name=cudahy /> However between 1901 and 1908, two out of four tracks were used for rapid transit service including high platforms.<ref name="NYCsw">{{cite web |title=Boston Elevated Railway Company, Main Line Elevated Structure (HAER) |url=https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Boston_Elevated_Railway_Company,_Main_Line_Elevated_Structure_(HAER) |website=www.nycsubway.org |quote="the outer tracks of the Tremont Street Tunnel which was adapted to elevated train use in 1901 by the construction of higher platforms" |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> Several early streetcar tunnels, including the [[Steinway Tunnel]] and [[East Boston Tunnel]], were later converted to metro operation. However, the small [[loading gauge]], [[Minimum railway curve radius|tight curves]], and steep grades of the streetcar tunnels required shorter metro cars than otherwise desirable.<ref name=cudahy>{{cite book |title=Change at Park Street Under |last=Cudahy |first=Brian J. |year=1972 |publisher=Stephen Greene Press |isbn=0828901732 |lccn=72081531 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/changeatparkstre00cuda/page/10 10-11, 31-33] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/changeatparkstre00cuda/page/10 }}</ref> In 1950 Stockholm effectively used a pre-war tramtunnel for its first rapid transit line.<ref name="LURS">{{cite book |last1=Geoffrey |first1=Skelsey |title=Brussels Metro to Grow As Pre-metro Shrinks |date=2018 |publisher=London Underground Railway Society |page=3}}</ref> |
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===Second generation=== |
===Second generation=== |
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The modern premetro concept |
The modern premetro concept {{lang|de|[[Stadtbahn]]}} began in 1960s [[Germany]], as rising traffic congestion due to auto ownership led to the construction of new transit systems. Rather than building costly metro lines immediately, some cities built only the downtown tunnels. They could be used by existing tram lines in the short term, with the intention of full metro conversion later - hence "pre-metro".<ref name="newscientist">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgKLfKjjft8C&pg=PA699 |author=Ian Yearsley |title=Trams are coming back |journal=[[New Scientist]] |publisher=Reed Business Information Ltd. |quote=<!-- But [[West Germany]], like other nations, experienced a phenomenal growth in private car ownership. Traffic congestion led to plans for underground railways. --> But instead of building the entire expensive systems immediately, the Germans hit on the idea of building only the city centre tunnels at first. Intended in the long run to be extended to full undergrounds, in the short term they could be used by trams which would continue to run on the surface outside city centres. The idea spread to other European countries, especially [[Belgium]], where it became known as pre-metro. Today Brussels, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and many other cities are filling their central business districts with construction sites to move the trains underground. |date=21 December 1972 |access-date=2014-01-14}}</ref> The idea spread to other European countries in the 1970s, especially [[Belgium]], where such systems were explicitly named premetros.<ref name="newscientist" /> Also one segment of [[Vienna]]'s [[U2 (Vienna U-Bahn)|U2]] metro line ([[Rathaus (Vienna U-Bahn)|Rathaus]]-[[Museumsquartier (Vienna U-Bahn)|Museumsquartier]]) is an in 1980 converted underground tramway line, which was constructed in 1966. |
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== Examples == |
== Examples == |
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{{Main|List of premetro systems}} |
{{Main|List of premetro systems}} |
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=== Previously converted lines === |
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* [[Line 2 (Rio de Janeiro)]] in [[Brazil]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Araujo |first1=Ricardo Melo |title=Plano conceitual de transporte de passageiros sobre trilhos na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba |date=December 2017 |location=Curitiba |page=36 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325696240 |language=pt |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * [[Brussels Pre-metro]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Une station fantôme au secours du futur Métro Nord de la STIB|url=http://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_une-station-fantome-au-secours-du-futur-metro-nord-de-la-stib?id=8226114|author=Geoffroy Fabre|publisher=[[RTBF]]|date=2014-03-19|access-date=2014-05-09}}</ref> in [[Belgium]] |
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* Two stations of the line ''Roma – Fiuggi – Frosinone'' were converted to metro standards to become part of the [[Line C (Rome Metro)|Rome Line C]]. |
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* [[Charleroi Metro]]<ref name="Charleroi">{{cite web | url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/be/ant/antwerpen.htm | title=Charleroi Premetro | website=UrbanRail.net | quote=The Charleroi Metro is a typical prémétro network, i.e. trams that run underground in the city centre and on viaducts or separate right-of-way through outer parts (similar to German Stadtbahn systems). | year = 2013| access-date=2014-01-22}}</ref> in [[Belgium]] |
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* [[Vienna Pre-metro]] in [[Austria]] |
* [[Vienna Pre-metro]] in [[Austria]] |
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* [[Trams in The Hague]] |
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=== Lines being converted === |
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| ⚫ | * [[Brussels premetro|Brussels Pre-metro]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Une station fantôme au secours du futur Métro Nord de la STIB|url=http://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_une-station-fantome-au-secours-du-futur-metro-nord-de-la-stib?id=8226114|author=Geoffroy Fabre|publisher=[[RTBF]]|date=2014-03-19|access-date=2014-05-09}}</ref> in [[Belgium]] |
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=== Lines without plans to be converted === |
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| ⚫ | |||
* [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram|Metrotram]] in [[Kryvyi Rih]] |
* [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram|Metrotram]] in [[Kryvyi Rih]] |
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* [[Line 1 (Nanhai Tram)|Nanhai Tram Line 1]] in [[Foshan]], [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |
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== |
==See also== |
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*[[Medium-capacity rail system]] |
* [[Medium-capacity rail system]] |
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* [[Stadtbahn]] |
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* [[Train categories in Europe]] |
* [[Train categories in Europe]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
{{reflist|30em}} |
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{{Trams}} |
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[[Category:Light rail]] |
[[Category:Light rail]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:26, 22 November 2024
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Premetro (sometimes pre-metro) is a type of light rail transit. Here infrastructure is gradually built with the goal to use rapid transit trains in the distant future, but using trams or light rail vehicles preliminary in the meantime. This infrastructure consists of tunnels and/or viaducts, so vehicles have no conflicts with other traffic. To achieve that these rapid trains will be able to use the infrastructure, wider curves and lesser grades need to be designed and built.[1][2][3][4][5]
Premetro versus semi-metro
[edit]The use of tram vehicles in tunnels originated in the United States in the nineteenth century and was often called "subway–surface line". Later, in the second half of the twentieth century the term "semi-metro" was coined for tram systems with some sections in tunnels and on viaducts. Only when a semi-metro section is designed for later use of heavy rapid transit trains, it falls in the premetro category. The large scale report "Light Rail Transit: A State of the Art Review" describes on page 9 the relationship of premetro systems to broader terms as follows:
Certain design features distinguish these systems from semi-metro or conventional light rail transit systems[2]
The same distinction is made in glossaries.[1][6] During the period when tram vehicles are used, the specific line falls into the light rail category.[7][8]
History
[edit]An early example was the Tremont Street subway (1897) in Boston, today part of the MBTA Green Line. This tunnel was intended solely to reduce streetcar congestion on surface streets, not for later conversion to metro service.[9] However between 1901 and 1908, two out of four tracks were used for rapid transit service including high platforms.[10] Several early streetcar tunnels, including the Steinway Tunnel and East Boston Tunnel, were later converted to metro operation. However, the small loading gauge, tight curves, and steep grades of the streetcar tunnels required shorter metro cars than otherwise desirable.[9] In 1950 Stockholm effectively used a pre-war tramtunnel for its first rapid transit line.[11]
Second generation
[edit]The modern premetro concept Stadtbahn began in 1960s Germany, as rising traffic congestion due to auto ownership led to the construction of new transit systems. Rather than building costly metro lines immediately, some cities built only the downtown tunnels. They could be used by existing tram lines in the short term, with the intention of full metro conversion later - hence "pre-metro".[12] The idea spread to other European countries in the 1970s, especially Belgium, where such systems were explicitly named premetros.[12] Also one segment of Vienna's U2 metro line (Rathaus-Museumsquartier) is an in 1980 converted underground tramway line, which was constructed in 1966.
Examples
[edit]Previously converted lines
[edit]- Line 2 (Rio de Janeiro) in Brazil[13]
- Two stations of the line Roma – Fiuggi – Frosinone were converted to metro standards to become part of the Rome Line C.
- Vienna Pre-metro in Austria
Lines being converted
[edit]Lines without plans to be converted
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Program, Transit Cooperative Research (2013). "11 Glossary and symbols". Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual. Transportation Research Board. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-309-28344-1.
pre-metro — a light rail transit system designed with provisions for easy conversion to heavy rail (rail rapid transit).
- ^ a b De Leuw, Cather & Company (1976). Light Rail Transit: A State of the Art Review, Executive Summary. p. 47. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
This step-by-step planning approach to building rail rapid transit is known as pre-metro, implying the intention to ultimately construct a fully grade separated route to be used by rail rapid transit or metro trains.
- ^ Jenkin, P. (1988). Urban Railways and the Civil Engineer. Thomas Telford. ISBN 978-0-7277-1337-7. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Pre-Metro is an extreme case of light rail, on segregated right of way, and designed to upgrading to metro when passenger demand increases sufficiently.
- ^ Mattila, Matti (5 August 2012). Wizzit Magazine 3/2011. Annorlunda Mediatuotanto Oy. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4478-2842-6. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investments costs over time.
- ^ John Hoyle (16 May 1975). "Letters to the editor -- The tram is the answer". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Cities such as Frankfurt and Cologne in West Germany have further developed their tramway system by introducing a concept known as "premetro." In this system trams or light rail vehicles make extensive use of tunnels, reserve track and by utilizing folding steps these vehicles can operate through high or low stopping places.
- ^ "PREMETRO [1 record]" (in French). TERMIUM Plus®. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
Un semi-métro peut constituer une étape intermédiaire vers la constitution d'un véritable métro lorsqu'il est envisagé d'étendre par phases successives le site propre intégral à la totalité de la ligne ou du réseau. Les ouvrages sont alors dimensionnés au gabarit du futur métro et on parle du pré-métro.
- ^ Transportation Research Board National Research Council (1989). Urban Public Transportation Glossary. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
pre-metro: a light rail transit system designed with provisions for easy conversion to rail rapid transit
- ^ Vuchic, Vukan R. (2007). Urban transit systems and technology. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley & Sons. p. 580. doi:10.1002/9780470168066.fmatter. ISBN 9780471758235. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
PREMETRO—An LRT system designed with provisions for easy conversion into RRT (metro).
- ^ a b Cudahy, Brian J. (1972). Change at Park Street Under. Stephen Greene Press. pp. 10-11, 31-33. ISBN 0828901732. LCCN 72081531.
- ^ "Boston Elevated Railway Company, Main Line Elevated Structure (HAER)". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
the outer tracks of the Tremont Street Tunnel which was adapted to elevated train use in 1901 by the construction of higher platforms
- ^ Geoffrey, Skelsey (2018). Brussels Metro to Grow As Pre-metro Shrinks. London Underground Railway Society. p. 3.
- ^ a b Ian Yearsley (21 December 1972). "Trams are coming back". New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
But instead of building the entire expensive systems immediately, the Germans hit on the idea of building only the city centre tunnels at first. Intended in the long run to be extended to full undergrounds, in the short term they could be used by trams which would continue to run on the surface outside city centres. The idea spread to other European countries, especially Belgium, where it became known as pre-metro. Today Brussels, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and many other cities are filling their central business districts with construction sites to move the trains underground.
- ^ Araujo, Ricardo Melo (December 2017). Plano conceitual de transporte de passageiros sobre trilhos na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (in Portuguese). Curitiba. p. 36. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Geoffroy Fabre (19 March 2014). "Une station fantôme au secours du futur Métro Nord de la STIB". RTBF. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
- ^ "Antwerpen Tram & Premetro". UrbanRail.net. 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
Antwerpen rail network is a typical premetro network.
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