Jump to content

Pelecyphora vivipara: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
speciesbox
m Changing locally defined but nonexistent Commons category (Category:Pelecyphora vivipara) to the one from Wikidata (Category:Escobaria vivipara)
 
(12 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of cactus}}
{{Short description|Species of cactus}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Escobaria vivipara 2004-07-25.jpg
|image = Escobaria vivipara 6.jpg
|genus = Escobaria
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref =<ref name="Univ. College Mexico Ambiental) 2009 p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Univ. | first1=Martin Terry (Sul Rose State | last2=College | first2=Kenneth Heil (San Juan | last3=Mexico | first3=New | last4=Ambiental) | first4=Rafael Corral-Díaz (Consultor | title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | date=2009-11-17 | url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/152233/121527679 | access-date=2023-11-23 | page=}}</ref>
|status2 = {{TNCStatus}}
|status2_system = TNC
|status2_ref = <ref name="NatureServe">{{cite web |last1=NatureServe |title=''Escobaria vivipara'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.129632/Escobaria_vivipara |access-date=6 January 2024 |location=Arlington, Virginia |date=2024}}</ref>
|genus = Pelecyphora
|species = vivipara
|species = vivipara
|authority = ([[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]) [[Franz Buxbaum|Buxb.]]
|authority = ([[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]) D.Aquino & Dan.Sánchez
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxb.|url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000680682|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.worldfloraonline.org}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxb.|url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000680682|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.worldfloraonline.org}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{Collapsible list|
| synonyms = {{Collapsible list|
*''Escobaria vivipara'' <small>(Nutt.) Buxb.</small>
* ''Cactus radiosus'' var. ''neomexicanus'' <small>(Engelm.) J.M.Coult. </small>
* ''Cactus radiosus'' var. ''neomexicanus'' <small>(Engelm.) J.M.Coult. </small>
* ''Coryphantha aggregata'' <small>(Engelm.) Britton & Rose </small>
* ''Coryphantha aggregata'' <small>(Engelm.) Britton & Rose </small>
Line 56: Line 63:
}}}}
}}}}


'''''Escobaria vivipara''''' is a species of [[cactus]] known by several common names, including '''spinystar''', '''viviparous foxtail cactus''', '''pincushion cactus''' and '''ball cactus'''. It is native to North America, where certain varieties can be found from Mexico to Canada. Most of these varieties are limited to the [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]] and [[Sonoran Desert]]s. The species epithet ''"vivipara"'' is due to the species' [[Vivipary|viviparous]] reproductive habit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Tree Collections |url=https://apps.cals.arizona.edu/search |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=apps.cals.arizona.edu |language=en}}</ref>
'''''Pelecyphora vivipara''''' is a species of [[cactus]] known by several common names, including '''spinystar''', '''viviparous foxtail cactus''', '''pincushion cactus''' and '''ball cactus'''. It is native to North America, where certain varieties can be found from Mexico to Canada. Most of these varieties are limited to the [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]] and [[Sonoran Desert]]s. The species epithet ''"vivipara"'' is due to the species' [[Vivipary|viviparous]] reproductive habit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Tree Collections |url=https://apps.cals.arizona.edu/search |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=apps.cals.arizona.edu |language=en}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
This is a small round cactus growing to a maximum height of about {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, often remaining smaller and oblong or spherical. It is densely covered in a mat of star-shaped arrays of straight white spines {{convert|1|to|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} long. It flowers in yellow, pink, red, or purple blooms {{convert|2|-|5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} across.<ref>''Jepson Manual''. 1993</ref><ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Coffin|author2=Lee Pfannmuller|title=Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfWNq91AjeoC|year=1988|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1689-3|page=82}}</ref>
''Pelecyphora vivipara'' rarely grows individually and usually forms groups. This is a small round cactus growing to a maximum height of about {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, often remaining smaller and oblong or spherical. It is densely covered in a mat of star-shaped arrays of straight white spines {{convert|1|to|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} long. It flowers in yellow, pink, red, or purple blooms {{convert|2|-|5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} across.<ref>''Jepson Manual''. 1993</ref><ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Coffin|author2=Lee Pfannmuller|title=Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfWNq91AjeoC|year=1988|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1689-3|page=82}}</ref> Their conspicuous warts are up to {{convert|12|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} long. The often hair-like spines are translucent and shiny. The three to seven uniformly orange or brown colored central spines are spreading and strong. The approximately 16 radiating marginal spines are white.


The flowers are bright pink to purple. They are up to 6 centimeters long and reach a diameter of 5 centimeters. The green, ellipsoid fruits are up to 2.5 centimeters long and 1.5 centimeters in diameter. They are often covered with scales at their tip.<ref name="Anderson Eggli 2005 p. 277–278">{{cite book | last1=Anderson | first1=Edward F. | last2=Eggli | first2=Urs | title=Das grosse Kakteen-Lexikon | publisher=Ulmer | publication-place=Stuttgart (Hohenheim) | date=2005 | isbn=3-8001-4573-1 | language=de | pages=277–278}}</ref>
⚫
==Varieties==
<gallery>
File:Escobaria vivipara 2004-07-25.jpg| Plant
File:Coryphantha vivipara - Flickr - aspidoscelis (3).jpg|spines
File:Coryphantha vivipara - Flickr - aspidoscelis.jpg|Pelecyphora vivipara in southwestern foothills of Sierra Blanca, north of Cat Mountain, Otero County, New Mexico.
File:Coryphantha vivipara 7480.jpg|Pelecyphora vivipara blooming in Grand Canyon Village on the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park
File:Escobaria deserti 2.jpg|Pelecyphora vivipara in Red Rock Canyon near Las Vegas, Nevada
</gallery>
⚫
===Varieties===
Varieties include:<ref>USDA. 2009</ref>
Varieties include:<ref>USDA. 2009</ref>
*''Escobaria vivipara'' var. ''arizonica'' (Arizona spinystar) – native to the desert southwest of the United States
*''Pelecyphora vivipara'' var. ''arizonica'' (Arizona spinystar) – native to the desert southwest of the United States
*''Escobaria vivipara'' var. ''bisbeeana'' (Bisbee spinystar) – native to [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]]
*''Pelecyphora vivipara'' var. ''bisbeeana'' (Bisbee spinystar) – native to [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]]
*''Escobaria vivipara'' var. ''deserti'' (Desert spinystar) – found in the desert southwest
*''Pelecyphora vivipara'' var. ''deserti'' (Desert spinystar) – found in the desert southwest
*''Escobaria vivipara'' var. ''kaibabensis'' (Kaibab spinystar) – mostly limited to Arizona
*''Pelecyphora vivipara'' var. ''kaibabensis'' (Kaibab spinystar) – mostly limited to Arizona
*''Escobaria vivipara'' var. ''neomexicana'' (New Mexico spinystar) – native to New Mexico and [[Texas]]
*''Pelecyphora vivipara'' var. ''neomexicana'' (New Mexico spinystar) – native to New Mexico and [[Texas]]
*''Escobaria vivipara'' var. ''vivipara'' – known as far north as [[Manitoba]]
*''Pelecyphora vivipara'' var. ''vivipara'' – known as far north as [[Manitoba]]


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The species has a broad range across the western interior of North America, from northern Mexico to the Canadian prairies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pincushion Cactus - Escobaria vivipara |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/152233/121527679 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref> Its distribution in the early [[Holocene]] era is known to have differed locally from its present range. From [[pollen core]] data, a portion of the [[prehistoric]] distribution of this species has been mapped; for example in the [[Late Wisconsin]] period, ''Escobaria vivipara'' occurred in the [[Waterman Mountains]] ([[Coconino County, Arizona|Coconino County]]) of northern [[Arizona]], (the [[Waterman Mountains]] are in SE [[Arizona]]), although the species does not occur in this location in the present time.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</ref>
The species has a broad range across the western interior of North America, from northern Mexico to the Canadian prairies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pincushion Cactus - Escobaria vivipara |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/152233/121527679 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref> Its distribution in the early [[Holocene]] era is known to have differed locally from its present range. From [[pollen core]] data, a portion of the [[prehistoric]] distribution of this species has been mapped; for example in the [[Late Wisconsin]] period, ''Pelecyphora vivipara'' occurred in the [[Waterman Mountains]] ([[Coconino County, Arizona|Coconino County]]) of northern [[Arizona]], (the [[Waterman Mountains]] are in SE [[Arizona]]), although the species does not occur in this location in the present time.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</ref>


In the US state of [[Minnesota]], it is listed as a threatened species and is at the most easterly extent of its natural range; it is rare in the state and found in a narrow section of the western part of the state, where it is found growing in crevices and outcroppings of granite.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/> It consists of one population that in the past was recorded by Lycurgus Moyer, who found it in 1898, as "quite abundant", but because of habitat loss due to farming, its numbers have declined.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/> The remaining plants are also threatened by illegal harvesting by cactus fanciers, who plant it in [[rock garden]]s and windowsills.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/>
In the US state of [[Minnesota]], it is listed as a threatened species and is at the most easterly extent of its natural range; it is rare in the state and found in a narrow section of the western part of the state, where it is found growing in crevices and outcroppings of granite.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/> It consists of one population that in the past was recorded by Lycurgus Moyer, who found it in 1898, as "quite abundant", but because of habitat loss due to farming, its numbers have declined.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/> The remaining plants are also threatened by illegal harvesting by cactus fanciers, who plant it in [[rock garden]]s and windowsills.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/>


Notably, ''Escobaria vivipara'' is one of only four cactus species native to Canada, growing in the southern prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cactus {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cactus |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>
Notably, ''Pelecyphora vivipara'' is one of only four cactus species native to Canada, growing in the southern prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cactus {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cactus |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>


<gallery>
<gallery>
Line 81: Line 96:
File:Escobaria vivipara (4008222754).jpg|Characteristic reddish spines
File:Escobaria vivipara (4008222754).jpg|Characteristic reddish spines
</gallery>
</gallery>
==Taxonomy==

The first description as ''Cactus viviparus'' by Thomas Nuttall was published in 1813.<ref name="Greene 1889 m008">{{cite book | last=Greene | first=Edward Lee | title=Pittonia | publisher=Doxey & Co. [etc.] | volume=v.2 (1889-1892) | date=1889 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15255112 | access-date=2023-11-23}}</ref> The specific epithet vivipara is derived from the Latin word viviparus and means 'living birth'. The reference to the species is unclear. Franz Buxbaum placed the species in the genus ''Escobaria'' in 1951.<ref name="Buxbaum 1951 pp. 44–104">{{cite journal | last=Buxbaum | first=Franz | title=Die Phylogenie der nordamerikanischen Echinocacteen.Trib. Euechinocactineae F. Buxb | journal=Sterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=98 | issue=1–2 | year=1951 | issn=0378-2697 | doi=10.1007/bf01289304 | pages=44–104 | language=de}}</ref> David Aquino & Daniel Sánchez moved the species to ''Pelecyphora'' based on [[phylogenetic]] studies in 2022.<ref name="Sánchez Vázquez-Benítez Vázquez-Sánchez Aquino 2022 pp. 115–165">{{cite journal | last1=Sánchez | first1=Daniel | last2=Vázquez-Benítez | first2=Balbina | last3=Vázquez-Sánchez | first3=Monserrat | last4=Aquino | first4=David | last5=Arias | first5=Salvador | title=Phylogenetic relationships in Coryphantha and implications on Pelecyphora and Escobaria (Cacteae, Cactoideae, Cactaceae) | journal=PhytoKeys | publisher=Pensoft Publishers | issue=188 | date=2022-01-21 | issn=1314-2003 | doi=10.3897/phytokeys.188.75739 | pages=115–165 | doi-access=free | pmid=35106054 | pmc=8799629 }}</ref> Further [[Synonym (taxonomy)|nomenclature synonyms]] are ''Mammillaria vivipara'' (Nutt.) Haw. (1819), ''Echinocactus viviparus'' (Nutt.) Poselg. (1853), ''Mammillaria radiosa'' f. ''vivipara'' (Nutt.) Schelle (1907, incorrect name ICBN article 11.4) and ''Coryphantha vivipara'' (Nutt.) Britton & Rose (1913).
==Notes==
⚫
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}
* C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307155812/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=90792 ''Elephant Tree: Bursera microphylla'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg]
* C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307155812/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=90792 ''Elephant Tree: Bursera microphylla'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg]
* ''Jepson Manual''. 1993. [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2702,2712,2713 ''Escobaria vivipara''. University of California, Berkeley]
* ''Jepson Manual''. 1993. [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2702,2712,2713 ''Escobaria vivipara''. University of California, Berkeley]
Line 98: Line 113:
{{Taxonbar|from=Q141208}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q141208}}


[[Category:Escobaria|vivipara]]
[[Category:Pelecyphora|vivipara]]
[[Category:Cacti of Canada]]
[[Category:Cacti of Canada]]
[[Category:Cacti of Mexico]]
[[Category:Cacti of Mexico]]

Latest revision as of 09:03, 22 November 2024

Pelecyphora vivipara

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Subfamily: Cactoideae
Genus: Pelecyphora
Species:
P. vivipara
Binomial name
Pelecyphora vivipara
(Nutt.) D.Aquino & Dan.Sánchez
Synonyms[3]
List
    • Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxb.
    • Cactus radiosus var. neomexicanus (Engelm.) J.M.Coult.
    • Coryphantha aggregata (Engelm.) Britton & Rose
    • Coryphantha alversonii (Coult.) Orcutt
    • Coryphantha alversonii var. exaltissima Wiegand & Backeb.
    • Coryphantha arizonica (Engelm.) Britton & Rose
    • Coryphantha bisbeeana Orcutt
    • Coryphantha fragrans Hester
    • Coryphantha neomexicana (Engelm.) Britton & Rose
    • Coryphantha neovivipara (Viv.) Y.Itô
    • Coryphantha neovivipara var. aggregata (Engelm.) Y.Itô
    • Coryphantha neovivipara var. arizonica (Engelm.) Y.Itô
    • Coryphantha neovivipara var. neomexicana (Engelm.) Y.Itô
    • Coryphantha neovivipara var. radiosa (Engelm.) Y.Itô
    • Coryphantha radiosa (Engelm.) Rydb.
    • Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose
    • Coryphantha vivipara f. sonorensis P.C.Fisch.
    • Coryphantha vivipara var. aggregata (Engelm.) W.T.Marshall
    • Coryphantha vivipara var. arizonica (Engelm.) W.T.Marshall
    • Coryphantha vivipara var. bisbeeana (Orcutt) L.D.Benson
    • Coryphantha vivipara var. buoflama P.C.Fisch.
    • Coryphantha vivipara var. kaibabensis P.C.Fisch.
    • Coryphantha vivipara var. neomexicana (Engelm.) Backeb.
    • Coryphantha vivipara var. radiosa (Engelm.) Backeb.
    • Coryphantha vivipara var. rosea (Clokey) L.D.Benson
    • Escobaria aggregata (Engelm.) Buxb.
    • Escobaria arizonica (Engelm.) Buxb.
    • Escobaria bisbeeana (Orcutt) Borg
    • Escobaria neomexicana (Engelm.) Buxb.
    • Escobaria oklahomensis (Lahman) Buxb.
    • Escobaria vivipara var. arizonica (Engelm.) D.R.Hunt
    • Escobaria vivipara var. bisbeeana (Orcutt) D.R.Hunt
    • Escobaria vivipara var. buoflama (P.C.Fisch.) N.P.Taylor
    • Escobaria vivipara var. kaibabensis (P.C.Fisch.) N.P.Taylor
    • Escobaria vivipara var. neomexicana (Engelm.) Buxb.
    • Escobaria vivipara var. radiosa (Engelm.) D.R.Hunt
    • Escobaria vivipara var. rosea (Clokey) D.R.Hunt
    • Mammillaria arizonica Engelm.
    • Mammillaria arizonica var. alversonii (J.M. Coult.) Davidson & Moxley
    • Mammillaria neomexicana A. Nelson
    • Mammillaria radiosa Engelm.
    • Mammillaria radiosa var. alversonii (J.M. Coult.) K. Schum.
    • Mammillaria radiosa var. arizonica (Engelm.) K. Schum.
    • Mammillaria radiosa var. vivipara (Nutt.) Schelle
    • Mammillaria vivipara (Nutt.) Haw.
    • Mammillaria vivipara subsp. radiosa Engelm.
    • Mammillaria vivipara var. alversonii (J.M. Coult.) L.D. Benson
    • Mammillaria vivipara var. radiosa Engelm.

Pelecyphora vivipara is a species of cactus known by several common names, including spinystar, viviparous foxtail cactus, pincushion cactus and ball cactus. It is native to North America, where certain varieties can be found from Mexico to Canada. Most of these varieties are limited to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts. The species epithet "vivipara" is due to the species' viviparous reproductive habit.[4]

Description

[edit]

Pelecyphora vivipara rarely grows individually and usually forms groups. This is a small round cactus growing to a maximum height of about 15 cm (6 in), often remaining smaller and oblong or spherical. It is densely covered in a mat of star-shaped arrays of straight white spines 1 to 2.5 cm (3⁄8 to 1 in) long. It flowers in yellow, pink, red, or purple blooms 2–5 cm (3⁄4–2 in) across.[5][6] Their conspicuous warts are up to 12 mm (1⁄2 in) long. The often hair-like spines are translucent and shiny. The three to seven uniformly orange or brown colored central spines are spreading and strong. The approximately 16 radiating marginal spines are white.

The flowers are bright pink to purple. They are up to 6 centimeters long and reach a diameter of 5 centimeters. The green, ellipsoid fruits are up to 2.5 centimeters long and 1.5 centimeters in diameter. They are often covered with scales at their tip.[7]

  • Plant
    Plant
  • spines
    spines
  • Pelecyphora vivipara in southwestern foothills of Sierra Blanca, north of Cat Mountain, Otero County, New Mexico.
    Pelecyphora vivipara in southwestern foothills of Sierra Blanca, north of Cat Mountain, Otero County, New Mexico.
  • Pelecyphora vivipara blooming in Grand Canyon Village on the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park
    Pelecyphora vivipara blooming in Grand Canyon Village on the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park
  • Pelecyphora vivipara in Red Rock Canyon near Las Vegas, Nevada
    Pelecyphora vivipara in Red Rock Canyon near Las Vegas, Nevada

Varieties

[edit]

Varieties include:[8]

  • Pelecyphora vivipara var. arizonica (Arizona spinystar) – native to the desert southwest of the United States
  • Pelecyphora vivipara var. bisbeeana (Bisbee spinystar) – native to Arizona and New Mexico
  • Pelecyphora vivipara var. deserti (Desert spinystar) – found in the desert southwest
  • Pelecyphora vivipara var. kaibabensis (Kaibab spinystar) – mostly limited to Arizona
  • Pelecyphora vivipara var. neomexicana (New Mexico spinystar) – native to New Mexico and Texas
  • Pelecyphora vivipara var. vivipara – known as far north as Manitoba

Distribution

[edit]

The species has a broad range across the western interior of North America, from northern Mexico to the Canadian prairies.[9] Its distribution in the early Holocene era is known to have differed locally from its present range. From pollen core data, a portion of the prehistoric distribution of this species has been mapped; for example in the Late Wisconsin period, Pelecyphora vivipara occurred in the Waterman Mountains (Coconino County) of northern Arizona, (the Waterman Mountains are in SE Arizona), although the species does not occur in this location in the present time.[10]

In the US state of Minnesota, it is listed as a threatened species and is at the most easterly extent of its natural range; it is rare in the state and found in a narrow section of the western part of the state, where it is found growing in crevices and outcroppings of granite.[6] It consists of one population that in the past was recorded by Lycurgus Moyer, who found it in 1898, as "quite abundant", but because of habitat loss due to farming, its numbers have declined.[6] The remaining plants are also threatened by illegal harvesting by cactus fanciers, who plant it in rock gardens and windowsills.[6]

Notably, Pelecyphora vivipara is one of only four cactus species native to Canada, growing in the southern prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba.[11]

  • Flowering specimen near Phillips, Montana, USA
    Flowering specimen near Phillips, Montana, USA
  • Characteristic reddish spines
    Characteristic reddish spines

Taxonomy

[edit]

The first description as Cactus viviparus by Thomas Nuttall was published in 1813.[12] The specific epithet vivipara is derived from the Latin word viviparus and means 'living birth'. The reference to the species is unclear. Franz Buxbaum placed the species in the genus Escobaria in 1951.[13] David Aquino & Daniel Sánchez moved the species to Pelecyphora based on phylogenetic studies in 2022.[14] Further nomenclature synonyms are Mammillaria vivipara (Nutt.) Haw. (1819), Echinocactus viviparus (Nutt.) Poselg. (1853), Mammillaria radiosa f. vivipara (Nutt.) Schelle (1907, incorrect name ICBN article 11.4) and Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose (1913).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Univ., Martin Terry (Sul Rose State; College, Kenneth Heil (San Juan; Mexico, New; Ambiental), Rafael Corral-Díaz (Consultor (2009-11-17). "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  2. ^ NatureServe (2024). "Escobaria vivipara". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxb". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  4. ^ "Search Tree Collections". apps.cals.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  5. ^ Jepson Manual. 1993
  6. ^ a b c d Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988). Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna. U of Minnesota Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8166-1689-3.
  7. ^ Anderson, Edward F.; Eggli, Urs (2005). Das grosse Kakteen-Lexikon (in German). Stuttgart (Hohenheim): Ulmer. pp. 277–278. ISBN 3-8001-4573-1.
  8. ^ USDA. 2009
  9. ^ "Pincushion Cactus - Escobaria vivipara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  10. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009
  11. ^ "Cactus | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  12. ^ Greene, Edward Lee (1889). Pittonia. Vol. v.2 (1889-1892). Doxey & Co. [etc.] Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  13. ^ Buxbaum, Franz (1951). "Die Phylogenie der nordamerikanischen Echinocacteen.Trib. Euechinocactineae F. Buxb". Sterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift (in German). 98 (1–2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 44–104. doi:10.1007/bf01289304. ISSN 0378-2697.
  14. ^ Sánchez, Daniel; Vázquez-Benítez, Balbina; Vázquez-Sánchez, Monserrat; Aquino, David; Arias, Salvador (2022-01-21). "Phylogenetic relationships in Coryphantha and implications on Pelecyphora and Escobaria (Cacteae, Cactoideae, Cactaceae)". PhytoKeys (188). Pensoft Publishers: 115–165. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.188.75739. ISSN 1314-2003. PMC 8799629. PMID 35106054.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pelecyphora_vivipara&oldid=1258911436"