Murud-Janjira: Difference between revisions

Murud-Janjira
	Murud Janjira Fort
	Murud-Janjira Location in Maharashtra, India Murud-Janjira Murud-Janjira (Maharashtra)
Location	Raigad district, Maharashtra, India
Coordinates	18°17′59″N 72°57′52″E / 18.299589°N 72.964425°E
Type	Fortress

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Murud-Janjira (pron.^ⓘ) is the local name of a famous fort and tourist spot situated on an island just off the coastal town of Murud, in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, India.^[1] Malik Ambar is credited with the construction of the Janjira Fort in the Murud Area of present-day Maharashtra India.^[2] After its construction in 1567 AD, the fort was key to the Sidis withstanding various invasion attempts by the Marathas, Mughals, and Portuguese to capture Janjira.^[3]

Origins of the name

The word Janjira is a corruption of the word "jazira", which means "island" in the Arabic language. Murud was once known in Marathi as Habsan ("of the Habshi", that is, the Abyssinians). The name of the fort is a concatenation of the Konkani and Marathi words, "murud" and "Janjiri". The word "morod" is peculiar to Konkani and is absent in Marathi.^[4]

Itbarrao Koli & Malik Ambar of Janjira

Itbarrao Koli was the Patil of Janjira Island and a chief of the Kolis who built this island in the 15th century for Kolis to live on peacefully away from pirates. The origin the old Wooden Garrison can be traced down to the fifteenth century when some local fishermen of Rajapuri constructed a small wooden fort on a huge rock to protect themselves and their families from the pirates. However, the Nizam Shahi Sultan of Ahmednagar wanted to capture this wooden garrison purely for strategic reasons, and when his general Piram Khan captured it, Malik Ambar—his spokesperson who was also an Abyssinian regent of Siddi origin—decided to construct a solid rock fortress in place of the original wooden structure. This fort was originally called Jazeera Mahroob Jazeera.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Major features

Murud-Janjira Fort is situated on an oval-shaped rock off the Arabian Sea coast near the port city of Murud, 165 km (103 mi) south of Mumbai, in the middle of the western Indian coastline. Janjira is considered one of the strongest coastal forts in India. The fort is approached by sailboats from Rajapuri jetty.

The main gate of the fort faces Rajapuri on the shore and can be seen only when one is about 40 feet (12 m) away from it. It has a small postern gate towards the open sea for escape.

The fort has 26 artillery towers still intact. There are many cannons of native and European make rusting on the towers. Now in ruins, the fort in its heyday was a full-fledged living fort with all the necessary facilities, such as barracks, quarters for officers, a mosque, two small 60-foot-deep (18 m) fresh water ponds and so on.^[10] On the outer wall flanking the main gate, there is a sculpture depicting a tiger-like beast clasping elephants in its claws.

The palace of the Nawabs of Janjira at Murud is still in good shape.^{[citation needed]}

A special attraction of this fort are 3 gigantic cannons named Kalaal Baangadi, Chavri and Landa Kasam. These cannons were said to be feared for their shooting range.^[11] Another gate to the west is sea-facing, called 'Darya Darwaza'.

There is another fortress which is located on top of the hill around 32 km (20 mi) east of Murud-Janjira, named Ghosalgad, that was used as an outpost by the rulers of Janjira.^[12]

During its heyday, the island fort boasted 572 cannons.^[13]

Visitors can gain access to the Janjira fort from Rajapuri, a small village on the coast. After a short ride in a small boat, one can enter the fort through the main entrance. The fort is oval shaped instead of the usual oblong or square shape. The fort wall is about 40 feet high and has 19 rounded porches or arches, some of which still have cannons mounted on them, including the famous cannon Kalaal Baangadi. These cannons were greatly responsible for repelling oncoming enemies from the sea. Inside the fort walls are the ruins of a mosque, a palace and bath with water channelled from streams. There is evidence that royal ladies occupied quarters here. A deep well, still functional, provides fresh water despite the fort being surrounded by salt water.

On the island's outer wall is a luxurious mansion, the Palace of the Nawab. Built by the former Nawab of Janjira, it commands a panoramic view of the Arabian sea and the Janjira sea fort.^{[citation needed]}

History

In early 1100 AD, the Abyssinian Sidis established the Janjira and Jafarabad state.^[14]

In 1539, According to accounts written by the Portuguese admiral Fernão Mendes Pinto, the Ottoman fleet that first arrived in Aceh (prior to the Ottoman expedition to Aceh led by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis), included 200 Malabar sailors from Janjira to aid the region of Batak and Maritime Southeast Asia.^[15] Later, in 1621, the Siddis of Janjira became exceptionally powerful as an autonomous state to the point that the commander of Janjira, Siddi Ambar the Little, successfully defied his overlord Malik Ambar's attempt to replace him. Siddi Ambar the Little is accordingly considered the first Nawab of Janjira state.^[16]

The island fortress was under control of the Adil Shahi dynasty until the reign of Ibrahim II when the Janjira fort was lost to the Siddis.^[17] Major historical figures from Murud-Janjira include men such as Sidi Hilal, Yahya Saleh and Sidi Yaqub.

In the late 1600's, during the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Sidi Yaqut received a subsidy of 400,000 rupees. He also owned large ships which weighed 300–400 tons. According to records, these ships were unsuitable for fighting on the open sea against European warships, but their size allowed for transporting soldiers for amphibious operations.^[18]

Despite repeated attempts by the Portuguese, the British and the Maratha to subdue the island fortress, all of these efforts failed to displace the island's Siddi rulers. The Siddis were themselves allied with the Mughal Empire.

One example of such a failed attack was the account of the 10,000 soldiers who were sent by the Maratha Peshwa Moropant Trimbak Pingle, and who were roundly repulsed by the Janjira army in 1676.^[19] During this Maratha assault, the Marathas, led by Shivaji, attempted to scale the 12-meter-high (39 ft) granite walls but failed in their attempts. Shivaji's son Sambhaji even attempted to tunnel his way into the fort and was very close to capturing the fort. His attempt was thwarted when a Mughal army attacked the Maratha capital city, forcing Sambhaji to withdraw his forces from the siege and return to the Maratha capital.^[20] He built another sea fort in 1676, known as Padmadurg or Kasa fort, to challenge Janjira. It is located northwest of Janjira. Padmadurg took 22 years to build and is constructed on 22 acres of land.

The small freshwater pond inside Janjira fort

In the year 1736, the Siddis of Murud-Janjira set out in a battle with the forces of the Peshwa Baji Rao. On 19 April 1736, the Maratha warriors Nanaji Surve and Chimaji Appa attacked the gathering forces in the encampments of the Siddis near Rewas. Chimaji Appa advised Siddi Sat to run from battle field otherwise Nanajirao will have no mercy on him but Siddi Sat captured Nanajirao Surve and took him to Sagargad fort. Nanajirao rescued himself and beheaded Siddi Sat along with his entire family and his army. Nanajirao Surve was rewarded with village name Kusgao ^[21] When the confrontation ended, 1,500 Siddis, including their leader Siddi Sat, had been killed. Peace was brokered in September 1736, but the Siddis were confined to only Janjira, Gowalkot, and Anjanvel, with their power greatly reduced. However, Janjira remained unconquered until it became part of Indian territory after independence from the British in 1947.^[22]

Sources

Imperial Gazetteer of India, 2. A., 26 Bde., Oxford 1908–1931
Malleson, G. B.: An Historical Sketch of the Native States of India, London 1875, Reprint Delhi 1984
Schwartzberg, Joseph E., Hrsg.: A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 2. A., New York/Oxford 1992, ISBN 0-19-506869-6
http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Forts/Forts.aspx?strpage=Murud_JanjiraForts.html Maharashtra - Murud Janjira Forts Official Govt. Page

References

^ Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. p. 403. ISBN 0-85229-762-9. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2020). The Fort of Janjira. Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad: University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center. pp. 167–183. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Kainthla, Anita (August 2011). "The Invincible Fort of Murud Janjira". India Currents. 25 (5): 56–57 – via ProQuest.
^ Richard, M. Eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 1], ["The" new Cambridge history of India A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Richard Maxwell Eaton. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0521254841. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
^ Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. Cuvillier Verlag. ISBN 9783865372062.
^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kola'ba and Janjira. Government Central Press. 1883.
^ Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125004851.
^ Jayasuriya, Shihan de S.; Pankhurst, Richard (2003). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Africa World Press. ISBN 9780865439801.
^ Gaikwad, Dr Hemantraje (2019). Shivaji Maharaj The Greatest (in Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789353222628.
^ http://murudjanjira.blogspot.in/ ^{[user-generated source]}
^ Gunaji, Milind (2003). Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 23. ISBN 8171546692.
^ Gunaji, Milind (2010). Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 20 of 260. ISBN 978-8179915783. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
^ Verma, Bharat (19 January 2010). Indian Defence Review, Volume 24 (illustrated ed.). Lancer Publishers, 2010. pp. 49, 156. ISBN 978-8170621720.
^ Boyce, Carole Elizabeth (2008). Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture [3 volumes]: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 106. ISBN 978-1851097050.
^ Cambridge Illustrated Atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792 by Jeremy Black. p.17 [1]
^ Hawley, John C. (25 June 2008). India in Africa, Africa in India: Indian Ocean Cosmopolitanisms. Indiana University Press. pp. 255–256. ISBN 978-0253003164.
^ Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. p. 176. ISBN 978-8131732021.
^ Roy, Kaushik (30 March 2011). War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 (Volume 3 Asian States and Empires ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 13. ISBN 9781136790874. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
^ Kyd Nairne, Alexander (1894). History of the Konkan (Reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 71 of 131. ISBN 8120602757. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ India, Lonely Planet.
^ Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) By G.S.Chhabra
^ Soni, Mayank (16 May 2023). BBC Reel: A marvel of engineering on India's west coast (Video). BBC.

External links

Short BBC video on the fort [2]

[dale-1] Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. p. 403. ISBN 0-85229-762-9. Retrieved 17 March 2009.

[2] Sohoni, Pushkar (2020). The Fort of Janjira. Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad: University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center. pp. 167–183. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[3] Kainthla, Anita (August 2011). "The Invincible Fort of Murud Janjira". India Currents. 25 (5): 56–57 – via ProQuest.

[4] Richard, M. Eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 1], ["The" new Cambridge history of India A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Richard Maxwell Eaton. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0521254841. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[5] Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. Cuvillier Verlag. ISBN 9783865372062.

[6] Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kola'ba and Janjira. Government Central Press. 1883.

[7] Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125004851.

[8] Jayasuriya, Shihan de S.; Pankhurst, Richard (2003). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Africa World Press. ISBN 9780865439801.

[9] Gaikwad, Dr Hemantraje (2019). Shivaji Maharaj The Greatest (in Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789353222628.

[10] ttp://murudjanjira.blogspot.in/ ^{[user-generated source]}

[11] Gunaji, Milind (2003). Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 23. ISBN 8171546692.

[12] Gunaji, Milind (2010). Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 20 of 260. ISBN 978-8179915783. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[13] Verma, Bharat (19 January 2010). Indian Defence Review, Volume 24 (illustrated ed.). Lancer Publishers, 2010. pp. 49, 156. ISBN 978-8170621720.

[Segal_2001,_71-14] Boyce, Carole Elizabeth (2008). Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture [3 volumes]: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 106. ISBN 978-1851097050.

[15] Cambridge Illustrated Atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792 by Jeremy Black. p.17 [1]

[16] Hawley, John C. (25 June 2008). India in Africa, Africa in India: Indian Ocean Cosmopolitanisms. Indiana University Press. pp. 255–256. ISBN 978-0253003164.

[17] Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. p. 176. ISBN 978-8131732021.

[18] Roy, Kaushik (30 March 2011). War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 (Volume 3 Asian States and Empires ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 13. ISBN 9781136790874. Retrieved 15 January 2016.

[19] Kyd Nairne, Alexander (1894). History of the Konkan (Reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 71 of 131. ISBN 8120602757. Retrieved 29 October 2015.

[20] India, Lonely Planet.

[21] Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) By G.S.Chhabra

[bbc-22] Soni, Mayank (16 May 2023). BBC Reel: A marvel of engineering on India's west coast (Video). BBC.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
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-{{Infobox ancient site|name=Murud-Janjira|native_name=|native_name_lang=|alternate_name=|image=Murud Janjira Panoramic View.jpg|image_size=250px|alt=|caption=Murud Janjira Fort view from ferry point in Rajapuri|map=|map_type=India#India Maharashtra|map_alt=|map_caption=Location in Maharashtra, India|map_size=|altitude_m=<!-- Enter a number for altitude in meters (m) -->|altitude_ref=|relief=yes|coordinates={{coord|18.299589|72.964425|display=inline,title}}|map_dot_label=Murud-Janjira|location=[[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]|region=|type=Fortress|part_of=|builder=|material=|built=|abandoned=|epochs=|cultures=|condition=|ownership=|management=|public_access=|other_designation=|website=|architectural_styles=|architectural_details=|notes=}}
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-'''Murud-Janjira''' ({{audio|Murud-Janjira.ogg|pron.}}) is the local name of a famous fort and tourist spot situated on an island just off the coastal town of [[Murud, Raigad|Murud]], in the [[Raigad district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="dale">{{cite book |last=Hoiberg |first=Dale |author2=Indu Ramchandani |title=Students' Britannica India |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |pages=403 |isbn=0-85229-762-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&q=murud+janjira+fort&pg=PA403 |access-date=2009-03-17}}</ref>
+|management=
+|public_access=
+|other_designation=
+|website=
+|architectural_styles=
+|architectural_details=
+|notes=
+}}
+'''Murud-Janjira''' ({{audio|Murud-Janjira.ogg|pron.}}) is the local name of a famous fort and tourist spot situated on an island just off the coastal town of [[Murud, Raigad|Murud]], in the [[Raigad district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="dale">{{cite book |last=Hoiberg |first=Dale |author2=Indu Ramchandani |title=Students' Britannica India |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |pages=403 |isbn=0-85229-762-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&q=murud+janjira+fort&pg=PA403 |access-date=2009-03-17}}</ref> [[Malik Ambar]] is credited with the construction of the Janjira Fort in the Murud Area of present-day [[Maharashtra]] India.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |title=The Fort of Janjira |work=African Rulers and Generals in India |publisher=University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center |year=2020 |location=Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad |pages=167–183}}</ref>''' After its construction in 1567 AD, the fort was key to the Sidis withstanding various invasion attempts by the Marathas, Mughals, and Portuguese to capture Janjira.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kainthla|first=Anita|date=Aug 2011|title=The Invincible Fort of Murud Janjira|journal=India Currents|volume=25|issue=5|pages=56–57|via=ProQuest}}</ref>
 ==Origins of the name==
-The word Janjira is a corruption of the word "jazira", which means "island" in the Arabic language. Murud was once known in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''Habsan'' ("of the [[Habshi]]", that is, the [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinians]]). The name of the fort is a concatenation of the [[Konkani]] and Marathi words, "murud" and "Janjiri". The word "morod" is peculiar to Konkani and is absent in Marathi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richard|first1=M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 1], ["The" new Cambridge history of India A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Richard Maxwell Eaton|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521254841|page=127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&q=murud+janjira&pg=PA127|access-date=30 October 2015|ref=A. Razzaq M. H. Peshimam, a Short story; A.A Kadiri. "Inscription of the Sidi chiefs of Janjira," Epigraphia Indica, Arab and Persian Supplement; 1966; P. 55-76}}</ref>
+The word Janjira is a corruption of the word "jazira", which means "island" in the Arabic language. Murud was once known in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''Habsan'' ("of the [[Habshi]]", that is, the [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinians]]). The name of the fort is a concatenation of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and Marathi words, "murud" and "Janjiri". The word "morod" is peculiar to Konkani and is absent in Marathi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richard|first1=M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 1], ["The" new Cambridge history of India A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Richard Maxwell Eaton|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521254841|page=127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&q=murud+janjira&pg=PA127|access-date=30 October 2015|ref=A. Razzaq M. H. Peshimam, a Short story; A.A Kadiri. "Inscription of the Sidi chiefs of Janjira," Epigraphia Indica, Arab and Persian Supplement; 1966; P. 55-76}}</ref>
-== Ramrao Patil of Janjira ==
+== Itbarrao Koli & Malik Ambar of Janjira ==
-[[Ram Patil|Raja Ram Rao Patil]] was the [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of Janjira Island and a chief of the [[Koli People|Kolis]] who built this island in the 15th century for Kolis to live on peacefully away from pirates. The origin of this majestic fort can be traced down to the fifteenth century when some local fishermen of Rajapuri constructed a small wooden fort on a huge rock to protect themselves and their families from the pirates. However, the Nizam Shahi Sultan of Ahmednagar wanted to capture the fort purely for strategic reasons, and when his general Piram Khan captured it, Malik Ambar- his spokesperson who was also an Abyssinian regent of Siddi origin- decided to construct a solid rock fortress in place of the original wooden garrison. This fort was originally called Jazeera Mahroob Jazeera.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PA92|title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|last=Yimene|first=Ababu Minda|date=2004|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|isbn=9783865372062|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bMIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PA435|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kola'ba and Janjira|date=1883|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PA158|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|last=Ali|first=Shanti Sadiq|date=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125004851|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdpcgy_aopwC&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PA197|title=The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean|last1=Jayasuriya|first1=Shihan de S.|last2=Pankhurst|first2=Richard|date=2003|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=9780865439801|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxeKDwAAQBAJ&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PT57|title=Shivaji Maharaj The Greatest|last=Gaikwad|first=Dr Hemantraje|date=2019|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9789353222628|language=hi}}</ref>
+[[Ram Patil|Itbarrao Koli]] was the [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of Janjira Island and a chief of the [[Koli People|Kolis]] who built this island in the 15th century for Kolis to live on peacefully away from pirates. The origin the old Wooden Garrison can be traced down to the fifteenth century when some local fishermen of Rajapuri constructed a small wooden fort on a huge rock to protect themselves and their families from the pirates. However, the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizam Shahi Sultan]] of [[Ahmednagar]] wanted to capture this wooden garrison purely for strategic reasons, and when his general Piram Khan captured it, Malik Ambar—his spokesperson who was also an Abyssinian regent of Siddi origin—decided to construct a solid rock fortress in place of the original wooden structure. This fort was originally called Jazeera Mahroob Jazeera.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PA92|title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|last=Yimene|first=Ababu Minda|date=2004|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|isbn=9783865372062|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bMIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PA435|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kola'ba and Janjira|date=1883|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PA158|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|last=Ali|first=Shanti Sadiq|date=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125004851|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdpcgy_aopwC&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PA197|title=The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean|last1=Jayasuriya|first1=Shihan de S.|last2=Pankhurst|first2=Richard|date=2003|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=9780865439801|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxeKDwAAQBAJ&q=Ram+Patil+janjira&pg=PT57|title=Shivaji Maharaj The Greatest|last=Gaikwad|first=Dr Hemantraje|date=2019|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9789353222628|language=hi}}</ref>
 == Major features ==
+{{Main|Janjira State}}
 [[File:Fort Murud-Janjira Gemälde.jpg|thumb|Fort Murud-Janjira paintings from the 17th century in the Mughal]]
-[[File:Kalak Bangadi,Janjira Fort.jpg|thumb|left|Kalaal  Baangadi, the third largest cannon in India At Janjira Fort, weighing over 22 tons]]
+[[File:Kalak Bangadi,Janjira Fort.jpg|thumb|left|Kalaal  Baangadi, the third largest cannon in India at Janjira Fort, weighing over 22 tons]]
-Murud-Janjira Fort is situated on an oval-shaped rock off the Arabian Sea coast near the port city of Murud, {{convert|165|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Mumbai]]. Janjira is considered one of the strongest coastal forts in India.  The fort is approached by sailboats from Rajapuri jetty. [[File:Janjiraushnish2.jpg|thumbnail|left|Janjira from the outside]] The main gate of the fort faces Rajapuri on the shore and can be seen only when one is about {{convert|40|feet}} away from it.  It has a small postern gate towards the open sea for escape.
+Murud-Janjira Fort is situated on an oval-shaped rock off the Arabian Sea coast near the port city of Murud, {{convert|165|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Mumbai]], in the middle of the western Indian coastline. Janjira is considered one of the strongest coastal forts in India.  The fort is approached by sailboats from Rajapuri jetty. [[File:Janjiraushnish2.jpg|thumbnail|left|Janjira from the outside]] The main gate of the fort faces Rajapuri on the shore and can be seen only when one is about {{convert|40|feet}} away from it.  It has a small postern gate towards the open sea for escape.
 [[File:Gate to Murud Janjira Fort.jpg|thumb|left|Entry Gate into Murud Janjira Fort. Accessible by ferry.]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 63: @@
 A special attraction of this fort are 3 gigantic [[cannons]] named Kalaal Baangadi, Chavri and Landa Kasam. These cannons were said to be feared for their shooting range.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gunaji |first1=Milind |title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=8171546692 |page=23 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JIjmDLardesC&q=kalal&pg=PA23}}</ref> Another gate to the west is sea-facing, called 'Darya Darwaza'.
-There is another fortress which is located on top of the hill around {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Murud-Janjira, named Ghosalgad, that was used as an [[Outpost (military)|outpost]] by the rulers of Janjira.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gunaji |first1=Milind |title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra |date=2010 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-8179915783 |page=20 of 260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHA9SzLMj3EC&q=murud+janjira&pg=PA20 |access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref>
+There is another fortress which is located on top of the hill around {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Murud-Janjira, named [[Ghosalgad]], that was used as an [[Outpost (military)|outpost]] by the rulers of Janjira.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gunaji |first1=Milind |title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra |date=2010 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-8179915783 |page=20 of 260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHA9SzLMj3EC&q=murud+janjira&pg=PA20 |access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref>
-== History ==
 [[File:Janjiraushnish3.jpg|thumb|Inside the fort]]
-{{Main|Janjira State}}
 During its heyday, the island fort boasted 572 cannons.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Verma|first1=Bharat|title=Indian Defence Review, Volume 24|date=19 January 2010|publisher=Lancer Publishers, 2010|isbn=978-8170621720|pages=49,156|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxAP9VTqjGQC&q=murud+janjira}}</ref>
@@ Line 34: / Line 71: @@
 Visitors can gain access to the Janjira fort from Rajapuri, a small village on the coast. After a short ride in a small boat, one can enter the fort through the main entrance. The fort is oval shaped instead of the usual oblong or square shape. The fort wall is about 40 feet high and has 19 rounded porches or arches, some of which still have cannons mounted on them, including the famous cannon Kalaal Baangadi. These cannons were greatly responsible for repelling oncoming enemies from the sea. Inside the fort walls are the ruins of a mosque, a palace and bath with water channelled from streams. There is evidence that royal ladies occupied quarters here. A deep well, still functional, provides fresh water despite the fort being surrounded by salt water.
-On the shore is a luxurious cliff-top mansion, the Palace of the Nawab. Built by the former Nawab of Janjira, it commands a panoramic view of the Arabian sea and the Janjira sea fort.
+On the island's outer wall is a luxurious mansion, the Palace of the Nawab. Built by the former Nawab of Janjira, it commands a panoramic view of the Arabian sea and the Janjira sea fort.
 {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=January 2016}}
+== History ==
-According to another record,{{vague|date=May 2017}} the Abyssinian [[Siddi|Sidis]] established the Janjira and Jafarabad state in early 1100.<ref name="Segal 2001, 71">{{cite book |last1=Boyce |first1=Carole Elizabeth |title=Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture [3 volumes]: Origins, Experiences, and Culture |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1851097050 |page=106 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&q=ottoman+janjira}}</ref>
+{{See also|Shivaji's invasions of Janjira}}
+In early 1100 AD, the Abyssinian [[Siddi|Sidis]] established the Janjira and Jafarabad state.<ref name="Segal 2001, 71">{{cite book |last1=Boyce |first1=Carole Elizabeth |title=Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture [3 volumes]: Origins, Experiences, and Culture |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1851097050 |page=106 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&q=ottoman+janjira}}</ref>
-[[File:ASI NoticeBoard at Murud-Janjira Fort.jpg|thumb|right|Archaeological Survey of India noticeboard at fort entrance]]
+[[File:ASI NoticeBoard at Murud-Janjira Fort.jpg|thumb|right|[[Archaeological Survey of India]] noticeboard at fort entrance]]
-According to accounts written by the Portuguese Admiral [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fleet that first arrived in [[Aceh]] prior to the [[Ottoman expedition to Aceh]] led by [[Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis]] included 200 [[Malabars|Malabar]] sailors from [[Janjira State|Janjira]] to aid the region of [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] in 1539.<ref>''Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792'' by Jeremy Black. p.17 [https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA17]</ref> Later, in 1621, the Siddis of Janjira became exceptionally powerful as an autonomous state to the point that the commander of Janjira, Siddi Ambar the Little, successfully defied his overlord [[Malik Ambar]]'s attempt to replace him. Siddi Ambar the Little is accordingly considered the first Nawab of Janjira state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=John C. |title=India in Africa, Africa in India: Indian Ocean Cosmopolitanisms |date=25 June 2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253003164 |pages=255–256 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMmu7gN8EwUC&pg=PA256}}</ref>
+In 1539, According to accounts written by the Portuguese admiral [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fleet that first arrived in [[Aceh]] (prior to the [[Ottoman expedition to Aceh]] led by [[Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis]]), included 200 [[Malabars|Malabar]] sailors from [[Janjira State|Janjira]] to aid the region of [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>''Cambridge Illustrated Atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792'' by Jeremy Black. p.17 [https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA17]</ref> Later, in 1621, the Siddis of Janjira became exceptionally powerful as an autonomous state to the point that the commander of Janjira, Siddi Ambar the Little, successfully defied his overlord [[Malik Ambar]]'s attempt to replace him. Siddi Ambar the Little is accordingly considered the first Nawab of Janjira state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=John C. |title=India in Africa, Africa in India: Indian Ocean Cosmopolitanisms |date=25 June 2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253003164 |pages=255–256 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMmu7gN8EwUC&pg=PA256}}</ref>
-The island fortress was under control of the [[Adil Shahi]] dynasty until the reign of Ibrahim II where the Janjira fort was lost to the Siddis.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-8131732021|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=shah+jahan+janjira&pg=PA176}}</ref>
+The island fortress was under control of the [[Adil Shahi]] dynasty until the reign of Ibrahim II when the Janjira fort was lost to the Siddis.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-8131732021|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=shah+jahan+janjira&pg=PA176}}</ref>  Major historical figures from Murud-Janjira include men such as Sidi Hilal, [[Yahya Saleh]] and [[Sidi Yaqub]].
-Major historical figures from Murud-Janjira include men such as Sidi Hilal, [[Yahya Saleh]] and [[Sidi Yaqub]]. During the rule of the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], Sidi Yaqut received a subsidy of 400,000 rupees. He also owned large ships which weighed 300–400 tons. According to records, these ships were unsuitable for fighting on the open sea against European warships, but their size allowed for transporting soldiers for amphibious operations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849|date=30 Mar 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136790874|page=13|edition=Volume 3 Asian States and Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=ottoman+janjira&pg=PA13|access-date=15 Jan 2016}}</ref>
+In the late 1600's, during the rule of the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], Sidi Yaqut received a subsidy of 400,000 rupees. He also owned large ships which weighed 300–400 tons. According to records, these ships were unsuitable for fighting on the open sea against European warships, but their size allowed for transporting soldiers for amphibious operations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849|date=30 Mar 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136790874|page=13|edition=Volume 3 Asian States and Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=ottoman+janjira&pg=PA13|access-date=15 Jan 2016}}</ref>
-Despite repeated attempts, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], the [[British Empire|British]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] failed to subdue the Siddis, who were themselves allied with the [[Mughal Empire]]. For example, 10,000 soldiers from the Maratha Peshwa Moropant Trimbak Pingle were repulsed by the Janjira army in 1676.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kyd Nairne |first1=Alexander |title=History of the Konkan |date=1894 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=8120602757 |page=71 of 131 |edition=Reprint |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC&q=portuguese+janjira&pg=PA71 |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> The [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], led by [[Shivaji]], attempted to scale the {{convert|12|meter|ft|adj=mid|-high}} [[granite]] walls but failed in their attempts. Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]] even attempted to tunnel his way into the fort and was very close to capturing the fort. His attempt was thwarted when a Mughal army attacked the Maratha capital city, forcing Sambhaji to withdraw his forces from the siege and return to the Maratha capital.<ref>''India, Lonely Planet''.</ref> He built another sea fort in 1676, known as [[Padmadurg]] or Kasa fort, to challenge Janjira. It is located northeast of Janjira. Padmadurg took 22 years to build and is constructed on 22 acres of land.
+Despite repeated attempts by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], the [[British Empire|British]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] to subdue the island fortress, all of these efforts failed to displace the island's Siddi rulers.  The Siddis were themselves allied with the [[Mughal Empire]].
+One example of such a failed attack was the account of the 10,000 soldiers who were sent by the Maratha [[Peshwa]] [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]], and who were roundly repulsed by the Janjira army in 1676.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kyd Nairne |first1=Alexander |title=History of the Konkan |date=1894 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=8120602757 |page=71 of 131 |edition=Reprint |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC&q=portuguese+janjira&pg=PA71 |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> During this [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] assault, the Marathas, led by [[Shivaji]], attempted to scale the {{convert|12|meter|ft|adj=mid|-high}} [[granite]] walls but failed in their attempts. Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]] even attempted to tunnel his way into the fort and was very close to capturing the fort. His attempt was thwarted when a Mughal army attacked the Maratha capital city, forcing Sambhaji to withdraw his forces from the siege and return to the Maratha capital.<ref>''India, Lonely Planet''.</ref> He built another sea fort in 1676, known as [[Padmadurg]] or Kasa fort, to challenge Janjira. It is located northwest of Janjira. Padmadurg took 22 years to build and is constructed on 22 acres of land.
 [[File:Janjiraushnish4.jpg|thumb|Janjira ruins]]
-[[File:Janjiraushnish6.jpg|thumb|The small pond inside Janjira fort]]
+[[File:Janjiraushnish6.jpg|thumb|The small freshwater pond inside Janjira fort]]
-In the year 1736, the [[Siddi]]s of Murud-Janjira set out in a battle with the forces of the Peshwa [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]]. On 19 April 1736, the Maratha warriors Nanaji Surve and [[Chimaji Appa]] attacked the gathering forces in the encampments of the Siddis near Rewas.<ref>Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) By G.S.Chhabra</ref> When the confrontation ended, 1,500 Siddis, including their leader Siddi Sat, were killed. Peace was brokered in September 1736, but the Siddis were confined to only [[Janjira State|Janjira]], [[Gowalkot]], and [[Anjanvel|Anjanwel]], with their power greatly reduced. However, Janjira remained unconquered until it became part of Indian territory after independence from the British in 1947.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0fngc6l/a-marvel-of-engineering-on-india-s-west-coast |title= BBC Reel: A marvel of engineering on India's west coast |date=2023-05-16 |last=Soni |first=Mayank |type=Video |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
+In the year 1736, the [[Siddi]]s of Murud-Janjira set out in a battle with the forces of the Peshwa [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]]. On 19 April 1736, the Maratha warriors Nanaji Surve and [[Chimaji Appa]] attacked the gathering forces in the encampments of the Siddis near [[Rewas]]. Chimaji Appa advised Siddi Sat to run from battle field otherwise Nanajirao will have no mercy on him but Siddi Sat captured Nanajirao Surve and took him to Sagargad fort. Nanajirao rescued himself and beheaded Siddi Sat along with his entire family and his army. Nanajirao Surve was rewarded with village name Kusgao <ref>Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) By G.S.Chhabra</ref> When the confrontation ended, 1,500 Siddis, including their leader Siddi Sat, had been killed. Peace was brokered in September 1736, but the Siddis were confined to only [[Janjira State|Janjira]], [[Gowalkot]], and [[Anjanvel Fort|Anjanvel]], with their power greatly reduced. However, Janjira remained unconquered until it became part of Indian territory after independence from the British in 1947.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0fngc6l/a-marvel-of-engineering-on-india-s-west-coast |title= BBC Reel: A marvel of engineering on India's west coast |date=2023-05-16 |last=Soni |first=Mayank |type=Video |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 62: / Line 103: @@
 * [[Jafarabad State]]
 * [[Maratha Navy]]
-*[[Siege of Janjira(1682)]]
+*[[Siege of Janjira]]
 == Sources ==
 * Imperial Gazetteer of India, 2. A., 26 Bde., Oxford 1908–1931
-* Malleson, G. B.: ''An historical sketch of the native states of India'', London 1875, Reprint Delhi 1984
+* Malleson, G. B.: ''An Historical Sketch of the Native States of India'', London 1875, Reprint Delhi 1984
-* Schwartzberg, Joseph E., Hrsg.: ''A historical atlas of South Asia'', 2. A., New York/Oxford 1992, {{ISBN|0-19-506869-6}}
+* Schwartzberg, Joseph E., Hrsg.: ''A Historical Atlas of South Asia'', 2. A., New York/Oxford 1992, {{ISBN|0-19-506869-6}}
 * http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Forts/Forts.aspx?strpage=Murud_JanjiraForts.html Maharashtra - Murud Janjira Forts Official Govt. Page
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
-{{Commons category|Janjira Fort}}
+== External links ==
+Short BBC video on the fort [https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0fngc6l/a-marvel-of-engineering-on-india-s-west-coast]
+{{Commons category|Murud-Janjira}}
 {{Forts in Maharashtra}}
 {{Forts in India}}

v t e Forts in Maharashtra
Ahmednagar district	Ahmednagar Fort Bahadurgad Bhairavgad Bitangad Harishchandragad Kaladgad Kharda Kunjargad Madan Fort Manjarsumbha fort Pabargad Patta Fort Ratangad
Akola district	Akola Fort Balapur Narnala
Amravati district	Amner Fort Gawilghur
Aurangabad district	Antur Fort Daulatabad Fort
Chandrapur district	Chandrapur Fort Ballarpur Fort Bhadravati Fort Manikgad
Dhule district	Bhamer Laling Thalner
Kolhapur district	Bhudargad Gandharvgad Panhala Pargadh Pavangad Samangad Vishalgad
Latur district	Udgir
Mumbai City district	Bombay Castle Dongri Fort Fort George Mahim Fort Mazagon Fort Riwa Fort Sewri Fort Sion Hillock Fort Worli Fort
Mumbai Suburban district	Castella de Aguada Madh
Nagpur district	Sitabuldi
Nanded district	Kandhar Fort
Nashik district	Aavandhagad Achala Fort Ahivant Fort Alang Anjaneri Ankai Fort Bahulagad Bhaskargad Chandwad Chauler Fort Dermal Dhodap Hargad Harihar fort Hatgad Indrai Kanchangad Kanhergad Kavnai fort Kulang Madangad Malegaon Mangi-Tungi Moragad Mulher Nhavigad Rajdher fort Ramsej Salher Salota Saptashrungi Tankai fort Tringalwadi Waghera
Osmanabad district	Naldurg Fort Paranda Fort
Palghar district	Bassein Kaldurg Tandulwadi
Pune district	Anghaai Fort Bhorgiri Fort Chawand Dhakoba Ghangad Hadsar Fort Induri Fort Jivdhan Kailasgad Kawla Korigad/Koraigad Lohagad Malhargad Manaranjan Mangalgad Morgiri Fort Narayangad Nimgiri Purandar Rajgad Rajmachi Rayri Fort Rohida Sangram Durg Sindola Fort Shaniwar Wada Shivneri Shrivardhan Sinhagad Tikona Torna Tung Vajragad Fort Visapur
Raigad district	Agarkot Avchitgad Bhimashankar Fort Birwadi Chambhargad Chandragad Dhak Bahiri Dronagiri Gadad Bahiri Ghangad Ghosalgad Irshalgad Karnala Khaderi Khanderi Kondhawi Fort Korlai Kothaligad Peb fort Kulaba Kurdugad Lingana Maangad Madgad Malanggad Mangalgad (Kangori) Manikgad Mirgad Mrugagad Murud-Janjira Padargad Padmadurg/ Kasa Fort Prabalgad Raigad Ratnagad Revdanda Sagargad Samrajgad Sankshi Fort Sarasgad Sarjekot Songad Songiri Fort Sudhagad Surgad Talagad Underi Vikatgad Peb fort
Ratnagiri district	Aambolgad Anjanwel Bankot Gowalkot Jaigad Kanakdurg Mahipatgad Mandangad Prachitgad Prunagad Rasalgad Ratnagiri (Ratnadurg) Sumargad Suvarnadurg Yashwantgad
Satara district	Ajinkyatara Bhairavgad Bhushangad Chandan-Vandan Dategad Gunavantgad Jangali Jayagad Kalyangad Kamalgad Kenjalgad Mahimangad Pandavgad Prachitgad Pratapgad Sajjangad Santoshgad Vairatgad Vardhangad Varugad Vasantgad Vasota
Sindhudurg district	Aasavgad Bharatgad Rajkot Fort Sanrjekot Sindhudurg Vijaydurg
Thane district	Aasawa Arnala Asherigad Ballalgad Balwantgad Belapur Fort Bhairavgad Bhandargad Bhavanigad Bhupatgad Chanderigad Dahanugad Daulatmandal Dharavi Durgadi Fort Gambhirgad Ghodbunder Fort Gorakhgad Gotara Jivdhaanigad Kamandurg Kelwegad Kohojgad Mahuli Malang gad Palasgad Tahuli Shirgav Fort
Jalna district	Jalna Fort(Mastgarh) Rohilagarh Jafrabad Qila

v t e Forts in India
Ahom dynasty	Talatal Ghar Kareng Ghar Rang Ghar Garchuk Lachit Garh
Bahmani Sultanate	Bidar Gulbarga
British Raj	Anchuthengu St. George William Bombay Riwa Worli Mazagon Sion Hillock Sewri Mahim Tellicherry St. David
Deccan sultanates	Ahmednagar Daulatabad Gawilghur Golconda Jalna Fort(Mastgarh) Narnala Panhala
Delhi Sultanate	Aligarh Bandhavgarh Hathras Qila Mubarak Siri Tughlaqabad Salimgarh
Eastern Ganga dynasty	Barabati Raibania
Faruqi dynasty	Asirgarh Laling Thalner
Gujarat Sultanate	Bhadra
Jat	Bawana Fort Gohad Lohagarh Nahar Singh Mahal
Kakatiya dynasty	Warangal
Kingdom of Mysore	Devanahalli Palakkad Bekal Sankagiri
Malwa Sultanate	Mandsaur Mandavgadh
Maratha Empire	Dongri Harishchandragad Kolaba Lohagad Sudhagad Sinhagad Tikona Panhala Pratapgad Vishalgad Rajgad Sindhudurg Vijaydurg Shivneri Raigad Gajendragarh Gingee Shaniwar Wada Jhansi Hinglajgarh Manora Visapur Sadashivgad
Mughal Empire	Purana Qila Chanderi Agra Allahabad Fatehpur Sikri Red Akola Hari Parbat Fort Ramnagar
Nayak dynasty	Chitradurga Bekal Dindigul Gingee Tiruchirapalli Rock Chandragiri Fort Hosdurg
Portuguese	Bassein Fort Bombay Castle Mahim Arnala Castella de Aguada Diu Fort Surat Castle Fortim do Mar, Diu Fortim do Mar, Simbor Emmanuel Fort Anjediva Korlai Madh Fort St Thomas, Tangasseri St. Angelo Pallipuram Aguada Fort Tiracol Anjediva Cranganore Ghodbunder Fortaleza de Chaul Ponda Fort Chapora Fort Fortaleza de São Sebastião de Tivim Cabo de Rama Corjuem Fort Mormugão fort Rachol Fort Fort of São Tiago of Banastarim
Rajputs	Achalgarh Amber Bhangarh Chittor Jaigarh Jaisalmer Jalore Junagarh Kankwadi Kumbhalgarh Nahargarh Qila Rai Pithora Taragarh Lal Kot Gwalior Kalinjar Hinglajgarh Mehrangarh Narwar Senapati fortress Sabalgarh Bahu Kangra Ranthambore Bhatner fort
Sikh Empire	Kamlah
Siddi	Murud-Janjira Belapur Underi
Sur Empire	Chunar Rohtasgarh Munger
Travancore	Vattakottai Udayagiri East
Vijayanagara	Chandragiri Gingee Bangalore Udayagiri Vellore

v t e Gun salute princely states (salute states) during the British Raj
21-gun salute	Baroda Gwalior Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Mysore
19-gun salute	Bhopal Indore Kalat Kolhapur Travancore Udaipur
17-gun salute	Bahawalpur Bharatpur Bikaner Bundi Cochin Cutch Jaipur Jodhpur Karauli Kota Patiala Pudukkottai Rewa Tonk
15-gun salute	Alwar Banswara Datia Dewas Sr Dewas Jr Dhar Dholpur Dungarpur Idar Jaisalmer Khairpur Kishangarh Orchha Pratapgarh Rampur Sikkim Sirohi
13-gun salute	Benares Bhavnagar Cooch Behar Dhrangadhra Jaora Jhalawar Jind Junagadh Kapurthala Nabha Nawanagar Palanpur Porbandar Rajpipla Ratlam Tripura
11-gun salute	Ajaigarh Alirajpur Baoni Barwani Bijawar Bilaspur Cambay Chamba Charkhari Chhatarpur Chitral Faridkot Tehri Garhwal Gondal Janjira/Jafrabad Jhabua Malerkotla Mandi Manipur Morvi Narsinghgarh Panna Radhanpur Rajgarh Sailana Samthar Sirmur Sitamau Suket Wankaner
9-gun salute	Balasinor Banganapalle Bansda Baraundha Baria Bhor Chhota Udaipur Danta Dharampur Dhrol Jawhar Kalahandi Khilchipur Limbdi Loharu Lunavada Maihar Mayurbhanj Mudhol Nagod Palitana Patna Rajkot Sachin Sangli Sant Sawantwadi Shahpura Sonepur Wadhwan Yawnghwe
List of princely states of British India (alphabetical) Salute state