Lakshadweep: Difference between revisions

Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep
Union Territory
	Clockwise from top: Kadmat Island; Minicoy Island; airport on Agatti Island; Reefs in Laccadive Sea;and Kalpeni Island
	Emblem of Lakshadweep
	Location of Lakshadweep in India
	Coordinates: 10°34′N 72°38′E / 10.57°N 72.64°E
Country	India
Region	South India
Formation	1 November 1956
Capital	Kavaratti
Largest city	Andrott
Government
• Body	Government of Lakshadweep
• Administrator	Praful Khoda Patel
National Parliament	Parliament of India
• Lok Sabha	1 seat
High Court	Kerala High Court
Area
• Total	32.62 km2 (12.59 sq mi)
• Rank	36th
Population (2011)
• Total	64,473
• Density	1,976/km2 (5,120/sq mi)
Language
• Official	English
Time zone	UTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 code	IN-LD
Vehicle registration	LD
HDI (2019)	0.751 (4th)
Literacy (2011)	91.85%
Sex ratio (2011)	946♀/1000 ♂ (1st)
Website	lakshadweep.gov.in
Symbols of Lakshadweep
	Emblem of Lakshadweep
Bird	Sooty tern
Flower	Neelakurinji
Mammal	Butterfly fish
Tree	Bread fruit
	List of union territory symbols

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Lakshadweep (Malayalam: [lɐkʂɐd̪βʷiːbɨ̆]) is a union territory of India. It is an archipelago of 36 islands^[b] divided into three island subgroups: the Amindivi Islands in the north, the Laccadive Islands (separated from Amindivi roughly by the 11th parallel north), and the atoll of Minicoy to the south of the Nine Degree Channel. The islands are located between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Laccadive Sea to the east, about 220–440 km (140–270 mi) off the Malabar Coast of mainland India.

The islands occupy a total land area of approximately 32.62 km² (12.59 sq mi) with a population of 64,473 as per the 2011 census across the ten inhabited islands. There is a 132 km (82 mi) long coastline with a lagoon area of 4,200 km² (1,600 sq mi), territorial waters of 20,000 km² (7,700 sq mi) and an exclusive economic zone of 400,000 km² (150,000 sq mi). Lakshadweep is the northernmost island group of the exposed undersea mountain range, the Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge. The entire union territory is administered as a single district with Kavaratti as its capital.

Archaeological evidence from Kalpeni indicates human settlement in the region from at least 1500 BCE with early reference to the islands in the Buddhist Jataka tales from the 3rd century BCE and the Tamil Sangam literature Patiṟṟuppattu. The region was controlled by the Cheras in the Sangam period (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) and later by the Pallavas. Islam is presumed to have been brought in the 7th century by the arrival of Muslims. In the 11th century CE, the region was under influence of the Chola kingdom and formed a part of the trade route that connected the Middle East with South Asia. It came under the influence of the Portuguese briefly in the late 15th century CE before being ruled by the Arakkal kingdom, who were vassals of the Kolathiri Rajas of Kannur. The region was under the influence of the Mysore kingdom in the late 18th century and was later annexed to the British empire in 1799 CE. The islands became part of the Dominion of India following the Indian Independence in 1947 and was incorporated as a union territory in 1956.

The name Lakshadweep means "one lakh islands" (Lakṣadvīpa; one hundred thousand islands) in Malayalam and Sanskrit, though the islands are part of an archipelago of fewer islands. English is the designated official language while Jeseri, a dialect of Malayalam, is the widely spoken native language. Dhivehi is the most spoken language in the Minicoy Island. The region comes under the judicial jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court. Fishing and agriculture are the major occupations in the islands.

Etymology

The name Lakshadweep is derived from Lakṣadvīpa meaning "one hundred thousand islands," presumably from Sanskrit or Malayalam.^[6] Laccadive seems to be the result of the Anglicization of the given name during the British Raj.^[7] Amindivi derives its name from the Amindivi people, who were the earliest inhabitants of the Amini Island.^[8] The native name of the Minicoy Island is Maliku, and the given name is the Anglicized version derived from the Nicobarese word Minikaa-raajje (meaning "land of the cannibals") as the island was known then in the Andaman and Nicobar.^[9]

History

Early history

The early human migration from Africa to the Andaman Islands through India was thought by scientists to include Lakshadweep because of its location between Africa and the southwestern region of India. However, later genetic studies indicated that the majority of human ancestry in the islands derived from South Asia.^[10] Archaeological evidence from Kalpeni indicate the existence of human settlements in the region from at least 1500 BCE.^[11] The islands are mentioned in the Buddhist Jataka tales, dated to 3rd century CE.^[11]^[12] Archeological evidence indicates the spread of Buddhism to the islands during the time of Sanghmitra, the daughter of emperor Ashoka, presumed to have visited the island.^[13] Tamil Sangam literature Patiṟṟuppattu mentions that the region was ruled by the Cheras, one of the three kingdoms of ancient Tamilakam, in the Sangam period (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE).^[14]

The islands have been known to sailors since at least 1st century CE, as indicated in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. It contains an anonymous reference to the islands off the coast of Damirica as a source of a turtle shell.^[15]^[16] In 2nd century CE, Greek historian Ptolemy mentions 1378 islands located opposite to Taprobane (Sri Lanka) with the names of some of the islands given as Kanathara (Kavaratti), Argidion (Agatti), Ammine (Amini), and Monache (Minicoy). The islands later became part of a trade route with the Roman empire, with archeological evidence from as early as 2nd century CE obtained from Kadamath and Androth islands. Other travelers and historians such as Ammianus Marcellinus (4th century CE), Faxian (5th century CE), and Cosmas (6th century CE) mention the islands in their writings.^[16]

Middle ages

Local traditions attribute the first settlement on the islands to Cheraman Perumal, the last Chera king of Kerala, though no historical evidence exists apart from the presence of ancient Hindu social stratification. According to local tradition, Islam was brought to the islands by Ubaidullah in 661 CE, whose purported grave is located in the Andrott island.^[17] Inscriptions from Vayalur (in Tamil Nadu) indicates a naval battle fought during the reign of Narasimhavarman II (680-720 CE), which resulted in the capture of the territory by the Pallavas of Kanchi in the late 7th century CE. Epigraphs indicate the capture of the region of Kavadi Dvepa (presumably Kavaratti) by the Kadambas in the 10th century CE.^[16] In the 11th century CE, the islands came under the rule of the Cholas.^[18] Chola inscriptions from Thanjavur, indicate that the region was captured by Rajendra Chola I in 1018-19 CE.^[19]^[20] In the late 11th century CE, it became part of a small Hindu kingdom before being passed on to the Kingdom of Kannur in early 12th century CE. The islands are mentioned in the writings of travelers Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta in the 13th-14th century CE.^[15]^[21]

European colonization

In the late 15th century CE, the islands came under the control of the Portuguese as a source of coir for their industries. The native islanders revolted against the Portuguese and expelled them in 1545 CE.^[15]^[22] In the mid 16th century CE, all inhabited islands were conferred as jagir (land grant) to the ruling family of Kannur by the Chirakkal family of Kolathiri to grant protection from the Portuguese.^[23]^[24] The Aminidivi islands came under the rule of Tipu Sultan of Mysore Kingdom in 1787 CE and were later annexed to the British Raj in 1799 CE after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.^[15] The rest of the islands remained under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family in return for a payment of annual tribute to the British.^[25] The British took over the administration of these islands in 1908 CE, citing the nonpayment of taxes, and attached it to the Madras Presidency.^[26]

Post Independence

After Indian Independence from colonial British rule in 1947, the islands became part of the Dominion of India, and later came under the administration of the Madras State after the Constitution of India was enacted in 1950.^[27] Following the States Reorganisation Act (1956), the islands, which were earlier divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of the Madras state, were organized into a separate union territory administered by the Government of India.^[28]^[29] The Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands were collectively renamed as the Lakshadweep islands on 1 November 1973.^[17] The headquarters of the union territory remained at Kozhikode until 1964, when the seat of the Administrator was shifted to Kavaratti.^[30] The territory has developed into a key Indian naval establishment due to its strategic location near vital shipping lanes from India to the Middle East.^[31]

Geography

Satellite image showing the atolls of Lakshadweep, except Minicoy

Image of Maliku Atoll with Minicoy island visible

Lakshadweep is an archipelago of 36 islands and islets that includes 12 atolls, three reefs, and five submerged banks.^[6]^[32] The islands occupy a total land area of approximately 32.62 km² (12.59 sq mi) and only ten of the islands are inhabited.^[2]^[33] The islands are located between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Laccadive Sea to the east, about 220–440 km (140–270 mi) off the Malabar Coast of mainland India.^[15]^[6] The territory is divided into three island subgroups: the Amindivi islands in the north, the Laccadive islands in the East (separated from Amindivi by the 11th parallel north), and the atoll of Minicoy to the south of the Nine Degree Channel.^[34] The islands have a 132 km (82 mi) long coastline with a lagoon area of 4,200 km² (1,600 sq mi), territorial waters of 20,000 km² (7,700 sq mi), and an exclusive economic zone of 400,000 km² (150,000 sq mi).^[33]

Lakshadweep is the northernmost island group of the exposed undersea mountain range, the Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge.^[35] While there are no conclusive theories about the formation of the atolls, Charles Darwin proposed in 1842 CE that the subsidence of a volcanic island resulted in the formation of a fringing reef, which grew upwards with continual subsidence.^[8] The individual islands are small, with none of them measuring more than 1 mi (1.6 km) across. Most inhabited islands are situated on the eastern side of Lakshadweep and away from the low-lying lagoons to the West. The soil is generally sandy, derived from coral.^[15] According to a 2017 report, the Parali I island of Bangaram atoll has eroded and is completely inundated. Four other islands in the atoll also show various degrees of erosion: Parali II (80%), Thinnakara (14.4%), Parali III (11.4%), and Bangaram (9.9%).^[5]

Climate

The islands have a tropical monsoon climate, bordering on a tropical savanna climate. The weather is warm throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 20 to 32 degree Celsius. While tropical cyclones arising in the Arabian Sea rarely strike the islands due to its smaller size, winds and waves associated with them could alter the features of the islands considerably.^[15]

Climate data for Lakshadweep 1981–2010, extremes 1996–2012
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	35.3 (95.5)	35.3 (95.5)	38.0 (100.4)	37.8 (100.0)	37.0 (98.6)	37.8 (100.0)	32.7 (90.9)	34.8 (94.6)	33.3 (91.9)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)	36.3 (97.3)	38.0 (100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	31.2 (88.2)	31.5 (88.7)	32.4 (90.3)	33.2 (91.8)	32.8 (91.0)	31.1 (88.0)	30.4 (86.7)	30.5 (86.9)	30.5 (86.9)	30.9 (87.6)	31.4 (88.5)	31.3 (88.3)	31.4 (88.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	25.8 (78.4)	26.0 (78.8)	27.0 (80.6)	28.1 (82.6)	27.6 (81.7)	25.9 (78.6)	25.7 (78.3)	25.8 (78.4)	25.8 (78.4)	26.1 (79.0)	26.1 (79.0)	25.9 (78.6)	26.3 (79.3)
Record low °C (°F)	22.5 (72.5)	23.5 (74.3)	24.2 (75.6)	23.2 (73.8)	22.1 (71.8)	22.3 (72.1)	22.7 (72.9)	22.5 (72.5)	22.7 (72.9)	22.2 (72.0)	22.1 (71.8)	22.8 (73.0)	22.1 (71.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	8.3 (0.33)	2.0 (0.08)	0.5 (0.02)	5.6 (0.22)	85.1 (3.35)	260.5 (10.26)	400.1 (15.75)	395.5 (15.57)	309.6 (12.19)	99.1 (3.90)	27.5 (1.08)	9.1 (0.36)	1,602.9 (63.11)
Average rainy days	2.1	0.9	0.1	0.4	6.5	16.0	16.1	12.5	10.0	9.3	5.5	2.4	79.5
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)	69	68	67	67	72	79	80	78	78	77	75	70	73
Source: India Meteorological Department^[36]^[37]

Bangaram Atoll, an uninhabited island, is covered with coconut palms

Flora and fauna

Lakshadweep is part of the Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests ecoregion.^[38] There are no forests on the islands.^[39] Nearly 400 species of flowering plants have been documented, including three species of sea grasses Cymodocea isoetifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium and Thalassia hemprichii, other angiosperms such as Pandanus, Heliotropium foertherianum, Tournefortia argentea and Pemphis acidula, fungi, algae, and lichens. The common flora of the atolls include coconut groves and coastal shrubs such as Pemphis acidula, Cordia subcordata, Scaevola taccada, Thespesia populnea, Suriana maritima, Dodonaea viscosa, Guettarda speciosa, and seaweeds such as sea lettuces, Codium, and Hypena.^[40]^[41]

There are over 600 recorded species of marine fishes, 78 species of corals, 82 species of seaweed, 52 species of crabs, 2 species of lobsters, 48 species of gastropods, and 12 species of bivalves.^[40]^[42] It is one of the four coral reef regions in India.^[43]

Cetacean diversity off the Lakshadweep Islands and in adjacent areas include various whales (e.g., pygmy blue, Bryde's, sperm, orca, pilot whale), and dolphins.^[44]^[45]^[46] The commonly seen are introduced cattle and poultry.^[8] Other notable marine fauna include sharks, bonitos, tunas, snappers, flying fish, Manta rays, octopuses, crabs, and turtles.^[15] There are 101 species of birds, common amongst them include the brown noddy and sooty tern and water birds such as herons, teals, and gulls.^[15]^[40]^[8] Pitti island is a declared bird sanctuary and an important breeding place for sea turtles and a number of pelagic birds including the brown noddy, lesser crested tern, and greater crested tern.^[47]

Symbols of Lakshadweep^[48]
Animal	Butterfly fish (Chaetodon falcula)		Bird	Sooty tern (Sterna fuscata)
Tree	Bread fruit (Artocarpus incisa)		Flower	Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana)

Administration and politics

Lakshadweep is a Union Territory and is governed by an administrator on behalf of the Government of India.^[49]^[50] It was established in 1956 and constitutes a single Indian district.^[29]^[51] The headquarters of the union territory were at Kozhikode until 1964, when the seat of the administrator of the islands was shifted to Kavaratti. Since then, the administration secretariat is based in Kavaratti.^[52]^[53]

The territory is divided into ten administrative sub-divisions headed by sub-divisional officers, except the Minicoy and Agatti islands which are headed by deputy collectors.^[54]^[55] The ten inhabited islands have village panchayats consisting of a total of 88 members across islands. These panchayats are combined to form a district panchayat, which has 26 elected members including the chairpersons of the ten village panchayats and the Member of Parliament for Lakshadweep Lok Sabha Constituency.^[56] The territory is also divided into five community development blocks: Kavaratti, Amini, Andrott, Minicoy and Kiltan, each administered by Collector-cum-Development Commissioner, who is in charge of revenue and land settlement in their respective block. The commissioner also serves as a District magistrate and is assisted by an additional district magistrate and ten executive magistrates for enforcement of law and order.^[52] The administrator acts as the Inspector General of Police and has command and control of the Lakshadweep Police, which has a sanctioned strength of 349 personnel across nine police stations.^[54]

The territory elects one member to the lower house of the Indian parliament, the Lok Sabha.^[57]^[58] Lakshadweep is a reserved constituency for Scheduled Tribes.^[59] The union territory falls under the judicial jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court at Kochi, and has a system of lower courts under its authority. There is a district and sessions court in Kavaratti (established in 1997) and two munsiff courts in Andrott and Amini islands.^[60]^[61]

List of islands of Lakshadweep^[33]^[62]^[63]^[64]
Name	Sub-division	Area (km²)	Population (2011)
Aminidivi Islands
Bitra	Bitra	0.10	271
Chetlat	Chetlat	1.174	2,347
Kiltan	Kiltan	1.7	3,946
Kadmat	Kadmat	3.34	5,404
Amini	Amini	2.67	7,661
Laccadive Islands
Andrott	Andrott	4.9	11,191
Agatti	Agatti	3.84	7,556
Kalpitti		0.085	–
Bangaram		0.57	–^[c]
Thinnakkara		0.522	–
Parali I		0.089	–
Parali II			–
Parali III			–
Kavaratti	Kavaratti	4.22	11,221
Pitti (Bird Island)		0.001	–
Valiyakara		0.395	–
Cheriyakara		0.383	–
Kalpeni	Kalpeni	2.79	4,419
Pitti I		0.028	–
Pitti II		0.028	–
Cheriyam		0.537	–
Kodithala		0.0027	–
Thilakam I		0.055	–
Thilakam II			–
Thilakam III			–
Minicoy
Minicoy	Minicoy	4.801	10,447
Viringili	Minicoy	0.025	–
Total		32.69^[d]	64,473

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, Lakshadweep has a population of 64,473, consisting of 33,123 (51.3%) males and 31,350 (48.7%) females, and had a sex ratio of 946 females per 1,000 males in 2011.^[3]^[65] It also recorded the highest sex ratio at birth amongst Indian territories as per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 2021.^[66] As per the 2011 census, there were a total of 11,574 households and about 50,332 (78%) of the population lived in urban areas.^[3] As per the NSO survey in 2017, the literacy rate was 92.28%, the second highest amongst all Indian territories.^[67] As per the NFHS, the fertility rate was 1.4, significantly below the national average of 2.0.^[68]

Religion and ethnicity

Religion in Lakshadweep (2011)^[69]
Religion			Percent
Islam			96.58%
Hinduism			2.77%
Christianity			0.49%
Others			0.16%

Islam (96.6%) is the major religion of people of the islands with Sunni Islam being the predominant denomination, followed by Hinduism (2.8%) and Christianity (0.5%).^[69]^[70] Most settlers of the islands are descendants of migrants from the Malabar coast of Southwest India and are ethnically similar to the Mappilas of Kerala.^[71]^[72] According to local tradition, Islam was brought to the islands by Ubaidullah in 661 CE.^[17] Although Islam is the predominant religion currently, the earliest settlers were probably Hindus, evidenced by the current social stratification and matrilineal kinship system in Lakshadweep.^[15] The southernmost island of Minicoy is populated by the Mahls, an ethnic group also resident in the Maldives.^[73]

Languages

Languages of Lakshadweep (2011)^[74]
Language			Percent
Malayalam (Jeseri)			84.17%
Dhivehi (Mahl)			14.44%
Others			1.39%

English is the official language of the union territory.^[4] Jeseri (also known as Dweep Basha), a dialect of Malayalam, is widely spoken language in the Amindivi and Laccadive islands. Mahl, a dialect of Dhivehi, is spoken in Minicoy.^[75]^[76] There are minor variations of the same dialect across islands.^[77]

Malayalam, written in the Malayalam script, was introduced as the primary language of Lakshadweep during the British Raj. This policy has been continued since independence, with Malayalam serving as a link language on all islands, including Minicoy.^[78] Previously, a type of Arabic script, known as thePonnani or Arabi Malayalam script, was used as the writing system.^[79]

Economy

The economy is dependent on agriculture, fishery, and tourism.^[15] As of 2013^[update], there were 72 registered micro and small industries majorly involved in the public sector, and the manufacture of food products and furniture. With a minimal arable land of 2.58 hectares, the major agriculture produce is coconuts.^[39] The major exports from Lakshadweep are coconut products including coconut fibre (coir) and fishes.^[39]^[80] The government runs five coir factories, five production demonstration centers, and seven curling units that produce coir fiber, yarn and mats.^[81]

With a vast lagoon area and an exclusive economic zone of 400,000 km² (150,000 sq mi), fishing is a major industry. The estimated annual production is 21,016 tonnes of which 60% is tuna and related fishes. About 60% of the total production is converted to dried products and 40% is allocated for local consumption.^[82] Commercial fishing is concentrated around 11 islands with skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna being the only commercial varieties. The government runs a tuna canning factory in the islands. Fishing is carried out using mechanized fishing boats, traditional country crafts, and country crafts fitted with outboard motors.^[82]^[83]

Tourism in Lakshadweep began in 1974, when the Bangaram atoll was opened for international tourism.^[84]^[85] According to government statistics, 10,435 domestic tourists and 1,313 foreign tourists visited the islands in 2018.^[86] The government is promoting tourism as a means to increase the income of the local population, with Bangaram and Kadmat islands being promoted as potential tourist destinations. To promote tourism, activities such as scuba diving, wind surfing, snorkelling, surfing, kayaking, canoeing, water skiing, sportfishing, yachting and night sea voyages have been established.^[85]^[87] Tourists require permission to visit Lakshadweep and foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands.^[88] According to the current alcohol laws of India, alcoholic beverage consumption is not permitted on the islands, except on Bangaram.^[89] In 2024, the government proposed further programmes to improve infrastructure and promote tourism.^[90] The potential negative effects of tourism on the environment and ecosystem of the islands is a subject of debate.^[91]

Infrastructure

There is no single power grid that connects Lakshadweep; independent power houses cater to the power requirements of the islands.^[92] Minicoy was the first island to be electrified in 1962, followed by Kavaratti in 1964 and others later, with Bitra being the last island to be electrified in 1982. Two diesel generators were established in 1962, which generate about 51.6 Kilo Watts of power. As of 2012^[update], the islands have 41 diesel generators and 12 solar photovoltaic systems with a total installed capacity of 18.5 Mega Watts.^[92] In January 2024, a solar power plant was commissioned to augment the power generation capacity.^[93]

The world's first ever experimental low-temperature thermal desalination plant opened in Kavaratti in 2005, with a projected daily production capacity of 100,000 litres of potable water from seawater. The plant utilises the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and much colder seawater at about 500 m (1,600 ft) depth to generate potable water as well as energy.^[94]^[95] The technology was developed at the National Institute of Ocean Technology and the government has announced plans to build three more such plants.^[96]

Mobile communication service is provided by state-owned BSNL across all inhabited islands and Airtel in Kavratti and Agatti islands.^[97]^[98] In 2020, the government announced a project to install under-sea fiber optic cable for high-speed mobile and internet connectivity between Kochi and 11 islands of Lakshadweep, which was inaugurated in January 2024.^[99]^[100] Post offices run by India Post provide mail service.^[39]

Lakshadweep is served by four hospitals with 200 beds, four primary health centers, and 14 sub-health centers operated by the government.^[39]

Transportation

The only airport in the territory is Agatti Airport on Agatti island.^[101]^[102] The 1.2 km (0.75 mi) runway is capable of serving small turboprop aircraft. The government announced a plan in early 2024 to extend the runway to enable it to handle larger narrow body aircraft and expand the infrastructure to convert the airport into dual-use for civilian and military purposes. The construction of a greenfield airport at Minicoy Island was also proposed.^[103] Two helicopters are presently operated by Pawan Hans and are utilised for passenger transport and emergency medical evacuation from the islands.^[104]^[105]

As of 2019^[update], there are 228 km (142 mi) of paved roads and no railway in the territory.^[39]^[106] Additional roads have been planned, including a peripheral road at Kavaratti and beach front roads at Kadamath and Agatti islands.^[107]

As of 2023^[update], seven ships operate passenger services between Kochi and the islands, with seasonal boat/ferry services available between islands.^[108]^[109] In 2024, the government unveiled a plan to develop three ports at Androth, Kalpeni and Kadamath islands as a part of the Sagar Mala project.^[107] The ten inhabited island each have a minor port.^[110] There are fifteen lighthouses on the islands, with the Minicoy Island Lighthouse (built in 1885) being the first modern lighthouse.^[111]^[112]^[113]

The Indian Navy operates the INS Dweeprakshak naval base under the Southern Naval Command, commissioned in 2012.^[114]

Education

The first public school was opened in Amini in 1904, followed by the establishment of elementary schools at Kiltan in 1911 and Kadmat in 1925.^[115] The first high schools were established in the 1960s in Amini and Kalpeni.^[116] As of 2023^[update], there are 50 schools catering to 8,350 students.^[117] There are four government colleges affiliated to Pondicherry University and two colleges and three university centers affiliated to Calicut University in the territory.^[116]^[118]^[119]^[120]

Notes

^ Though technically a fish, it is classified as the official animal of the union territory
^ Though one of the islands—Parali 1 island, part of Bangaram Atoll—has been completely inundated by 2017,^[5] official sources maintain the count at 36.^[6]
^ Bangaram island has a floating population
^ the sum of area of individual islands does not add up to the total area, as there are other smaller islets, reefs and banks which form part of the archipelago

References

^ "Who's Who, Lakshadweep". Government of India. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
^ ^a ^b Socio-economic statistics (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c State-wise population (Report). Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (PDF). Government of India (Report). 9 August 2021. p. 124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Uninhabited Lakshadweep island Parali I vanishes, 4 others shrinking fast". Live Mint. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "About Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
^ Kapur, Anu (2019). Mapping Place Names of India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-61421-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Singh, A (2014). "Anthropology of Small Islands: The Case of Lakshadweep Islands of India" (PDF). Anthropological Bulletin. 3. ISSN 2348-4667. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ "History of Mincoy". Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
^ "Genetic study on Lakshadweep human settlements done". Deccan Herald. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b Saigal, Omesh (2000). Lakshadweep India, the land and the people. National Book Trust. p. 51. ISBN 978-8-123-73108-7.
^ "Jataka tales". University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
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External links

Lakshadweep travel guide from Wikivoyage

[5] Though technically a fish, it is classified as the official animal of the union territory

[8] Though one of the islands—Parali 1 island, part of Bangaram Atoll—has been completely inundated by 2017,^[5] official sources maintain the count at 36.^[6]

[67] Bangaram island has a floating population

[68] the sum of area of individual islands does not add up to the total area, as there are other smaller islets, reefs and banks which form part of the archipelago

[1] "Who's Who, Lakshadweep". Government of India. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.

[Area-2] Socio-economic statistics (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.

[Pop-3] State-wise population (Report). Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.

[Offlang-4] 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (PDF). Government of India (Report). 9 August 2021. p. 124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2021.

[Parali-6] "Uninhabited Lakshadweep island Parali I vanishes, 4 others shrinking fast". Live Mint. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2024.

[LD-7] "About Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[9] Kapur, Anu (2019). Mapping Place Names of India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-61421-7.

[AP-10] Singh, A (2014). "Anthropology of Small Islands: The Case of Lakshadweep Islands of India" (PDF). Anthropological Bulletin. 3. ISSN 2348-4667. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

[MC-11] "History of Mincoy". Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[12] "Genetic study on Lakshadweep human settlements done". Deccan Herald. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[Saigal-13] Saigal, Omesh (2000). Lakshadweep India, the land and the people. National Book Trust. p. 51. ISBN 978-8-123-73108-7.

[14] "Jataka tales". University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[15] Sharma, A. K. (2019). Archaeology of Maldives and Lakshadweep. B. R. Publishers. pp. 4–15. ISBN 978-9-388-78905-9.

[16] Subrahmanian, N. (1994). Social and Cultural History of Tamil Nadu: From AD 1336 To AD 1984. University of Michigan. p. 37.

[Brit-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Lakshadweep". Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.

[Tripathi-18] Tripathi, Sila (1999). "Marine investigations in the Lakshadweep islands". Antiquity. 73 (282): 827–835. doi:10.1017/S0003598X0006556X. S2CID 162466780. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

[Hist-19] "History of Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.

[20] Menon, A Sreedhara (1 January 2007). A Survey Of Kerala History. DC Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-8-12641-578-6. Retrieved 9 August 2012.

[21] Hultzsch, E. (1991). "Inscriptions on the walls of the central shrine". South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil Inscriptions of Rajaraja, Rajendra Chola and Others in the Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur (in Tamil). Vol. 2. Chennai: Superintendent, Government Press. p. 109. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

[22] Sastri, Nilakanta (1955). "Rajendra (A.D. 1012-1044)". The Cholas (2nd ed.). Chennai: G. S. Press. pp. 211–213.

[23] Forbes, Andrew D.W. (1979). "South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Volume 2: Sources towards a history of the Laccadive Islands". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 2: 130–150. doi:10.1080/00856407908722989.

[24] Corn, Charles (1999) [First published 1998]. The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade. Kodansha America. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-568-36249-6.

[25] The imperial gazetteer of India (Volume 8). Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.

[26] Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 978-8-126-41588-5.

[27] Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-8-120-60447-6.

[28] Logan, William (1887). Malabar Manual. New Delhi: Asian Education Services. p. 2. ISBN 978-8-120-60446-9. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.

[29] "Parliament of India". Constitution of India (PDF). Government of India. 1950. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

[30] 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF). Madras Government Press. 1953. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.

[SR-31] States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (PDF). Government of India (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.

[32] District Census Handbook -Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (1971) - Village Directory (PDF). Kavaratti& Government Printing Press, Kozhikode: Administrator and Ex-Officio Director of Census Operations, Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Island. 1979. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.

[Navy-33] "Navy commissions full-scale station in Lakshadweep". The Hindu. 1 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

[34] Sarit Kumar Mukerji. Islands Of India. Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. ISBN 978-8-123-02285-7. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

[IS-35] "Islands of Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[36] Prostar Sailing Directions for India & Bay of Bengal En-route. National Geo spatial-intelligence Agency. 2005. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-577-85662-7.

[37] Ashalatha, B.; Subrahmanyam, C.; Singh, R.N. (31 July 1991). "Origin and compensation of Chagos-Laccadive ridge, Indian ocean, from admittance analysis of gravity and bathymetry data". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 105 (1–3): 47–54. Bibcode:1991E&PSL.105...47A. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90119-3.

[38] Station: Agatti (A) Climatology Table 1981–2010 (PDF). India Meteorological Department (Report). January 2015. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[39] Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) (PDF). India Meteorological Department (Report). December 2016. p. M112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

[40] "Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.

[MSME-41] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lakshadweep profile (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[PR-42] "Biodiversity and Environment Protection" (PDF). Planning Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

[43] Rao, T.A.; Ellis, J.L. (1995). "Flora of Lakshadweep Islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants". Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 19: 235–250.

[44] Khan, Asif N (2017). "First Record of Oriental Pratincole Glareola Maldivarum From Lakshadweep Archipelago". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 114. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.

[45] Lakshadweep Development Report (PDF). Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

[46] "Sightings and Strandings - Bryde's whale". The Marine Mammal Conservation Network of India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

[47] "Sightings and Strandings - Killer whale". The Marine Mammal Conservation Network of India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

[48] Panicker, D. "Cetacean Diversity and Distribution in the Lakshadweep Islands, India". Rufford Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

[49] "The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972". Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep). Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2012.

[50] "State Symbols of India". Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

[51] G. Palanithurai (2002). Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 37. ISBN 978-8-180-69129-4.

[52] "Lt Governors and Administrators". Government of India. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[53] Khee Giap Tan; Linda Low; Kong Yam Tan; Vittal Kartik Rao (2013). Annual Analysis Of Competitiveness, Simulation Studies And Development Perspective For 35 States And Federal Territories Of India: 2000-2010. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 546.

[Admin-54] "Subdivision and blocks". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[55] C.G.Pookoya (2018). Kalpeni Island: History, People and Culture. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-642-49960-5.

[Adm-56] "Administrative setup". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[57] T.N. Prakash; L. Sheela Nair; T.S. Shahul Hameed (2014). Geomorphology and Physical Oceanography of the Lakshadweep Coral Islands in the Indian Ocean. Springer International. p. 9. ISBN 978-3-319-12367-7.

[58] "District Panchayath". Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[59] "Our Parliament" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 1 August 2024.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Union territory of India}}
+{{good article}}
 {{Redirect|Laccadives|the subgroup|Laccadive Islands}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
 {{Infobox Indian state or territory
-|name=Lakshadweep
+| name = Lakshadweep
-|type=Union territory
+| type = Union Territory
-|image_skyline={{Photomontage
+| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
 |photo1a = A beach side resort at Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep.jpg
 |photo2a = Boats at Kalpeni Island IMG 20190929 094901.jpg
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 |border = 0
 |color = #000000
-|foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top''': [[Kadmat Island]]; [[Minicoy Island]]; [[Agatti Island]] with [[Agatti Airport|airport]]; [[Reefs]] in [[Laccadive Sea]];and [[Kalpeni|Kalpeni Island]]
+|foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top''': [[Kadmat Island]]; [[Minicoy Island]]; [[Agatti Airport|airport]] on [[Agatti Island]]; [[Reefs]] in [[Laccadive Sea]];and [[Kalpeni|Kalpeni Island]]
 }}
-|image_seal=Lakshadweep Banner.png
+| image_seal = Lakshadweep Banner.png
-|image_map=IN-LD.svg
+| image_map = IN-LD.svg
-|coordinates={{coord|region:IN-LD|display=inline,title}}
+| coordinates = {{coord|region:IN-LD|display=inline,title}}
-|region=South India
+| region = South India
-|formation_date4=1 November 1956
+| formation_date4 = 1 November 1956
-|capital=Kavaratti
+| capital = Kavaratti
-|largestcity=Andrott
+| largestcity = Andrott
-|Administrator=[[Praful Khoda Patel]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's Who, Lakshadweep|date=26 May 2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/whos-who/|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030075040/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/whos-who/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| Administrator = [[Praful Khoda Patel]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's Who, Lakshadweep|date=26 May 2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/whos-who/|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030075040/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/whos-who/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|lok_sabha_seats=1 seat
+| lok_sabha_seats = 1 seat
-|area_total_km2=32.62
+| area_total_km2 = 32.62
-|area_rank=36th
+| area_rank = 36th
-|area_footnotes   =<ref name="Area">{{cite report|url=https://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|title=Socio-economic statistics|access-date=1 January 2019|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920231345/http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| area_footnotes = <ref name="Area">{{cite report|url=https://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|title=Socio-economic statistics|access-date=1 January 2019|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920231345/http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|population_total=64,473
+| population_total = 64,473
-|population_as_of=2011
+| population_as_of = 2011
-|population_density=1,976
+| population_density = 1,976
-|population_footnotes=<ref name="Pop">{{cite report|title=State-wise population|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129161803/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| population_footnotes = <ref name="Pop">{{cite report|title=State-wise population|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129161803/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|0fficial_Langs=[[English language|English]]<ref name="Offlang">{{cite report|url=http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|page=124|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|date=9 August 2021|access-date=6 November 2021|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807223707/http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2023 }}</ref>
+| 0fficial_Langs = [[English language|English]]<ref name="Offlang">{{cite report|url=http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|page=124|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|date=9 August 2021|access-date=6 November 2021|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807223707/http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2023 }}</ref>
-|judiciary=[[Kerala High Court]]
+| judiciary = [[Kerala High Court]]
-|HDI=0.751
+| HDI = 0.751
-|HDI_year=2019
+| HDI_year = 2019
-|HDI_rank=4th
+| HDI_rank = 4th
-|literacy=91.85%
+| literacy = 91.85%
-|literacy_year=2011
+| literacy_year = 2011
-|sex_ratio=947[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
+| sex_ratio = 946[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
-|sexratio_year=2011
+| sexratio_year = 2011
-|sexratio_rank=1st
+| sexratio_rank = 1st
-|iso_code=IN-LD
+| iso_code = IN-LD
-|registration_plate=LD
+| registration_plate = LD
-|website=lakshadweep.gov.in
+| website = lakshadweep.gov.in
-|bird=[[Sooty tern]]
+| bird = [[Sooty tern]]
-|mammal=[[Butterfly fish]]{{efn|Though technically a [[fish]], it is classified as the official animal of the union territory}}
+| mammal = [[Butterfly fish]]{{efn|Though technically a [[fish]], it is classified as the official animal of the union territory}}
-|tree=[[Bread fruit]]
+| tree = [[Bread fruit]]
-|flower=[[Strobilanthes kunthiana|Neelakurinji]]
+| flower = [[Strobilanthes kunthiana|Neelakurinji]]
 }}
-'''Lakshadweep''' is a [[union territory]] of India. It is an [[archipelago]] of 36 [[islands]]{{efn|Though one of the islands{{emdash}}Parali 1 island, part of [[Bangaram Atoll]]{{emdash}}has been completely inundated by 2017,<ref name="Parali">{{cite news|title=Uninhabited Lakshadweep island Parali I vanishes, 4 others shrinking fast|url=https://www.livemint.com/Science/QFLIaXhV8NswaWkdcdyisL/Uninhabited-Lakshadweep-island-Parali-I-vanishes-4-others-s.html|date=6 September 2017|access-date=16 January 2024|work=[[Live Mint]]|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618125422/https://www.livemint.com/Science/QFLIaXhV8NswaWkdcdyisL/Uninhabited-Lakshadweep-island-Parali-I-vanishes-4-others-s.html|url-status=live}}</ref> official sources maintain the count at 36.<ref name="LD"/>}} divided into three island subgroups: the [[Amindivi Islands]] in the north separated from the [[Laccadive Islands]] roughly by the [[11th parallel north]] and the atoll of [[Minicoy]] to the south of the [[Nine Degree Channel]] along the [[9th parallel north]]. The islands are located between the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the [[Laccadive Sea]] to the east, about {{cvt|220-440|km}} off the [[Malabar Coast]] of mainland India.
+'''Lakshadweep''' ({{IPA-ml|lɐkʂɐd̪βʷiːbɨ̆|lang}}) is a [[union territory]] of India. It is an [[archipelago]] of 36 [[islands]]{{efn|Though one of the islands{{emdash}}Parali 1 island, part of [[Bangaram Atoll]]{{emdash}}has been completely inundated by 2017,<ref name="Parali">{{cite news|title=Uninhabited Lakshadweep island Parali I vanishes, 4 others shrinking fast|url=https://www.livemint.com/Science/QFLIaXhV8NswaWkdcdyisL/Uninhabited-Lakshadweep-island-Parali-I-vanishes-4-others-s.html|date=6 September 2017|access-date=16 January 2024|work=[[Live Mint]]|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618125422/https://www.livemint.com/Science/QFLIaXhV8NswaWkdcdyisL/Uninhabited-Lakshadweep-island-Parali-I-vanishes-4-others-s.html|url-status=live}}</ref> official sources maintain the count at 36.<ref name="LD"/>}} divided into three island subgroups: the [[Amindivi Islands]] in the north, the [[Laccadive Islands]] (separated from Amindivi roughly by the [[11th parallel north]]), and the atoll of [[Minicoy]] to the south of the [[Nine Degree Channel]]. The islands are located between the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the [[Laccadive Sea]] to the east, about {{cvt|220-440|km}} off the [[Malabar Coast]] of mainland India.
-The islands occupy a total land area of approximately {{cvt|32.62|km2}} with a population of 64,473 as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] across the ten inhabited islands. There is a {{cvt|132|km}} long [[coastline]] with a [[lagoon]] area of {{cvt|4200|km2}}, [[territorial waters]] of {{cvt|20000|km2}} and an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{cvt|400000|km2}}. The islands are the northernmost of the Lakshadweep–Maldives–Chagos group of islands, which are the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, the [[Chagos-Laccadive Ridge|Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge]]. The entire union territory is administered as a [[List of districts in India|single]] [[Indian district|district]] with [[Kavaratti]] as its capital.
+The islands occupy a total land area of approximately {{cvt|32.62|km2}} with a population of 64,473 as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] across the ten inhabited islands. There is a {{cvt|132|km}} long [[coastline]] with a [[lagoon]] area of {{cvt|4200|km2}}, [[territorial waters]] of {{cvt|20000|km2}} and an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{cvt|400000|km2}}. Lakshadweep is the northernmost island group of the exposed undersea mountain range, the [[Chagos-Laccadive Ridge|Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge]]. The entire union territory is administered as a [[List of districts in India|single]] [[Indian district|district]] with [[Kavaratti]] as its capital.
-Archaeological evidence from [[Kalpeni]] indicate the existence of human settlement in the region from at least 1500 BC with reference to the islands in the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Jataka tales]] from the 3rd century BC. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]]'' mentions references to the islands controlled by the [[Cheras]], one of the [[Three Crowned Kings|three kingdoms]] of ancient [[Tamilakam]]. The region was captured by the [[Pallavas]] in the 7th century AD with [[Islam]] presumed to have been brought to the region in the later half of the century by the arrival of [[Muslims]]. In the 11th century AD, the region was part of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola kingdom]] and formed a part of the trade route that connected the [[Middle East]] with [[South Asia]]. It was briefly under the control of the [[Kolathunadu|Kingdom of Kannur]] before it came under the influence of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] in the late 15th century AD . After the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1545 , the region was ruled by the [[Arakkal kingdom]], who were vassals of the [[Kolathiri]] Rajas of [[Kannur]]. The region came under the influence of [[Mysore kingdom]] in the late 18th century and was later annexed to the [[British Raj|British empire]] following the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799. The islands became part of the [[Dominion of India]] following the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947 and was incorporated as a union territory in 1956.
+Archaeological evidence from [[Kalpeni]] indicates human settlement in the region from at least 1500 BCE with early reference to the islands in the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Jataka tales]] from the 3rd century BCE and the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]]''. The region was controlled by the [[Cheras]] in the [[Sangam period]] (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) and later by the [[Pallavas]]. [[Islam]] is presumed to have been brought in the 7th century by the arrival of [[Muslims]]. In the 11th century CE, the region was under influence of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola kingdom]] and formed a part of the trade route that connected the [[Middle East]] with [[South Asia]]. It came under the influence of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] briefly in the late 15th century CE before being ruled by the [[Arakkal kingdom]], who were vassals of the [[Kolathiri]] Rajas of [[Kannur]]. The region was under the influence of the [[Mysore kingdom]] in the late 18th century and was later annexed to the [[British Raj|British empire]] in 1799 CE. The islands became part of the [[Dominion of India]] following the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947 and was incorporated as a union territory in 1956.
 The name ''Lakshadweep'' means "one [[lakh]] islands" ({{Lang|sa|Lakṣadvīpa}}; one hundred thousand islands) in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and [[Sanskrit]], though the islands are part of an archipelago of fewer islands. [[English language|English]] is the designated official language while [[Jeseri]], a dialect of [[Malayalam]], is the widely spoken [[First language|native language]]. [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]] is the most spoken language in the [[Minicoy|Minicoy Island]]. The region comes under the [[judiciary|judicial]] [[jurisdiction]] of the [[Kerala High Court]]. [[Fishing]] and [[agriculture]] are the major occupations in the islands.
 == Etymology ==
-The name ''Lakshadweep'' is derived from ''Lakṣadvīpa'' meaning  "one hundred thousand islands" presumably from [[Sanskrit]] or [[Malayalam]].<ref name="LD">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/|title=About Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081728/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Laccadive Islands|Laccadive]] seems to be the result of the Anglicization of the given name during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Mapping Place Names of India|first=Anu|last=Kapur|year=2019|isbn=978-0-429-61421-7|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&q=Mapping+Place+Names+of+India+Anglicized+laccadive}}</ref> [[Amindivi]] derives its name from the Amindivi people, who were earliest inhabitants of the [[Amini, India|Amini Island]].<ref name="AP">{{cite journal|url=https://www.anthropologicalbulletin.in/journals/vol3-14/A.P%203%20(2)%202014.pdf|issn=2348-4667|journal=Anthropological Bulletin|year=2014|volume=3|title=Anthropology of Small Islands: The Case of Lakshadweep Islands of India|first=A|last=Singh|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=14 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143221/https://www.anthropologicalbulletin.in/journals/vol3-14/A.P%203%20(2)%202014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The native name of the [[Minicoy Island]] is ''Maliku'' and the given name is the Anglicized version derived from the [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]] word ''Minikaa-raajje'' (meaning "land of the cannibals") as the island was known then in the [[Andaman and Nicobar]].<ref name="MC">{{cite web|url=https://minicoy.utl.gov.in/abt_minicoy/history/|title=History of Mincoy|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201065613/https://minicoy.utl.gov.in/abt_minicoy/history|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The name ''Lakshadweep'' is derived from ''Lakṣadvīpa'' meaning  "one hundred thousand islands," presumably from [[Sanskrit]] or [[Malayalam]].<ref name="LD">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/|title=About Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081728/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Laccadive Islands|Laccadive]] seems to be the result of the Anglicization of the given name during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Mapping Place Names of India|first=Anu|last=Kapur|year=2019|isbn=978-0-429-61421-7|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&q=Mapping+Place+Names+of+India+Anglicized+laccadive}}</ref> [[Amindivi]] derives its name from the Amindivi people, who were the earliest inhabitants of the [[Amini, India|Amini Island]].<ref name="AP">{{cite journal|url=https://www.anthropologicalbulletin.in/journals/vol3-14/A.P%203%20(2)%202014.pdf|issn=2348-4667|journal=Anthropological Bulletin|year=2014|volume=3|title=Anthropology of Small Islands: The Case of Lakshadweep Islands of India|first=A|last=Singh|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=14 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143221/https://www.anthropologicalbulletin.in/journals/vol3-14/A.P%203%20(2)%202014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The native name of the [[Minicoy Island]] is ''Maliku'', and the given name is the Anglicized version derived from the [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]] word ''Minikaa-raajje'' (meaning "land of the cannibals") as the island was known then in the [[Andaman and Nicobar]].<ref name="MC">{{cite web|url=https://minicoy.utl.gov.in/abt_minicoy/history/|title=History of Mincoy|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201065613/https://minicoy.utl.gov.in/abt_minicoy/history|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == History ==
 === Early history ===
-As [[Early human migrations|early human migration]] happened from [[Africa]] to Andaman through India, scientists presumed that the islands would have been part of the same due to its location between Africa and southwestern part of India. However, later [[genetics|genetic]] studies pointed to the contrary with majority of human ancestry in the islands derived from [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/genetic-study-on-lakshadweep-human-settlements-done-732743.html|title=Genetic study on Lakshadweep human settlements done|date=8 May 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081727/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/genetic-study-on-lakshadweep-human-settlements-done-732743.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological evidence from [[Kalpeni]] indicate the existence of human settlement in the region from at least 1500 BC.<ref name="Saigal">{{cite book|title=Lakshadweep India, the land and the people|first=Omesh|last=Saigal|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|year=2000|isbn=978-8-123-73108-7|page=51}}</ref> The islands are mentioned in the [[Buddhist]] [[Jataka tales]], dated to 3rd century AD.<ref name="Saigal"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/jataka.html|title=Jataka tales|work=[[University of Pittsburgh]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115191123/https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/jataka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Archeological evidence indicates the spread of Buddhism to the islands during the time with [[Sanghmitra]], the daughter of [[Ashoka]], presumed to have visited the island.<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeology of Maldives and Lakshadweep|first=A. K.|last=Sharma|date=2019|pages=4–15|publisher=B. R. Publishers|isbn=978-9-388-78905-9}}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]]'' references to the rule over the region by the [[Cheras]], one of the [[Three Crowned Kings|three kingdoms]] of ancient [[Tamilakam]], in the [[Sangam period]] (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD).<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336|first=N.|last=Subrahmanian|year=1993|page=37|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref>
+The [[Early human migrations|early human migration]] from [[Africa]] to the [[Andaman Islands]] through India was thought by scientists to include Lakshadweep because of its location between Africa and the southwestern region of India. However, later [[genetics|genetic]] studies indicated that the majority of human ancestry in the islands derived from [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/genetic-study-on-lakshadweep-human-settlements-done-732743.html|title=Genetic study on Lakshadweep human settlements done|date=8 May 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081727/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/genetic-study-on-lakshadweep-human-settlements-done-732743.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological evidence from [[Kalpeni]] indicate the existence of human settlements in the region from at least 1500 BCE.<ref name="Saigal">{{cite book|title=Lakshadweep India, the land and the people|first=Omesh|last=Saigal|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|year=2000|isbn=978-8-123-73108-7|page=51}}</ref> The islands are mentioned in the [[Buddhist]] [[Jataka tales]], dated to 3rd century CE.<ref name="Saigal"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/jataka.html|title=Jataka tales|work=[[University of Pittsburgh]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115191123/https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/jataka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Archeological evidence indicates the spread of Buddhism to the islands during the time of [[Sanghmitra]], the daughter of emperor [[Ashoka]], presumed to have visited the island.<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeology of Maldives and Lakshadweep|first=A. K.|last=Sharma|date=2019|pages=4–15|publisher=B. R. Publishers|isbn=978-9-388-78905-9}}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]]'' mentions that the region was ruled by the [[Cheras]], one of the [[Three Crowned Kings|three kingdoms]] of ancient [[Tamilakam]], in the [[Sangam period]] (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE).<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamil Nadu: From AD 1336 To AD 1984|first=N.|last=Subrahmanian|year=1994|page=37|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref>
-The islands have been known to sailors since at least 1st century AD, as indicated in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]. It contains an anonymous reference to the islands off the [[Malabar coast|coast of Damirica]] as a source of a [[turtle shell]].<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Lakshadweep|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328296/Lakshadweep/46340/History|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=2 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228225201/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328296/Lakshadweep/46340/History|archive-date=28 February 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Tripathi">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27668572|title=Marine investigations in the Lakshadweep islands|first=Sila|last=Tripathi|doi=10.1017/S0003598X0006556X|year=1999|pages=827–835|journal=Antiquity|volume=73|issue=282|s2cid=162466780|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081853/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27668572_Marine_investigations_in_the_Lakshadweep_Islands_India|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2nd century AD, Greek historian [[Ptolemy]] mentions 1378 islands located opposite to [[Sri Lanka|Taprobane]] (Sri Lanka) with the names of some of the islands given as Kanathara ([[Kavaratti]]), Argidion ([[Agatti Island|Agatti]]), Ammine ([[Amini, India|Amini]]), and Monache ([[Minicoy]]). The islands later became part of a trade route with the [[Roman empire]], with archeological evidence from as early as 2nd century AD obtained from [[Kadmat Island|Kadamath]] and [[Androth]] islands. Other travelers and historians such as [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] (4th century AD), [[Faxian]] (5th century) and [[Cosmas Indicopleustes|Cosmas]] (6th century AD) mention the islands in their writings.<ref name="Tripathi"/>
+The islands have been known to sailors since at least 1st century CE, as indicated in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]. It contains an anonymous reference to the islands off the [[Malabar coast|coast of Damirica]] as a source of a [[turtle shell]].<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Lakshadweep|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328296/Lakshadweep/46340/History|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=2 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228225201/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328296/Lakshadweep/46340/History|archive-date=28 February 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Tripathi">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27668572|title=Marine investigations in the Lakshadweep islands|first=Sila|last=Tripathi|doi=10.1017/S0003598X0006556X|year=1999|pages=827–835|journal=Antiquity|volume=73|issue=282|s2cid=162466780|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081853/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27668572_Marine_investigations_in_the_Lakshadweep_Islands_India|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2nd century CE, Greek historian [[Ptolemy]] mentions 1378 islands located opposite to [[Sri Lanka|Taprobane]] (Sri Lanka) with the names of some of the islands given as Kanathara ([[Kavaratti]]), Argidion ([[Agatti Island|Agatti]]), Ammine ([[Amini, India|Amini]]), and Monache ([[Minicoy]]). The islands later became part of a trade route with the [[Roman empire]], with archeological evidence from as early as 2nd century CE obtained from [[Kadmat Island|Kadamath]] and [[Androth]] islands. Other travelers and historians such as [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] (4th century CE), [[Faxian]] (5th century CE), and [[Cosmas Indicopleustes|Cosmas]] (6th century CE) mention the islands in their writings.<ref name="Tripathi"/>
 === Middle ages ===
-Local traditions attribute the first settlement on the islands to [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]], the last Chera king of Kerala, though no historical evidence exists apart from the presence of ancient [[Caste system in India|Hindu social stratification]]. According to local tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to the islands by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 AD, whose purported grave is located in the Andrott island.<ref name="Hist">{{cite web|title=History of Lakshadweep|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/history/|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115024639/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Inscriptions from [[Vayalur]] (in [[Tamil Nadu]]) indicates a [[naval battle]] fought during the reign of [[Narasimhavarman II]] (680-720 AD), which resulted in the capture of the territory by the [[Pallavas]] of [[Kancheepuram|Kanchi]] in the late 7th century AD. Epigraphs indicate the capture of the region of ''Kavadi Dvepa'' (presumably Kavaratti) by the [[Kadambas of Goa|Kadambas]] in the 10th century.<ref name="Tripathi"/> In the 11th century, the islands came under the rule of the [[Cholas]].<ref>{{cite book|first=A Sreedhara|last=Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA166|access-date=9 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-8-12641-578-6|page=138}}</ref> Chola inscriptions from [[Thanjavur]], indicate that the region was captured by [[Rajendra Chola I]] in 1018-.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hultzsch|first=E.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.79603/page/n115/mode/2up?view=theater|title=South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil Inscriptions of Rajaraja, Rajendra Chola and Others in the Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|year=1991|volume=2|location=Chennai|pages=109|language=Tamil|chapter=Inscriptions on the walls of the central shrine|author-link=E. Hultzsch|access-date=21 September 2022|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=Nilakanta|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4293/page/n229/mode/2up?view=theater|title=The Cholas|publisher=G. S. Press|year=1955|edition=2nd|location=Chennai|pages=211–213|chapter=Rajendra (A.D. 1012-1044)|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri}}</ref> In the late 11th century, it became part of a small Hindu kingdom before being passed on to the [[Kolathunadu|Kingdom of Kannur]] in early 12th century. The islands are mentioned in the writings of travelers [[Marco Polo]] and [[Ibn Battuta]] in the 13th-14th century.<ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Volume 2: Sources towards a history of the Laccadive Islands|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=2|pages=130–150|date=1979|doi=10.1080/00856407908722989|last1=Forbes|first1=Andrew D.W.}}</ref>
+Local traditions attribute the first settlement on the islands to [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]], the last Chera king of Kerala, though no historical evidence exists apart from the presence of ancient [[Caste system in India|Hindu social stratification]]. According to local tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to the islands by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 CE, whose purported grave is located in the Andrott island.<ref name="Hist">{{cite web|title=History of Lakshadweep|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/history/|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115024639/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Inscriptions from [[Vayalur]] (in [[Tamil Nadu]]) indicates a [[naval battle]] fought during the reign of [[Narasimhavarman II]] (680-720 CE), which resulted in the capture of the territory by the [[Pallavas]] of [[Kancheepuram|Kanchi]] in the late 7th century CE. Epigraphs indicate the capture of the region of ''Kavadi Dvepa'' (presumably Kavaratti) by the [[Kadambas of Goa|Kadambas]] in the 10th century CE.<ref name="Tripathi"/> In the 11th century CE, the islands came under the rule of the [[Cholas]].<ref>{{cite book|first=A Sreedhara|last=Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA166|access-date=9 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-8-12641-578-6|page=138}}</ref> Chola inscriptions from [[Thanjavur]], indicate that the region was captured by [[Rajendra Chola I]] in 1018-19 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hultzsch|first=E.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.79603/page/n115/mode/2up?view=theater|title=South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil Inscriptions of Rajaraja, Rajendra Chola and Others in the Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|year=1991|volume=2|location=Chennai|pages=109|language=Tamil|chapter=Inscriptions on the walls of the central shrine|author-link=E. Hultzsch|access-date=21 September 2022|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=Nilakanta|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4293/page/n229/mode/2up?view=theater|title=The Cholas|publisher=G. S. Press|year=1955|edition=2nd|location=Chennai|pages=211–213|chapter=Rajendra (A.D. 1012-1044)|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri}}</ref> In the late 11th century CE, it became part of a small Hindu kingdom before being passed on to the [[Kolathunadu|Kingdom of Kannur]] in early 12th century CE. The islands are mentioned in the writings of travelers [[Marco Polo]] and [[Ibn Battuta]] in the 13th-14th century CE.<ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Volume 2: Sources towards a history of the Laccadive Islands|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=2|pages=130–150|date=1979|doi=10.1080/00856407908722989|last1=Forbes|first1=Andrew D.W.}}</ref>
 === European colonization ===
 [[File:Admiralty Chart No 827 Vengurla to Cape Comorin, Published 1877, New Edition 1914.jpg|thumb|Map of the islands (1877)]]
-In the late 15th century, the islands came under the control of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], who utilized the same for [[coir]] production. The native islanders revolted against the Portuguese and expelled them in 1545.<ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Corn|year=1999|orig-year=First published 1998|title=The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade|publisher=Kodansha America|pages=4–5|isbn=978-1-568-36249-6}}</ref> In the mid 16th century, all the inhabited islands were conferred as ''[[jagir]]'' (land grant) to the ruling family of [[Arakkal kingdom|Kannur]] by the [[Chirakkal Royal Family|Chirakkal]] family of [[Kolattiri Raja|Kolattiri]] in order to grant protection from the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/william-wilson-hunter/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu/page-46-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu.shtml|title=The imperial gazetteer of India (Volume 8)|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613084645/https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/william-wilson-hunter/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu/page-46-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=A. Sreedhara|title=Kerala Charitram|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|location=Kottayam|isbn=978-8-126-41588-5|edition=2007}}</ref> The Aminidivi islands came under the rule of [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore Kingdom]] in 1787 and were later annexed to the [[British Raj]] in 1799 after the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref name="Brit"/> The rest of the islands remained under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Ali Raja|Arakkal family]] in return for a payment of annual tribute to the British.<ref>{{cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=978-8-120-60447-6|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The British took over the administration of those islands in 1908 citing nonpayment of tax arrears and attached it to the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Logan|first=William|title=Malabar Manual|year=1887|publisher=Asian Education Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-120-60446-9|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&q=Palghat&pg=PA2|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112082021/https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=Palghat&f=false|archive-date=12 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+In the late 15th century CE, the islands came under the control of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] as a source of [[coir]] for their industries. The native islanders revolted against the Portuguese and expelled them in 1545 CE.<ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Corn|year=1999|orig-year=First published 1998|title=The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade|publisher=Kodansha America|pages=4–5|isbn=978-1-568-36249-6}}</ref> In the mid 16th century CE, all inhabited islands were conferred as ''[[jagir]]'' (land grant) to the ruling family of [[Arakkal kingdom|Kannur]] by the [[Chirakkal Royal Family|Chirakkal]] family of [[Kolathunadu|Kolathiri]] to grant protection from the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/william-wilson-hunter/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu/page-46-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu.shtml|title=The imperial gazetteer of India (Volume 8)|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613084645/https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/william-wilson-hunter/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu/page-46-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=A. Sreedhara|title=Kerala Charitram|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|location=Kottayam|isbn=978-8-126-41588-5|edition=2007}}</ref> The Aminidivi islands came under the rule of [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore Kingdom]] in 1787 CE and were later annexed to the [[British Raj]] in 1799 CE after the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref name="Brit"/> The rest of the islands remained under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Ali Raja|Arakkal family]] in return for a payment of annual tribute to the British.<ref>{{cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=978-8-120-60447-6|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The British took over the administration of these islands in 1908 CE, citing the nonpayment of taxes, and attached it to the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Logan|first=William|title=Malabar Manual|year=1887|publisher=Asian Education Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-120-60446-9|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&q=Palghat&pg=PA2|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112082021/https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=Palghat&f=false|archive-date=12 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 === Post Independence ===
+{{see|Scramble for Laccadives}}
-After the [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|India Independence]] in 1947, the islands became part of the [[Dominion of India]] and later became part of the [[Madras State]] of the [[Republic of India]] after the [[Constitution of India]] was enacted in 1950.<ref>{{cite act|title=Constitution of India|chapter=[[Parliament of India]]|year=1950|url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/05/2023050195.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> Following the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation in 1956]], the islands which were divided between the [[South Canara]] and [[Malabar district]]s of the Madras state, were organized into a separate [[union territory]] administered by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite book|year=1953|title=1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District|publisher=Madras Government Press|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614073046/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SR">{{cite report|url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/States%20Re-Organisation%20Act,%201956.pdf|title=States Reorganisation Act, 1956|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929014519/https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/States%20Re-Organisation%20Act,%201956.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The islands which were known as Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands was renamed as the Lakshadweep islands on 1 November 1973.<ref name="Hist"/> The headquarters of the union territory remained at [[Kozhikode]] until 1964, when the seat of [[List of administrators of Lakshadweep|administrator]] of the islands was shifted to Kavaratti.<ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook -Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (1971) - Village Directory|last=P. M. Nair|publisher=Administrator and Ex-Officio Director of Census Operations, Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Island|year=1979|location=Kavaratti& Government Printing Press, Kozhikode|pages=2|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7315/1/26141_1971_LAC.pdf|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525043749/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7315/1/26141_1971_LAC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The territory has developed into a key [[Indian navy|Indian naval]] establishment due to its strategic location amidst the vital [[shipping lane]]s from India to the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Navy">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/navy-commissions-fullscale-station-in-lakshadweep/article3370886.ece|title=Navy commissions full-scale station in Lakshadweep|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 May 2012|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404023706/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/navy-commissions-fullscale-station-in-lakshadweep/article3370886.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
+After [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|Indian Independence]] from colonial British rule in 1947, the islands became part of the [[Dominion of India]], and later came under the administration of the [[Madras State]] after the [[Constitution of India]] was enacted in 1950.<ref>{{cite act|title=Constitution of India|chapter=[[Parliament of India]]|year=1950|url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/05/2023050195.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> Following the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act (1956)]], the islands, which were earlier divided between the [[South Canara]] and [[Malabar district]]s of the Madras state, were organized into a separate [[union territory]] administered by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite book|year=1953|title=1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District|publisher=Madras Government Press|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30068/download/33249/7746_1951.pdf|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614073046/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SR">{{cite report|url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/States%20Re-Organisation%20Act,%201956.pdf|title=States Reorganisation Act, 1956|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929014519/https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/States%20Re-Organisation%20Act,%201956.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands were collectively renamed as the Lakshadweep islands on 1 November 1973.<ref name="Hist"/> The headquarters of the union territory remained at [[Kozhikode]] until 1964, when the seat of the [[List of administrators of Lakshadweep|Administrator]] was shifted to Kavaratti.<ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook -Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (1971) - Village Directory|publisher=Administrator and Ex-Officio Director of Census Operations, Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Island|year=1979|location=Kavaratti& Government Printing Press, Kozhikode|pages=2|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32639/download/35820/26141_1971_LAC.pdf|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525043749/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32639/download/35820/26141_1971_LAC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The territory has developed into a key [[Indian navy|Indian naval]] establishment due to its strategic location near vital [[shipping lane]]s from India to the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Navy">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/navy-commissions-fullscale-station-in-lakshadweep/article3370886.ece|title=Navy commissions full-scale station in Lakshadweep|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 May 2012|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404023706/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/navy-commissions-fullscale-station-in-lakshadweep/article3370886.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Geography ==
-[[File:Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|Satellite image showing the atolls of the Lakshadweep except [[Minicoy]]]]
+[[File:Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|Satellite image showing the atolls of Lakshadweep, except [[Minicoy]]]]
-[[File:ISS002-E-7260.PNG|thumb|Image of Maliku Atoll with [[Minicoy]] island]]
+[[File:ISS002-E-7260.PNG|thumb|Image of Maliku Atoll with [[Minicoy]] island visible]]
-Lakshadweep is an [[archipelago]] of 36 [[islands]] and [[islets]] that includes 12 [[atoll]]s, three [[reef]]s and five submerged [[Bank (topography)|banks]].<ref name="LD"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Islands Of India|author=Sarit Kumar Mukerji|isbn=978-8-123-02285-7|publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, [[Government of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZaZDQAAQBAJ|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081727/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Islands_Of_India/EZaZDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The islands occupy a total land area of approximately {{cvt|32.62|km2}} and only ten of the islands are inhabited.<ref name="Area"/><ref name="IS"/> The islands are located between the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the [[Laccadive Sea]] to the east, about {{cvt|220-440|km}} off the [[Malabar Coast]] of mainland India.<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="LD"/> The territory is divided into three island subgroups: the Amindivi islands in the north separated from the Laccadive islands by the [[11th parallel north]] and the atoll of Minicoy to the south of the [[Nine Degree Channel]] along the [[9th parallel north]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Prostar Sailing Directions for India & Bay of Bengal En-route|publisher=National Geo spatial-intelligence Agency|year=2005|page=101|isbn=978-1-577-85662-7}}</ref> The islands have a {{cvt|132|km}} long [[coastline]] with a [[lagoon]] area of {{cvt|4200|km2}}, [[territorial waters]] of {{cvt|20000|km2}} and an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{cvt|400000|km2}}.<ref name="IS">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/islands/|title=Islands of Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121014032/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/islands/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Lakshadweep is an [[archipelago]] of 36 [[islands]] and [[islets]] that includes 12 [[atoll]]s, three [[reef]]s, and five submerged [[Bank (topography)|banks]].<ref name="LD"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Islands Of India|author=Sarit Kumar Mukerji|isbn=978-8-123-02285-7|publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, [[Government of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZaZDQAAQBAJ|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081727/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Islands_Of_India/EZaZDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The islands occupy a total land area of approximately {{cvt|32.62|km2}} and only ten of the islands are inhabited.<ref name="Area"/><ref name="IS"/> The islands are located between the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the [[Laccadive Sea]] to the east, about {{cvt|220-440|km}} off the [[Malabar Coast]] of mainland India.<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="LD"/> The territory is divided into three island subgroups: the Amindivi islands in the north, the Laccadive islands in the East (separated from Amindivi by the [[11th parallel north]]), and the atoll of Minicoy to the south of the [[Nine Degree Channel]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Prostar Sailing Directions for India & Bay of Bengal En-route|publisher=National Geo spatial-intelligence Agency|year=2005|page=101|isbn=978-1-577-85662-7}}</ref> The islands have a {{cvt|132|km}} long [[coastline]] with a [[lagoon]] area of {{cvt|4200|km2}}, [[territorial waters]] of {{cvt|20000|km2}}, and an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{cvt|400000|km2}}.<ref name="IS">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/islands/|title=Islands of Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121014032/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/islands/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The islands are the northernmost of the Lakshadweep–Maldives–Chagos group of islands, which are the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, the [[Chagos-Laccadive Ridge|Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Origin and compensation of Chagos-Laccadive ridge, Indian ocean, from admittance analysis of gravity and bathymetry data|date=1991-07-31|doi=10.1016/0012-821X(91)90119-3|bibcode=1991E&PSL.105...47A|volume=105|issue=1–3|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|pages=47–54|last1=Ashalatha|first1=B.|last2=Subrahmanyam|first2=C.|last3=Singh|first3=R.N.|df=dmy-all}}</ref> While there are no conclusive theories about the formation of the atolls, [[Charles Darwin]] proposed in 1842 that the subsidence of a volcanic island resulted in the formation of a fringing reef, which grew upwards with continual subsidence.<ref name="AP"/> The individual islands are smaller in size with none of them measuring more than {{cvt|1|mi}} across with most inhabited islands situated on the eastern side of the islands away from the low-lying lagoons on the western side. The soils are generally sandy, derived from coral.<ref name="Brit"/> According to a 2017 report, the Parali I island of Bangaram atoll has eroded and inundated completely with the other four islands in the atoll also showing various degrees of erosion: Parali II (80%), Thinnakara (14.4%), Parali III (11.4%) and Bangaram (9.9%).<ref name="Parali"/>
+Lakshadweep is the northernmost island group of the exposed undersea mountain range, the [[Chagos-Laccadive Ridge|Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Origin and compensation of Chagos-Laccadive ridge, Indian ocean, from admittance analysis of gravity and bathymetry data|date=1991-07-31|doi=10.1016/0012-821X(91)90119-3|bibcode=1991E&PSL.105...47A|volume=105|issue=1–3|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|pages=47–54|last1=Ashalatha|first1=B.|last2=Subrahmanyam|first2=C.|last3=Singh|first3=R.N.|df=dmy-all}}</ref> While there are no conclusive theories about the formation of the atolls, [[Charles Darwin]] proposed in 1842 CE that the subsidence of a volcanic island resulted in the formation of a fringing reef, which grew upwards with continual subsidence.<ref name="AP"/> The individual islands are small, with none of them measuring more than {{cvt|1|mi}} across. Most inhabited islands are situated on the eastern side of Lakshadweep and away from the low-lying lagoons to the West. The soil is generally sandy, derived from coral.<ref name="Brit"/> According to a 2017 report, the Parali I island of Bangaram atoll has eroded and is completely inundated. Four other islands in the atoll also show various degrees of erosion: Parali II (80%), Thinnakara (14.4%), Parali III (11.4%), and Bangaram (9.9%).<ref name="Parali"/>
 ===Climate===
@@ Line 193: / Line 196: @@
 }}
-[[File:LakshadweepIsland.jpg|thumb|[[Bangaram Atoll]], an uninhabited island showing vegetation consisting mostly of [[coconut]] trees]]
+[[File:LakshadweepIsland.jpg|thumb|[[Bangaram Atoll]], an uninhabited island, is covered with [[coconut]] palms]]
-[[File:Green_turtle_Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|A [[Green turtle]] in [[Laccadive Sea]]]]
+[[File:Green_turtle_Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|A [[Green turtle]] in the [[Laccadive Sea]]]]
 [[File:Ducks_on_a_beach_at_Kavaratti,_Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|[[Domestic duck]]s in Kavaratti]]
 === Flora and fauna ===
-The Lakshadweep archipelago is part of the [[Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0125|name=Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests}}</ref> There are no [[forests]] in the islands.<ref name="MSME">{{cite report|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/Lakshadweep%20Profile.pdf|title=Lakshadweep profile|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108162838/https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/Lakshadweep%20Profile.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly 400 species of flowering plants have been documented, including three species of sea grasses ''[[Cymodocea|Cymodocea isoetifolia]]'', ''[[Syringodium isoetifolium]]'' and ''[[Thalassia hemprichii]]'', other [[angiosperms]] such as ''[[Pandanus]]'', ''[[Heliotropium foertherianum]]'', ''[[Tournefortia argentea]]'' and ''[[Pemphis acidula]]'', [[fungi]], [[algae]] and [[lichen]]s. The common flora of the atolls include [[coconut]] groves and coastal shrubs such as ''[[Pemphis acidula]]'', ''[[Cordia subcordata]]'', ''[[Scaevola taccada]]'', ''[[Thespesia populnea]]'', ''[[Suriana maritima]]'', ''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]'', ''[[Guettarda speciosa]]'' and [[seaweeds]] such as [[sea lettuce]]s, ''[[Codium]]'' and ''[[Hypena]]''.<ref name="PR"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=T.A.|first2=J.L.|last2=Ellis|title=Flora of Lakshadweep Islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants|journal=Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany|volume=19|pages=235–250|year=1995}}</ref>
+Lakshadweep is part of the [[Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0125|name=Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests}}</ref> There are no [[forests]] on the islands.<ref name="MSME">{{cite report|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/Lakshadweep%20Profile.pdf|title=Lakshadweep profile|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108162838/https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/Lakshadweep%20Profile.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly 400 species of flowering plants have been documented, including three species of sea grasses ''[[Cymodocea|Cymodocea isoetifolia]]'', ''[[Syringodium isoetifolium]]'' and ''[[Thalassia hemprichii]]'', other [[angiosperms]] such as ''[[Pandanus]]'', ''[[Heliotropium foertherianum]]'', ''[[Tournefortia argentea]]'' and ''[[Pemphis acidula]]'', [[fungi]], [[algae]], and [[lichen]]s. The common flora of the atolls include [[coconut]] groves and coastal shrubs such as ''[[Pemphis acidula]]'', ''[[Cordia subcordata]]'', ''[[Scaevola taccada]]'', ''[[Thespesia populnea]]'', ''[[Suriana maritima]]'', ''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]'', ''[[Guettarda speciosa]],'' and [[seaweeds]] such as [[sea lettuce]]s, ''[[Codium]],'' and ''[[Hypena]]''.<ref name="PR"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=T.A.|first2=J.L.|last2=Ellis|title=Flora of Lakshadweep Islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants|journal=Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany|volume=19|pages=235–250|year=1995}}</ref>
-There are over 600 recorded species of marine fishes, 78 species of [[coral]]s, 82 species of [[seaweed]], 52 species of [[crab]]s, 2 species of [[lobster]]s, 48 species of [[gastropod]]s and 12 species of [[bivalves]].<ref name="PR">{{cite web|title=Biodiversity and Environment Protection|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/planning/14.pdf|publisher=Planning Commission of India|access-date=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505100605/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/planning/14.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Khan|first=Asif N|date=2017|title=First Record of Oriental Pratincole Glareola Maldivarum From Lakshadweep Archipelago|url=http://www.bnhsjournal.org/index.php/bnhs/article/view/114164|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=114|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831215307/http://bnhsjournal.org/index.php/bnhs/article/view/114164|archive-date=31 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is one of the four [[coral reef]] regions in India.<ref>{{cite report|title=Lakshadweep Development Report|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/Presentation/Depts/11.pdf|work=Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep)|access-date=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425132255/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/Presentation/Depts/11.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+There are over 600 recorded species of marine fishes, 78 species of [[coral]]s, 82 species of [[seaweed]], 52 species of [[crab]]s, 2 species of [[lobster]]s, 48 species of [[gastropod]]s, and 12 species of [[bivalves]].<ref name="PR">{{cite web|title=Biodiversity and Environment Protection|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/planning/14.pdf|publisher=Planning Commission of India|access-date=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505100605/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/planning/14.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Khan|first=Asif N|date=2017|title=First Record of Oriental Pratincole Glareola Maldivarum From Lakshadweep Archipelago|url=http://www.bnhsjournal.org/index.php/bnhs/article/view/114164|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=114|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831215307/http://bnhsjournal.org/index.php/bnhs/article/view/114164|archive-date=31 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is one of the four [[coral reef]] regions in India.<ref>{{cite report|title=Lakshadweep Development Report|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/Presentation/Depts/11.pdf|work=Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep)|access-date=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425132255/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/Presentation/Depts/11.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-[[Cetacean]] diversity off the Lakshadweep Islands and in adjacent areas include various whales (e.g. [[pygmy blue whale|pygmy blue]], [[Bryde's whale|Bryde's]], [[sperm whale|sperm]], [[orca]], [[short-finned pilot whale|pilot whale]]) and [[dolphins]].<ref>{{cite web|work=The Marine Mammal Conservation Network of India|url=http://www.marinemammals.in/index.php/database/sightings-strandings/details/1/4235|title=Sightings and Strandings - Bryde's whale|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419193352/http://www.marinemammals.in/index.php/database/sightings-strandings/details/1/4235|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=The Marine Mammal Conservation Network of India|url=http://www.marinemammals.in/index.php/database/sightings-strandings/details/1/4668|title=Sightings and Strandings - Killer whale|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419200257/http://www.marinemammals.in/index.php/database/sightings-strandings/details/1/4668|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Panicker|first=D.|url=http://www.rufford.org/projects/divya_panicker|title=Cetacean Diversity and Distribution in the Lakshadweep Islands, India|work=[[Rufford Foundation]]|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419195138/http://www.rufford.org/projects/divya_panicker|url-status=live}}</ref> The commonly seen are introduced [[cattle]] and [[poultry]].<ref name="AP"/> Other notable marine fauna include [[sharks]], [[bonitos]], [[tunas]], [[Lutjanidae|snappers]], [[flying fish]], [[Manta rays]], [[octopuses]], [[crabs]], and [[turtles]].<ref name="Brit"/> There are 101 species of birds, common amongst them include the [[brown noddy]] and [[sooty tern]] and [[water birds]] such as [[herons]], [[Teal (bird)|teals]], and [[gulls]].<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="PR"/><ref name="AP"/> [[Pitti]] island is a declared bird sanctuary and an important breeding place for [[sea turtles]] and a number of [[pelagic bird]]s including the brown noddy, [[lesser crested tern]] and [[greater crested tern]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/depts/forest/wildlife_(protection)act.htm|work=Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep)|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425154656/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/depts/forest/wildlife_(protection)act.htm|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+[[Cetacean]] diversity off the Lakshadweep Islands and in adjacent areas include various whales (e.g., [[pygmy blue whale|pygmy blue]], [[Bryde's whale|Bryde's]], [[sperm whale|sperm]], [[orca]], [[short-finned pilot whale|pilot whale]]), and [[dolphins]].<ref>{{cite web|work=The Marine Mammal Conservation Network of India|url=http://www.marinemammals.in/index.php/database/sightings-strandings/details/1/4235|title=Sightings and Strandings - Bryde's whale|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419193352/http://www.marinemammals.in/index.php/database/sightings-strandings/details/1/4235|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=The Marine Mammal Conservation Network of India|url=http://www.marinemammals.in/index.php/database/sightings-strandings/details/1/4668|title=Sightings and Strandings - Killer whale|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419200257/http://www.marinemammals.in/index.php/database/sightings-strandings/details/1/4668|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Panicker|first=D.|url=http://www.rufford.org/projects/divya_panicker|title=Cetacean Diversity and Distribution in the Lakshadweep Islands, India|work=[[Rufford Foundation]]|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419195138/http://www.rufford.org/projects/divya_panicker|url-status=live}}</ref> The commonly seen are introduced [[cattle]] and [[poultry]].<ref name="AP"/> Other notable marine fauna include [[sharks]], [[bonitos]], [[tunas]], [[Lutjanidae|snappers]], [[flying fish]], [[Manta rays]], [[octopuses]], [[crabs]], and [[turtles]].<ref name="Brit"/> There are 101 species of birds, common amongst them include the [[brown noddy]] and [[sooty tern]] and [[water birds]] such as [[herons]], [[Teal (bird)|teals]], and [[gulls]].<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="PR"/><ref name="AP"/> [[Pitti]] island is a declared bird sanctuary and an important breeding place for [[sea turtles]] and a number of [[pelagic bird]]s including the brown noddy, [[lesser crested tern]], and [[greater crested tern]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/depts/forest/wildlife_(protection)act.htm|work=Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep)|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425154656/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/depts/forest/wildlife_(protection)act.htm|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 85%"
-|+Symbols of Lakshadweep<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|title=State Symbols of India|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922102907/https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|+Symbols of Lakshadweep<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|title=State Symbols of India|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922102907/https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 |Animal
@@ Line 229: / Line 232: @@
 [[File:Viringili.jpg|thumb|[[Viringili (Maliku Atoll)|Viringili Island]]]]
-The islands form a part of the union territory of Lakshadweep and is administered by an [[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators|administrator]] on behalf of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India|author=G. Palanithurai|year=2002|isbn=978-8-180-69129-4|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/lt-governors-administrators|title=Lt Governors and Administrators|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530075832/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/lt-governors-administrators|url-status=live}}</ref> The union territory was established in 1956 and constitutes a single [[Districts of India|Indian district]].<ref name="SR"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Analysis Of Competitiveness, Simulation Studies And Development Perspective For 35 States And Federal Territories Of India: 2000-2010|author1=Khee Giap Tan|author2=Linda Low|author3=Kong Yam Tan|author4=Vittal Kartik Rao|year=2013|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|page=546}}</ref> The headquarters of the union territory remained at Kozhikode until 1964, when the seat of the [[List of administrators of Lakshadweep|administrator of the islands]] was shifted to Kavaratti. Since then, the administration secretariat is based in Kavaratti.<ref name="Admin">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/|title=Subdivision and blocks|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705150044/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kalpeni Island: History, People and Culture|author=C.G.Pookoya|year=2018|isbn=978-1-642-49960-5|publisher=[[Notion Press]]}}</ref>
+Lakshadweep is a Union Territory and is governed by an [[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators|administrator]] on behalf of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India|author=G. Palanithurai|year=2002|isbn=978-8-180-69129-4|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/lt-governors-administrators|title=Lt Governors and Administrators|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530075832/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/lt-governors-administrators|url-status=live}}</ref> It was established in 1956 and constitutes a single [[Districts of India|Indian district]].<ref name="SR"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Analysis Of Competitiveness, Simulation Studies And Development Perspective For 35 States And Federal Territories Of India: 2000-2010|author1=Khee Giap Tan|author2=Linda Low|author3=Kong Yam Tan|author4=Vittal Kartik Rao|year=2013|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|page=546}}</ref> The headquarters of the union territory were at Kozhikode until 1964, when the seat of the [[List of administrators of Lakshadweep|administrator of the islands]] was shifted to Kavaratti. Since then, the administration secretariat is based in Kavaratti.<ref name="Admin">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/|title=Subdivision and blocks|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705150044/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kalpeni Island: History, People and Culture|author=C.G.Pookoya|year=2018|isbn=978-1-642-49960-5|publisher=[[Notion Press]]}}</ref>
-The territory is divided into ten administrative sub-divisions headed by sub-divisional officers except the Minicoy and Agatti islands, which are headed by deputy collectors.<ref name="Adm">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/|title=Administrative setup|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705174235/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Geomorphology and Physical Oceanography of the Lakshadweep Coral Islands in the Indian Ocean|author1=T.N. Prakash|author2=L. Sheela Nair|author3=T.S. Shahul Hameed|year=2014|isbn=978-3-319-12367-7|publisher=[[Springer International]]|page=9}}</ref> The ten inhabited islands have [[Panchayati raj in India|village panchayat]]s consisting of a total of 88 members across islands. These panchayats are combined to form a district panchayat, which has 26 elected members including the chairpersons of the ten village panchayats and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/district-panchayath/|title=District Panchayath|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195003/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/district-panchayath/|url-status=live}}</ref> The territory is also divided into five community development blocks: Kavaratti, Amini, Andrott, Minicoy and Kiltan, each administered by Collector-cum-Development Commissioner, who is in charge of revenue, and land settlement in the respective block. The commissioner also serves as a [[District magistrate]] and is assisted by an additional district magistrate and ten executive magistrates for enforcement of law and order.<ref name="Admin"/> The administrator acts as the [[Inspector General of Police]] and has command and control of the Lakshadweep Police, which has a sanctioned strength of 349 personnel across nine [[police station]]s.<ref name="Adm"/>
+The territory is divided into ten administrative sub-divisions headed by sub-divisional officers, except the Minicoy and Agatti islands which are headed by deputy collectors.<ref name="Adm">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/|title=Administrative setup|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705174235/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Geomorphology and Physical Oceanography of the Lakshadweep Coral Islands in the Indian Ocean|author1=T.N. Prakash|author2=L. Sheela Nair|author3=T.S. Shahul Hameed|year=2014|isbn=978-3-319-12367-7|publisher=[[Springer International]]|page=9}}</ref> The ten inhabited islands have [[Panchayati raj in India|village panchayat]]s consisting of a total of 88 members across islands. These panchayats are combined to form a district panchayat, which has 26 elected members including the chairpersons of the ten village panchayats and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/district-panchayath/|title=District Panchayath|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195003/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/district-panchayath/|url-status=live}}</ref> The territory is also divided into five community development blocks: Kavaratti, Amini, Andrott, Minicoy and Kiltan, each administered by Collector-cum-Development Commissioner, who is in charge of revenue and land settlement in their respective block. The commissioner also serves as a [[District magistrate]] and is assisted by an additional district magistrate and ten executive magistrates for enforcement of law and order.<ref name="Admin"/> The administrator acts as the [[Inspector General of Police]] and has command and control of the Lakshadweep Police, which has a sanctioned strength of 349 personnel across nine [[police station]]s.<ref name="Adm"/>
-The territory elects one member to the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]], the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Parliament|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709235221/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|archive-date=9 July 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/lakshadweep-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-2547112-2024-06-04|title=Lakshadweep Lok Sabha Election results 2024: Full list of winners|date=4 June 2024|access-date=11 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605175048/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/lakshadweep-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-2547112-2024-06-04|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lakshadweep is a reserved constituency for [[Scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency {{!}} Lakshadweep {{!}} India|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/constituencies/|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705091420/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/constituencies/|url-status=live}}</ref> The union territory falls under the [[judiciary|judicial]] jurisdiction of the [[Kerala High Court]] at [[Kochi]], and has a system of lower courts under its authority. There is a [[District courts of India|district and sessions court]] in Kavaratti since 1997 and two [[District Munsiff Court|munsiff courts]] in Andrott and Amini islands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judicial Setup|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/judicial-setup/|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705133118/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/judicial-setup/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Lakshadweep|author=D. Banerjea|year=2002|isbn=978-8-177-64872-0|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=82}}</ref>
+The territory elects one member to the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]], the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Parliament|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/19167_State_wise_seats_in_Lok_Sabha_18-03-2009.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/lakshadweep-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-2547112-2024-06-04|title=Lakshadweep Lok Sabha Election results 2024: Full list of winners|date=4 June 2024|access-date=11 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605175048/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/lakshadweep-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-2547112-2024-06-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Lakshadweep is a reserved constituency for [[Scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency {{!}} Lakshadweep {{!}} India|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/constituencies/|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705091420/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/constituencies/|url-status=live}}</ref> The union territory falls under the [[judiciary|judicial]] jurisdiction of the [[Kerala High Court]] at [[Kochi]], and has a system of lower courts under its authority. There is a [[District courts of India|district and sessions court]] in Kavaratti (established in 1997) and two [[District Munsiff Court|munsiff courts]] in Andrott and Amini islands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judicial Setup|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/judicial-setup/|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705133118/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/administrative-setup/judicial-setup/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Lakshadweep|author=D. Banerjea|year=2002|isbn=978-8-177-64872-0|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=82}}</ref>
 {{Table alignment}}
@@ Line 370: / Line 373: @@
 ==Demographics==
-According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Lakshadweep has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 64,473 including 33,123 (51.3%) males and 31,350 (48.7%) females.<ref name="Pop"/> The territory had a [[sex ratio]] of 946 females per 1,000 males in 2011.<ref>{{cite report|title=Census of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/ani/ani_press_release.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=13 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113163050/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/ani/ani_press_release.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> It also recorded the [[List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio|highest]] sex ratio at birth amongst Indian territories as per the [[National Family Health Survey]] (NFHS) in 2021.<ref>{{cite press release|date=17 December 2021|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, [[Government of India]]|title=Update on Child Sex Ratio|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922222826/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, there were a total of 11,574 households and about 50,332 (78%) of the population lived in urban areas.<ref name="Pop"/> As per the [[National Statistical Commission|NSO]] survey in 2017, the [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] was 92.28%, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|second highest]] amongst all Indian territories.<ref>{{cite report|title=Household Social Consumption on Education in India|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|year=2018|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the NFHS, the [[fertility rate]] was 1.4, significantly below the national average of 2.0.<ref>{{cite report|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5)|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-5.shtml|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124231928/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/factsheet_NFHS-5.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
+According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Lakshadweep has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 64,473, consisting of 33,123 (51.3%) males and 31,350 (48.7%) females, and had a [[sex ratio]] of 946 females per 1,000 males in 2011.<ref name="Pop" /><ref>{{cite report|title=Census of India, provisional results|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42611/download/46274/Census%20of%20India%202011-Provisional%20Population%20Totals.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> It also recorded the [[List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio|highest]] sex ratio at birth amongst Indian territories as per the [[National Family Health Survey]] (NFHS) in 2021.<ref>{{cite press release|date=17 December 2021|publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]]|title=Update on Child Sex Ratio|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922222826/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, there were a total of 11,574 households and about 50,332 (78%) of the population lived in urban areas.<ref name="Pop"/> As per the [[National Statistical Commission|NSO]] survey in 2017, the [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] was 92.28%, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|second highest]] amongst all Indian territories.<ref>{{cite report|title=Household Social Consumption on Education in India|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|year=2018|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the NFHS, the [[fertility rate]] was 1.4, significantly below the national average of 2.0.<ref>{{cite report|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5)|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR375/FR375.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
 === Religion and ethnicity ===
@@ Line 386: / Line 389: @@
 }}
-Islam (96.6%) is the major religion of people of the islands with [[Sunni Islam]] being the predominant denomination, followed by [[Hinduism]] (2.8%) and [[Christianity]] (0.5%).<ref name="RL"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Roland E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TC6zCAAAQBAJ|title=Mappila Muslim Culture: How a Historic Muslim Community in India Has Blended Tradition and Modernity|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-438-45601-0|pages=368|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123921/https://books.google.com/books?id=TC6zCAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the settlers of the islands are descendants of migrants from the Malabar coast of Southwest India and are ethnically similar to the [[Mappila]]s of [[Malayali people|Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/lakshadweep-an-isolated-island-that-became-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-7341984/|title=Lakshadweep: An isolated island that became a melting pot of cultures|date=3 June 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125164057/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/lakshadweep-an-isolated-island-that-became-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-7341984/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cult">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/culture-heritage/|title=Lakshadweep-Culture and Heritage|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115024708/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/culture-heritage/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to local tradition, Islam was brought to the islands by Ubaidullah in 661 AD.<ref name="Hist"/> Although Islam is the predominant religion currently, the earliest settlers were probably Hindus with the religious orientation, social stratification and matrilineal kinship system evidences of the same.<ref name="Brit"/> The southernmost island of Minicoy are populated by the [[Mahls]], an ethnic group also resident in the [[Maldives]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/lakshadweeps-minicoy-island-kingdom-women-52786|title=Lakshadweep's Minicoy Island, a kingdom for women|date=12 November 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[News Minute]]|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081729/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/lakshadweeps-minicoy-island-kingdom-women-52786|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Islam (96.6%) is the major religion of people of the islands with [[Sunni Islam]] being the predominant denomination, followed by [[Hinduism]] (2.8%) and [[Christianity]] (0.5%).<ref name="RL"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Roland E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TC6zCAAAQBAJ|title=Mappila Muslim Culture: How a Historic Muslim Community in India Has Blended Tradition and Modernity|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-438-45601-0|pages=368|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123921/https://books.google.com/books?id=TC6zCAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Most settlers of the islands are descendants of migrants from the Malabar coast of Southwest India and are ethnically similar to the [[Mappila]]s of [[Malayali people|Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/lakshadweep-an-isolated-island-that-became-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-7341984/|title=Lakshadweep: An isolated island that became a melting pot of cultures|date=3 June 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125164057/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/lakshadweep-an-isolated-island-that-became-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-7341984/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cult">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/culture-heritage/|title=Lakshadweep-Culture and Heritage|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115024708/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/about-lakshadweep/culture-heritage/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to local tradition, Islam was brought to the islands by Ubaidullah in 661 CE.<ref name="Hist"/> Although Islam is the predominant religion currently, the earliest settlers were probably Hindus, evidenced by the current social stratification and [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] kinship system in Lakshadweep.<ref name="Brit"/> The southernmost island of Minicoy is populated by the [[Mahls]], an ethnic group also resident in the [[Maldives]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/lakshadweeps-minicoy-island-kingdom-women-52786|title=Lakshadweep's Minicoy Island, a kingdom for women|date=12 November 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|work=News Minute|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081729/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/lakshadweeps-minicoy-island-kingdom-women-52786|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Languages ===
 {{bar box
-|title=Languages of Lakshadweep (2011)<ref name="Lang">{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|url-status=live }}</ref>
+|title=Languages of Lakshadweep (2011)<ref name="Lang">{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX|title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
 |titlebar=#Fcd116
 |left1=Language
@@ Line 401: / Line 404: @@
 }}
-[[English language|English]] is the official language of the union territory.<ref name="Offlang"/> [[Jeseri]] (also known as ''Dweep Basha''), a dialect of [[Malayalam]], is the widely spoken language in the Amindivi and Laccadive islands with [[Mahl dialect|Mahl]], a dialect of [[Divehi language|Dhivehi]] spoken in Minicoy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Many Faces of India: A Portrait of Its People, Places, and Heritage|author=Pardeep Patel|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXO4EAAAQBAJ|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620082345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Many_Faces_of_India_A_Portrait_of_It/sXO4EAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Lakshadweep Pradesikabhasha Nighandu (Translation: Lakshadweep Regional Language Dictionary), Editor: Dr. Koyammakoya M.|isbn=978-8-192-28229-9|last1=Kōyammakkōya|first1=Eṃ|year=2012|publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ, Nāṣaṇal Bukkȧ St̲āḷ }}</ref> There are minor variations of the same dialect across islands.<ref>{{cite book|title=India, a reference annual|year=2004|publisher=[[Government of India]]|isbn=978-8-123-01156-1|page=851}}</ref>
+[[English language|English]] is the official language of the union territory.<ref name="Offlang"/> [[Jeseri]] (also known as ''Dweep Basha''), a dialect of [[Malayalam]], is widely spoken language in the Amindivi and Laccadive islands. [[Mahl dialect|Mahl]], a dialect of [[Divehi language|Dhivehi]], is spoken in Minicoy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Many Faces of India: A Portrait of Its People, Places, and Heritage|author=Pardeep Patel|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXO4EAAAQBAJ|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620082345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Many_Faces_of_India_A_Portrait_of_It/sXO4EAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Lakshadweep Pradesikabhasha Nighandu (Translation: Lakshadweep Regional Language Dictionary), Editor: Dr. Koyammakoya M.|isbn=978-8-192-28229-9|last1=Kōyammakkōya|first1=Eṃ|year=2012|publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ, Nāṣaṇal Bukkȧ St̲āḷ }}</ref> There are minor variations of the same dialect across islands.<ref>{{cite book|title=India, a reference annual|year=2004|publisher=[[Government of India]]|isbn=978-8-123-01156-1|page=851}}</ref>
-Malayalam written in the [[Malayalam script]] was introduced as the primary language of Lakshadweep during the British Raj, while previously a type of [[Arabic script]], which is also known as [[Ponnani]] script or [[Arabi Malayalam script]], was used for writing the language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Subramoniam|first=V. I.|year=1997|title=Dravidian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 3, Language and literature|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|pages=508–509|isbn=818569222X}}</ref> The policy is continued with Malayalam serving as a link language on the islands including Minicoy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Muslim Tribes of Lakshadweep Islands: An Anthropological Appraisal|isbn=978-8-175-33032-0|last1=Jha|first1=Makhan|year=1997|publisher=M.D. Publications}}</ref>
+Malayalam, written in the [[Malayalam script]], was introduced as the primary language of Lakshadweep during the British Raj. This policy has been continued since independence, with Malayalam serving as a link language on all islands, including Minicoy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Makhan |title=The Muslim Tribes of Lakshadweep Islands: An Anthropological Appraisal |publisher=M.D. Publications |year=1997 |isbn=978-8-175-33032-0}}</ref> Previously, a type of [[Arabic script]], known as the[[Ponnani]] or [[Arabi Malayalam script]], was used as the writing system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Subramoniam|first=V. I.|year=1997|title=Dravidian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 3, Language and literature|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|pages=508–509|isbn=818569222X}}</ref>
 ==Economy==
-[[File:India Tree.jpg|thumb|[[Coconut tree]]s in the islands are commercially important]]
+[[File:India Tree.jpg|thumb|[[Coconut tree|Coconut palm]]s on the islands are commercially important]]
-The economy is dependent on [[agriculture]] and [[fishing|fishery]] with [[tourism]], a developing industry.<ref name="Brit"/> {{As of|2013}}, there were 72 registered [[Micro-enterprise|micro]] and [[small enterprise|small industries]] majorly involved in the public sector, manufacture of [[food products]], and [[furniture]]. Major exports are coconut products including [[Coconut fibre|coconut fibre (coir)]] and fishes.<ref name="MSME"/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/editors-picks/the-ecological-implications-of-lakshadweeps-new-found-popularity|title=The Ecological Implications Of Lakshadweep's New-Found Popularity|date=11 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501080320/https://www.outlooktraveller.com/editors-picks/the-ecological-implications-of-lakshadweeps-new-found-popularity|url-status=live}}</ref> With a minimal arable land of 2.58 hectares, the major agriculture produce is coconuts.<ref name="MSME"/> There are five coir factories, five production demonstration centers and seven curling units run by the government and with the major products being coir fiber, yarn and mats.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/84466.pdf|title=Report of the Working Group on Improvement of Banking Services in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525191638/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/84466.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+The economy is dependent on [[agriculture]], [[fishing|fishery]], and [[tourism]].<ref name="Brit" /> {{As of|2013}}, there were 72 registered [[Micro-enterprise|micro]] and [[small enterprise|small industries]] majorly involved in the public sector, and the manufacture of [[food products]] and [[furniture]]. With a minimal arable land of 2.58 hectares, the major agriculture produce is coconuts.<ref name="MSME" /> The major exports from Lakshadweep are coconut products including [[Coconut fibre|coconut fibre (coir)]] and fishes.<ref name="MSME"/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/editors-picks/the-ecological-implications-of-lakshadweeps-new-found-popularity|title=The Ecological Implications Of Lakshadweep's New-Found Popularity|date=11 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501080320/https://www.outlooktraveller.com/editors-picks/the-ecological-implications-of-lakshadweeps-new-found-popularity|url-status=live}}</ref> The government runs five coir factories, five production demonstration centers, and seven curling units that produce coir fiber, yarn and mats.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/84466.pdf|title=Report of the Working Group on Improvement of Banking Services in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525191638/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/84466.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-[[File:Blue tang surgeonfish.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paracanthurus|Blue Tang]]s in the [[Laccadive Sea]]]]
+[[File:Blue tang surgeonfish.jpg|thumb|left|[[Acanthurus leucosternon]] in the [[Laccadive Sea]]]]
-[[File:Bangaram_Island,_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg|thumb|[[Bangaram Atoll]] is promoted as a tourist destination]]
+[[File:Bangaram_Island,_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg|thumb|[[Bangaram Atoll]] is being promoted as a tourist destination]]
-With a vast lagoon area and an exclusive economic zone of {{cvt|400,000|km2}}, fishery is a major industry. The estimated annual production is 21,016 tonnes of which 60% is [[tuna]] and related fishes. About 60% of the total production is converted to dried products and 40% is allocated for local consumption.<ref name="Fish">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/fisheries-2/|title=Fisheries|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611002428/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/fisheries-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Commercial fishing]] is concentrated around 11 islands with [[skipjack tuna]] and [[yellowfin tuna]] being the only commercial varieties fished. Fishing is done using mechanized fishing boats, traditional country crafts and country crafts fitted with motors. The government runs a tuna canning factory in the islands.<ref name="Fish"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/5-things-to-do-in-lakshadweep-in-2024-pm-modi-article-106546638|title=Seeking new horizons: Adoption of deep-tech a game-changer for fisheries in Lakshadweep|date=28 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104124819/https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/5-things-to-do-in-lakshadweep-in-2024-pm-modi-article-106546638|url-status=live}}</ref>
+With a vast lagoon area and an exclusive economic zone of {{cvt|400,000|km2}}, fishing is a major industry. The estimated annual production is 21,016 tonnes of which 60% is [[tuna]] and related fishes. About 60% of the total production is converted to dried products and 40% is allocated for local consumption.<ref name="Fish">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/fisheries-2/|title=Fisheries|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611002428/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/fisheries-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Commercial fishing]] is concentrated around 11 islands with [[skipjack tuna]] and [[yellowfin tuna]] being the only commercial varieties. The government runs a tuna canning factory in the islands. Fishing is carried out using mechanized fishing boats, traditional country crafts, and country crafts fitted with outboard motors.<ref name="Fish"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/5-things-to-do-in-lakshadweep-in-2024-pm-modi-article-106546638|title=Seeking new horizons: Adoption of deep-tech a game-changer for fisheries in Lakshadweep|date=28 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104124819/https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/5-things-to-do-in-lakshadweep-in-2024-pm-modi-article-106546638|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Tourism in Lakshadweep began in 1974, when the Bangaram atoll was opened for international tourism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dnn24.com/lakshadweeps-tourism-renaissance-opening-the-isles-to-the-world-in-1974/|title=Lakshadweep's Tourism Renaissance: Opening the Isles to the World in 1974|work=DNN|access-date=10 January 2024|date=9 January 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201151522/https://dnn24.com/lakshadweeps-tourism-renaissance-opening-the-isles-to-the-world-in-1974/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tourist">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-07/Executive%20Summary%20Final%20Report%20%20Lakshadweep_2017%2018_Final%20Report_13March2019.pdf|title=Report on tourism|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409111316/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-07/Executive%20Summary%20Final%20Report%20%20Lakshadweep_2017%2018_Final%20Report_13March2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the government statistics, 10,435 domestic tourists and 1,313 foreign tourists visited the islands in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/maldives-and-lakshadweep-9118096/|title=Maldives and Lakshadweep: How do the two groups of islands compare as tourism destinations?|date=29 January 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=31 January 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131191707/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/maldives-and-lakshadweep-9118096/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government is promoting tourism as a means to increase the income of local population with the Bangaram and Kadmat islands promoted as potential tourist destinations. With marine fauna and coral reefs, various water sports activities such as [[scuba diving]], [[wind surfing]], [[snorkelling]], [[surfing]], [[kayaking]], [[canoeing]], [[water skiing]], [[sportfishing]], [[yachting]] and night sea voyages have been established to promote tourism.<ref name="Tourist"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/5-things-to-do-in-lakshadweep-in-2024-pm-modi-article-106546638|title=Things to do in Lakshadweep|date=5 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104124819/https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/5-things-to-do-in-lakshadweep-in-2024-pm-modi-article-106546638|url-status=live}}</ref> Tourists need a permission to visit the islands and foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entry Permits|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/tourism/entry-permit/|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107225435/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/tourism/entry-permit/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the current [[alcohol laws of India]], [[alcoholic beverage]] consumption is not permitted in the islands except on the Bangaram island.<ref>{{cite news|title=Introduction to Lakshadweep Islands|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/india/kerala/lakshadweep-islands/frm_lakshadwee_3484010001.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211045612/http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/india/kerala/lakshadweep-islands/frm_lakshadwee_3484010001.html|archive-date=11 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2024, the government proposed further programmes to improve infrastructure and promote tourism.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 January 2024|title=Lakshadweep being discussed across the world after PM's visit, says its administrator|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/lakshadweep-being-discussed-across-the-world-after-pms-visit-says-its-administrator/articleshow/106643423.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108145009/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/lakshadweep-being-discussed-across-the-world-after-pms-visit-says-its-administrator/articleshow/106643423.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The potential negative effects of tourism on the environment and ecosystem of the islands is a subject of debate.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Salahuddin|title=How controversial development chokes India's archipelagos|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/how-a-conservation-development-clash-chokes-india-andaman-and-nicobar-and-lakshadweep-archipelagos/article67105341.ece|access-date=29 September 2023|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=21 July 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922113133/https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/how-a-conservation-development-clash-chokes-india-andaman-and-nicobar-and-lakshadweep-archipelagos/article67105341.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Tourism in Lakshadweep began in 1974, when the Bangaram atoll was opened for international tourism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dnn24.com/lakshadweeps-tourism-renaissance-opening-the-isles-to-the-world-in-1974/|title=Lakshadweep's Tourism Renaissance: Opening the Isles to the World in 1974|work=DNN|access-date=10 January 2024|date=9 January 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201151522/https://dnn24.com/lakshadweeps-tourism-renaissance-opening-the-isles-to-the-world-in-1974/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tourist">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-07/Executive%20Summary%20Final%20Report%20%20Lakshadweep_2017%2018_Final%20Report_13March2019.pdf|title=Report on tourism|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409111316/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-07/Executive%20Summary%20Final%20Report%20%20Lakshadweep_2017%2018_Final%20Report_13March2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> According to government statistics, 10,435 domestic tourists and 1,313 foreign tourists visited the islands in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/maldives-and-lakshadweep-9118096/|title=Maldives and Lakshadweep: How do the two groups of islands compare as tourism destinations?|date=29 January 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=31 January 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131191707/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/maldives-and-lakshadweep-9118096/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government is promoting tourism as a means to increase the income of the local population, with Bangaram and Kadmat islands being promoted as potential tourist destinations. To promote tourism, activities such as [[scuba diving]], [[wind surfing]], [[snorkelling]], [[surfing]], [[kayaking]], [[canoeing]], [[water skiing]], [[sportfishing]], [[yachting]] and night sea voyages have been established.<ref name="Tourist"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/5-things-to-do-in-lakshadweep-in-2024-pm-modi-article-106546638|title=Things to do in Lakshadweep|date=5 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104124819/https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/5-things-to-do-in-lakshadweep-in-2024-pm-modi-article-106546638|url-status=live}}</ref> Tourists require permission to visit Lakshadweep and foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entry Permits|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/tourism/entry-permit/|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107225435/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/tourism/entry-permit/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the current [[alcohol laws of India]], [[alcoholic beverage]] consumption is not permitted on the islands, except on Bangaram.<ref>{{cite news|title=Introduction to Lakshadweep Islands|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/india/kerala/lakshadweep-islands/frm_lakshadwee_3484010001.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211045612/http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/india/kerala/lakshadweep-islands/frm_lakshadwee_3484010001.html|archive-date=11 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2024, the government proposed further programmes to improve infrastructure and promote tourism.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 January 2024|title=Lakshadweep being discussed across the world after PM's visit, says its administrator|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/lakshadweep-being-discussed-across-the-world-after-pms-visit-says-its-administrator/articleshow/106643423.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108145009/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/lakshadweep-being-discussed-across-the-world-after-pms-visit-says-its-administrator/articleshow/106643423.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The potential negative effects of tourism on the environment and ecosystem of the islands is a subject of debate.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Salahuddin|title=How controversial development chokes India's archipelagos|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/how-a-conservation-development-clash-chokes-india-andaman-and-nicobar-and-lakshadweep-archipelagos/article67105341.ece|access-date=29 September 2023|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=21 July 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922113133/https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/how-a-conservation-development-clash-chokes-india-andaman-and-nicobar-and-lakshadweep-archipelagos/article67105341.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Infrastructure ==
 [[File:BSNL_Office_at_Kalpeni_Island_IMG_20190930_114924.jpg|thumb|There is limited [[mobile communication]] in the islands. Pictured is the office of state-owned [[BSNL]] in [[Kalpeni]]]]
-There is no single power grid connecting the islands and independent power houses cater to the power requirements of the islands.<ref name="EB">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/electricity/|title=Electricity in Lakshadweep|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164428/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/electricity/|url-status=live}}</ref> Minicoy was the first island to be electrified in 1962 followed by Kavaratti in 1964 and others later, with Bitra being the last island to be electrified in 1982. Two [[diesel fuel|diesel]] generators were established in 1962, which generated about 51.6 [[Watt|Kilo Watt]]s of power. {{As of|2012}}, the islands have 41 diesel generators and 12 [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic system]]s with a total installed capacity of 18.5 Mega Watts.<ref name="EB"/> In January 2024, a [[solar power plant]] was commissioned to augment the power generation capacity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/pm-modi-inaugurates-lakshadweeps-on-grid-solar-project-with-advanced-battery-storage/106514089|title=PM Modi inaugurates Lakshadweep's on-grid solar project with advanced battery storage|date=3 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104063245/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/pm-modi-inaugurates-lakshadweeps-on-grid-solar-project-with-advanced-battery-storage/106514089|url-status=live}}</ref>
+There is no single power grid that connects Lakshadweep; independent power houses cater to the power requirements of the islands.<ref name="EB">{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/electricity/|title=Electricity in Lakshadweep|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164428/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/electricity/|url-status=live}}</ref> Minicoy was the first island to be electrified in 1962, followed by Kavaratti in 1964 and others later, with Bitra being the last island to be electrified in 1982. Two [[diesel fuel|diesel]] generators were established in 1962, which generate about 51.6 [[Watt|Kilo Watt]]s of power. {{As of|2012}}, the islands have 41 diesel generators and 12 [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic system]]s with a total installed capacity of 18.5 Mega Watts.<ref name="EB"/> In January 2024, a [[solar power plant]] was commissioned to augment the power generation capacity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/pm-modi-inaugurates-lakshadweeps-on-grid-solar-project-with-advanced-battery-storage/106514089|title=PM Modi inaugurates Lakshadweep's on-grid solar project with advanced battery storage|date=3 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104063245/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/pm-modi-inaugurates-lakshadweeps-on-grid-solar-project-with-advanced-battery-storage/106514089|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The world's first ever experimental [[low-temperature thermal desalination]] plant opened in Kavaratti in 2005 with a projected capacity to produce 100,000&nbsp;litres of potable water per day from seawater. The plant utilized the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and much colder seawater at about {{cvt|500|m}} depth to generate potable water as well as energy.<ref>{{cite press release|title=World's first ever low temperature thermal desalination plant opened at Kavaratti|publisher=[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]], [[Government of India]]|date=23 May 2005|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=9439|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426172244/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=9439|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=One Million Litre Per Day (1 MLD) Barge Mounted Desalination Plant|publisher=[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]], [[Government of India]]|date=18 April 2007|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=26958|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425230651/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=26958|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The technology was developed by the [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]] and the government announced plans to build three more such plants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/19/stories/2009111961820300.htm|title=City institute plans to develop manned submersibles|date=19 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224082947/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/19/stories/2009111961820300.htm|archive-date=24 December 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+The world's first ever experimental [[low-temperature thermal desalination]] plant opened in Kavaratti in 2005, with a projected daily production capacity of 100,000&nbsp;litres of potable water from seawater. The plant utilises the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and much colder seawater at about {{cvt|500|m}} depth to generate potable water as well as energy.<ref>{{cite press release|title=World's first ever low temperature thermal desalination plant opened at Kavaratti|publisher=[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]], [[Government of India]]|date=23 May 2005|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=9439|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307230658/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=9439|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=One Million Litre Per Day (1 MLD) Barge Mounted Desalination Plant|publisher=[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]], [[Government of India]]|date=18 April 2007|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=26958|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307091005/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=26958|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The technology was developed at the [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]] and the government has announced plans to build three more such plants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/19/stories/2009111961820300.htm|title=City institute plans to develop manned submersibles|date=19 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224082947/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/19/stories/2009111961820300.htm|archive-date=24 December 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-[[Mobile communication]] service is provided by state-owned [[BSNL]] across all inhabited islands and [[Airtel]] in Kavratti and Agatti islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/|title=About Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622045529/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://telecomtalk.info/lakshadweep-sees-the-addition-5g-bts-october2023/895280/|title=Lakshadweep Sees the Addition of 5G BTS in October 2023|date=13 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Telecom Talk|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118151810/https://telecomtalk.info/lakshadweep-sees-the-addition-5g-bts-october2023/895280/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the government announced a project to install under-sea [[fiber optic cable]] for high-speed mobile and internet connectivity between Kochi and 11 islands of Lakshadweep, which was inaugurated in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-approves-undersea-fibre-link-between-lakshadweep-islands-and-kochi-11607520516666.html|title=Cabinet approves undersea fibre link between Lakshadweep islands and Kochi|access-date=21 September 2021|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=9 December 2020|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921113801/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-approves-undersea-fibre-link-between-lakshadweep-islands-and-kochi-11607520516666.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jan/03/lakshadweep-island-to-have-high-speed-internet-connectivity-as-pm-inaugurates-kochi-lakshadweep-isla-2647494.html|title=PM inaugurates project aiming to provide high-speed internet in Lakshadweep|date=3 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110173426/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/03/lakshadweep-island-to-have-high-speed-internet-connectivity-as-pm-inaugurates-kochi-lakshadweep-isla-2647494.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Post office]]s run by [[India Post]] provide [[mail]] service and there are four hospitals with 200 beds, four primary health centers, and 14 sub-health centers operated by the government.<ref name="MSME"/>
+[[Mobile communication]] service is provided by state-owned [[BSNL]] across all inhabited islands and [[Airtel]] in Kavratti and Agatti islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/|title=About Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622045529/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://telecomtalk.info/lakshadweep-sees-the-addition-5g-bts-october2023/895280/|title=Lakshadweep Sees the Addition of 5G BTS in October 2023|date=13 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Telecom Talk|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118151810/https://telecomtalk.info/lakshadweep-sees-the-addition-5g-bts-october2023/895280/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the government announced a project to install under-sea [[fiber optic cable]] for high-speed mobile and internet connectivity between Kochi and 11 islands of Lakshadweep, which was inaugurated in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-approves-undersea-fibre-link-between-lakshadweep-islands-and-kochi-11607520516666.html|title=Cabinet approves undersea fibre link between Lakshadweep islands and Kochi|access-date=21 September 2021|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=9 December 2020|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921113801/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-approves-undersea-fibre-link-between-lakshadweep-islands-and-kochi-11607520516666.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jan/03/lakshadweep-island-to-have-high-speed-internet-connectivity-as-pm-inaugurates-kochi-lakshadweep-isla-2647494.html|title=PM inaugurates project aiming to provide high-speed internet in Lakshadweep|date=3 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110173426/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/03/lakshadweep-island-to-have-high-speed-internet-connectivity-as-pm-inaugurates-kochi-lakshadweep-isla-2647494.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Post office]]s run by [[India Post]] provide [[mail]] service.<ref name="MSME" />
+Lakshadweep is served by four hospitals with 200 beds, four primary health centers, and 14 sub-health centers operated by the government.<ref name="MSME" />
 == Transportation ==
-[[File:MV Amindivi 001.JPG|thumb|Passenger ship MV ''[[Amindivi]]'']]
+[[File:MV Amindivi 001.JPG|thumb|Passenger ship MV ''Amindivi'']]
+The only airport in the territory is [[Agatti Airport]] on Agatti island.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/aerodrome/public/PUBLIC%20USE%20LICENSED%20AERODROME%20(PUBLIC%20AND%20PRIVATE)%20AND%20HELIPORT%20-converted%20(1).pdf|title=List of Aerodromes Licensed in Public Use Category|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] of India|access-date=11 October 2023|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126130851/https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/aerodrome/public/PUBLIC%20USE%20LICENSED%20AERODROME%20(PUBLIC%20AND%20PRIVATE)%20AND%20HELIPORT%20-converted%20(1).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/flight-services-resume-at-agatti-after-technical-snag-delays-operations/article68186832.ece|title=Flight services resume at Agatti after technical snag delays operations|date=17 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522044914/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/flight-services-resume-at-agatti-after-technical-snag-delays-operations/article68186832.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{cvt|1.2|km}} runway is capable of serving small [[turboprop]] aircraft. The government announced a plan in early 2024 to extend the runway to enable it to handle larger [[narrow body aircraft]] and expand the infrastructure to convert the airport into dual-use for civilian and military purposes. The construction of a greenfield airport at Minicoy Island was also proposed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lakshadweeps-lakshya-new-airport-more-hotels/articleshow/106677489.cms?from=mdr|title=Lakshadweep's lakshya: New airport|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2024|access-date=7 February 2024|archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208054133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lakshadweeps-lakshya-new-airport-more-hotels/articleshow/106677489.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Two [[helicopters]] are presently operated by [[Pawan Hans]] and are utilised for  passenger transport and emergency medical evacuation from the islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pawanhans.co.in/english/inner.aspx?status=4&menu_id=169|title=Pawan Hans services|publisher=Pawan Hans|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128183949/https://www.pawanhans.co.in/english/inner.aspx?status=4&menu_id=169|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/baby-delivered-on-board-pawan-hans-chopper-on-medical-evacuation-flight-6794376/|title=Baby delivered on board Pawan Hans chopper on medical evacuation flight|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 October 2020|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821081155/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/baby-delivered-on-board-pawan-hans-chopper-on-medical-evacuation-flight-6794376/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+{{As of|2019}}, there are {{cvt|228|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads and no [[railway]] in the territory.<ref name="MSME" /><ref>{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Basic%20Road%20Statistics%20in%20India-2018-19.pdf|page=48|title=Road statistics|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620082310/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Basic%20Road%20Statistics%20in%20India-2018-19.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional roads have been planned, including a peripheral road at Kavaratti and beach front roads at Kadamath and Agatti islands.<ref name="Dev" />
-The islands are served by the [[Agatti Airport]] on the Agatti island, the only airport in the territory.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/aerodrome/public/PUBLIC%20USE%20LICENSED%20AERODROME%20(PUBLIC%20AND%20PRIVATE)%20AND%20HELIPORT%20-converted%20(1).pdf|title=List of Aerodromes Licensed in Public Use Category|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] of India|access-date=11 October 2023|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126130851/https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/aerodrome/public/PUBLIC%20USE%20LICENSED%20AERODROME%20(PUBLIC%20AND%20PRIVATE)%20AND%20HELIPORT%20-converted%20(1).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/flight-services-resume-at-agatti-after-technical-snag-delays-operations/article68186832.ece|title=Flight services resume at Agatti after technical snag delays operations|date=17 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522044914/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/flight-services-resume-at-agatti-after-technical-snag-delays-operations/article68186832.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{cvt|1.2|km}} long runway is capable of handling only smaller [[turboprop]] aircraft. The government announced a plan in early 2024 to extend the runway to enable it to handle larger [[narrow body aircraft]] and expand the infrastructure to convert the airport into dual-use for civilian and military purposes. A new greenfield airport was also proposed to be constructed at Minicoy Island.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lakshadweeps-lakshya-new-airport-more-hotels/articleshow/106677489.cms?from=mdr|title=Lakshadweep's lakshya: New airport|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2024|access-date=7 February 2024|archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208054133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lakshadweeps-lakshya-new-airport-more-hotels/articleshow/106677489.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Two [[helicopters]] are operated by [[Pawan Hans]] which are utilised for  passenger transport and emergency medical evacuation from the islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pawanhans.co.in/english/inner.aspx?status=4&menu_id=169|title=Pawan Hans services|publisher=Pawan Hans|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128183949/https://www.pawanhans.co.in/english/inner.aspx?status=4&menu_id=169|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/baby-delivered-on-board-pawan-hans-chopper-on-medical-evacuation-flight-6794376/|title=Baby delivered on board Pawan Hans chopper on medical evacuation flight|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 October 2020|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821081155/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/baby-delivered-on-board-pawan-hans-chopper-on-medical-evacuation-flight-6794376/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+{{As of|2023}}, seven ships operate passenger services between [[Kochi]] and the islands, with seasonal boat/ferry services available between islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/how-to-reach/|title=Means of Transport|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622051022/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/how-to-reach/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lakshadweep/adequate-travel-arrangements-in-place-for-islanders-says-lakshadweep-administration/article68039507.ece|title=Adequate travel arrangements in place for islanders, says Lakshadweep administration|date=8 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417182957/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lakshadweep/adequate-travel-arrangements-in-place-for-islanders-says-lakshadweep-administration/article68039507.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, the government unveiled a plan to develop three ports at Androth, Kalpeni and Kadamath islands as a part of the [[Sagar Mala project]].<ref name="Dev">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/laksha-for-dweep-3-6kcr-plan-to-turn-islands-in-tourist-hub/articleshow/107468457.cms|title=Laksha for Dweep: ₹3.6kcr plan to turn islands in tourist hub|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 February 2024|access-date=7 February 2024|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206185313/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/laksha-for-dweep-3-6kcr-plan-to-turn-islands-in-tourist-hub/articleshow/107468457.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The ten inhabited island each have a minor port.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf |title=Ports of India |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320115121/https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are fifteen [[lighthouses]] on the islands, with the [[Minicoy Island Lighthouse]] (built in 1885) being the first modern lighthouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lighthouses |url=https://dgll.nic.in/DGLL-light-house-location/kochi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613100245/http://www.dgll.nic.in/DGLL-light-house-location/kochi |archive-date=13 June 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://minicoy.utl.gov.in/govt_offices/lighthouse|title=Minicoy Island Lighthouse|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202060835/https://minicoy.utl.gov.in/govt_offices/lighthouse|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.mv/the_democrats/32149|title=Indian Navy to commission naval base in Minicoy island (Maliku) tomorrow|date=5 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Edition|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620082352/https://edition.mv/the_democrats/32149|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{As of|2019}}, there are {{cvt|228|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads and no [[railway]] in the territory.<ref name="MSME"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Basic%20Road%20Statistics%20in%20India-2018-19.pdf|page=48|title=Road statistics|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620082310/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Basic%20Road%20Statistics%20in%20India-2018-19.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, additional roads have been planned including a peripheral road at Kavaratti and beach front roads at Kadamath and Agatti islands.<ref name="Dev"/> {{As of|2023}}, seven ships operate passenger services between [[Kochi]] and the islands with seasonal boat/ferry service between islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/how-to-reach/|title=Means of Transport|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622051022/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/how-to-reach/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lakshadweep/adequate-travel-arrangements-in-place-for-islanders-says-lakshadweep-administration/article68039507.ece|title=Adequate travel arrangements in place for islanders, says Lakshadweep administration|date=8 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417182957/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lakshadweep/adequate-travel-arrangements-in-place-for-islanders-says-lakshadweep-administration/article68039507.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, the government unveiled a plan to develop three ports at Androth, Kalpeni and Kadamath islands as a part of the [[Sagar Mala project]].<ref name="Dev">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/laksha-for-dweep-3-6kcr-plan-to-turn-islands-in-tourist-hub/articleshow/107468457.cms|title=Laksha for Dweep: ₹3.6kcr plan to turn islands in tourist hub|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 February 2024|access-date=7 February 2024|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206185313/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/laksha-for-dweep-3-6kcr-plan-to-turn-islands-in-tourist-hub/articleshow/107468457.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> There are fifteen [[lighthouses]] in the islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dgll.nic.in/DGLL-light-house-location/kochi|title=Lighthouses|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613100245/http://www.dgll.nic.in/DGLL-light-house-location/kochi|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Minicoy Island Lighthouse]] was the first modern light house, established in 1885.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minicoy.utl.gov.in/govt_offices/lighthouse|title=Minicoy Island Lighthouse|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202060835/https://minicoy.utl.gov.in/govt_offices/lighthouse|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.mv/the_democrats/32149|title=Indian Navy to commission naval base in Minicoy island (Maliku) tomorrow|date=5 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Edition|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620082352/https://edition.mv/the_democrats/32149|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[Indian Navy]] operates [[INS Dweeprakshak]], a naval based under the [[Southern Naval Command]], commissioned in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-navy-gets-new-base-in-lakshadweep-islands-204332|title=Indian Navy gets new base in Lakshadweep islands|work=[[NDTV]]|date=30 April 2012|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616134505/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-navy-gets-new-base-in-lakshadweep-islands-204332|url-status=live}}</ref> There are ten minor ports, one each on all inhabited islands.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|title=Ports of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320115121/https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The [[Indian Navy]] operates the [[INS Dweeprakshak]] naval base under the [[Southern Naval Command]], commissioned in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-navy-gets-new-base-in-lakshadweep-islands-204332|title=Indian Navy gets new base in Lakshadweep islands|work=[[NDTV]]|date=30 April 2012|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616134505/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-navy-gets-new-base-in-lakshadweep-islands-204332|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Education==
-The first [[State school|public school]] was opened in Amini in 1904 an [[elementary school]]s were opened in Kiltan in 1911 and Kadmat in 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/education/|title=Education in Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622055413/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/education/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first high schools were established in the 1960s in Amini and Kalpeni.<ref name="Wire"/> {{As of|2023}}, there are 50 schools catering to 8,350 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakedn.utl.gov.in/|title=Schools in Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102527/https://lakedn.utl.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are four government colleges affiliated to [[Pondicherry University]] and two colleges and three university centers affiliated to [[Calicut University]] in the territory.<ref name="Wire">{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/education/lakshadweep-students-face-bureaucratic-battle-over-curriculum-claim-no-discussion-with-stakeholders|title=Lakshadweep Students Face Bureaucratic Battle Over Curriculum, Claim No Discussion With Stakeholders|date=28 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229013653/https://thewire.in/education/lakshadweep-students-face-bureaucratic-battle-over-curriculum-claim-no-discussion-with-stakeholders|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/pondicherry-university-allows-ug-diploma-courses-in-lakshadweep/articleshow/84698904.cms|title=Pondicherry University allows UG, diploma courses in Lakshadweep|date=24 January 2021|access-date=1 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329220219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/pondicherry-university-allows-ug-diploma-courses-in-lakshadweep/articleshow/84698904.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pondiuni.edu.in/department/lakshadweep-campus/|title=Lakshadweep campus|work=[[Pondicherry University]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802124349/https://www.pondiuni.edu.in/department/lakshadweep-campus/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uoc.ac.in/index.php/2016-06-21-09-51-49|title=Centers in Lakshadweep|work=[[Calicut University]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201140537/https://www.uoc.ac.in/index.php/2016-06-21-09-51-49|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The first [[State school|public school]] was opened in Amini in 1904, followed by the establishment of [[elementary school]]s at Kiltan in 1911 and Kadmat in 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/education/|title=Education in Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622055413/https://lakshadweep.gov.in/departments/education/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first high schools were established in the 1960s in Amini and Kalpeni.<ref name="Wire"/> {{As of|2023}}, there are 50 schools catering to 8,350 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakedn.utl.gov.in/|title=Schools in Lakshadweep|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102527/https://lakedn.utl.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are four government colleges affiliated to [[Pondicherry University]] and two colleges and three university centers affiliated to [[Calicut University]] in the territory.<ref name="Wire">{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/education/lakshadweep-students-face-bureaucratic-battle-over-curriculum-claim-no-discussion-with-stakeholders|title=Lakshadweep Students Face Bureaucratic Battle Over Curriculum, Claim No Discussion With Stakeholders|date=28 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229013653/https://thewire.in/education/lakshadweep-students-face-bureaucratic-battle-over-curriculum-claim-no-discussion-with-stakeholders|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/pondicherry-university-allows-ug-diploma-courses-in-lakshadweep/articleshow/84698904.cms|title=Pondicherry University allows UG, diploma courses in Lakshadweep|date=24 January 2021|access-date=1 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329220219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/pondicherry-university-allows-ug-diploma-courses-in-lakshadweep/articleshow/84698904.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pondiuni.edu.in/department/lakshadweep-campus/|title=Lakshadweep campus|work=[[Pondicherry University]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802124349/https://www.pondiuni.edu.in/department/lakshadweep-campus/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uoc.ac.in/index.php/2016-06-21-09-51-49|title=Centers in Lakshadweep|work=[[Calicut University]]|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201140537/https://www.uoc.ac.in/index.php/2016-06-21-09-51-49|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 {{stack|{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}}}
 * [[Coral reefs in India]]
-* [[Andaman and Nicobar]]
+* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 469: / Line 477: @@
 [[Category:Atolls of India]]
 [[Category:Archipelagoes of the Indian Ocean]]
-[[Category:5th-century establishments]]
 [[Category:Populated places established in the 5th century]]
 [[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]

v t e States and union territories of India
States	Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal
Union territories	Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Delhi Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry
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