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Coordinates: 8°22′28″S 115°27′03″E / 8.374368°S 115.450936°E / -8.374368; 115.450936
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{{Short description|Major Hindu temple in Bali, Indonesia}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox building
{{Infobox building
| name = Pura Besakih
| name = Pura Besakih
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| image_size = 300px
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| image_alt = <!-- or | alt = -->
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| image_caption = Pura Besakih, the holiest of all Balinese Hindu temple.
| image_caption = Pura Besakih, the holiest of all Balinese Hindu temples.
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'''Pura Besakih''' is a temple ''([[Balinese temple|pura]])'' complex in the village of Besakih on the slopes of [[Mount Agung]] in eastern [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]. It is the most important, the largest and holiest temple of [[Agama Hindu Dharma|Hindu religion]] in Bali,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/indonesia/mt-agung-pura-besakih |title=Mount Agung and Pura Besakih|publisher=Sacred Destinations|accessdate=20 July 2010}}</ref> and one of a series of [[Pura (Balinese temple)|Balinese temple]]s. Perched nearly 1000 meters up the side of Gunung Agung, it is an extensive complex of 23 separate but related temples with the largest and most important being Pura Penataran Agung. The temple is built on six levels, terraced up the slope. The entrance is marked by a [[candi bentar]] (split gateway), and beyond it the Kori Agung is the gateway to the second courtyard.<ref name="Lonely Planet 2009, p 215">Lonely Planet: Bali and Lombok, April 2009, p 215</ref>
'''Besakih Temple''' ([[Balinese script|Balinese]]: ᬧᬸᬭᬩᭂᬲᬓᬶᬄ) is a ''[[Balinese temple|pura]]'' (Hindu temple complex) in the village of Besakih on the slopes of [[Mount Agung]] in eastern [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]. It is the most important, largest, and holiest temple of [[Agama Hindu Dharma|Balinese Hinduism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/indonesia/mt-agung-pura-besakih |title=Mount Agung and Pura Besakih|publisher=Sacred Destinations|access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref> and one of a series of [[Pura (Balinese temple)|Balinese temple]]s. Perched nearly 1000 meters up the side of Gunung Agung, it is an extensive complex of 23 separate but related temples with the largest and most important being Pura Penataran Agung. The temple is built on six levels, terraced up the slope. The entrance is marked by a [[candi bentar]] (split gateway), and beyond it, the Kori Agung is the gateway to the second courtyard.<ref name="Lonely Planet 2009, p 215">Lonely Planet: Bali and Lombok, April 2009, p 215</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Salah Satu Upacara Besar Di Pura Agung Besakih.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony at the Besakih Temple.]]
The precise origins of the temple are unclear but its importance as a holy site almost certainly dates from prehistoric times. The stone bases of Pura Penataran Agung and several other temples resemble megalithic stepped pyramids, which date back at least 2,000 years.
The precise origins of the temple are unclear but its importance as a holy site almost certainly dates from prehistoric times. The stone bases of Pura Penataran Agung and several other temples resemble megalithic stepped pyramids, which date back at least 2,000 years.


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==Location==
==Location==
The temple is on the southern slopes of [[Mount Agung]], the principal volcano of Bali.
The temple is on the slopes of [[Mount Agung]], the principal volcano of Bali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Agung {{!}} Indonesia, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Agung |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>


==Architecture==
==Architecture==
[[File:Besakih Bali Indonesia Pura-Besakih-01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Meru tower]]s of Pura Besakih]]
[[File:Besakih Bali Indonesia Pura-Besakih-01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Meru tower]]s of Pura Besakih]]
Pura Besakih is a complex made up of twenty-three temples that sit on parallel ridges. It has stepped terraces and flights of stairs which ascend to a number of courtyards and brick gateways that in turn lead up to the main spire or [[Mount Meru|Meru structure]], which is called Pura Penataran Agung. All this is aligned along a single axis and designed to lead the spiritual person upward and closer to the mountain which is considered sacred.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book |title=The Hindu temple: an introduction to its meaning and forms |last=Michell |first=George |authorlink= |year=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |url= |location= |isbn=0-226-53230-5 |page= 168 }}</ref>
Pura Besakih is a complex made up of twenty-three temples that sit on parallel ridges. It has stepped terraces and flights of stairs that ascend to several courtyards and brick gateways that lead up to the main spire or [[Mount Meru|Meru structure]], which is called Pura Penataran Agung. All this is aligned along a single axis and designed to lead the spiritual person upward and closer to the mountain which is considered sacred.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book |title=The Hindu temple: an introduction to its meaning and forms |last=Michell |first=George |year=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-53230-5 |page= 168 }}</ref>


The main sanctuary of the complex is the Pura Penataran Agung. The symbolic center of the main sanctuary is the lotus throne, or ''[[Padmasana (shrine)|padmasana]]'', which is therefore the ritual focus of the entire complex. It dates to around the seventeenth century.<ref name="Arche">{{cite book |title=Introduction to Balinese architecture |last=Davison |first=Julian |authorlink= |year=2003 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |url= |location= |isbn=0-7946-0071-9 |page=60 }}</ref>
The main sanctuary of the complex is the Pura Penataran Agung. The symbolic center of the main sanctuary is the [[lotus throne]], or ''[[Padmasana (shrine)|padmasana]]'', which is therefore the ritual focus of the entire complex. It dates to around the seventeenth century.<ref name="Arche">{{cite book |title=Introduction to Balinese architecture |last=Davison |first=Julian |year=2003 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=0-7946-0071-9 |page=60 }}</ref>


A series of eruptions of Mount Agung in 1963, which killed approximately 1,700 people<ref name="esdm">
A series of eruptions of Mount Agung in 1963, which killed approximately 1,700 people<ref name="esdm">
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|title = Geology of Mt.Agung
|title = Geology of Mt.Agung
|publisher = Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi&nbsp;— VSI
|publisher = Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi&nbsp;— VSI
|accessdate = 26 April 2009
|access-date = 26 April 2009
|deadurl = yes
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080929013555/http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/volcanoes/agung/geology.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080929013555/http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/volcanoes/agung/geology.html
|archivedate = 29 September 2008
|archive-date = 29 September 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="adsabs">
}}</ref><ref name="adsabs">
{{cite web
{{cite journal
| bibcode = 1964BVol...27..269Z
| bibcode = 1964BVol...27..269Z
| title = Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt.Agung in Bali (Indonesia)
| title = Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt.Agung in Bali (Indonesia)
| journal = Bulletin Volcanologique
| volume = 27
| issue = 1
| pages = 269–299
| last = Zen
| last = Zen
| first = M. T.
| first = M. T.
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| date=December 1964
| date=December 1964
| publisher = The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
| publisher = The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
| accessdate = 26 April 2009
| doi = 10.1007/BF02597526
| doi = 10.1007/BF02597526
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
also threatened Pura Besakih. The lava flows missed the temple complex by mere meters. The saving of the temple is regarded by the [[Balinese people]] as miraculous, and a signal from the gods that they wished to demonstrate their power but not destroy the monument the Balinese faithful had erected.
also threatened Pura Besakih. The lava flows missed the temple complex by mere meters. The Balinese people regarded the saving of the temple as miraculous, and a signal from the gods that they wished to demonstrate their power but not destroy the monument the Balinese faithful had erected.


==Festivals==
==Festivals==
Each year there are at least seventy festivals held at the complex, since almost every shrine celebrates a yearly anniversary. This cycle is based on the 210-day Balinese [[Pawukon calendar]] year.<ref name="Arche"/>
Each year there are at least seventy festivals held at the complex since almost every shrine celebrates a yearly anniversary. This cycle is based on the 210-day Balinese [[Pawukon calendar]] year.<ref name="Arche"/>


It had been nominated as a [[World Heritage Site]] as early as 1995, but remains unvested.<ref name="unesco">
It had been nominated as a [[World Heritage Site]] as early as 1995 but was pulled out in 2015.
{{cite web
| url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/296/
| title = Besakih&nbsp;— UNESCO World Heritage Centre
| date = 19 October 1995
| work = Tentative Lists
| publisher = [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]]
| accessdate = 27 April 2009
}}</ref>


==Visitors==
==Visitors==
In 2013, foreign visitors accounted for 84,368 persons (77.2 percent of all visitors), while domestic visitors accounted for 24,853 persons (22.8 percent).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://posbali.com/karangasem-perlu-ciptakan-objek-wisata-baru/ |title=Karangasem Perlu Ciptakan Objek Wisata Baru |date=June 15, 2014}}</ref>
In 2013, foreign visitors accounted for 84,368 persons (77.2 percent of all visitors), while domestic visitors accounted for 24,853 persons (22.8 percent).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://posbali.com/karangasem-perlu-ciptakan-objek-wisata-baru/ |title=Karangasem Perlu Ciptakan Objek Wisata Baru |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=15 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829095854/http://posbali.com/karangasem-perlu-ciptakan-objek-wisata-baru/ |archive-date=29 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Controversy==
==Controversy==
Illegal donations are extorted by local youths from surrounding villages from visiting tourists. Foreign tourists are asked for an additional 50 US dollars to visit, while Indonesians are asked for 200,000 rupiah (~$15 USD). Despite this, the local authorities have done little to stop such acts.<ref>{{cite news | title = Ada Pungutan Liar di Besakih, Pariwisata Bali Tercoreng | work = CNN Indonesia | url = http://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20160310114652-269-116495/ada-pungutan-liar-di-besakih-pariwisata-bali-tercoreng/}}</ref> There is a syndicate operating that targets tourists by offering a compulsory "tour guide" at exorbitant charges. They also perform "prayers" and request for tips at the end of the "tour". Visitors who decline their "services" are dealt with aggressively.<ref>[http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g294226-d506291-Reviews-The_Mother_Temple_of_Besakih-Bali.html The Mother Temple of Besakih - Bali - Reviews of The Mother Temple of Besakih - TripAdvisor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=j7YosVd8wEMC&pg=PA216 Lonely Planet Bali & Lombok - Ryan Ver Berkmoes - Google Books<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
CNN reported that illegal donations were extorted by local youths from surrounding villages and from visiting tourists.<ref>{{cite news | title = Ada Pungutan Liar di Besakih, Pariwisata Bali Tercoreng | publisher = CNN Indonesia| url = http://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20160310114652-269-116495/ada-pungutan-liar-di-besakih-pariwisata-bali-tercoreng/}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="5">
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Mother Temple of Besakih.jpg|The main temple of Besakih
File:Mother Temple of Besakih.jpg|The main temple of Besakih
File:Pura Besakih.JPG|Pura Besakih
File:Pura Besakih.JPG|Pura Besakih
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== See also ==
== See also ==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Indonesian architecture]]
* [[Indonesian architecture]]
* [[Balinese Hinduism]]
* [[Balinese Hinduism]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pura Besakih}}
{{Commons category|Pura Besakih}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Besakih}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Besakih}}


{{Pura Sad Kahyangan}}
{{Hindu temples in Indonesia}}
{{Hindu temples in Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}


[[Category:Balinese temples]]
[[Category:Balinese temples]]

Revision as of 14:24, 22 November 2024

Pura Besakih
Pura Besakih, the holiest of all Balinese Hindu temples.
Besakih Temple is located in Bali
Besakih Temple
Besakih Temple is located in Indonesia
Besakih Temple
General information
TypePura
Architectural styleBalinese
LocationBesakih, Karangasem, Bali, Indonesia
AddressBesakih, Rendang, Karangasem Regency, Bali 80863
Coordinates8°22′28″S 115°27′03″E / 8.374368°S 115.450936°E / -8.374368; 115.450936
Estimated completion15th-century
Website
www.besakihbali.com

Besakih Temple (Balinese: ᬧᬸᬭᬩᭂᬲᬓᬶᬄ) is a pura (Hindu temple complex) in the village of Besakih on the slopes of Mount Agung in eastern Bali, Indonesia. It is the most important, largest, and holiest temple of Balinese Hinduism,[1] and one of a series of Balinese temples. Perched nearly 1000 meters up the side of Gunung Agung, it is an extensive complex of 23 separate but related temples with the largest and most important being Pura Penataran Agung. The temple is built on six levels, terraced up the slope. The entrance is marked by a candi bentar (split gateway), and beyond it, the Kori Agung is the gateway to the second courtyard.[2]

History

A puja ceremony at the Besakih Temple.

The precise origins of the temple are unclear but its importance as a holy site almost certainly dates from prehistoric times. The stone bases of Pura Penataran Agung and several other temples resemble megalithic stepped pyramids, which date back at least 2,000 years.

It was certainly used as a Hindu place of worship from 1284 when the first Javanese conquerors settled in Bali. By the 15th century, Besakih had become a state temple of the powerful Gelgel dynasty.[2]

Location

The temple is on the slopes of Mount Agung, the principal volcano of Bali.[3]

Architecture

Meru towers of Pura Besakih

Pura Besakih is a complex made up of twenty-three temples that sit on parallel ridges. It has stepped terraces and flights of stairs that ascend to several courtyards and brick gateways that lead up to the main spire or Meru structure, which is called Pura Penataran Agung. All this is aligned along a single axis and designed to lead the spiritual person upward and closer to the mountain which is considered sacred.[4]

The main sanctuary of the complex is the Pura Penataran Agung. The symbolic center of the main sanctuary is the lotus throne, or padmasana, which is therefore the ritual focus of the entire complex. It dates to around the seventeenth century.[5]

A series of eruptions of Mount Agung in 1963, which killed approximately 1,700 people[6][7] also threatened Pura Besakih. The lava flows missed the temple complex by mere meters. The Balinese people regarded the saving of the temple as miraculous, and a signal from the gods that they wished to demonstrate their power but not destroy the monument the Balinese faithful had erected.

Festivals

Each year there are at least seventy festivals held at the complex since almost every shrine celebrates a yearly anniversary. This cycle is based on the 210-day Balinese Pawukon calendar year.[5]

It had been nominated as a World Heritage Site as early as 1995 but was pulled out in 2015.

Visitors

In 2013, foreign visitors accounted for 84,368 persons (77.2 percent of all visitors), while domestic visitors accounted for 24,853 persons (22.8 percent).[8]

Controversy

CNN reported that illegal donations were extorted by local youths from surrounding villages and from visiting tourists.[9]

  • The main temple of Besakih
    The main temple of Besakih
  • Pura Besakih
    Pura Besakih
  • Pura Besakih
    Pura Besakih
  • Pura Besakih
    Pura Besakih
  • A prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple
    A prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple
  • Bali view from Besakih/Mother Temple's main gate
    Bali view from Besakih/Mother Temple's main gate

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Mount Agung and Pura Besakih". Sacred Destinations. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  2. ^ a b Lonely Planet: Bali and Lombok, April 2009, p 215
  3. ^ "Mount Agung | Indonesia, Map, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  4. ^ Michell, George (1998). The Hindu temple: an introduction to its meaning and forms. University of Chicago Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-226-53230-5.
  5. ^ a b Davison, Julian (2003). Introduction to Balinese architecture. Tuttle Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 0-7946-0071-9.
  6. ^ "Geology of Mt.Agung". Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi — VSI. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  7. ^ Zen, M. T.; Hadikusumo, Djajadi (December 1964). "Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt.Agung in Bali (Indonesia)". Bulletin Volcanologique. 27 (1). The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System: 269–299. Bibcode:1964BVol...27..269Z. doi:10.1007/BF02597526.
  8. ^ "Karangasem Perlu Ciptakan Objek Wisata Baru". 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  9. ^ "Ada Pungutan Liar di Besakih, Pariwisata Bali Tercoreng". CNN Indonesia.

Further reading

  • I Nyoman Darma Putra and Michael Hitchcock (2005) Pura Besakih: A world heritage site contested in Indonesia and the Malay World, Volume 33, Issue 96 July 2005, pages 225 - 238
  • Stuart-Fox, David J.(2002) Pura Besakih: temple, religion and society in Bali KITLV, Original from the University of Michigan (Digitized 5 September 2008 into Google Books) ISBN 90-6718-146-3, ISBN 978-90-6718-146-4 . 470 pages
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pura Besakih.
  • Besakih travel guide from Wikivoyage
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Besakih_Temple&oldid=1258946004"