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{{Short description|Letter in mostly Turkic-Latin script}}
{{Other uses|GHA (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|GHA (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox grapheme
{{Infobox grapheme
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|type=[[Alphabet]]
|type=[[Alphabet]]
|typedesc=ic
|typedesc=ic
|language=[[Azerbaijani language]]
|language=[[Azerbaijani language]]
|phonemes=[{{IPAlink|ɣ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ʁ}}]
|phonemes=[{{IPA link|ɣ}}]<br>[{{IPA link|ʁ}}]
|unicode=U+01A2, U+01A3
|unicode=U+01A2, U+01A3
|alphanumber=8 (after [[G]])
|alphanumber=8 (after [[G]])
Line 31: Line 32:
}}
}}


The letter '''Ƣ''' (minuscule: '''ƣ''') has been used in the [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] [[orthography|orthographies]] of various, mostly [[Turkic languages]], such as [[Azeri alphabet|Azeri]] or the [[Yañalif|Jaꞑalif]] orthography for [[Tatar alphabet|Tatar]].<ref>[http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/gha.pdf Some examples of LATIN LETTER OI (gha) (U+01A2, U+01A3) in Tatar and Uighur printing, with remarks on the recommended glyphs.]</ref> It is also included in [[Pinyin]] for [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]; and in the 1928 [[Kurdish alphabets#Soviet Latin alphabet|Soviet alphabet]].<ref>{{in lang|ru}} Культура и письменность Востока (Eastern Culture and Literature). 1928, №2.</ref> It usually represents a [[voiced velar fricative]] {{IPAblink|ɣ}} but is sometimes used for a [[voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPAblink|ʁ}}. All orthographies that used the letter have been phased out and so it is not well-supported in [[fonts]]. It can still be seen in pre-1983 books published by the [[People’s Republic of China]].
The letter '''Ƣ''' (minuscule: '''ƣ''') has been used in the [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] [[orthography|orthographies]] of various, mostly [[Turkic languages]], such as [[Azeri alphabet|Azeri]] or the [[Yañalif|Jaꞑalif]] orthography for [[Tatar alphabet|Tatar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/gha.pdf|title=Some examples of LATIN LETTER OI (gha) (U+01A2, U+01A3) in Tatar and Uighur printing, with remarks on the recommended glyphs}}</ref> It is also included in [[Uyghur pinyin|pinyin]] alphabets for [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]; and in the 1928 [[Kurdish alphabets#Soviet Latin alphabet|Soviet Kurdish Latin alphabet]].<ref>{{cite book|language=ru|title=Культура и письменность Востока|trans-title=Eastern Culture and Literature|year=1928|volume=2}}</ref> It usually represents a [[voiced velar fricative]] {{IPAblink|ɣ}} but is sometimes used for a [[voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPAblink|ʁ}}. All orthographies that used the letter have been phased out and so it is not well-supported in [[fonts]]. It can still be seen in pre-1983 books published in the [[People’s Republic of China]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
[[File:Sütterlin-Q.png|thumb|left|upright=0.68|Letters Q and q of [[Sütterlin script]]]]
[[File:Sütterlin-Q.png|thumb|left|upright=0.68|Letters Ƣ and ƣ of [[Sütterlin]] script]]
Historically, it is derived from a handwritten form of the small Latin letter '''[[q]]''' around 1900. The [[letter case|majuscule]] is then based on the minuscule. Its use for {{IPAblink|ɣ}} stems from the linguistic tradition of representing such sounds (and similar ones) by ''q'' in Turkic languages and in transcriptions of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Persian language|Persian]] (compare [[ك|kaf]] and [[ق|qaf]]).<ref name="Unicode-list">[http://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2008-m09/0068.html Unicode mailing list]</ref>
Historically, it is derived from a handwritten form of the small Latin letter '''[[q]]''' around 1900. The [[letter case|majuscule]] is then based on the minuscule. Its use for {{IPAblink|ɣ}} stems from the linguistic tradition of representing such sounds (and similar ones) by ''q'' in Turkic languages and in transcriptions of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Persian language|Persian]] (compare [[ك|kaf]] and [[ق|qaf]]).<ref name="Unicode-list">{{cite web|url=http://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2008-m09/0068.html|title=Unicode mailing list}}</ref>


In alphabetical order, it comes between [[G]] and [[H]].
In alphabetical order, it comes between [[G]] and [[H]].


== Modern replacements ==
== Modern replacements ==
* [[Abaza language|Abaza]]: [[ГЪ]], гъ
* [[Abaza language|Abaza]]: ГЪ, гъ
* [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]: [[Ҕ]], ҕ
* [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]: [[Ҕ]], ҕ
* [[Avar language|Avar]]: ГЪ, гъ
* [[Avar language|Avar]]: ГЪ, гъ
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* [[Karaim language|Karaim]]: ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic), [[G]], g (Latin)
* [[Karaim language|Karaim]]: ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic), [[G]], g (Latin)
* [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]: [[Ǵ]], ǵ (Latin), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic)
* [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]: [[Ǵ]], ǵ (Latin), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic)
* [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]: Ǵ, ǵ (Latin), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic), [[ع‬]] (Arabic)
* [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]: Ğ, ğ (Latin), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic), [[ع{{popdf}}]] (Arabic)
* [[Khakas language|Khakas]]: Ғ, ғ
* [[Khakas language|Khakas]]: Ғ, ғ
* [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]]: ГЪ, гъ
* [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]]: ГЪ, гъ
* [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]: [[Г]], г (Cyrillic), ع‬ (Arabic)
* [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: غ (Arabic), x/ẍ (Latin)
* [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]: [[Г]], г (Cyrillic), ع{{popdf}} (Arabic)
* [[Lak language|Lak]]: ГЪ, гъ
* [[Lak language|Lak]]: ГЪ, гъ
* [[Laz language|Laz]]: [[ღ]] (Georgian), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
* [[Laz language|Laz]]: [[ღ]] (Georgian), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
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* [[Talysh language|Talysh]]: Ğ, ğ (Latin), [[غ]] (Persian), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic)
* [[Talysh language|Talysh]]: Ğ, ğ (Latin), [[غ]] (Persian), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic)
* [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]: Ğ, ğ (Latin), ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic)
* [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]: Ğ, ğ (Latin), ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic)
* [[Tatar]]: Г, г (Cyrillic), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
* [[Tatar language|Tatar]]: Г, г (Cyrillic), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
* [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]]: ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
* [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]]: ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
* [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]: G, g
* [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]: G, g
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==Unicode==
==Unicode==
{{more|Unicode#Alias}}
In [[Unicode]], the [[majuscule]] Ƣ is encoded in the Latin Extended-B block at U+01A2 and the [[Lower case|minuscule]] ƣ is encoded at U+01A3.<ref name="chart0180">[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf Unicode chart]</ref> The assigned names, "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OI" and "LATIN SMALL LETTER OI" respectively, are acknowledged by the [[Unicode Consortium]] to be mistakes, as gha is unrelated to the letters O and I.<ref>[http://unicode.org/notes/tn27/ Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names]</ref> The Unicode Consortium therefore has provided the character name aliases "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GHA" and "LATIN SMALL LETTER GHA".<ref name="chart0180" />
In [[Unicode]], the [[majuscule]] Ƣ is encoded in the Latin Extended-B block at U+01A2 and the [[Lower case|minuscule]] ƣ is encoded at U+01A3.<ref name="chart0180">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf|title=Unicode chart}}</ref> The assigned names, "{{sc2|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OI}}" and "{{sc2|LATIN SMALL LETTER OI}}" respectively, are acknowledged by the [[Unicode Consortium]] to be mistakes, as gha is unrelated to the letters O and I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unicode.org/notes/tn27/|title=Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names}}</ref> The Unicode Consortium therefore has provided the character name aliases "{{sc2|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GHA}}" and "{{sc2|LATIN SMALL LETTER GHA}}".<ref name="chart0180" />


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
[[Thomas Pynchon]]'s novel ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]'' features an episode purporting to be the story of a Soviet officer, Tchitcherine, dispatched to [[Kyrgyzstan|Kirghizstan]] to serve on a committee tasked with devising an alphabet for the [[Kyrgyz language|Kirghiz language]]. Tchitcherine's particular contribution is the invention of the letter Ƣ, which is thus perhaps the only obsolete letter of a Central Asian language that may be familiar to the non-specialist, English-reading public through a widely circulated novel.
[[Thomas Pynchon]]'s novel ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]'' features an episode purporting to be the story of a Soviet officer, Tchitcherine, dispatched to [[Kyrgyzstan|Kirghizstan]] to serve on a committee tasked with devising an alphabet for the [[Kyrgyz language]]. Tchitcherine's particular contribution is the invention of the letter Ƣ, which is thus perhaps the only obsolete letter of a Central Asian language that may be familiar to the non-specialist, English-reading public through a widely circulated novel.


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 15:30, 22 November 2024

For other uses, see GHA (disambiguation).
Gha
Ƣ ƣ
ğ, ꝙ
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic
Language of originAzerbaijani language
Sound values[ɣ]
[ʁ]
In UnicodeU+01A2, U+01A3
Alphabetical position8 (after G)
History
Development
Time period~1900 to 1983
Descendants • (None)
SistersQ
Φ φ
Փ փ
Ֆ ֆ
Transliterationsğ, q, g, gh, Ғ
Variationsğ, ꝙ
Other
Writing directionLeft-to-Right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The letter Ƣ (minuscule: ƣ) has been used in the Latin orthographies of various, mostly Turkic languages, such as Azeri or the Jaꞑalif orthography for Tatar.[1] It is also included in pinyin alphabets for Kazakh and Uyghur; and in the 1928 Soviet Kurdish Latin alphabet.[2] It usually represents a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] but is sometimes used for a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. All orthographies that used the letter have been phased out and so it is not well-supported in fonts. It can still be seen in pre-1983 books published in the People’s Republic of China.[citation needed]

Letters Ƣ and ƣ of Sütterlin script

Historically, it is derived from a handwritten form of the small Latin letter q around 1900. The majuscule is then based on the minuscule. Its use for [ɣ] stems from the linguistic tradition of representing such sounds (and similar ones) by q in Turkic languages and in transcriptions of Arabic or Persian (compare kaf and qaf).[3]

In alphabetical order, it comes between G and H.

Modern replacements

[edit]

Unicode

[edit]
Further information: Unicode § Alias

In Unicode, the majuscule Ƣ is encoded in the Latin Extended-B block at U+01A2 and the minuscule ƣ is encoded at U+01A3.[4] The assigned names, "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OI" and "LATIN SMALL LETTER OI" respectively, are acknowledged by the Unicode Consortium to be mistakes, as gha is unrelated to the letters O and I.[5] The Unicode Consortium therefore has provided the character name aliases "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GHA" and "LATIN SMALL LETTER GHA".[4]

[edit]

Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow features an episode purporting to be the story of a Soviet officer, Tchitcherine, dispatched to Kirghizstan to serve on a committee tasked with devising an alphabet for the Kyrgyz language. Tchitcherine's particular contribution is the invention of the letter Ƣ, which is thus perhaps the only obsolete letter of a Central Asian language that may be familiar to the non-specialist, English-reading public through a widely circulated novel.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Some examples of LATIN LETTER OI (gha) (U+01A2, U+01A3) in Tatar and Uighur printing, with remarks on the recommended glyphs" (PDF).
  2. ^ Культура и письменность Востока [Eastern Culture and Literature] (in Russian). Vol. 2. 1928.
  3. ^ "Unicode mailing list".
  4. ^ a b "Unicode chart" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names".
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