Transceiver: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Device that both transmits and receives}} |
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In [[Radio|radio communication]], a '''transceiver''' is a device that is able to both transmit and receive information through a [[transmission medium]]. It is a combination of a [[transmitter|''trans''mitter]] and a [[Radio receiver|re''ceiver'']], hence the name ''transceiver''. Transmission is usually accomplished via [[radio wave]]s, but [[communications satellite]]s, [[Wired communication|wired connections]], and [[optical fiber]] systems can also be used. |
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In [[radio communication]], a '''transceiver''' is an electronic device which is a combination of a radio [[transmitter|''trans''mitter]] and a [[Radio receiver|re''ceiver'']], hence the name. It can both transmit and receive [[radio wave]]s using an [[antenna (radio)|antenna]], for communication purposes. These two related functions are often combined in a single device to reduce manufacturing costs. The term is also used for other devices which can both transmit and receive through a [[communications channel]], such as ''optical transceivers'' which transmit and receive light in [[optical fiber]] systems, and ''bus transceivers'' which transmit and receive [[digital data]] in computer [[data bus]]es. |
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[[Radio frequency]] (RF) transceivers are widely used in [[wireless devices]]. For example, [[cell phones]] use them to connect to [[cellular network]]s. By combining a receiver and transmitter in one consolidated device, a transceiver allows for greater flexibility than what either of these could provide individually. |
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Radio transceivers are widely used in [[wireless devices]]. One large use is in [[two-way radio]]s, which are [[Audio signal|audio]] transceivers used for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication. Examples are [[cell phone]]s, which transmit and receive the two sides of a phone conversation using radio waves to a [[cell tower]], [[cordless phone]]s in which both the phone handset and the base station have transceivers to communicate both sides of the conversation, and [[land mobile radio system]]s like [[walkie-talkie]]s and [[CB radio]]s. Another large use is in [[wireless modem]]s in mobile networked computer devices such [[laptop]]s, pads, and cellphones, which both transmit digital data to and receive data from a [[wireless router]]. Aircraft carry automated [[microwave]] transceivers called [[aircraft transponder|transponders]] which, when they are triggered by microwaves from an [[airport surveillance radar|air traffic control radar]], transmit a coded signal back to the radar to identify the aircraft. Satellite transponders in [[communication satellite]]s receive digital telecommunication data from a [[satellite ground station]], and retransmit it to another ground station. |
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==Radio technology== |
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==History== |
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In [[radio]] terminology, a transceiver refers to a unit which contains both a receiver and a transmitter. From the beginning days of radio the receiver and transmitter were separate units and remained so until around 1920. [[Amateur radio]] or "ham" radio operators can build their own equipment and it is now easier to design and build a simple unit containing both of the functions: transmitting and receiving. Almost all modern amateur radio equipment is now a transceiver but there is an active market for pure radio receivers, mainly for shortwave listening (SWL) operators. An example of a transceiver would be a [[walkie-talkie]] or a [[CB radio]]. |
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The transceiver first appeared in the 1920s.{{cn|date=March 2024}} Before then, receivers and transmitters were manufactured separately and devices that wanted to receive and transmit data required both components. Almost all amateur radio equipment today{{when?|date=March 2024}} uses transceivers, but there is an active market for pure radio receivers, which are mainly used by [[shortwave listening]] operators.{{cn|date=March 2024}} |
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===Analog=== |
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In RF technology we see the many different uses and the extremely dependent role transceivers play in wireless devices. From smart watches to CB radios, transceivers of many different sizes are in use. Although, wireless communication devices may need a transceiver to operate correctly but some function drastically different than others due to the advancement of technology. Typically seen in much older styles of devices like [[HAM radio|HAM]] or CB radios are analog transceivers that broadcast with [[Frequency modulation]] which simply put is the traditional radio wave signal that has been around for Decades. This more traditional technology is much simpler when compared to its digital equivalents but also operates quite reliably. This simplicity helps the manufacturing price point and has proven reliable time and time again, the technology is used less today but still finds great use in the CB and HAM communities as well as many emergency communication systems. But with many developments to technology since the [[invention]] of the transceiver, many wireless devices today operate on digital transmissions. Instead of the traditional wave style Digital Transceivers can transmit “1’s” and “0’s” over radio waves just like any other wireless transceiver but with much greater detail. Because the binary system can be interpreted as a code, the type of data that can be transferred is opened up. Just looking at a Digital two-way radio we can see that the transmissions sent can also carry additional information to encode the transmission, this is common in the Radios of Police and Fire departments. The digital transmission is also a lot clearer as its different method allows for much clearer data. But since the [[Binary number|binary system]] is used for Digital transceivers, they are no different than a computer and the data transferred can now be extremely complicated, even to the extent of sending [[video]]. As the transmission and receptions aspects have been improved over the years, these capabilities have only been improved. |
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Analog transceivers use [[frequency modulation]] to send and receive data. Although this technique limits the complexity of the data that can be broadcast, analog transceivers operate very reliably and are used in many emergency communication systems. They are also cheaper than digital transceivers, which makes them popular with the [[Citizens band radio|CB]] and [[HAM radio]] communities. |
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===Digital=== |
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The Transceiver is something that is integral to almost all wireless devices, however there is one very common system that does not use them at all. This is the [[FM radio]] in your car or house, these radios use receivers to pick up analog [[Radio wave|radio wave signals]] and can interpret them, thus giving you music as you drive or are at home. But these receivers cannot send any signal, that is the job of the Transmitter of each respective [[radio]] station. This makes the system rather unique and really isolates what is put out on air. It should also be noted that many stations nowadays have brought in digital signals that only improve the quality and are quite effective with radios that are capable of receiving these signals. With so many options and possibilities for information to be sent out into the air there has to be some form of regulation. For the U.S. the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] takes this responsibility. In the case of a radio station they go as far as to monitor the content transmitted but also control the frequency, and other specifics, by which the radio station has to operate. On personal devices, you do not notice the impact of the FCC as much; but in manufacturing, every transceiver has to meet certain standards and capabilities and not exceed them, this can get very specific and depends on the application. The same is present in the amateur radio world as users are required to have a [[Amateur radio license|license]] and talk on specific channels. This also goes for emergency services that use radios, they are assigned a specific channel to operate on and no one else but them is allowed to speak. The range of impact the FCC has on the radio world is huge but really boils down to monitoring who and what is on the air along with the kind of device they are using. Transceivers can be modified by manufactures or even their users to alter frequencies, depending on the scenario this could be a problem and therefore is the reason the FCC monitors these devices not only in production but also use. |
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Digital transceivers send and receive [[binary data]] over radio waves. This allows more types of data to be broadcast, including video and encrypted communication, which is commonly used by police and fire departments. Digital transmissions tend to be clearer and more detailed than their analog counterparts. Many modern wireless devices operate on digital transmissions. |
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==Usage== |
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On die passfilters are visible]] |
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<!-- This section is linked from [[Headphones]]. --> |
<!-- This section is linked from [[Headphones]]. --> |
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In a wired [[telephone]], the handset contains the transmitter (for speaking) and receiver (for listening). Despite being able to transmit and receive data, the whole unit is colloquially referred to as a "receiver". On a [[mobile telephone]] or other [[radiotelephone]], the entire unit is a transceiver for both audio and radio. |
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A [[cordless telephone]] uses an audio and radio transceiver for the handset, and a radio transceiver for the [[base station]]. If a [[speakerphone]] is included in a wired telephone base or in a cordless base station, the base also becomes an audio transceiver |
A [[cordless telephone]] uses an audio and radio transceiver for the handset, and a radio transceiver for the [[base station]]. If a [[speakerphone]] is included in a wired telephone base or in a cordless base station, the base also becomes an audio transceiver. |
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A [[modem]] is similar to a transceiver |
A [[modem]] is similar to a transceiver in that it sends and receives a signal, but a modem uses modulation and demodulation. It modulates the signal being transmitted and demodulates the signal being received. |
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==Ethernet== |
===Ethernet=== |
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[[File:Ethernet-media-converter-transceiver-0a.jpg|thumb|[[100BASE-TX]] connected to a [[100BASE-FX]] transceiver]] |
[[File:Ethernet-media-converter-transceiver-0a.jpg|thumb|[[100BASE-TX]] connected to a [[100BASE-FX]] transceiver]] |
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⚫ | Transceivers are called [[Transmission medium|Medium]] Attachment Units ([[Medium Attachment Unit|MAU]]s) in [[IEEE 802.3]] documents and were widely used in [[10BASE2]] and [[10BASE5]] [[Ethernet]] networks. [[Fiber-optic]] [[gigabit Ethernet|gigabit]], [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]], [[40 Gigabit Ethernet]], and [[100 Gigabit Ethernet]] utilize [[GBIC]], [[SFP transceiver|SFP]], [[SFP+]], [[QSFP]], [[XFP]], [[XAUI]], [[CXP_(connector)|CXP]], and [[C form-factor pluggable|CFP]] transceiver systems. |
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==Regulation== |
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⚫ | Transceivers are called [[Transmission medium|Medium]] Attachment Units ([[Medium Attachment Unit|MAU]]s) in [[IEEE 802.3]] documents and were widely used in [[10BASE2]] and [[10BASE5]] [[Ethernet]] networks. [[Fiber-optic]] [[gigabit Ethernet|gigabit]], [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]], [[40 Gigabit Ethernet]], and [[100 Gigabit Ethernet]] utilize |
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{{See also|Federal Communications Commission}} |
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Because transceivers are capable of broadcasting information over airwaves, they are required to adhere to various regulations. In the United |
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States, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] oversees their use. Transceivers must meet certain standards and capabilities depending on their intended use, and manufacturers must comply with these requirements. However, transceivers can be modified by users to violate FCC regulations. For instance, they might be used to broadcast on a frequency or channel that they should not have access to. For this reason, the FCC monitors not only the production but also the use of these devices. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Electronics}} |
{{Portal|Electronics}} |
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* [[4P4C]], [[de facto standard]] [[Electrical connector|connector]] for telephone handsets |
* [[4P4C]], [[de facto standard]] [[Electrical connector|connector]] for telephone handsets |
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* [[Duplex (telecommunications)|Duplex]], two- |
* [[Duplex (telecommunications)|Duplex]], two-way communications capability |
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* [[Radar beacon]] |
* [[Radar beacon]] |
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* [[Transmitter]] |
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* {{Section link|Transponder|Optical communications}} |
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* [[Radio transmitter design]] |
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* [[Radio receiver]] |
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* [[Radio receiver design]] |
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* [[Transponder]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Rutledge, D. (1999). ''The electronics of radio''. Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press. |
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· ''Radio transceiver—An overview | sciencedirect topics''. (n.d.). Retrieved February 29, 2020, from <nowiki>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/radio-transceiver</nowiki> |
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* {{FS1037C MS188}} |
* {{FS1037C MS188}} |
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==External |
==External links == |
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* ''{{US patent|0716136}}'', [[John Stone Stone]], "Apparatus for simultaneously transmitting and receiving space telegraph signals" |
* ''{{US patent|0716136}}'', [[John Stone Stone]], "Apparatus for simultaneously transmitting and receiving space telegraph signals" |
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* [http://hamradio.co.in/tcvr/index.php 7 MHz SSB transceiver] |
* [http://hamradio.co.in/tcvr/index.php 7 MHz SSB transceiver] |
Latest revision as of 16:32, 22 November 2024
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (August 2020) |
In radio communication, a transceiver is an electronic device which is a combination of a radio transmitter and a receiver, hence the name. It can both transmit and receive radio waves using an antenna, for communication purposes. These two related functions are often combined in a single device to reduce manufacturing costs. The term is also used for other devices which can both transmit and receive through a communications channel, such as optical transceivers which transmit and receive light in optical fiber systems, and bus transceivers which transmit and receive digital data in computer data buses.
Radio transceivers are widely used in wireless devices. One large use is in two-way radios, which are audio transceivers used for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication. Examples are cell phones, which transmit and receive the two sides of a phone conversation using radio waves to a cell tower, cordless phones in which both the phone handset and the base station have transceivers to communicate both sides of the conversation, and land mobile radio systems like walkie-talkies and CB radios. Another large use is in wireless modems in mobile networked computer devices such laptops, pads, and cellphones, which both transmit digital data to and receive data from a wireless router. Aircraft carry automated microwave transceivers called transponders which, when they are triggered by microwaves from an air traffic control radar, transmit a coded signal back to the radar to identify the aircraft. Satellite transponders in communication satellites receive digital telecommunication data from a satellite ground station, and retransmit it to another ground station.
History
[edit]The transceiver first appeared in the 1920s.[citation needed] Before then, receivers and transmitters were manufactured separately and devices that wanted to receive and transmit data required both components. Almost all amateur radio equipment today[when?] uses transceivers, but there is an active market for pure radio receivers, which are mainly used by shortwave listening operators.[citation needed]
Analog
[edit]Analog transceivers use frequency modulation to send and receive data. Although this technique limits the complexity of the data that can be broadcast, analog transceivers operate very reliably and are used in many emergency communication systems. They are also cheaper than digital transceivers, which makes them popular with the CB and HAM radio communities.
Digital
[edit]Digital transceivers send and receive binary data over radio waves. This allows more types of data to be broadcast, including video and encrypted communication, which is commonly used by police and fire departments. Digital transmissions tend to be clearer and more detailed than their analog counterparts. Many modern wireless devices operate on digital transmissions.
Usage
[edit]Telephony
[edit]In a wired telephone, the handset contains the transmitter (for speaking) and receiver (for listening). Despite being able to transmit and receive data, the whole unit is colloquially referred to as a "receiver". On a mobile telephone or other radiotelephone, the entire unit is a transceiver for both audio and radio.
A cordless telephone uses an audio and radio transceiver for the handset, and a radio transceiver for the base station. If a speakerphone is included in a wired telephone base or in a cordless base station, the base also becomes an audio transceiver.
A modem is similar to a transceiver in that it sends and receives a signal, but a modem uses modulation and demodulation. It modulates the signal being transmitted and demodulates the signal being received.
Ethernet
[edit]Transceivers are called Medium Attachment Units (MAUs) in IEEE 802.3 documents and were widely used in 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 Ethernet networks. Fiber-optic gigabit, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, 40 Gigabit Ethernet, and 100 Gigabit Ethernet utilize GBIC, SFP, SFP+, QSFP, XFP, XAUI, CXP, and CFP transceiver systems.
Regulation
[edit]Because transceivers are capable of broadcasting information over airwaves, they are required to adhere to various regulations. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission oversees their use. Transceivers must meet certain standards and capabilities depending on their intended use, and manufacturers must comply with these requirements. However, transceivers can be modified by users to violate FCC regulations. For instance, they might be used to broadcast on a frequency or channel that they should not have access to. For this reason, the FCC monitors not only the production but also the use of these devices.
See also
[edit]- Two-way radio
- 4P4C, de facto standard connector for telephone handsets
- Duplex, two-way communications capability
- Radar beacon
- Transmitter
- Radio transmitter design
- Radio receiver
- Radio receiver design
- Transponder
References
[edit]- Rutledge, D. (1999). The electronics of radio. Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Reinhart, R. C. K. (2004). Reconfigurable transceiver and software-defined radio architecture and technology evaluated for NASA space communications. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050215177
- Govinfo. (n.d.). Retrieved February 29, 2020, from https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2010-title47-vol1/CFR-2010-title47-vol1-sec2-926
- Haring, K. (2007). Ham radio's technical culture (Inside technology). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
- This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).
External links
[edit]- U.S. patent 0,716,136, John Stone Stone, "Apparatus for simultaneously transmitting and receiving space telegraph signals"
- 7 MHz SSB transceiver