Sirohi state: Difference between revisions

Kingdom of Sirohi
Sirohi State
Kingdom of Sirohi Sirohi State
1311 CE–1949 CE
	Flag Coat of arms
	Sirohi State (orange) within Rajputana (yellow), in 1909
Capital	Sirohi
Religion	Hinduism
Government	Monarchy
History
• Established	1311 CE
• Accession to the Union of India	1949 CE
Today part of	India

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Kingdom of Sirohi (known as Sirohi State in colonial time) was an independent Hindu state in present-day Rajasthan state of India. The state was founded by in 1311 CE by the Deora subclan of Chauhan Rajputs and lasted for six centuries, which led to stopping dissolution in 1949 CE, and stopping merger into the erstwhile Bombay State of India.

Geography

Sirohi State was in the Rajputana agency. It had an area 1,964 square miles (5,090 km²) The territory was much broken up by hills and rocky ranges; the Aravalli range divided it into two portions, running from north-east to south-west. The south and south-east part of the territory is mountainous and rugged, containing the lofty Mount Abu, an isolated mass of granite rock, culminating in a cluster of hills, enclosing several valleys surrounded by rocky ridges, like great hollows. On both sides of the Aravallis the country is intersected with numerous water channels, which run with considerable force and volume during the height of the rainy season, but are dry for the greater part of the year. The only river of any importance is the Western Banas.^[1]

In 1911 the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition recorded that a large portion of the state was covered with dense jungle, in which wild animals, including the tiger, bear and leopard, abounded; and that the climate was on the whole dry (in the south and east there was usually a fair amount of rain. On Abu the average annual rainfall is about 64 inches (160 cm), whereas in Erinpura, less than 50 miles (80 km) to the north, the average fall is only between 12 and 13 inches (30 and 33 cm).^[1]

During the 19th century the Rajputana Railway was built. It traversed the state, and a station was built at Abu Road, 28 miles (45 km) south of the town of Sirohi.^[1]

In 1901 the population of the state was 154,544, showing a decrease of 17% in the decade, due to the results of famine. Gross revenue was £28,000, tribute to the British Raj was £450. The population of the town of Sirohi was 5,651 and its main business was the manufacturing of sword-blades and other weapons.^[1]

History

South Asia
1525 CE

KALMAT

CHEROS

Location of Sirohi within Rajputana circa 1525, with neighbouring polities, on the eve of the establishment of the Mughal Empire.^[2]

Sirohi State was founded by Maharaja of Deora Rajputs before c. 1311, and formed the area into a state.^[3] In 1405, then-ruler Shivabhan established the capital of the state at Shivpuri, 3 kilometers east of the present-day town of Sirohi.^[4] In 1425, Rao Sains Mal built the town of Sirohi, while later became the capital of the state.^[5] The rulers of this state belong to Deora Chauhan clan of Rajputs.^[6] In 1452, the state was attacked by Rana Kumbha of Mewar.^[7]

During the early years of the 19th century, Sirohi suffered much from wars with Jodhpur and the hill tribes of the area. The protection of the British was sought in 1817; the pretensions of Jodhpur to suzerainty over Sirohi were disallowed, and in 1823 a treaty was concluded with the British government. Sirohi became a self-governing princely state, and part of the Rajputana Agency.^[1]

For services rendered during the Revolt of 1857, the Rao received a remission of half his tribute. Rao Keshri Singh (ruled 1875-1920) and his successors were granted the title Maharao (equivalent to Maharaja) in 1889.^[1]

When India became independent in 1947, there was no immediate consensus about whether Sirohi State should be merged with the new states of Bombay or Rajasthan.^[8] Initially, the area under Sirohi State was merged into Bombay 1949, but was transferred to Rajasthan in 1950.^[8]^[9]

List of rulers

Rao Alhana, the Chauhan ruler of Nadol ancestors of rulers of Jalor, Chandrawati and Sirohi.

List of Raos

Raos of Jalore

Rao Alhana
Rao Kirtipal – founder of Jalore in 1181, and ancestor of the Songara Chauhan clan.
Rao Samarsinha
Rao Udaysinha
Rao Man Singh I (1213–1228)
Rao Devraj (1228–1250)
Rao Vijayraj Singh (1250–1311)

Raos of Chandrawati

Rao Lumba (1311–1321)– founder of Sirohi in 1311
Rao Tej Singh (1321–1336)
Rao Kanhar Dev (1336–1343)
Rao Samant Singh (1343–?)
Rao Salkha (?–1374)

Raos of Sirohi

Rao Ranmal (1374–1392)
Rao Sobhajit (Shivbhan) (1392–1424)
Rao Sahasmal (Sainsmal) (1424–1451)
Rao Lakharaj Singh (Lakha) (1451–1483)
Rao Shri Jagmal I (1483–1523)

List of Maharaos

Maharao Akshayraj I (Akheraj) (1523–1533)
Maharao Rai Singh (1533–1543)
Maharao Dudaji (Durjan Sal) (1543–1553)
Maharao Udai Singh I (1553–1562)
Maharao Man Singh II (1562–1572)
Maharao Surtan Singh (Surtan Deora)(1572–1610)
Maharao Rai Singh II (1610–1620)
Maharao Akheraj II (1620–1673)
Maharao Udaibhan II (1673–1676)
Maharao Varisal Singh I (1676–1697)
Maharao Surtan Singh II (1697),(deposed)
Maharao Chattarsal Singh (Durjan Singh) (1697–1705)
Maharao Umaid Singh (Maan Singh III) (1705–1749)
Maharao Prithviraj Singh (1749–1772)
Maharao Takhat Singh (1772–1781)
Maharao Jagat Singh (1781–1782)
Maharao Bairisal II (Varisal) (1782–1809)
Maharao Udaibhan Singh (1809–1817)
Maharao Sheo Singh (1817–1846)
Maharao Umaid Singh II Bahadur (1862–1875)
HH Maharao Kesari Singh Bahadur (1875–1920)
HH Maharao Sarupram Singh Bahadur (1920–1946)
Maharao Tejram Singh Bahadur (1946–1947)
Maharani Krishna (Kunverba) (1946–1947)

Titular ruler

Maharao Raghubir Singh Bahadur (1947–1950)
Maharao Abhai Singh Bahadur (1950–1998)

Sirohi Rajpurohit

Shree Thakur Darjo singh rajpurohit

Revenue system

The traditional practice of revenue collection consisted of bhog batai and halbandi. Bhog batai, the more prevalent practice, consisted of direct collection of a part of the harvested produce by the state. In some areas of the state, halbandi was used, under which a cash tax was imposed on the implements used by farmers. In 1904, a new revenue-collection system was introduced which consisted of revenue collection based on average productivity of the cultivated area as the criterion for payment. From the state's perspective, the new revenue system was largely successful, leading to a large increase in the state's revenue.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Chisholm 1911, p. 257.
^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (a). ISBN 0226742210.
^ Ram, Lala Sita (1920). History of Sirohi Raj. Allahabad: The Pioneer Press.
^ Rajasthan through the ages: Volume 5, Marwar and British Administration. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
^ Adams, Archibald (1899). A medico-topographical and general account of Marwar, Sirohi, and Jaisalmir. Junior Army and Navy Stores.
^ "History of Deoras".
^ "Princely State of Sirohi". 15 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b White Paper on Indian States. New Delhi: Government of India Press. 1950.
^ District Census Handbook: Sirohi (Series 9: Part XII-A) (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations. 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
^ Vidal, Denis (1997). Violence and Truth: A Rajasthani Kingdom Confronts Colonial Authority. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 69–71. ISBN 9780195641059.

Sources

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sirohi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 257.

External links

Media related to Sirohi State at Wikimedia Commons

24°53′N 72°52′E / 24.883°N 72.867°E / 24.883; 72.867

[FOOTNOTEChisholm1911257-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Chisholm 1911, p. 257.

[2] Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (a). ISBN 0226742210.

[3] Ram, Lala Sita (1920). History of Sirohi Raj. Allahabad: The Pioneer Press.

[Gupta_Bakshi_Rajasthan-4] Rajasthan through the ages: Volume 5, Marwar and British Administration. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2019.

[:0-5] Adams, Archibald (1899). A medico-topographical and general account of Marwar, Sirohi, and Jaisalmir. Junior Army and Navy Stores.

[6] "History of Deoras".

[7] "Princely State of Sirohi". 15 March 2017.

[IndianStates-8] White Paper on Indian States. New Delhi: Government of India Press. 1950.

[SirohiCensus2011-B-9] District Census Handbook: Sirohi (Series 9: Part XII-A) (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations. 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2019.

[10] Vidal, Denis (1997). Violence and Truth: A Rajasthani Kingdom Confronts Colonial Authority. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 69–71. ISBN 9780195641059.

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@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 }}
-'''Kingdom of Sirohi''' or later '''Sirohi State''' (in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|colonial time]]) was an independent [[Hindu]] state in present-day [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]]. The state was founded in 1311 CE and lasted for six centuries until its peaceful dissolution in 1949 CE, when it merged into the erstwhile [[Bombay State]] of India.
+'''Kingdom of Sirohi''' (known as '''Sirohi State''' in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|colonial time]]) was an independent [[Hindu]] state in present-day [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]]. The state was founded by in 1311 CE by the [[Deora (clan)|Deora]] subclan of Chauhan Rajputs and lasted for six centuries, which led to stopping dissolution in 1949 CE, and stopping merger into the erstwhile [[Bombay State]] of India.
 ==Geography==
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 In 1911 the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] recorded that a large portion of the state was covered with dense jungle, in which wild animals, including the tiger, bear and leopard, abounded; and that the climate was on the whole dry (in the south and east there was usually a fair amount of rain. On Abu the average annual rainfall is about {{convert|64|in|cm}}, whereas in Erinpura, less than {{convert|50|mi|km}} to the north, the average fall is only between {{convert|12|and|13|in|cm}}.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}
-During the 19th century the [[Rajputana Railway]] was built. It traversed the state, and a station was built at [[Abu Road]], {{convert|28|mi|km}} south of the town of Sirohi.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}
+During the 19th century the Rajputana Railway was built. It traversed the state, and a station was built at [[Abu Road]], {{convert|28|mi|km}} south of the town of Sirohi.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}
 In 1901 the population of the state was 154,544, showing a decrease of 17% in the decade, due to the results of famine. Gross revenue was £28,000, tribute to the [[British Raj]] was £450. The population of the town of [[Sirohi]] was 5,651 and its main business was the manufacturing of sword-blades and other weapons.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 ==History==
 {{Rajputana 1525 CE|right|Location of Sirohi within [[Rajputana]] circa 1525, with neighbouring polities, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref>|{{Annotation|75|103|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|22px]]}}}}
-Sirohi State was founded in c. 1311 by Lumbha, who conquered the area which later formed the state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413|title=History of Sirohi Raj|last=Ram|first=Lala Sita|publisher=The Pioneer Press|year=1920|location=Allahabad}}</ref> In 1311, then-ruler Shivabhan established the capital of the state at Shivpuri, 3 kilometers east of the present-day town of [[Sirohi]].<ref name="Gupta_Bakshi_Rajasthan">{{cite book |title=Rajasthan through the ages: Volume 5, Marwar and British Administration |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC/ |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> In 1425, Rao Sains Mal built the town of Sirohi, while later became the capital of the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/westernrajputan04adamgoog/|title=A medico-topographical and general account of Marwar, Sirohi, and Jaisalmir|last=Adams|first=Archibald|publisher=Junior Army and Navy Stores|year=1899}}</ref> The rulers of this state belong to Deora Chauhan clan of Rajputs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/deora.php | title=History of Deoras }}</ref> In 1452, the state was attacked by [[Rana Kumbha]] of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/3403-princely-state-of-sirohi/ | title=Princely State of Sirohi | date=15 March 2017 }}</ref>
+Sirohi State was founded by Maharaja of [[Deora (clan)|Deora]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]] before c. 1311, and formed the area into a state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413|title=History of Sirohi Raj|last=Ram|first=Lala Sita|publisher=The Pioneer Press|year=1920|location=Allahabad}}</ref> In 1405, then-ruler Shivabhan established the capital of the state at Shivpuri, 3 kilometers east of the present-day town of [[Sirohi]].<ref name="Gupta_Bakshi_Rajasthan">{{cite book |title=Rajasthan through the ages: Volume 5, Marwar and British Administration |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC/ |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> In 1425, Rao Sains Mal built the town of Sirohi, while later became the capital of the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/westernrajputan04adamgoog/|title=A medico-topographical and general account of Marwar, Sirohi, and Jaisalmir|last=Adams|first=Archibald|publisher=Junior Army and Navy Stores|year=1899}}</ref> The rulers of this state belong to Deora Chauhan clan of Rajputs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/deora.php | title=History of Deoras }}</ref> In 1452, the state was attacked by [[Rana Kumbha]] of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/3403-princely-state-of-sirohi/ | title=Princely State of Sirohi | date=15 March 2017 }}</ref>
-During the early years of the 19th century, Sirohi suffered much from wars with [[Jodhpur]] and the hill tribes of the area. The protection of the British was sought in 1817; the pretensions of Jodhpur to suzerainty over Sirohi were disallowed, and in 1823 a treaty was concluded with the British government. Sirohi became a self-governing [[princely state]] within British India, and part of the Rajputana Agency.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}
+During the early years of the 19th century, Sirohi suffered much from wars with [[Jodhpur]] and the hill tribes of the area. The protection of the British was sought in 1817; the pretensions of Jodhpur to suzerainty over Sirohi were disallowed, and in 1823 a treaty was concluded with the British government. Sirohi became a self-governing [[princely state]], and part of the Rajputana Agency.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}
 For services rendered during the [[Revolt of 1857]], the Rao received a remission of half his tribute. Rao Keshri Singh (ruled 1875-1920) and his successors were granted the title ''[[Maharao]]'' (equivalent to Maharaja) in 1889.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 == List of rulers ==
 '''[[Alhanadeva|Rao Alhana]]''', the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Chauhan ruler of Nadol]]  ancestors of  rulers of [[Jalore district|Jalor]], [[Chandravati|Chandrawati]] and [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]].
 === List of Raos ===
 ;Raos of Jalore
+* [[Alhanadeva|Rao Alhana]]
+* Rao Kirtipal – founder of Jalore in 1181, and ancestor of the  [[Songara|Songara Chauhan clan]].
-* [[Alhanadeva|Rao Shri Alhana]]
+* Rao Samarsinha
-* Rao Shri Kirtipal – founder of Jalore in 1181, and ancestor of the  [[Songara|Songara Chauhan clan]].
-* Rao Shri Samarsinha
+* Rao Udaysinha
-* Rao Shri Udaysinha
+* Rao Man Singh I (1213–1228)
-* Rao Shri Man Singh I (1213–1228)
+* Rao Devraj (1228–1250)
-* Rao Shri Devraj (1228–1250)
+* Rao Vijayraj Singh (1250–1311)
-* Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh (1250–1311)
 ;Raos of Chandrawati
+* Rao Lumba (1311–1321)– founder of Sirohi in 1311
+* Rao Tej Singh (1321–1336)
-* Rao Shri Lumba (1311–1321)– founder of Sirohi in 1311
-* Rao Shri Tej Singh (1321–1336)
+* Rao Kanhar Dev (1336–1343)
-* Rao Shri Kanhar Dev (1336–1343)
+* Rao Samant Singh (1343–?)
-* Rao Shri Samant Singh (1343–?)
+* Rao Salkha (?–1374)
-* Rao Shri Salkha (?–1374)
 ;Raos of Sirohi
+* Rao Ranmal (1374–1392)
-* Rao Shri Ranmal (1374–1392)
+* Rao Sobhajit (Shivbhan) (1392–1424)
-* Rao Shri Sobhajit (Shivbhan) (1392–1424)
+* Rao Sahasmal (Sainsmal) (1424–1451)
-* Rao Shri Sahasmal (Sainsmal) (1424–1451)
+* Rao Lakharaj Singh (Lakha) (1451–1483)
-* Rao Shri Lakharaj Singh (1451–1483)
 * Rao Shri Jagmal I (1483–1523)
-'''Rajpurohit of Sirohi'''
-•Shree darjo singh rajpurohit
 === List of Maharaos ===
+* Maharao Akshayraj I (Akheraj) (1523–1533)
-* Maharao Shri Akshayraj I (1523–1533)
+* Maharao Rai Singh (1533–1543)
-* Maharao Shri Rai Singh (1533–1543)
+* Maharao Dudaji (Durjan Sal) (1543–1553)
-* Maharao Shri Dudaji (Durjan Sal) (1543–1553)
+* Maharao Udai Singh I (1553–1562)
-* Maharao Shri Udai Singh I (1553–1562)
+* Maharao  Man Singh II (1562–1572)
-* Maharao Shri Man Singh II (1562–1572)
+* Maharao Surtan Singh (Surtan Deora)(1572–1610)
-* Maharao Shri Surtan Singh (1572–1610)
+* Maharao Rai Singh II (1610–1620)
-* Maharao Shri Rai Singh II (1610–1620)
+* Maharao Akheraj II (1620–1673)
-* Maharao Shri Akheraj II (1620–1673)
+* Maharao Udaibhan II (1673–1676)
-* Maharao Shri Udaibhan II (1673–1676)
+* Maharao Varisal Singh I (1676–1697)
-* Maharao Shri Varisal Singh I (1676–1697)
+* Maharao Surtan Singh II (1697),(deposed)
-* Maharao Shri Surtan Singh II (1697),(deposed)
+* Maharao Chattarsal Singh (Durjan Singh) (1697–1705)
-* Maharao Shri Chattarsal Singh (Durjan Singh) (1697–1705)
+* Maharao Umaid Singh (Maan Singh III) (1705–1749)
-* Maharao Shri Umaid Singh (Maan Singh III) (1705–1749)
+* Maharao Prithviraj Singh (1749–1772)
-* Maharao Shri Prithviraj Singh (1749–1772)
+* Maharao Takhat Singh (1772–1781)
-* Maharao Shri Takhat Singh (1772–1781)
+* Maharao Jagat Singh (1781–1782)
-* Maharao Shri Jagat Singh (1781–1782)
+* Maharao Bairisal II (Varisal) (1782–1809)
-* Maharao Shri Bairisal II (Varisal) (1782–1809)
+* Maharao Udaibhan Singh (1809–1817)
-* Maharao Shri Udaibhan Singh (1809–1817)
+* Maharao Sheo Singh (1817–1846)
-* Maharao Shri Sheo Singh (1817–1846)
+* Maharao Umaid Singh II Bahadur (1862–1875)
-* Maharao Shri Umaid Singh II Bahadur (1862–1875)
 * HH Maharao Kesari Singh Bahadur (1875–1920)
-* HH Maharao Shri Sarupram Singh Bahadur (1920–1946)
+* HH Maharao Sarupram Singh Bahadur (1920–1946)
-* Maharao Shri Tejram Singh Bahadur (1946–1947)
+* Maharao Tejram Singh Bahadur (1946–1947)
 * Maharani Krishna (Kunverba) (1946–1947)
@@ Line 108: / Line 98: @@
 * Maharao Raghubir Singh Bahadur (1947–1950)
 * Maharao Abhai Singh Bahadur (1950–1998)
+=== Sirohi Rajpurohit ===
+* Shree Thakur Darjo singh rajpurohit
 ==Revenue system==
@@ Line 115: / Line 108: @@
 *[[Jodhpur State]]
 *[[Udaipur State]]
-*[[Mewar Residency]]
+*[[Chahamanas of Naddula]]
+*[[Chahamanas of Jalor]]
 *[[Rajputana]]
@@ Line 137: / Line 131: @@
 [[Category:States and territories established in 1311]]
 [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
-[[Category:Rajputs]]
+[[Category:Rajput history]]
 [[Category:Gun salute princely states]]

v t e Gun salute princely states (salute states) during the British Raj
21-gun salute	Baroda Gwalior Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Mysore
19-gun salute	Bhopal Indore Kalat Kolhapur Travancore Udaipur
17-gun salute	Bahawalpur Bharatpur Bikaner Bundi Cochin Cutch Jaipur Jodhpur Karauli Kota Patiala Pudukkottai Rewa Tonk
15-gun salute	Alwar Banswara Datia Dewas Sr Dewas Jr Dhar Dholpur Dungarpur Idar Jaisalmer Khairpur Kishangarh Orchha Pratapgarh Rampur Sikkim Sirohi
13-gun salute	Benares Bhavnagar Cooch Behar Dhrangadhra Jaora Jhalawar Jind Junagadh Kapurthala Nabha Nawanagar Palanpur Porbandar Rajpipla Ratlam Tripura
11-gun salute	Ajaigarh Alirajpur Baoni Barwani Bijawar Bilaspur Cambay Chamba Charkhari Chhatarpur Chitral Faridkot Tehri Garhwal Gondal Janjira/Jafrabad Jhabua Malerkotla Mandi Manipur Morvi Narsinghgarh Panna Radhanpur Rajgarh Sailana Samthar Sirmur Sitamau Suket Wankaner
9-gun salute	Balasinor Banganapalle Bansda Baraundha Baria Bhor Chhota Udaipur Danta Dharampur Dhrol Jawhar Kalahandi Khilchipur Limbdi Loharu Lunavada Maihar Mayurbhanj Mudhol Nagod Palitana Patna Rajkot Sachin Sangli Sant Sawantwadi Shahpura Sonepur Wadhwan Yawnghwe
List of princely states of British India (alphabetical) Salute state