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{{Short description|Haitian entrepreneur and activist (1953–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
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{{short description|Haitian activist}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Bernard Fils-Aimé
| name = Bernard Fils-Aimé
| image = Bernard Fils-Aimé (cropped).jpg
| image = 2009 Secretary of State's Award for Corporate Excellence (portrait crop).jpg
| caption = in 2009
| caption = Fils-Aimé in 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1953|05|24}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1953|05|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Petionville]], [[Haiti]]
| birth_place = [[Petionville]], Haiti
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|08|08|1953|05|24}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|08|08|1953|05|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Miami]], [[U.S.A.]]
| death_place = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], United States
| occupation = [[entrepreneur]], [[activist]]
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]], [[activist]]
| spouse = Marise Piverger (m. 1980)
| spouse = Marise Piverger (m. 1980)
| children = 3
| children = 3
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}}
}}


'''Bernard Fils-Aimé''' (24 May 1953 – 8 August 2020) was a [[Haiti]]an entrepreneur and activist. He was part of community assistance organizations for Haitians in America, cofounding the Haitian Refugee Center and serving on the board of the Haitian Education & Leadership Program. He also served as the managing director of [[Comcel Haiti]] from its founding in 1998 until its sale to [[Digicel]] in 2012.
'''Bernard Fils-Aimé''' (24 May 1953{{spnd}}8 August 2020) was a [[Haiti]]an entrepreneur and activist. He was part of community assistance organizations for Haitians in America, cofounding the Haitian Refugee Center and serving on the board of the Haitian Education & Leadership Program. He also served as the managing director of [[Comcel Haiti]] from its founding in 1998 until its sale to [[Digicel]] in 2012.


==Early career and activism==
==Early life and activism==
Bernard was the youngest of four children. His father Camile died soon after Bernard was born.<ref name="nyt">{{cite web|last1=Leland|first1=John|date=28 August 2020|title=Bernard Fils-Aimé, Haitian Activist and Cellphone Mogul, Dies at 67|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/obituaries/bernard-fils-aime-dead-coronavirus.html|website=The New York Times}}</ref> His mother, Uranie Gabriel Fils-Aime, was the ''directrice'' of the [[Republic of Guatemala]] Primary School in [[Petionville]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bros |first1=Emmanuel |title=ARRETE |url=http://lcweb5.loc.gov/glin/jurisdictions/Haiti/pdfs/6161-33263.pdf |work=[[Le Moniteur (Haiti)|Le Moniteur]] |issue=29 |publisher=Presses Nationales d'Haiti |date=27 April 1978 |location=Port-au-Prince, Haiti |language=fr}}</ref> She opposed [[François Duvalier]], and was briefly arrested for criticizing his policies.<ref name="nyt" />
Bernard Fils-Aimé was the youngest of four children. His father, Camile Fils-Aimé, died soon after Bernard was born.<ref name="nyt">{{cite web|last1=Leland|first1=John|author-link1=John Leland (journalist)|date=28 August 2020|title=Bernard Fils-Aimé, Haitian Activist and Cellphone Mogul, Dies at 67|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/obituaries/bernard-fils-aime-dead-coronavirus.html|website=The New York Times}}</ref> His mother, Uranie Gabriel Fils-Aimé, was the ''directrice'' of the [[Republic of Guatemala]] Primary School in [[Petionville]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bros |first1=Emmanuel |title=ARRETE |url=http://lcweb5.loc.gov/glin/jurisdictions/Haiti/pdfs/6161-33263.pdf |work=[[Le Moniteur (Haiti)|Le Moniteur]] |issue=29 |publisher=Presses Nationales d'Haiti |date=27 April 1978 |location=Port-au-Prince, Haiti |language=fr}}</ref> She opposed [[François Duvalier]], and was briefly arrested for criticizing his policies.<ref name="nyt" />


Bernard and his family left Haiti for [[New York City]] in 1966.<ref name="nyt" /> He graduated from [[John Jay Educational Campus (Brooklyn)|John Jay High School]] in 1971,<ref>{{cite book |title=Prospect 1971 |date=1971 |publisher=John Jay High School |location=Brooklyn, NY |url=https://www.bklynlibrary.org/brooklyncollection/finding-aid/brooklyn-yearbook}}</ref> then studied at [[Columbia University]] for two years. He became involved in student activism, and remained active after he left the university. At a Haiti-related event for student organizers, Bernard met Marise Piverger; they married in 1980 despite her parents' disapproval, and moved to [[Miami]].<ref name="nyt" />
Fils-Aimé and his family left Haiti for [[New York City]] in 1966.<ref name="nyt" /> He graduated from [[John Jay Educational Campus (Brooklyn)|John Jay High School]] in 1971,<ref>{{cite book |title=Prospect 1971 |date=1971 |publisher=John Jay High School |location=Brooklyn, NY |url=https://www.bklynlibrary.org/brooklyncollection/finding-aid/brooklyn-yearbook}}</ref> then studied at [[Columbia University]] for two years. He became involved in student activism, and remained active after he left the university. At a Haiti-related event for student organizers, Fils-Aimé met Marise Piverger; they married in 1980 despite her parents' disapproval, and moved to [[Miami]].<ref name="nyt" />


In Miami, Bernard co-founded the Haitian Refugee Center, which organized protests and litigated cases on behalf of detained Haitian refugees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bernard Fils-Aimé, who helped launch Haiti’s 1st cell network, dies of COVID-19 at 67|url=https://www.today.com/video/bernard-fils-aime-who-helped-launch-haiti-s-1st-cell-network-dies-of-covid-19-at-67-90865221659|access-date=2020-09-24|website=TODAY.com|language=en}}</ref>
In Miami, Fils-Aimé co-founded the Haitian Refugee Center, which organized protests and litigated cases on behalf of detained Haitian refugees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bernard Fils-Aimé, who helped launch Haiti's 1st cell network, dies of COVID-19 at 67|url=https://www.today.com/video/bernard-fils-aime-who-helped-launch-haiti-s-1st-cell-network-dies-of-covid-19-at-67-90865221659|access-date=24 September 2020|website=[[TODAY.com]]|language=en}}</ref>


Bernard later went back to school, completing his bachelor's degree<ref name="nyt" /> and a [[Master of Public Administration]] from [[Florida International University]].<ref name="global">{{cite web|title=Speaker Biographies|url=https://globalwa.org/events-center/past-annual-conferences/conference-2010/speaker-biographies/|accessdate=13 August 2020|website=Global Washington Conference 2010}}</ref> He worked in various administrative positions at [[Miami-Dade Community College]]: he was director of placement at the Wolfson campus,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1991-03-18|title=Clipped From The Miami Herald|pages=79|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57984889/the-miami-herald/|access-date=2020-09-08}}</ref> and later served as the [[Dean_(education)#Higher_education|assistant dean of students]]. <ref name="herald">{{cite web|last1=Charles|first1=Jacqueline|date=11 August 2020|title=Entrepreneur, activist Bernard Fils-Aimé dead at 67|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article244866827.html|website=Miami Herald}}</ref> Bernard was also a member of the Book Distribution Committee for the [[Miami Book Fair International]] in 1992,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1992-11-15|title=Clipped From The Miami Herald|pages=382|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57985459/the-miami-herald/|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref> 1993,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1993-11-07|title=Clipped From The Miami Herald|pages=222|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57985579/the-miami-herald/|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref> and 1995.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1995-11-05|title=Clipped From The Miami Herald|pages=969|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57985768/the-miami-herald/|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref>
Fils-Aimé later went back to school, completing his bachelor's degree<ref name="nyt" /> and a [[Master of Public Administration]] from [[Florida International University]].<ref name="global">{{cite web|title=Speaker Biographies|url=https://globalwa.org/events-center/past-annual-conferences/conference-2010/speaker-biographies/|access-date=13 August 2020|website=Global Washington Conference 2010}}</ref> He worked in various administrative positions at [[Miami-Dade Community College]]: he was director of placement at the Wolfson campus,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lynch|first=Jim|author-link=Jim Lynch (writer)|date=18 March 1991|title=Proliferation of publications come to the aid of job hunters|pages=79|work=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57984889/the-miami-herald/|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> and later served as the [[Dean (education)#Higher education|assistant dean of students]].<ref name="herald">{{cite news|last1=Charles|first1=Jacqueline|author-link1=Jacqueline Charles|date=11 August 2020|title=Entrepreneur, activist Bernard Fils-Aimé dead at 67|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article244866827.html|work=[[Miami Herald]]}}</ref> Fils-Aimé was also a member of the Book Distribution Committee for the [[Miami Book Fair International]] in 1992,<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 1992|title=Miami Book Fair International|pages=382|work=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57985459/the-miami-herald/|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> 1993,<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 November 1993|title=Miami Book Fair International|pages=222|work=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57985579/the-miami-herald/|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> and 1995.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 1995|title=Miami Book Fair International|pages=969|work=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57985768/the-miami-herald/|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>


==Business in Haiti==
==Business in Haiti==
In 1995, Bernard moved back to Haiti, although he would regularly visit Miami.<ref name="herald" /> His first business venture was SabbAimé S.A., an importer and distributer of frozen chicken.<ref name="global"/> Around this same time, a group of American investors wanted to start a [[wireless carrier]] in Haiti, and approached Bernard to serve as a local partner. He helped negotiate the initial licenses for what would become [[Comcel Haiti|Comcel]], and became the first CEO.<ref name="nyt" />
In 1995, Fils-Aimé moved back to Haiti, although he would regularly visit Miami.<ref name="herald" /> His first business venture was SabbAimé S.A., an importer and distributor of frozen chicken.<ref name="global"/> Around this time, a group of American investors wanted to start a [[wireless carrier]] in Haiti, and approached Fils-Aimé to serve as a local partner. He took part in the license negotiations with the Haitian government, and became the first CEO when the company was inaugurated in 1998 as [[Comcel Haiti]].<ref name="nyt" />


He recognized that Comcel faced unique hurdles as one of the few large private enterprises in Haiti. When subscribers complained of being unable to charge their phones, Bernard would let them charge their phones for free at Comcel headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Romero |first1=Simon |title=TECHNOLOGY: A Cell Phone Surge Among World's Poor; In Haiti, Entrepreneurs as Suppliers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/19/business/technology-cell-phone-surge-among-world-s-poor-haiti-entrepreneurs-suppliers.html |website=The New York Times |date=19 December 2000}}</ref> He also directed Comcel's resources toward philanthropic initiatives; when the company changed its name to Voila, Bernard became the president of the Voila Foundation.<ref name="nyt" />
He recognized that Comcel faced unique hurdles as one of the few large private enterprises in Haiti. When subscribers complained of being unable to charge their phones, Fils-Aimé would let them charge their phones for free at Comcel headquarters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Romero |first1=Simon |author-link1=Simon Romero |title=TECHNOLOGY: A Cell Phone Surge Among World's Poor; In Haiti, Entrepreneurs as Suppliers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/19/business/technology-cell-phone-surge-among-world-s-poor-haiti-entrepreneurs-suppliers.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 December 2000}}</ref> He also directed Comcel's resources toward philanthropic initiatives; when the company changed its name to Voila, Fils-Aimé became the president of the Voila Foundation.<ref name="nyt" />


From 2006 to 2007, he served as the president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |title=Passing of Bernard Fils-Aimé |url=https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-31528-haiti-social-passing-of-bernard-fils-aime.html |website=Haiti Libre |date=13 August 2020}}</ref>
From 2006 to 2007, he served as the president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |title=Passing of Bernard Fils-Aimé |url=https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-31528-haiti-social-passing-of-bernard-fils-aime.html |website=Haiti Libre |date=13 August 2020}}</ref>


Bernard retired from Voila's management after its sale to [[Digicel]] in 2012. He then joined the board of the Haitian Education & Leadership Program. He also served as president of the [[Trilogy International Partners|Trilogy International]] Foundation, which is associated with Comcel's US parent company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Fils-Aimé|url=https://uhelp.net/profile/bernard-fils-aime/|accessdate=15 August 2020|website=Haitian Education and Leadership Program}}</ref>
Fils-Aimé retired from Voila's management after its sale to [[Digicel]] in 2012. He then joined the board of the Haitian Education & Leadership Program. He also served as president of the [[Trilogy International Partners|Trilogy International]] Foundation, which is associated with Comcel's US parent company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Fils-Aimé|url=https://uhelp.net/profile/bernard-fils-aime/|access-date=15 August 2020|website=Haitian Education and Leadership Program}}</ref>


==Political Involvement==
==Political involvement==
Bernard was a close friend of Haitian [[President of Haiti|President]] [[Rene Preval]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-03-04|title=Clipped From The Miami Herald|pages=A4|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57987038/the-miami-herald/|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref>
Fils-Aimé was a close friend of Haitian [[President of Haiti|President]] [[René Préval]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Charles|first=Jacqueline|author-link=Jacqueline Charles|date=4 March 2017|title=Former Haitian President Rene Preval dies in Haiti at 74|pages=A4|work=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57987038/the-miami-herald/|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>


In the aftermath of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]], Bernard was critical of the Haitian government's plan to [[Eminent domain|appropriate]] land for building aid camps; he observed that many political conflicts in Haiti had been triggered by land disputes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-02-20|title=Clipped From The Ithaca Journal|pages=9|work=The Ithaca Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57986745/the-ithaca-journal/|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref> He also defended a private-sector-run opinion poll for the [[2010–11 Haitian general election|2010–11 Haitian presidential election]] in the name of transparency, as previous such polls had not been publicly released.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-11-12|title=Clipped From The Miami Herald|pages=9|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57986884/the-miami-herald/|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref>
In the aftermath of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]], Fils-Aimé was critical of the Haitian government's plan to [[Eminent domain|appropriate]] land for building aid camps; he observed that many political conflicts in Haiti had been triggered by land disputes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Faul|first=Michelle|date=20 February 2010|title=Haiti official: Government will take land for homeless|pages=9|work=[[The Ithaca Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57986745/the-ithaca-journal/|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> He also defended a private-sector-run opinion poll for the [[2010–11 Haitian general election|2010–11 Haitian presidential election]] in the name of transparency, as previous such polls had not been publicly released.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Charles|first=Jacqueline|author-link=Jacqueline Charles|date=12 November 2010|title=Poll: Manigat's lead grows|pages=9|work=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57986884/the-miami-herald/|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>


In 2019, Bernard published an op-ed in the ''[[Miami Herald]]'' decrying President [[Jovenel Moïse|Jovenel Moïse's]] responses to the [[2018–2019 Haitian protests]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-09|title=Corrected photo|pages=A13|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57987147/corrected-photo/|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref> The article was republished after the ''Herald'' erroneously attached a photograph of [[Reggie Fils-Aimé]] instead of Bernard.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-08|title=Incorrect photo (Reggie instead of Bernard)|pages=C5|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57987127/incorrect-photo-reggie-instead-of/|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref>
In 2019, Fils-Aimé published an op-ed in the ''[[Miami Herald]]'' decrying President [[Jovenel Moïse]]'s responses to the [[2018–2019 Haitian protests]]. The article was reprinted after the ''Herald'' erroneously attached a photograph of [[Reggie Fils-Aimé]] (the former CEO of the North American division of video game company Nintendo) instead of Bernard Fils-Aimé.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fils-Aimé|first=Bernard|date=8 December 2019|title=President Jovenel Moïse moves to trample the Haitian justice system|pages=C5|work=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57987127/incorrect-photo-reggie-instead-of/|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fils-Aimé|first=Bernard|date=9 December 2019|title=President Jovenel Moïse moves to trample the Haitian justice system|pages=A13|work=[[Miami Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57987147/corrected-photo/|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>


==Family==
==Personal life==
<!-- Karl Fils-Aime graduated from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 2008 with a Bachelor's degree in Electrical and Systems Engineering. [https://ras.seas.upenn.edu/student-awards/] -->
<!-- Karl Fils-Aime graduated from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 2008 with a Bachelor's degree in Electrical and Systems Engineering. [https://ras.seas.upenn.edu/student-awards/] -->
Bernard and his wife Marise had three children: daughter Erica and sons Karl and Gerard.<ref name="nyt" />
He and his wife Marise had three children: daughter Erica and sons Karl and Gerard.<ref name="nyt" />


⚫
Fils-Aimé died from [[COVID-19]] at the [[University of Miami]] Hospital in [[Miami]], [[Florida]], on 8 August 2020, amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Florida]].<ref name="herald"/>
==Death==
⚫
Bernard died of [[COVID-19]] at the [[University of Miami]] Hospital on August 8, 2020.<ref name="herald"/>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 18:36, 22 November 2024

Bernard Fils-Aimé
Fils-Aimé in 2009
Born(1953-05-24)24 May 1953
Petionville, Haiti
Died8 August 2020(2020-08-08) (aged 67)
Miami, Florida, United States
Alma materFlorida International University
Occupation(s)Entrepreneur, activist
SpouseMarise Piverger (m. 1980)
Children3

Bernard Fils-Aimé (24 May 1953 – 8 August 2020) was a Haitian entrepreneur and activist. He was part of community assistance organizations for Haitians in America, cofounding the Haitian Refugee Center and serving on the board of the Haitian Education & Leadership Program. He also served as the managing director of Comcel Haiti from its founding in 1998 until its sale to Digicel in 2012.

Early life and activism

[edit]

Bernard Fils-Aimé was the youngest of four children. His father, Camile Fils-Aimé, died soon after Bernard was born.[1] His mother, Uranie Gabriel Fils-Aimé, was the directrice of the Republic of Guatemala Primary School in Petionville.[2] She opposed François Duvalier, and was briefly arrested for criticizing his policies.[1]

Fils-Aimé and his family left Haiti for New York City in 1966.[1] He graduated from John Jay High School in 1971,[3] then studied at Columbia University for two years. He became involved in student activism, and remained active after he left the university. At a Haiti-related event for student organizers, Fils-Aimé met Marise Piverger; they married in 1980 despite her parents' disapproval, and moved to Miami.[1]

In Miami, Fils-Aimé co-founded the Haitian Refugee Center, which organized protests and litigated cases on behalf of detained Haitian refugees.[4]

Fils-Aimé later went back to school, completing his bachelor's degree[1] and a Master of Public Administration from Florida International University.[5] He worked in various administrative positions at Miami-Dade Community College: he was director of placement at the Wolfson campus,[6] and later served as the assistant dean of students.[7] Fils-Aimé was also a member of the Book Distribution Committee for the Miami Book Fair International in 1992,[8] 1993,[9] and 1995.[10]

Business in Haiti

[edit]

In 1995, Fils-Aimé moved back to Haiti, although he would regularly visit Miami.[7] His first business venture was SabbAimé S.A., an importer and distributor of frozen chicken.[5] Around this time, a group of American investors wanted to start a wireless carrier in Haiti, and approached Fils-Aimé to serve as a local partner. He took part in the license negotiations with the Haitian government, and became the first CEO when the company was inaugurated in 1998 as Comcel Haiti.[1]

He recognized that Comcel faced unique hurdles as one of the few large private enterprises in Haiti. When subscribers complained of being unable to charge their phones, Fils-Aimé would let them charge their phones for free at Comcel headquarters.[11] He also directed Comcel's resources toward philanthropic initiatives; when the company changed its name to Voila, Fils-Aimé became the president of the Voila Foundation.[1]

From 2006 to 2007, he served as the president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Haiti.[12]

Fils-Aimé retired from Voila's management after its sale to Digicel in 2012. He then joined the board of the Haitian Education & Leadership Program. He also served as president of the Trilogy International Foundation, which is associated with Comcel's US parent company.[13]

Political involvement

[edit]

Fils-Aimé was a close friend of Haitian President René Préval.[14]

In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Fils-Aimé was critical of the Haitian government's plan to appropriate land for building aid camps; he observed that many political conflicts in Haiti had been triggered by land disputes.[15] He also defended a private-sector-run opinion poll for the 2010–11 Haitian presidential election in the name of transparency, as previous such polls had not been publicly released.[16]

In 2019, Fils-Aimé published an op-ed in the Miami Herald decrying President Jovenel Moïse's responses to the 2018–2019 Haitian protests. The article was reprinted after the Herald erroneously attached a photograph of Reggie Fils-Aimé (the former CEO of the North American division of video game company Nintendo) instead of Bernard Fils-Aimé.[17][18]

Personal life

[edit]

He and his wife Marise had three children: daughter Erica and sons Karl and Gerard.[1]

Fils-Aimé died from COVID-19 at the University of Miami Hospital in Miami, Florida, on 8 August 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Leland, John (28 August 2020). "Bernard Fils-Aimé, Haitian Activist and Cellphone Mogul, Dies at 67". The New York Times.
  2. ^ Bros, Emmanuel (27 April 1978). "ARRETE" (PDF). Le Moniteur (in French). No. 29. Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Presses Nationales d'Haiti.
  3. ^ Prospect 1971. Brooklyn, NY: John Jay High School. 1971.
  4. ^ "Bernard Fils-Aimé, who helped launch Haiti's 1st cell network, dies of COVID-19 at 67". TODAY.com. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Speaker Biographies". Global Washington Conference 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  6. ^ Lynch, Jim (18 March 1991). "Proliferation of publications come to the aid of job hunters". Miami Herald. p. 79. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  7. ^ a b c Charles, Jacqueline (11 August 2020). "Entrepreneur, activist Bernard Fils-Aimé dead at 67". Miami Herald.
  8. ^ "Miami Book Fair International". Miami Herald. 15 November 1992. p. 382. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  9. ^ "Miami Book Fair International". Miami Herald. 7 November 1993. p. 222. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  10. ^ "Miami Book Fair International". Miami Herald. 5 November 1995. p. 969. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  11. ^ Romero, Simon (19 December 2000). "TECHNOLOGY: A Cell Phone Surge Among World's Poor; In Haiti, Entrepreneurs as Suppliers". The New York Times.
  12. ^ "Passing of Bernard Fils-Aimé". Haiti Libre. 13 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Bernard Fils-Aimé". Haitian Education and Leadership Program. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  14. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (4 March 2017). "Former Haitian President Rene Preval dies in Haiti at 74". Miami Herald. pp. A4. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  15. ^ Faul, Michelle (20 February 2010). "Haiti official: Government will take land for homeless". The Ithaca Journal. p. 9. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  16. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (12 November 2010). "Poll: Manigat's lead grows". Miami Herald. p. 9. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  17. ^ Fils-Aimé, Bernard (8 December 2019). "President Jovenel Moïse moves to trample the Haitian justice system". Miami Herald. pp. C5. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  18. ^ Fils-Aimé, Bernard (9 December 2019). "President Jovenel Moïse moves to trample the Haitian justice system". Miami Herald. pp. A13. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
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