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{{Short description|Spanish explorer and navigator in the Pacific (1536–1604)}} |
{{Short description|Spanish explorer and navigator in the Pacific (1536–1604)}} |
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{{other uses|Juan Fernández (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL|birth_date={{circa}} 1536|death_date={{circa}} 1604}} |
{{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL|birth_date={{circa}} 1536|death_date={{circa}} 1604}} |
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'''Juan Fernández''' (c. 1536 – c. 1604) was a |
'''Juan Fernández''' (c. 1536 – c. 1604) was a Spanish explorer and navigator in the Pacific regions of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] and [[Captaincy General of Chile]] west of colonial South America. He is best known for the discovery of a fast maritime route from [[Callao]] ([[Peru]]) to [[Valparaíso]] ([[Chile]]) as well as for the discovery of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] off the coast of Chile.<ref>{{cite web |title=Juan Fernández |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juan-Fernandez-Spanish-navigator |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> |
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==Discoveries and theories== |
==Discoveries and theories== |
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===Juan Fernández Islands=== |
===Juan Fernández Islands=== |
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In 1574, he discovered an alternative maritime route from [[Callao]] to [[Valparaíso]], much faster than the old route which bordered the coastline. By taking a detour west from the coast, he managed to avoid the northerly [[Humboldt Current]] which used to slow down ships sailing south along the coast. In doing so, he discovered the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] [[archipelago]], located west of present-day Valparaíso in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, on 22 November 1574. He also discovered the Pacific islands of [[Isla San Félix|San Félix]] and [[San Ambrosio]] in 1574. The speed with which this discovery allowed him to complete the voyage led to him being brought in front of the Inquisition in Peru, and was the reason he became known as ''el brujo del Pacífico'' or "the witch of the Pacific".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herda |first1=Phyllis |title=Proof of Spanish discovery? |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech/1401/proof-of-spanish-discovery |website=Te Ara |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref>Brand, Donald D. (1967). ''The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations''. New York: The American Geographical Society. p. 127.</ref> |
In 1574, he discovered an alternative maritime route from [[Callao]] to [[Valparaíso]], much faster than the old route which bordered the coastline. By taking a detour west from the coast, he managed to avoid the northerly [[Humboldt Current]] which used to slow down ships sailing south along the coast. In doing so, he discovered the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] [[archipelago]], located west of present-day Valparaíso in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, on 22 November 1574. He also discovered the Pacific islands of [[Isla San Félix|San Félix]] and [[San Ambrosio]] in 1574. The speed with which this discovery allowed him to complete the voyage led to him being brought in front of the Inquisition in Peru, and was the reason he became known as ''el brujo del Pacífico'' or "the witch of the Pacific".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herda |first1=Phyllis |title=Proof of Spanish discovery? |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech/1401/proof-of-spanish-discovery |website=Te Ara |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref>Brand, Donald D. (1967). ''The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations''. New York: The American Geographical Society. p. 127.</ref> |
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Early historians such as [[Alexander Dalrymple]] and [[James Burney]] claim that Juan Fernández was the first European to reach New Zealand. In 1575 the governor of [[Cuyo (Argentina)|Cuyo]], [[Juan Jufré]], organized an expedition to ''[[Terra Australis]]'' under the command of Juan Fernandez. The expedition was authorized by the governor of [[Captaincy General of Chile|Chile]] but not the [[Viceroy of Peru]]. As a result, Jufré changed the official itinerary and pretended his expedition would only sail to the [[Juan Fernández Islands|islands discovered by Fernández in 1574]]. In fact, the real destination of the expedition was still ''Terra Australis''. Soon Juan Fernandez set sail from Valparaíso. After heading west for one month along the [[40th parallel south]], in the spring of 1576 they arrived in an island described as "mountainous, fertile, with strong-flowing rivers, inhabited by white peoples, and with all the fruits necessary to live".<ref>{{cite book| author=Esparza, Jose Javier| title=España Epica| year=2008| publisher=Editorial Altera 2005| isbn=9788496840393}}</ref> |
Early historians such as [[Alexander Dalrymple]] and [[James Burney]] claim that Juan Fernández was the first European to reach New Zealand. In 1575 the governor of [[Cuyo (Argentina)|Cuyo]], [[Juan Jufré]], organized an expedition to ''[[Terra Australis]]'' under the command of Juan Fernandez. The expedition was authorized by the governor of [[Captaincy General of Chile|Chile]] but not the [[Viceroy of Peru]]. As a result, Jufré changed the official itinerary and pretended his expedition would only sail to the [[Juan Fernández Islands|islands discovered by Fernández in 1574]]. In fact, the real destination of the expedition was still ''Terra Australis''. Soon Juan Fernandez set sail from Valparaíso. After heading west for one month along the [[40th parallel south]], in the spring of 1576 they arrived in an island described as "mountainous, fertile, with strong-flowing rivers, inhabited by white peoples, and with all the fruits necessary to live".<ref>{{cite book| author=Esparza, Jose Javier| title=España Epica| year=2008| publisher=Editorial Altera 2005| isbn=9788496840393}}</ref> |
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Later, the expedition set sail for [[Captaincy General of Chile|Chile]] and Juan Fernández wished to convey his discovery to government officials. However, Juan Jufré refused. He requested that the discovery be kept a secret as the expedition had not been authorized by the Viceroy of Peru. Later, after Jufré's death in 1578, Fernández finally shared the discovery with the authorities and tried to convince them of the need to return to the islands and establish a colony. The idea was scrapped due to lack of interest. A record exists in the Spanish Admiralty libraries which describes this discovery. It was reviewed in the 19th century by the Chilean bibliographer [[José Toribio Medina]] who is one of the main sources for the claim in South American literature. A transcription of the record in question is included in an appendix Medina's book. It is a memorandum from one Dr. Arias to the King of Spain in 1621, which requested funds to convert the natives of the lands of ''[[Terra Australis]]''. The document is primarily concerned with theoretical reasons as to why such a continent must exist, and uses the supposed discoveries of Juan Fernández to bolster his theories.<ref>José Toribio Medina, ''El Piloto Juan Fernández,'' Santiago de Chile, 1918, reprinted by Gabriela Mistral, 1974, pp. 136, 246; Isidoro Vázquez de Acuña, "El general Juan Jufré pionero de la navegación chilena hacia el otro lado de la Cuenca del Pacífico (1575)", ''Derroteros de la Mar del Sur,'' año 12, num.12, 2005, at: derroteros.perucultural.org.pe/art12k.htm</ref> Medina's own opinion on the subject is that it is more likely that the islands which Fernández are those of Tahiti:{{Blockquote|text='nos parece ... se descubrieron algunas islas, entra ellas la Nueva Zelandia, o más probablemente, a nuestra ententer, las islas de Tahiti' ('it appears to us ... he discovered some islands, among others those of New Zealand, or more probably, by our understanding, the islands of Tahiti').|author=José Toribio Medina|title=''El piloto Juan Fernández''|source=p. 169}} |
Later, the expedition set sail for [[Captaincy General of Chile|Chile]] and Juan Fernández wished to convey his discovery to government officials. However, Juan Jufré refused. He requested that the discovery be kept a secret as the expedition had not been authorized by the Viceroy of Peru. Later, after Jufré's death in 1578, Fernández finally shared the discovery with the authorities and tried to convince them of the need to return to the islands and establish a colony. The idea was scrapped due to lack of interest. A record exists in the Spanish Admiralty libraries which describes this discovery. It was reviewed in the 19th century by the Chilean bibliographer [[José Toribio Medina]] who is one of the main sources for the claim in South American literature. A transcription of the record in question is included in an appendix Medina's book. It is a memorandum from one Dr. Arias to the King of Spain in 1621, which requested funds to convert the natives of the lands of ''[[Terra Australis]]''. The document is primarily concerned with theoretical reasons as to why such a continent must exist, and uses the supposed discoveries of Juan Fernández to bolster his theories.<ref>José Toribio Medina, ''El Piloto Juan Fernández,'' Santiago de Chile, 1918, reprinted by Gabriela Mistral, 1974, pp. 136, 246; Isidoro Vázquez de Acuña, "El general Juan Jufré pionero de la navegación chilena hacia el otro lado de la Cuenca del Pacífico (1575)", ''Derroteros de la Mar del Sur,'' año 12, num.12, 2005, at: derroteros.perucultural.org.pe/art12k.htm</ref> Medina's own opinion on the subject is that it is more likely that the islands which Fernández landed on are those of Tahiti:{{Blockquote|text='nos parece ... se descubrieron algunas islas, entra ellas la Nueva Zelandia, o más probablemente, a nuestra ententer, las islas de Tahiti' ('it appears to us ... he discovered some islands, among others those of New Zealand, or more probably, by our understanding, the islands of Tahiti').|author=José Toribio Medina|title=''El piloto Juan Fernández''|source=p. 169}} |
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Mainstream historians do not accept these claims. [[University of Auckland]] history professor [[James Belich (historian)|James Belich]] said that similar claims that the French and Chinese discovered New Zealand prior to [[Abel Tasman]] in 1642 have also been put forward. "I think there are a number of theories of this kind and all are highly unlikely |
Mainstream historians do not accept these claims. [[University of Auckland]] history professor [[James Belich (historian)|James Belich]] said that similar claims that the French and Chinese discovered New Zealand prior to [[Abel Tasman]] in 1642 have also been put forward. "I think there are a number of theories of this kind and all are highly unlikely".<ref>{{cite news |last=Squires |first=Nick |date=21 March 2007 |title=Portuguese visited New Zealand '250 years before Cook' |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1501119/story.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10429904 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104817/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1501119/story.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10429904 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=22 March 2007 |work=New Zealand Herald}}</ref> New Zealand [[New Zealand Film Makers|film maker]] [[Winston Cowie]]'s books ''[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11495252 Conquistador Puzzle Trail]'' (2015) and ''[http://bibliotecadigital.aecid.es/bibliodig/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id=5081 Nueva Zelanda, un puzzle histórico: tras la pista de los conquistadores españoles]'' (2016), published with the [https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/rodney-times/94378791/kiwi-author-and-spanish-embassy-gifts-books-to-schools support of the Embassy of Spain] to New Zealand, propose that the [http://www.stuff.co.nz/oddstuff/2424675/Skull-riddle-may-be-solved Ruamahnga skull] and oral tradition may support the theory, with more evidence required to take it from possibility to probability.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pontevedra|first=Silvia R.|date=4 April 2018|title=Theory that New Zealand was discovered by Spain gains new traction|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2018/04/03/inenglish/1522757673_268792.html|access-date=13 June 2020|website=EL PAÍS|language=en}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 20:57, 22 November 2024
Juan Fernández | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1536 Cartagena (Crown of Castile)  |
| Died | c. 1604 Santiago (Spanish Empire) |
| Occupation | Explorer, navigator |
Juan Fernández (c. 1536 – c. 1604) was a Spanish explorer and navigator in the Pacific regions of the Viceroyalty of Peru and Captaincy General of Chile west of colonial South America. He is best known for the discovery of a fast maritime route from Callao (Peru) to Valparaíso (Chile) as well as for the discovery of the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile.[1]
Discoveries and theories
[edit]Juan Fernández Islands
[edit]In 1574, he discovered an alternative maritime route from Callao to Valparaíso, much faster than the old route which bordered the coastline. By taking a detour west from the coast, he managed to avoid the northerly Humboldt Current which used to slow down ships sailing south along the coast. In doing so, he discovered the Juan Fernández Islands archipelago, located west of present-day Valparaíso in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, on 22 November 1574. He also discovered the Pacific islands of San Félix and San Ambrosio in 1574. The speed with which this discovery allowed him to complete the voyage led to him being brought in front of the Inquisition in Peru, and was the reason he became known as el brujo del Pacífico or "the witch of the Pacific".[2][3]
New Zealand
[edit]Early historians such as Alexander Dalrymple and James Burney claim that Juan Fernández was the first European to reach New Zealand. In 1575 the governor of Cuyo, Juan Jufré, organized an expedition to Terra Australis under the command of Juan Fernandez. The expedition was authorized by the governor of Chile but not the Viceroy of Peru. As a result, Jufré changed the official itinerary and pretended his expedition would only sail to the islands discovered by Fernández in 1574. In fact, the real destination of the expedition was still Terra Australis. Soon Juan Fernandez set sail from Valparaíso. After heading west for one month along the 40th parallel south, in the spring of 1576 they arrived in an island described as "mountainous, fertile, with strong-flowing rivers, inhabited by white peoples, and with all the fruits necessary to live".[4]
Later, the expedition set sail for Chile and Juan Fernández wished to convey his discovery to government officials. However, Juan Jufré refused. He requested that the discovery be kept a secret as the expedition had not been authorized by the Viceroy of Peru. Later, after Jufré's death in 1578, Fernández finally shared the discovery with the authorities and tried to convince them of the need to return to the islands and establish a colony. The idea was scrapped due to lack of interest. A record exists in the Spanish Admiralty libraries which describes this discovery. It was reviewed in the 19th century by the Chilean bibliographer José Toribio Medina who is one of the main sources for the claim in South American literature. A transcription of the record in question is included in an appendix Medina's book. It is a memorandum from one Dr. Arias to the King of Spain in 1621, which requested funds to convert the natives of the lands of Terra Australis. The document is primarily concerned with theoretical reasons as to why such a continent must exist, and uses the supposed discoveries of Juan Fernández to bolster his theories.[5] Medina's own opinion on the subject is that it is more likely that the islands which Fernández landed on are those of Tahiti:
'nos parece ... se descubrieron algunas islas, entra ellas la Nueva Zelandia, o más probablemente, a nuestra ententer, las islas de Tahiti' ('it appears to us ... he discovered some islands, among others those of New Zealand, or more probably, by our understanding, the islands of Tahiti').
— José Toribio Medina, El piloto Juan Fernández, p. 169
Mainstream historians do not accept these claims. University of Auckland history professor James Belich said that similar claims that the French and Chinese discovered New Zealand prior to Abel Tasman in 1642 have also been put forward. "I think there are a number of theories of this kind and all are highly unlikely".[6] New Zealand film maker Winston Cowie's books Conquistador Puzzle Trail (2015) and Nueva Zelanda, un puzzle histórico: tras la pista de los conquistadores españoles (2016), published with the support of the Embassy of Spain to New Zealand, propose that the Ruamahnga skull and oral tradition may support the theory, with more evidence required to take it from possibility to probability.[7]
See also
[edit]- Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia
- Cristóvão de Mendonça
- Explorers of the Pacific
- Explorers of Oceania
References
[edit]- ^ "Juan Fernández". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ Herda, Phyllis. "Proof of Spanish discovery?". Te Ara. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ Brand, Donald D. (1967). The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations. New York: The American Geographical Society. p. 127.
- ^ Esparza, Jose Javier (2008). España Epica. Editorial Altera 2005. ISBN 9788496840393.
- ^ José Toribio Medina, El Piloto Juan Fernández, Santiago de Chile, 1918, reprinted by Gabriela Mistral, 1974, pp. 136, 246; Isidoro Vázquez de Acuña, "El general Juan Jufré pionero de la navegación chilena hacia el otro lado de la Cuenca del Pacífico (1575)", Derroteros de la Mar del Sur, año 12, num.12, 2005, at: derroteros.perucultural.org.pe/art12k.htm
- ^ Squires, Nick (21 March 2007). "Portuguese visited New Zealand '250 years before Cook'". New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
- ^ Pontevedra, Silvia R. (4 April 2018). "Theory that New Zealand was discovered by Spain gains new traction". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- See J. L. Arias, Memoir recommending to the king the conversion of the new discovered islands (in Spanish, 1609; Eng. trans., 1773); Ulloa, Relation del Viaje, bk. ii. ch. iv.; Alexander Dalrymple, An Historical Collection of the several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean (London, 1769–1771); Freville, Voyages de la Mer du Sud par les Espagnols.
- Síntesis sobre algunos navegantes españoles transpacíficos, relacionados con el Reyno de Chile Archived 9 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Liga Maritima de Chile (in Spanish)
- Hooken, T. M. (1894). Some Account of the Earliest Literature and Maps relating to New Zealand, Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 27, Article 71, 616–634.