Beppu: Difference between revisions
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{{for|the surname|Beppu (surname)}} |
{{for|the surname|Beppu (surname)}} |
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{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}} |
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{{Use American English|date=January 2023}} |
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| image_skyline = Beppu |
| image_skyline = Beppu Montage 2.jpg |
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| imagesize = |
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| image_caption = <table style="width:285px;margin:2px auto; border-collapse: collapse"> |
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| image_caption = Top upper left: Downtown Kitahama hot spring area, Top middle: View of Beppu from Jyumonji Hill, Top lower left: Tsurumi Volcano, Top right: Beppu Tower, Bottom left: Main street near Beppu Station, Bottom right: Sunrise in Beppu Bay |
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<tr><td colspan="2">[[Beppu Onsen]]・[[Beppu Tower]] and [[Mount Tsurumi]]</tr> |
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<tr><td>[[Hells of Beppu|Umi-Jigoku]]<td>Beppu Port</tr> |
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<tr><td>View from [[Beppu Station]]<td>[[Beppu Onsen|Kannawa Onsen]]</tr> |
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<tr><td colspan="2">Jumonjibara</tr> |
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</table> |
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| image_flag = Flag of Beppu, Oita.svg |
| image_flag = Flag of Beppu, Oita.svg |
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| image_seal = Emblem of Beppu, Oita.svg |
| image_seal = Emblem of Beppu, Oita.svg |
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| seal_type = Emblem |
| seal_type = Emblem |
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| image_map= {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=8}} |
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| image_map1 = Beppu in Oita Prefecture Ja.svg |
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| map_alt = |
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| map_caption = Location of Beppu in |
| map_caption = Location of Beppu in Ōita Prefecture |
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| pushpin_map = Japan |
| pushpin_map = Japan |
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| pushpin_relief = |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Japan |
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Japan |
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| coordinates = {{coord|33| |
| coordinates = {{coord|33|17|05|N|131|29|29|E|region:JP|display=inline,title}} |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Kyushu]] |
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kyushu]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]] |
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Ōita Prefecture]] |
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ōita Prefecture|Ōita]] |
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| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Japan|District]] |
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Japan|District]] |
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| area_total_km2 = 125. |
| area_total_km2 = 125.34 |
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| population_total = |
| population_total = 113,045 |
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| population_as_of = |
| population_as_of = November 30, 2023 |
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| blank_name_sec1 = City hall address |
| blank_name_sec1 = City hall address |
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| blank_info_sec1 = 1-15 Kaminoguchi-chō, Beppu-shi, Ōita-ken |
| blank_info_sec1 = 1-15 Kaminoguchi-chō, Beppu-shi, Ōita-ken 874-8511 |
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| website = {{ |
| website = {{Official|www.city.beppu.oita.jp}} |
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[[file:Beppu City Hall.jpg|right|thumb|270px|Beppu City Hall]] |
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{{nihongo|'''Beppu'''|別府市|Beppu-shi}} is a [[Cities of Japan|city]] in [[Ōita Prefecture]] on the island of [[Kyushu]], [[Japan]]. As of March 31, 2017, the city had a [[population]] of 122,643<ref name="citypop">[http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/03gyosei/jinko/index.html "Statistics: Population"]. Beppu City Government website {{in lang|ja}}. Accessed April 21, 2017.</ref> and a [[population density]] of {{convert|980|/km2|abbr=on}}. The total area is {{convert|125.13|km²|2|abbr=on}}. Beppu is famous for its hot springs.<ref>https://enjoyonsen.city.beppu.oita.jp</ref> |
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{{nihongo|'''Beppu'''|別府市|Beppu-shi}} is a city in [[Ōita Prefecture]] on the island of [[Kyushu]], [[Japan]]. As of November 30, 2023, the city had a population of 113,045 in 62,702 households, and a population density of 900 persons per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Beppu-hp">{{cite web |url=https://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/sisei/sinogaiyou/detail11.htmll|title= Beppu City official statistics|location= Japan|language= ja}}</ref> The total area of the city is {{cvt|125.34|km2}}. Beppu is famous for its hot springs.<ref name="DDJHS">{{cite web |title=Discover and Delight in Japanese Hot Springs: Beppu City, Oita |url=https://enjoyonsen.city.beppu-jp.com |website=Enjoy Onsen: Japan Hot Spring Beppu |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> In 2024, Beppu celebrated its centennary as a city.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-23 |title=Beppu celebrates a century as modern hot springs resort town |url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/beppu-celebrates-a-century-as-modern-hot-springs-resort-town-2 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Japan Today |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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Beppu is situated at the west end of [[Beppu Bay]], around the east central prefecture. Adjacent municipalities include [[Ōita, Ōita |Ōita]] (the prefectural capital), [[Usa, Ōita |Usa]], [[Yufu, Ōita |Yufu]], and [[Hiji, Ōita |Hiji]]. |
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The east area of the city consists of an [[alluvial fan]] as well as [[alluvial plain]], made with rivers flowing into Beppu Bay, namely Asami River, Haruki River and Sakai River. The main urban area of Beppu has been formed within this relatively narrow land which spans approximately 5 km from east to west and 10 km from north to south. |
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Beppu is situated at the west end of [[Beppu Bay]], around the east central prefecture. The north, west, and east of the city are the mountains or highlands with elevations of several hundreds meters above sea level. Most of those mountains are [[Quarternary]] volcanos. Particularly, such mountain as [[Mount Tsurumi]] is relatively new, and fumarolic activities are observed. Besides Mount Tsurumi, [[Mount Yufu]], Mount Ohira and so forth shape a range of mountains. |
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The west area of the city includes a number of scenic locations such as Yufugawa Canyon, which has been selected as one of '''One Hundred |
The west area of the city includes a number of scenic locations such as Yufugawa Canyon, which has been selected as one of '''One Hundred Views of Oita''', and/or some designated areas of [[Aso Kujū National Park]], with a large amount of forests. |
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Around the city are mountains or highlands with elevations of several hundreds meters above sea level. Most of those mountains are [[Quaternary]] volcanoes. Particularly, locations such as [[Mount Tsurumi]] is relatively new, and fumarolic activities are observed. Besides Mount Tsurumi, [[Mount Yufu]], Mount Ohira and others comprise a range of mountains. |
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The east area of the city consists of an [[alluvial fan]] as well as [[alluvial plain]], made with rivers flowing into Beppu Bay, namely Asami River, Haruki River and Sakai River. The main urban area of Beppu has been formed within this relatively narrow land which spans approximately 5 km from east to west and 10 km from north to south. |
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There are a large number of |
There are a large number of seismic faults on the north and south of the alluvial fan, surrounding the urban area (giving rise to a large number of thermal vents). Given the short distance from the sea shore on the east coast to the west part of the city with altitude of several hundreds meters or higher, the city has many slopes mainly on the east-west direction. |
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===Climate=== |
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===Neighboring municipalities=== |
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Beppu has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Köppen ''Cfa'') characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Beppu is 15.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1663 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.3 °C.<ref>[https://en.climate-data.org/asia/japan/oita/beppu-714805/ Beppu climate: Average Temperature, weather by month]</ref> |
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===Demographics=== |
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*[[Oita, Oita|Oita]] |
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Per Japanese census data, the population of Beppu is as shown below |
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*[[Usa, Oita|Usa]] |
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*[[Yufu, Oita|Yufu]] |
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{{Historical populations |
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*[[Hiji, Oita|Hiji]] |
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| 1960 | 107734 |
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| 1970 | 123786 |
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| 1980 | 136485 |
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| 1990 | 130334 |
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| 2000 | 126523 |
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| 2010 | 125407 |
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| 2020 | 115,321 |
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| footnote = |
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}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The area of Beppu was part of ancient [[Bungo Province]]. During the [[Kamakura period]], due to its onsens, it began to be used as a health resort for wounded samurai.<ref name=":0" /> |
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{{Expand section|date=February 2022}} |
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Beppu Port (later Kunisaki Port) was opened on May 30, 1871, with connections to [[Osaka]] and other ports on the [[Seto Inland Sea]]. It was the main logistics hub for the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] during the [[Satsuma Rebellion]] of 1877. Hot spring development as a tourist destination began in earnest from 1879 with the opening of Takegawara Onsen. In 1885, a ferry service to [[Uwajima, Ehime|Uwajima]] in Shikoku commenced. The village of Beppu was established on May 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system and was raised to town status on April 11, 1893. |
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The city was founded on April 1, 1924, with its population of 36,276. |
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Beppu and Hamawaki Town merged on April 1, 1906 (with a total population of 12,306). [[Beppu Station]] opened on July 16, 1911 and on July 15, 1923, a regular seaplane route to Osaka was opened. It was raised to city status on April 1, 1924 (total population 32,276). In 1945, after the Allied Occupation, ''Camp Chicamauga'' (present day Beppu Park) was established as the regional headquarters.<ref>{{Citation |last=Porter |first=Edgar A. |title=19. Miss Beppu, Crazy Mary, and William Westmorland |date=2017-03-09 |work=19. Miss Beppu, Crazy Mary, and William Westmorland |pages=212–222 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789048532636-022/html?lang=en |access-date=2024-10-04 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9789048532636-022/html?lang=en |isbn=978-90-485-3263-6 |last2=Porter |first2=Ran Ying |last3=Porter |first3=Edgar A.}}</ref> In December 1957, the camp closed and was transferred to the local [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force|GSDF]] garrison, with the site reopened as a park in 1979. |
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==Hot springs== |
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{{See also|Beppu Onsen}} |
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Beppu is famous for its ''[[onsen]]'' ([[hot springs]]). It has eight major [[geothermal gradient|geothermal]] [[Hotspot (geology)|hot spots]], sometimes referred to as the "[[eight hells of Beppu]]" among many others.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e4702.html Hells (Jigoku)], Japan-guide.com Retrieved May 20, 2013.</ref> Six of these are located close by within in the Kannawa district up the hill, and two are in the nearby Shibaseki district down the hill. Beppu is also divided into eight major hot spring areas known as {{nihongo||別府八湯|Beppu Hattō}}. |
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==Government== |
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===''Beppu Hattō'' hot spring areas=== |
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Beppu has a [[mayor-council]] form of government with a directly elected mayor and a [[unicameral]] city council of 25 members. Beppu contributes five members to the Ōita Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the [[Ōita 3rd district]] of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|lower house]] of the [[Diet of Japan]]. |
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Some hot springs in the Beppu area are [[Beppu Onsen]], |
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[[Kankaiji Onsen|Kankaiji]], [[Beppu Onsen#Kamegawa Onsen|Kamegawa]], [[Beppu Onsen#Shibaseki Onsen|Shibaseki]], [[Beppu Onsen#Kannawa Onsen|Kannawa]], [[Beppu Onsen#Myoban Onsen|Myoban]], [[Beppu Onsen#Horita Onsen|Horita]], [[Beppu Onsen#Hamawaki Onsen|Hamawaki]], among others. |
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==Education== |
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In addition, [[Oniyama Jigoku]], known as "monster mountain hell" for the large numbers of crocodiles bred and kept on the grounds surrounding this hot spring, is nearby.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e4702.html Beppu Travel: Hells (Jigoku)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Beppu has 14 public elementary schools and seven public junior high schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Ōita Prefectural Board of Education. There are also one private elementary school, junior high school and two private high schools. The prefecture operates one special education school for the handicapped. |
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There are also several colleges and universities within the city: |
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<gallery mode=packed heights|120px> |
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* [[Beppu University]], a private university first chartered in 1954, also has a campus in Oita City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beppu-u.ac.jp/general/history/ |title=Beppu-U History |access-date=February 1, 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Beppu Mizobe Gakuen College]], established in 1986, is a private junior college located in the north of Beppu. |
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* [[Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University]], a private university established in 2000. |
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==Transportation== |
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===Railways=== |
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[[File:JR logo (west).svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Kyushu Railway Company|JR Kyushu]] - [[Nippō Main Line]] |
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* {{STN|Kamegawa}} - {{STN|Beppu Daigaku}} - {{STN|Beppu}} - {{STN|Higashi-Beppu}} |
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=== Highways === |
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* [[File:JP Expressway E10.svg|25px|link=|alt=]] [[Higashikyushu Expressway]] |
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* {{jct|country=JPN|Route|10}} |
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* {{jct|country=JPN|Route|213}} |
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* {{jct|country=JPN|Route|500}} |
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==Local attractions== |
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The economy of Beppu is strongly influenced by tourism with its many hot spring resorts. |
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===Hot springs=== |
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Beppu is famous for its ''[[onsen]]'' (Japanese style [[hot springs]]). It has eight major [[geothermal gradient|geothermal]] [[Hotspot (geology)|hot spots]] known as {{nihongo||別府八湯|Beppu Hattō}}.<ref name="Hatto">{{cite web |title=Beppu Hatto Information |url=https://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/seikatu/gaikokujinmuke/ei/detail2.html |website=Beppu City Official Website |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e4702.html Hells (Jigoku)], Japan-guide.com Retrieved May 20, 2013.</ref> The eight major hot spring areas are [[Beppu Onsen]], [[Kankaiji Onsen|Kankaiji]], [[Beppu Onsen#Kamegawa Onsen|Kamegawa]], [[Beppu Onsen#Shibaseki Onsen|Shibaseki]], [[Beppu Onsen#Kannawa Onsen|Kannawa]], [[Beppu Onsen#Myoban Onsen|Myoban]], [[Beppu Onsen#Horita Onsen|Horita]], and [[Beppu Onsen#Hamawaki Onsen|Hamawaki]]. |
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There are over 150 individual ''onsen'' facilities for bathing in Beppu.<ref name="stamps" /> There is an ''onsen'' [[stamp rally]] where individuals receive a stamp for each ''onsen'' they visit. If an individual receives 88 stamps, they are considered to be an "''onsen'' expert" (温泉名人, ''onsen meijin'').<ref name="stamps">{{cite web |title=別府八湯温泉道とは？温泉愛が試されるスタンプラリーで目指せ”温泉名人”！ |url=https://yuagari-honpo.jp/blog/2130/ |website=Yuagari-Honpo |access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref> |
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Notable ''onsen'' bathing facilities in Beppu include [[Takegawara Onsen]], [[Myoban Yunosato Onsen]], and [[Hyotan Onsen]]. |
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The "[[Hells of Beppu]]" refer to a variety of hot springs in Beppu which are for viewing rather than bathing.<ref name="japan guide">{{Cite web |title=Hells (Jigoku) |url=https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e4702.html |accessdate=March 16, 2023 |website=www.japan-guide.com}}</ref> There are seven hells that are part of the ''Jigoku Meguri'' (地獄めぐり) tour.<ref name="tourism">{{cite web |title=Jigoku Meguri Full Tour |url=https://beppu-tourism.com/en/course01/#spot2 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Beppu Tourism}}</ref> It includes hells such as ''Oniyama Jigoku'' (鬼山地獄), which literally means "[[oni|monster]] mountain hell" due to the large numbers of crocodiles bred and kept on its grounds and ''Umi Jigoku'' (海地獄) or "Sea Hell" which is known for its vibrant cobalt-blue water.<ref name="japan guide" /> Five of these are located in the Kannawa district, each within walking distance of each other, and two are located in the Shibaseki district which require about a five minute bus or car ride to access from the Kannawa district hells.<ref name="japan guide" /><ref name="tourism" /> |
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Beppu has not only usual hot springs but some sand and foot baths as well. One famous spot was ''Beppu Kaihin Sunayu, [[Ashiyu]]'' (別府海浜砂湯, 足湯), ("Beppu marine beach sand bath and foot bath").<ref>{{cite web |title=別府海浜砂湯・足湯（べっぷかいひんすなゆ・あしゆ）|大分県別府エリアの温泉情報｜九州温泉宿予約｜温泉ぱらだいす 九州 |url=http://onpara.jp/share/around/QO004/53_index.html |access-date=January 30, 2012 |publisher=Onpara.jp}}</ref> However, it has been closed for redevelopment since April, 2023 with reopening scheduled for 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=別府海浜砂湯｜別府市 |url=https://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/sisetu/shieionsen/detail9.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.city.beppu.oita.jp |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=日本テレビ |title=別府砂湯のスペースが２倍に 「上人ヶ浜公園」再開発事業 工事始まる 大分県別府市｜TOS NEWS NNN |url=https://news.ntv.co.jp/n/tos/category/society/to69e835fc08dc4a8c96de131f2eb0ffc7 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=日テレNEWS NNN |language=ja-JP}}</ref> Sand baths can still be found at Hyotan Onsen, and foot baths can be found in various locations throughout Beppu including the Sea Hell (海地獄, ''umi jigoku'') on the Hells of Beppu tour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sand bath｜Michelin 3-star "Hyotan Onsen" |url=https://www.hyotan-onsen.com/english/sp/onsen/sunayu.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.hyotan-onsen.com}}</ref><gallery> |
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File:Natural iron hot spring.jpg|Natural iron hot spring, Beppu, Japan |
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File:Natural iron hot spring.jpg|Natural iron hot spring which is one of the "Hells of Beppu" |
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File:How to see Beppu.jpeg|1937 travel poster, Beppu hot springs |
File:How to see Beppu.jpeg|1937 travel poster, Beppu hot springs |
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File:Beppu City.jpg|Kannawa area of Beppu city |
File:Beppu City.jpg|Kannawa area of Beppu city |
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=== Other attractions === |
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{{nihongo|Beppu Park|別府公園}} opened in 1979 and is located in the center of the city, a 15-minute walk from Beppu Station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/01info/03shizen/09beppu-park.html |title=Beppu Park｜Nature / View｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website |publisher=City.beppu.oita.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081807/http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/01info/03shizen/09beppu-park.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> Beppu Fireworks Festival, held in late July, is one of the biggest fireworks displays in Oita. Five thousand fireworks are set off from boats floating on Beppu Bay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/02event/02hanabi/01natsuyoi.html |title=Beppu Early Evening Summer Festival｜Fireworks｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website |publisher=City.beppu.oita.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141210/http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/02event/02hanabi/01natsuyoi.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> Beppu Contemporary Art Festival "Mixed Bathing World" is an art festival held every three years in Beppu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mixedbathingworld.com/|title=別府現代芸術フェスティバル2015「混浴温泉世界」|website=mixedbathingworld.com|accessdate=March 16, 2023}}</ref> |
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Beppu is part of the course of the annual [[Beppu-Ōita Marathon]], which traces a path between Beppu and its neighboring city of [[Ōita, Ōita|Ōita]]. The competition has been held every year since 1952 and is classed as an [[IAAF]] Silver Label road race.<ref>[https://www.arrs.run/HP_BpOMa.htm Beppu-Oita Mainichi Marathon]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians|ARRS]] (December 24, 2009). Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</ref> |
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A well known local landmark is [[Beppu Tower]], which opened in May 1957. The [[Beppu Ropeway]] (which opened December 1962) connects Beppu with Mount Tsurumi. The Tokiwa Department Store opened on October 8, 1988 as part of the redevelopment of the Kitahama area, and on November 29, 2007, YouMe Town Beppu opened as part of the Kusunoki Port redevelopment. |
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Shidaka Lake is located {{convert|600|m|0|abbr=off}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/01info/03shizen/01sidakako.html |title=Lake Shidaka / Lake Shidaka Campsite｜Nature / View｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website |publisher=City.beppu.oita.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108021738/http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/01info/03shizen/01sidakako.html |archive-date=January 8, 2014 }}</ref> Otobaru Waterfall is a local natural attraction, located in the mountain area of Beppu city, 20 minutes' walk from Wonder Rakutenchi, a traditional amusement park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oitatravel.com/beppu/otobaru.html |title=乙原の滝 −大分県旅行.com− |publisher=Oitatravel.com |access-date=January 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081603/http://www.oitatravel.com/beppu/otobaru.html |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Takasakiyama Monkey Park is located 10 minutes from the center of Beppu by bus. The park is home to more than 1500 [[Japanese macaque|Japanese macaques.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e4703.html |title=Beppu Travel: Takasakiyama Monkey Park |publisher=Japan-guide.com |date=March 14, 2009 |access-date=January 30, 2012}}</ref> Kijima Kogen is a resort which includes an 18-hole golf course and hotel alongside an amusement park. It is located on a plateau en route to Yufuin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kijimakogen.jp/inbound/english/index.html#access |title=Centleisure Kijima Kogen |publisher=Kijimakogen.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012 |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420101950/http://www.kijimakogen.jp/inbound/english/index.html#access |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Shidaka Lake is located {{convert|600|m|0|abbr=off}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/01info/03shizen/01sidakako.html |title=Lake Shidaka / Lake Shidaka Campsite｜Nature / View｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website |publisher=City.beppu.oita.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108021738/http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/01info/03shizen/01sidakako.html |archive-date=January 8, 2014 }}</ref> Otobaru Waterfall is a local natural attraction, located in the mountain area of Beppu city, 20 minutes' walk from Wonder Rakutenchi, a traditional amusement park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oitatravel.com/beppu/otobaru.html |title=乙原の滝 −大分県旅行.com− |publisher=Oitatravel.com |access-date=January 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081603/http://www.oitatravel.com/beppu/otobaru.html |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Takasakiyama Natural Zoological Garden|Takasakiyama Monkey Park]] is located 10 minutes from the center of Beppu by bus. The park is home to more than 1,500 [[Japanese macaque|Japanese macaques.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e4703.html |title=Beppu Travel: Takasakiyama Monkey Park |publisher=Japan-guide.com |date=March 14, 2009 |access-date=January 30, 2012}}</ref> Kijima Kogen is a resort which includes an 18-hole golf course and hotel alongside an amusement park. It is located on a plateau en route to Yufuin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kijimakogen.jp/inbound/english/index.html#access |title=Centleisure Kijima Kogen |publisher=Kijimakogen.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012 |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420101950/http://www.kijimakogen.jp/inbound/english/index.html#access |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Beppu has not only usual hot springs but some sand and foot baths as well. One famous spot is "Beppu Kaihin Sunayu, Ashiyu", (”Beppu marine beach sand bath and foot bath"). It is 15 minutes by bus from Beppu station, on Route 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onpara.jp/share/around/QO004/53_index.html |title=別府海浜砂湯・足湯（べっぷかいひんすなゆ・あしゆ）|大分県別府エリアの温泉情報｜九州温泉宿予約｜温泉ぱらだいす 九州 |publisher=Onpara.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012}}</ref> |
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==Sports== |
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{{nihongo|Beppu Park|別府公園}} is located in the center of the city, a 15-minute walk from Beppu Station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/01info/03shizen/09beppu-park.html |title=Beppu Park｜Nature / View｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website |publisher=City.beppu.oita.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081807/http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/01info/03shizen/09beppu-park.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> Beppu Fireworks Festival, held in late July, is one of the biggest fireworks displays in Oita. Five thousand fireworks are set off from boats floating on Beppu Bay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/02event/02hanabi/01natsuyoi.html |title=Beppu Early Evening Summer Festival｜Fireworks｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website |publisher=City.beppu.oita.jp |access-date=January 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141210/http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/02kankou/english/02event/02hanabi/01natsuyoi.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> Beppu Contemporary Art Festival "Mixed Bathing World" is an art festival held every three years in Beppu.<ref>[http://mixedbathingworld.com/ 混浴温泉世界<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Beppu is part of the course of the annual [[Beppu-Ōita Marathon]], which traces a path between Beppu and its neighboring city of Ōita. The competition has been held every year since 1952 and is classed as an [[IAAF]] Silver Label road race.<ref>[https://www.arrs.run/HP_BpOMa.htm Beppu-Oita Mainichi Marathon]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians|ARRS]] (December 24, 2009). Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</ref> |
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Beppu is also the destination of the “100km Walk”, an annual event where thousands of competitors walk overnight from [[Yukuhashi, Fukuoka|Yukuhashi]] to Beppu. The 26th event was held on October 12-13, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=行橋～別府100キロウォークオフィシャルサイト |url=https://yb100.jp/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=yb100.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=行橋～別府100キロウオーク2800人挑む 26時間以内の完歩目指す |url=https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/item/n/998704/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=西日本新聞me |language=ja}}</ref> |
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The [[Beppu Ropeway]] connects Beppu with [[Mount Tsurumi]]. |
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==Education== |
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* [[Beppu University]], a private university first chartered in 1954, also has a campus in Oita City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beppu-u.ac.jp/general/history/ |title=Beppu-U History |access-date=February 1, 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Beppu Mizobe Gakuen College]], established in 1986, is a private junior college located in the north of Beppu. |
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* [[Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University]], a private university established in 2000. |
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==Sports== |
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Beppu is home to the [[Oita Heat Devils]] basketball team. The team's season was canceled in 2011 due to the earthquake that struck Japan on March 11.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heatdevils.com/news/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173818/http://www.heatdevils.com/News/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |title=News | The Official Site of the Oita HeatDevils |publisher=Heatdevils.com |access-date=January 30, 2012 }}</ref> |
Beppu is home to the [[Oita Heat Devils]] basketball team. The team's season was canceled in 2011 due to the earthquake that struck Japan on March 11.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heatdevils.com/news/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173818/http://www.heatdevils.com/News/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |title=News | The Official Site of the Oita HeatDevils |publisher=Heatdevils.com |access-date=January 30, 2012 }}</ref> |
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==International relations== |
==International relations== |
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The city of Beppu has |
The city of Beppu has sister city relationships with the following locations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/51englishpage/sister/index.html |title="Sister City Introduction" Beppu City Official Web |access-date=July 17, 2010}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Atami, Shizuoka]], [[Japan]] (since August 5, 1966) |
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* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Bath, England|Bath]], [[Somerset]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Bath twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecityofbath.co.uk/twinning-associations |title=Bath's Twinning Associations |access-date=July 15, 2013 |work=The Mayor of Bath |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517074103/http://www.thecityofbath.co.uk/twinning-associations |archive-date=May 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/leisureandculture/tourismandtravel/Twinning/ |title=Town Twinning |access-date=December 12, 2007 |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071027142443/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/leisureandculture/tourismandtravel/Twinning/|archive-date = October 27, 2007}}</ref> (since October 31, 1994) |
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* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Beaumont, Texas]], United States (since May 20, 1985) |
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* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeju City|Jeju]], [[South Korea]] (since January 17, 2003) |
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* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Mokpo]], [[Jeollanam-do]], [[South Korea]] (since October 1, 1984) |
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* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Rotorua]], [[Bay of Plenty Region]], [[New Zealand]] (since July 10, 1987) |
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* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Yantai]], [[Shandong]], [[China]] (since July 26, 1985) |
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* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Atami, Shizuoka]], Japan, since August 5, 1966 |
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==Buildings== |
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* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Bath, England|Bath]], Somerset, England, United Kingdom, since October 31, 1994<ref name="Bath twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecityofbath.co.uk/twinning-associations |title=Bath's Twinning Associations |access-date=July 15, 2013 |work=The Mayor of Bath |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517074103/http://www.thecityofbath.co.uk/twinning-associations |archive-date=May 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/leisureandculture/tourismandtravel/Twinning/ |title=Town Twinning |access-date=December 12, 2007 |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071027142443/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/leisureandculture/tourismandtravel/Twinning/|archive-date = October 27, 2007}}</ref> |
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* [[Beppu Tower]] |
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* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Beaumont, Texas]], United States, since May 20, 1985 |
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* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeju City|Jeju]], South Korea, since January 17, 2003 |
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* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Mokpo]], Jeollanam-do, South Korea, since October 1, 1984 |
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* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Rotorua]], Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand, since July 10, 1987 |
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* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Yantai]], Shandong, China, since July 26, 1985 |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Beppu, Ōita| ]] |
[[Category:Beppu, Ōita| ]] |
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[[Category:Cities in Ōita Prefecture]] |
[[Category:Cities in Ōita Prefecture]] |
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[[Category:Holy cities]] |
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[[Category:Populated coastal places in Japan]] |
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Japan]] |
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[[Category:Port settlements in Japan]] |
[[Category:Port settlements in Japan]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:22, 22 November 2024
Beppu
別府市 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||
 Flag  Emblem | |||||||||
 Location of Beppu in Ōita Prefecture | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
  Beppu Location in Japan | |||||||||
| Coordinates: 33°17′05″N 131°29′29″E / 33.28472°N 131.49139°E | |||||||||
| Country | Japan | ||||||||
| Region | Kyushu | ||||||||
| Prefecture | Ōita | ||||||||
| Government | |||||||||
| • Mayor | Yasuhiro Nagano | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 125.34 km2 (48.39 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population (November 30, 2023) | |||||||||
• Total | 113,045 | ||||||||
| • Density | 900/km2 (2,300/sq mi) | ||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) | ||||||||
| City hall address | 1-15 Kaminoguchi-chō, Beppu-shi, Ōita-ken 874-8511 | ||||||||
| Website | Official website | ||||||||
| Symbols | |||||||||
| Flower | Ōmurasaki (Rhododendron x pulchrum) | ||||||||
| Tree | Sweet Osmanthus and Camphor Laurel | ||||||||
Beppu (別府市, Beppu-shi) is a city in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. As of November 30, 2023, the city had a population of 113,045 in 62,702 households, and a population density of 900 persons per km2.[1] The total area of the city is 125.34 km2 (48.39 sq mi). Beppu is famous for its hot springs.[2] In 2024, Beppu celebrated its centennary as a city.[3]
Geography
[edit]Beppu is situated at the west end of Beppu Bay, around the east central prefecture. Adjacent municipalities include Ōita (the prefectural capital), Usa, Yufu, and Hiji.
The east area of the city consists of an alluvial fan as well as alluvial plain, made with rivers flowing into Beppu Bay, namely Asami River, Haruki River and Sakai River. The main urban area of Beppu has been formed within this relatively narrow land which spans approximately 5 km from east to west and 10 km from north to south.
The west area of the city includes a number of scenic locations such as Yufugawa Canyon, which has been selected as one of One Hundred Views of Oita, and/or some designated areas of Aso Kujū National Park, with a large amount of forests.
Around the city are mountains or highlands with elevations of several hundreds meters above sea level. Most of those mountains are Quaternary volcanoes. Particularly, locations such as Mount Tsurumi is relatively new, and fumarolic activities are observed. Besides Mount Tsurumi, Mount Yufu, Mount Ohira and others comprise a range of mountains.
There are a large number of seismic faults on the north and south of the alluvial fan, surrounding the urban area (giving rise to a large number of thermal vents). Given the short distance from the sea shore on the east coast to the west part of the city with altitude of several hundreds meters or higher, the city has many slopes mainly on the east-west direction.
Climate
[edit]Beppu has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Beppu is 15.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1663 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.3 °C.[4]
Demographics
[edit]Per Japanese census data, the population of Beppu is as shown below
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1960 | 107,734 | — |
| 1970 | 123,786 | +14.9% |
| 1980 | 136,485 | +10.3% |
| 1990 | 130,334 | −4.5% |
| 2000 | 126,523 | −2.9% |
| 2010 | 125,407 | −0.9% |
| 2020 | 115,321 | −8.0% |
History
[edit]The area of Beppu was part of ancient Bungo Province. During the Kamakura period, due to its onsens, it began to be used as a health resort for wounded samurai.[3]
Beppu Port (later Kunisaki Port) was opened on May 30, 1871, with connections to Osaka and other ports on the Seto Inland Sea. It was the main logistics hub for the Imperial Japanese Army during the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Hot spring development as a tourist destination began in earnest from 1879 with the opening of Takegawara Onsen. In 1885, a ferry service to Uwajima in Shikoku commenced. The village of Beppu was established on May 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system and was raised to town status on April 11, 1893.
Beppu and Hamawaki Town merged on April 1, 1906 (with a total population of 12,306). Beppu Station opened on July 16, 1911 and on July 15, 1923, a regular seaplane route to Osaka was opened. It was raised to city status on April 1, 1924 (total population 32,276). In 1945, after the Allied Occupation, Camp Chicamauga (present day Beppu Park) was established as the regional headquarters.[5] In December 1957, the camp closed and was transferred to the local GSDF garrison, with the site reopened as a park in 1979.
Government
[edit]Beppu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 25 members. Beppu contributes five members to the Ōita Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Ōita 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Education
[edit]Beppu has 14 public elementary schools and seven public junior high schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Ōita Prefectural Board of Education. There are also one private elementary school, junior high school and two private high schools. The prefecture operates one special education school for the handicapped.
There are also several colleges and universities within the city:
- Beppu University, a private university first chartered in 1954, also has a campus in Oita City.[6]
- Beppu Mizobe Gakuen College, established in 1986, is a private junior college located in the north of Beppu.
- Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, a private university established in 2000.
Transportation
[edit]Railways
[edit].svg){kind=logo}
Highways
[edit]
Local attractions
[edit]The economy of Beppu is strongly influenced by tourism with its many hot spring resorts.
Hot springs
[edit]Beppu is famous for its onsen (Japanese style hot springs). It has eight major geothermal hot spots known as Beppu Hattō (別府八湯).[7][8] The eight major hot spring areas are Beppu Onsen, Kankaiji, Kamegawa, Shibaseki, Kannawa, Myoban, Horita, and Hamawaki.
There are over 150 individual onsen facilities for bathing in Beppu.[9] There is an onsen stamp rally where individuals receive a stamp for each onsen they visit. If an individual receives 88 stamps, they are considered to be an "onsen expert" (温泉名人, onsen meijin).[9] Notable onsen bathing facilities in Beppu include Takegawara Onsen, Myoban Yunosato Onsen, and Hyotan Onsen.
The "Hells of Beppu" refer to a variety of hot springs in Beppu which are for viewing rather than bathing.[10] There are seven hells that are part of the Jigoku Meguri (地獄めぐり) tour.[11] It includes hells such as Oniyama Jigoku (鬼山地獄), which literally means "monster mountain hell" due to the large numbers of crocodiles bred and kept on its grounds and Umi Jigoku (海地獄) or "Sea Hell" which is known for its vibrant cobalt-blue water.[10] Five of these are located in the Kannawa district, each within walking distance of each other, and two are located in the Shibaseki district which require about a five minute bus or car ride to access from the Kannawa district hells.[10][11]
Beppu has not only usual hot springs but some sand and foot baths as well. One famous spot was Beppu Kaihin Sunayu, Ashiyu (別府海浜砂湯, 足湯), ("Beppu marine beach sand bath and foot bath").[12] However, it has been closed for redevelopment since April, 2023 with reopening scheduled for 2025.[13][14] Sand baths can still be found at Hyotan Onsen, and foot baths can be found in various locations throughout Beppu including the Sea Hell (海地獄, umi jigoku) on the Hells of Beppu tour.[15]
-
Natural iron hot spring which is one of the "Hells of Beppu" -
1937 travel poster, Beppu hot springs -
Kannawa area of Beppu city -
A hot spring-well in Beppu
Other attractions
[edit]Beppu Park (別府公園) opened in 1979 and is located in the center of the city, a 15-minute walk from Beppu Station.[16] Beppu Fireworks Festival, held in late July, is one of the biggest fireworks displays in Oita. Five thousand fireworks are set off from boats floating on Beppu Bay.[17] Beppu Contemporary Art Festival "Mixed Bathing World" is an art festival held every three years in Beppu.[18]
A well known local landmark is Beppu Tower, which opened in May 1957. The Beppu Ropeway (which opened December 1962) connects Beppu with Mount Tsurumi. The Tokiwa Department Store opened on October 8, 1988 as part of the redevelopment of the Kitahama area, and on November 29, 2007, YouMe Town Beppu opened as part of the Kusunoki Port redevelopment.
Shidaka Lake is located 600 metres (1,969 feet) above sea level.[19] Otobaru Waterfall is a local natural attraction, located in the mountain area of Beppu city, 20 minutes' walk from Wonder Rakutenchi, a traditional amusement park.[20] Takasakiyama Monkey Park is located 10 minutes from the center of Beppu by bus. The park is home to more than 1,500 Japanese macaques.[21] Kijima Kogen is a resort which includes an 18-hole golf course and hotel alongside an amusement park. It is located on a plateau en route to Yufuin.[22]
Sports
[edit]Beppu is part of the course of the annual Beppu-Ōita Marathon, which traces a path between Beppu and its neighboring city of Ōita. The competition has been held every year since 1952 and is classed as an IAAF Silver Label road race.[23]
Beppu is also the destination of the “100km Walk”, an annual event where thousands of competitors walk overnight from Yukuhashi to Beppu. The 26th event was held on October 12-13, 2024.[24][25]
Beppu is home to the Oita Heat Devils basketball team. The team's season was canceled in 2011 due to the earthquake that struck Japan on March 11.[26]
International relations
[edit]The city of Beppu has sister city relationships with the following locations.[27]
Atami, Shizuoka, Japan, since August 5, 1966
Bath, Somerset, England, United Kingdom, since October 31, 1994[28][29]
Beaumont, Texas, United States, since May 20, 1985
Jeju, South Korea, since January 17, 2003- Mokpo, Jeollanam-do, South Korea, since October 1, 1984
Rotorua, Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand, since July 10, 1987
Yantai, Shandong, China, since July 26, 1985
References
[edit]- ^ "Beppu City official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan.
- ^ "Discover and Delight in Japanese Hot Springs: Beppu City, Oita". Enjoy Onsen: Japan Hot Spring Beppu. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ a b "Beppu celebrates a century as modern hot springs resort town". Japan Today. January 23, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
- ^ Beppu climate: Average Temperature, weather by month
- ^ Porter, Edgar A.; Porter, Ran Ying; Porter, Edgar A. (March 9, 2017), "19. Miss Beppu, Crazy Mary, and William Westmorland", 19. Miss Beppu, Crazy Mary, and William Westmorland, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 212–222, doi:10.1515/9789048532636-022/html?lang=en, ISBN 978-90-485-3263-6, retrieved October 4, 2024
- ^ "Beppu-U History". Retrieved February 1, 2012.
- ^ "Beppu Hatto Information". Beppu City Official Website. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
- ^ Hells (Jigoku), Japan-guide.com Retrieved May 20, 2013.
- ^ a b "別府八湯温泉道とは？温泉愛が試されるスタンプラリーで目指せ"温泉名人"！". Yuagari-Honpo. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Hells (Jigoku)". www.japan-guide.com. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ a b "Jigoku Meguri Full Tour". Beppu Tourism. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
- ^ "別府海浜砂湯・足湯（べっぷかいひんすなゆ・あしゆ）|大分県別府エリアの温泉情報｜九州温泉宿予約｜温泉ぱらだいす 九州". Onpara.jp. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ "別府海浜砂湯｜別府市". www.city.beppu.oita.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ 日本テレビ. "別府砂湯のスペースが２倍に 「上人ヶ浜公園」再開発事業 工事始まる 大分県別府市｜TOS NEWS NNN". 日テレNEWS NNN (in Japanese). Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ "Sand bath｜Michelin 3-star "Hyotan Onsen"". www.hyotan-onsen.com. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ "Beppu Park｜Nature / View｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website". City.beppu.oita.jp. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ "Beppu Early Evening Summer Festival｜Fireworks｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website". City.beppu.oita.jp. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ "別府現代芸術フェスティバル2015「混浴温泉世界」". mixedbathingworld.com. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ "Lake Shidaka / Lake Shidaka Campsite｜Nature / View｜Beppu City Tourist Information Website". City.beppu.oita.jp. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ "乙原の滝 −大分県旅行.com−". Oitatravel.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ "Beppu Travel: Takasakiyama Monkey Park". Japan-guide.com. March 14, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ "Centleisure Kijima Kogen". Kijimakogen.jp. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ Beppu-Oita Mainichi Marathon. ARRS (December 24, 2009). Retrieved on 2010-02-08.
- ^ "行橋～別府100キロウォークオフィシャルサイト". yb100.jp. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
- ^ "行橋～別府100キロウオーク2800人挑む 26時間以内の完歩目指す". 西日本新聞me (in Japanese). Retrieved October 14, 2024.
- ^ "News | The Official Site of the Oita HeatDevils". Heatdevils.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ ""Sister City Introduction" Beppu City Official Web". Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Bath's Twinning Associations". The Mayor of Bath. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
- ^ "Town Twinning". Bath and North East Somerset Council. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beppu, Oita.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Beppu.
- Beppu City official website (in Japanese)
- Beppu City official website (in English)
- Beppu Navi homepage
- Information about the "hells" hot springs
- Information about hot spring baths in Beppu
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