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{{Short description|Group of Punjabi language varieties}}
{{Short description|Group of Northwestern Indo-Aryan language varieties}}
{{For|the scripts|Laṇḍā scripts}}
{{For|the scripts|Laṇḍā scripts}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Lahnda<br/>{{small|{{nobold|(Western Punjabi)}}}}
| name = Lahnda
| region = [[Punjab]], [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]], [[Azad Kashmir]]
| region = Western [[Punjab region]]
|nativename=لہندا
| ethnicity =
| ethnicity = [[Punjabis]]
| speakers =
| speakers =
| date =
| date =
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| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabic]]
| script = [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]<br><small>([[Shahmukhi alphabet]])</small>
| script = [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]<br><small>([[Shahmukhi alphabet]])</small>
| iso1 =
| iso1 =
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| glotto =
| glotto =
| glottoname =
| glottoname =
| nativename =
}}
}}
'''Lahnda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|n|d|ə}};<ref>{{OED|Lahnda}}</ref> {{lang-pa|{{nq|لہندا}}}}, {{lit|western}}), also known as '''Lahndi''' or '''Western Punjabi''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zograph |first=G. A. |title=Languages of South Asia: A Guide |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000831597 |edition=Reprint |pages=52 |chapter=Chapter 3 |quote=LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.}}</ref> is a group of [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi language varieties]] in the [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|northwestern Indo-Aryan]] language family, spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the [[ISO 639]] standard as a "[[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguage]]"<ref name=e26/> or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}{{efn|For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979}} for Punjabi and {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}} for [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] generally.}} Its validity as a [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic grouping]] is not certain.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}} The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are [[exonyms]] employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}
'''Lahnda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|n|d|ə}};<ref>{{OED|Lahnda}}</ref> {{nq|لہندا}}, {{IPA-pa|lɛ˦n.d̪äː}}), also known as '''Lahndi''' or '''Western Punjabi''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zograph |first=G. A. |title=Languages of South Asia: A Guide |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000831597 |edition=Reprint |pages=52 |chapter=Chapter 3 |quote=LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.}}</ref> is a group of north-western [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the [[ISO 639]] standard as a "[[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguage]]"<ref name=e26/> or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}{{efn|For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979}} for Punjabi and {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}} for [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] generally.}} Its validity as a [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic grouping]] is not certain.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}} The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are [[exonyms]] employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}


Lahnda includes the following languages: [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (spoken mostly in [[southern Punjab]] by about 26 million people), the diverse varieties of [[Hindko language|Hindko]] (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], especially [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]]), [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari/Pothwari]] (3.5 million speakers in the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] region of Punjab, [[Azad Kashmir]] and parts of Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] (20,000 speakers in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]), and [[Inku language|Inku]] (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).{{cn|date=February 2023}} ''[[Ethnologue]]'' also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" ([[ISO 639-3]] code: ''pnb'') – the [[Majhi dialect]]s transitional between Western and [[Punjabi language#Eastern Punjabi|Eastern Punjabi]]; these are spoken by about 66 million people.<ref name=e26>{{e26|lah}}</ref>{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}}
Lahnda includes the following lects: [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (spoken mostly in southern [[Pakistani Punjab]] by about 26 million people), the [[Jatki_language|Jatki]] dialects (referred to as [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] by their ~50 million speakers,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=Census-2017 District Wise |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census-2017-district-wise |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> spoken in the [[Bar region]] of Punjab) i.e. [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]], [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] and [[Dhani dialect|Dhanni]], the diverse varieties of [[Hindko language|Hindko]] (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], especially [[Hazara region|Hazara]]), [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari/Pothwari]] (3.5 million speakers in the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] region of Punjab, [[Azad Kashmir]] and parts of Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] (20,000 speakers in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]), and [[Inku language|Inku]] (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).<ref name=e26/> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" ([[ISO 639-3]] code: ''pnb'') – the [[Majhi dialect]]s transitional between Lahnda and [[Punjabi dialects#Eastern Punjabi|Eastern Punjabi]]; these are spoken by about 66 million people.<ref name=e26>{{e26|lah}}</ref>{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} ''[[Glottolog]]'', however, regards only the [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]], [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]] and [[Jhangvi dialect|Jatki]] dialects as "Western Punjabi" within the "Greater Panjabic" family, distinguishing it from the Lahnda varieties ("Hindko-Siraiki" and "Paharic").<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2386 | title=Glottolog 5.0 - Western Panjabi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1274 | title=Glottolog 5.0 - Hindko-Siraiki}}</ref>


==Name==
==Name==
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==Classification==
==Classification==
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from other Punjabi varieties, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Saraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawari Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" />
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" />


All the Punjabi varieties and dialects form a [[dialect continuum]] with no clear-cut boundaries. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda and groups them into different varieties.<ref>{{e18|lah}}</ref>
Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a [[dialect continuum]] with no clear-cut boundaries. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.<ref>{{e18|lah}}</ref>


== Script ==
== Script ==
Western Punjabi is mostly spoken in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] and neighbouring regions which use the [[Shahmukhi script]], while the speakers of Western Punjabi dialects in India, whose ancestors migrated after the [[Partition of India#Punjab|partition of Punjab]], use the [[Gurmukhi script]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smirnov |first=Yuri Andreyevich |title=The Lahndi Language |publisher=Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature |year=1975 |pages=28 |quote=Lahndi-speaking Sikhs frequently use the Gurmukhi alphabet to write texts in the language.}}</ref>
Lahndi-speaking [[Sikhs]] employ the [[Gurmukhi]] script for recording the language rather than the Perso-Arabic-based [[Shahmukhi]] script.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smirnov |first=Yuri Andreyevich |title=The Lahndi Language |publisher=Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature |year=1975 |pages=28 |quote=Lahndi-speaking Sikhs frequently use the Gurmukhi alphabet to write texts in the language.}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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[[Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]

Revision as of 08:28, 23 November 2024

For the scripts, see Laṇḍā scripts.

Lahnda
لہندا
RegionWestern Punjab region
EthnicityPunjabis
Perso-Arabic
(Shahmukhi alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-2lah
ISO 639-3lah

Lahnda (/ˈlɑːndə/;[1] لہندا, Punjabi pronunciation: [lɛ˦n.d̪äː]), also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi,[2] is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a "macrolanguage"[3] or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.[4][a] Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain.[5] The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.[4]

Lahnda includes the following lects: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people), the Jatki dialects (referred to as Punjabi by their ~50 million speakers,[6] spoken in the Bar region of Punjab) i.e. Jhangvi, Shahpuri and Dhanni, the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially Hazara), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Indian Jammu and Kashmir), Khetrani (20,000 speakers in Balochistan), and Inku (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).[3] Ethnologue also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 66 million people.[3][7] Glottolog, however, regards only the Shahpuri, Dhanni and Jatki dialects as "Western Punjabi" within the "Greater Panjabic" family, distinguishing it from the Lahnda varieties ("Hindko-Siraiki" and "Paharic").[8][9]

Name

Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name.[10]: 883  This term has currency only among linguists.[5]

Development

Baba Farid (c. 1188–1266), a celebrated and revered Sufi saint of the Punjab, composed poetry in the Lahnda lect.[11] Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.[12] The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.[13][14] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki speakers since 1981, and Hindko speakers from 2017, prior to which both were represented by Punjabi.[15]

Mian Muhammad Bakhsh (c. 1830 - 1907) is another Punjabi poet who composed poetry in a mixture of both the Eastern and Lahnda varieties of Punjabi.[16]

Classification

Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.[12]

Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.[17]

Script

Lahndi-speaking Sikhs employ the Gurmukhi script for recording the language rather than the Perso-Arabic-based Shahmukhi script.[18]

Notes

  1. ^ For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.

References

  1. ^ "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3". Languages of South Asia: A Guide (Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 9781000831597. LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.
  3. ^ a b c Lahnda at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  4. ^ a b Masica 1991, pp. 17–18.
  5. ^ a b Masica 1991, p. 18.
  6. ^ "Census-2017 District Wise". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  7. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
  8. ^ "Glottolog 5.0 - Western Panjabi".
  9. ^ "Glottolog 5.0 - Hindko-Siraiki".
  10. ^ Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571. S2CID 160784067.
  11. ^ Johar, Surinder Singh (1999). Guru Gobind Singh : a multi-faceted personality. New Delhi: M.D. Publications. p. 56. ISBN 81-7533-093-7. OCLC 52865201.
  12. ^ a b Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.
  13. ^ Rahman 1997, p. 838.
  14. ^ Shackle 1977.
  15. ^ Javaid 2004, p. 46.
  16. ^ "Mian Muhammad Bakhsh – A great Punjabi Sufi Poet". 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  17. ^ Lahnda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  18. ^ Smirnov, Yuri Andreyevich (1975). The Lahndi Language. Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature. p. 28. Lahndi-speaking Sikhs frequently use the Gurmukhi alphabet to write texts in the language.

Bibliography

Further reading

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