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Coordinates: 33°46′0″N 72°22′0″E / 33.76667°N 72.36667°E / 33.76667; 72.36667
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{{about|the city founded during the British era|the historic city of Attock|Attock Khurd|the district|Attock District|other uses}}
{{about|the city founded during the British era|the historic city of Attock|Attock Khurd|the district|Attock District|other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Attock
| official_name = Attock
| other_name = Campbellpur
| other_name = Campbellpur
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|اٹک}}
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|اٹک}}
| sports_nickname =
| sports_nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| settlement_type = City
| motto =
| motto =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Attock Fort - Optographer.jpg
| photo1a = Attock Qila.jpg
| photo2a = Attock Train Brigde.jpg
| photo2a = Attock Train Brigde.jpg
| photo2b = Attock railway bride.jpg
| photo2b = Attock fort.png
| photo3a = Attock River.jpg
| photo3a = Akhori, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan.jpg
| size = 270
| photo3b =
| photo4a =
| spacing = 1
| photo4b =
| color_border =black
| photo5a =
| color =black
| photo5b =
| color = white
| color_border = white
| position = center
| spacing = 2
| size = 266
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_caption = From top left to right: Attock city view, [[Attock Fort]], [[Haro River|Attock River]] near [[Akhori]], [[Attock Bridge]]
| imagesize = 280
| image_flag =
| flag_link =
| flag_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_link =
| shield_size =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Punjab}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Attock District|Attock]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_party =
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Rao Atif Raza<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1806108|title=E-registry system to be launched in Punjab|date=16 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|work=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref>
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 4 April 1904
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date2 = 1978 (Renamed to Attock)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| elevation_m = 355
| population_note =
| population_as_of = [[2023 Pakistani census|2023]] census
| population_total = 176544
| total_type = City
| population_rank = [[List of largest cities in Pakistan|60th, Pakistan]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab (Pakistan): Province and Major Cities, Municipalities & Towns |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/cities/punjab |website= Punjab (Pakistan): Major Cities, Municipalities & Towns |publisher=Citypopulation.de |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset = 5
| postal_code_type = Postal code span
| postal_code = [[List of Postal Codes of Pakistan|43600]]
| area_code = 057
| website = {{URL|https://punjab.gov.pk/attock}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|46|0|N|72|22|0|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| government_type = [[District Administration]]
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
}}
}}
'''Attock''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اٹک}}}}), formerly known as '''Campbellpur''' (Punjabi, {{langx|ur|{{nq|کیمبل پور}}|links=no}}),<ref>{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1980| doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00137401| issn = 0041-977X| volume = 43| issue = 3| page = 482| title = Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| s2cid = 129436200}}</ref> is a city in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]], not far from the country's capital [[Islamabad]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Attock District]] and is [[List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population|36th largest city in the Punjab]] and [[Largest cities of Pakistan|61st largest city in the country]], by population. The city was founded in 1908 several miles southeast of the historical city of [[Attock Khurd]] ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اٹک خورد}}|links=no}}:),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/cantt-attock|title=Attock City Cantonment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-09}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> which had been established by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] in the 16th century,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&q=campbellpur+name+change&pg=PT332|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|date=2017-12-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192556462|language=en}}</ref> and was initially named in honour of [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&q=attock&pg=PT332|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|date=2017-12-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192556462|language=en}}</ref>
| image_caption = Clockwise from left:
[[Attock Fort]] in [[Attock Khurd|Old Attock]],
[[Attock Railway]],
[[Attock Bridge]],
[[Attock River]]
| imagesize = 280
| image_flag =
| flag_link =
| flag_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_link =
| shield_size =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Pakistan
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Punjab}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Attock District|Attock]]
| leader_title1 = Mayor: Malik Tahir Awan PTI
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 4 April 1904
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date2 = 1978
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| elevation_m = 355
| population_note =
| population_as_of = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_total = 146,396
| total_type = City
| population_rank = [[List of largest cities in Pakistan|60th, Pakistan]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html |website=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |publisher=citypopulation.de |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset = 5
| postal_code_type = Postal code span
| postal_code = [[List of Postal Codes of Pakistan|43600]]
| area_code = 057
| website = https://punjab.gov.pk/attock
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|46|0|N|72|22|0|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Attock''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|اٹک}}}}), formerly known as '''Campbellpur''' ({{lang|ur|{{nq|کیمبل پور}}}}),<ref>{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1980| doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00137401| issn = 0041-977X| volume = 43| issue = 3| page = 482| title = Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies}}</ref> is a historical city located in the north of Pakistan's [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]], not far from the country's capital [[Islamabad]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Attock District]] and is [[Largest cities of Pakistan|61st largest city]] of Pakistan by population. The city was founded in 1908 several miles southeast of the older city of [[Attock Khurd]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/cantt-attock|title=Attock City Cantonment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-09}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> which had been established by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] in the 16th century,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&q=campbellpur+name+change&pg=PT332|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|date=2017-12-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192556462|language=en}}</ref> and was initially named in honour of [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&q=attock&pg=PT332|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|date=2017-12-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192556462|language=en}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The city was initially named '''Campbellpore,''' also spelt '''Campbellpur,''' in 1908 in honour of [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]].<ref name=":1" /> The name was changed to '''Attock''' in 1978, its original name, which literally means "Foot of the Mountain."<ref name=":0" />
The city was initially founded by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] as ''Atak-Banāras'' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اٹک بنارس}}}}).<ref name=":1" /> The name was changed to Campbellpur to reflect that of the Commander-in-Chief of British forces [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]], who rebuilt the city.<ref name=":1" /> The name 'Attock' was revived in 1978.<ref name=":1" />

== Language ==

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of [[Attock District]] (2023) <ref name="2023 census_lang">{{cite web|title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023)|url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_11.pdf |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value1 = 65.23 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Pashto]] |value2 = 15.59 |color2 = lightgreen
|label3 = [[Hindko]] |value3 = 14.45 |color3 = coral
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 2.68 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.05 |color5 = grey
|thumb = left
}}


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
Attock is located near the [[Haro River]], a tributary of the [[Indus River]], {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Rawalpindi]], {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Peshawar]], and {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]], [[Kamra, Pakistan|Kamra]].
Attock is located east of the [[Indus River]], {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Rawalpindi]], {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Peshawar]], and {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]], [[Kamra, Pakistan|Kamra]].


==History==
==History==
===Background===
===Ancient period===
Attock is located in a historically significant region. [[Gandhara]] was an ancient kingdom extending to the Swat valley and the [[Pothohar Plateau]] regions of Pakistan as well as the Jalalabad district of northeastern Afghanistan. Situated astride the middle of the [[Indus River]], the region had [[Takshashila]] and [[Peshawar]] as its chief cities. The place is of both political and commercial importance, as the Indus is here crossed by the military and trade route through the [[Khyber Pass]] into [[Afghanistan]]. [[Alexander the Great]], [[Timur]] and [[Nader Shah]] crossed the Indus at or about this spot in their respective invasions of [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Attock|volume=2|page=886}}</ref>
Attock is located in the historical region of [[Gandhara]]. [[Alexander the Great]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Timur]], [[Nader Shah]] and [[Babur]] crossed the Indus at or about this spot ([[Attock Fort]]) in their respective invasions of [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Attock|volume=2|page=886}}</ref>


The [[Attock Fort]] was completed in 1583 under the supervision of [[Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi]], a minister of [[Emperor Akbar]].<ref name="Hasan2005">{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Shaikh Khurshid|title=Historical forts in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HH_fAAAAMAAJ|access-date=17 July 2011|year=2005|publisher=National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University|isbn=978-969-415-069-7|page=37}}</ref> Nader Shah crossed through Attock when he defeated the Mughals at the [[Battle of Karnal]] and thus ended Mughal power in Northern India. The [[Battle of Attock, 1758|Battle of Attock]] took place at Attock Khurd on 28 April 1758 between the Durrani state and [[Maratha Empire]]. The Marathas under [[Raghunathrao|Raghunathrao Ballal Peshwa]], [[Sabaji Shinde (Patil)]]
After the founding of the city by the Mughal emperor Akbar,<ref name=":1" /> the [[Attock Fort]] was completed in 1583 under the supervision of [[Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi]], a minister of Akbar.<ref name="Hasan2005">{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Shaikh Khurshid|title=Historical forts in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HH_fAAAAMAAJ|access-date=17 July 2011|year=2005|publisher=National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University|isbn=978-969-415-069-7|page=37}}</ref> During the Mughal era, Attock was part of the [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]] of Punjab.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Surinder |title=The Mughal Subah of Lahore, 1581-1751: A Study of Administrative Structure and Practices |date=1985 |publisher=Panjab University}}</ref>
[[File:Lahore Subah.png|left|thumb|Attock in the [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], depicted in map of Mughal India by [[Robert Wilkinson (cartographer)|Robert Wilkinson]] (1805)]]
and [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukojirao Holkar Bahadur]] were victorious in the battle and Attock was captured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/attock-to-cuttack-pm-narendra-modi-causes-a-stir/articleshow/59332065.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=June 27, 2017}}</ref> But this conquest was short-lived as [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] came in person to recapture Attock and checked the Maratha advance after destroying their forces at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]]. After the decline of the Durrani state, the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] invaded and occupied [[Attock District]]. The [[Sikh Kingdom]] (1799–1849) under [[Ranjit Singh]] (1780–1839) captured the fortress of Attock in 1813 from the Durrani Nawab.
Nader Shah crossed through Attock when he defeated the Mughals at the [[Battle of Karnal]] and thus ended Mughal power in Northern India. The Battle of Attock took place at Attock Khurd on 28 April 1758, between the Durrani state and [[Maratha Empire]]. The Marathas under [[Raghunathrao|Raghunathrao Ballal Peshwa]] and [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukojirao Holkar Bahadur]] were victorious in the battle and Attock was captured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/attock-to-cuttack-pm-narendra-modi-causes-a-stir/articleshow/59332065.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=June 27, 2017}}</ref>


But this conquest was short-lived as [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] came in person to recapture Attock and checked the Maratha advance after destroying their forces at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]]. After the decline of the Durrani state, the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] invaded and occupied [[Attock District]]. The [[Sikh Kingdom]] (1799–1849) under [[Ranjit Singh]] (1780–1839) captured the fortress of Attock in 1813 from the Durrani Nawab{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}. After the occupation of [[Kashmir]] by [[Sikh Empire|Sikh Kingdom]] in 1820 many [[Kashmiris]] migrated to the plains of Attock.
In 1849, [[Attock Khurd]] (Old Attock) was conquered by the [[British East India Company]] who created Campbellpur District. Following the [[Indian Rebellion]] in 1857, the region's strategic value was appreciated by the British, who established the [[Attock Cantonment|Campbellpur Cantonment]] in 1857–58.<ref name=":2" /> Campbellpore District was organised in 1904,<ref name=":2" /> by the division of [[Talagang Tehsil]] in the [[Jhelum District]] with the [[Pindigheb]], [[Fateh Jang]] and Attock tehsils from [[Rawalpindi District]].


In February 1849, [[Attock Khurd]] (Old Attock) was conquered by the [[British East India Company]] who created Campbellpur District. Following the [[Indian Rebellion]] in 1857, the region's strategic value was appreciated by the [[British Empire|British]], who established the [[Attock Cantonment|Campbellpur Cantonment]] in 1857–58.<ref name=":2" />
===Founding===
The city's foundations were laid in 1908 by [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|British Commander-in-Chief of India]] for whom the city is named.<ref name=":2" /> The old city was established near the 16th century near the [[Attock fort]] that had guarded the major routes between [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. Attock's first oil well was drilled in [[Khaur]] in 1915,<ref name="World oil">{{cite book|title=World oil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXVAAQAAIAAJ|access-date=17 July 2011|date=March 1947|publisher=Gulf Publishing Company.|page=12}}</ref> while the Attock Oil Company was established<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MNFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22campbellpur+attock|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Attock district, 1930|last=(India)|first=Punjab|date=1932|publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing|language=en}}</ref> with a selling arrangement with the [[Burmah Oil Company]]. During 1928, the region produced 350,000 barrels of oil.<ref>{{cite news |title=India is natural kerosene market |publisher=The Japan Times and Mail |date=26 December 1929}}</ref>


===Modern Period===
Attock was one of the northernmost points of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] prior to the [[partition of India|partition]]; it thus found itself being a part of the common [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] phrase used to describe the length of [[colonial India]]: "Attock se Cuttack" (from Attock to [[Cuttack]]).
The Campbellpur Cantonment was established by the British colonial rulers in 1858. Campbellpur District was organised in 1904,<ref name=":2" /> by the division of [[Talagang Tehsil]] in the [[Jhelum District]] with the [[Pindigheb]], [[Fateh Jang]] and Attock tehsils from [[Rawalpindi District]]. Today the Attock district consists of six tehsils: [[Fateh Jang Tehsil|Fateh Jang]], [[Hazro Tehsil|Hazro]], [[Hasan Abdal]], [[Jand Tehsil|Jand]], and [[Pindi Gheb Tehsil|Pindi Gheb]].

The city's foundations were laid in 1908 and the city was named after [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]], [[Commander-in-Chief, India|British Commander-in-Chief of India]].<ref name=":2" /> The old city was established near the 16th century near the [[Attock fort]] that had guarded the major routes between [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. Attock's first oil well was drilled in [[Khaur]] in 1915,<ref name="World oil">{{cite book|title=World oil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXVAAQAAIAAJ|access-date=17 July 2011|date=March 1947|publisher=Gulf Publishing Company.|page=12}}</ref> while the Attock Oil Company was established<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MNFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22campbellpur+attock|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Attock district, 1930|last=(India)|first=Punjab|date=1932|publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing|language=en}}</ref> with a selling arrangement with the [[Burmah Oil Company]]. During 1928, the region produced 350,000 barrels of oil.<ref>{{cite news |title=India is natural kerosene market |publisher=The Japan Times and Mail |date=26 December 1929}}</ref>

Attock was one of the northernmost points of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] prior to the [[partition of India|partition]]; it thus found itself being a part of the common [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] phrase used to describe the length of [[colonial India]]: "Attock se Cuttack" (from Attock to [[Cuttack]]).
The term "Attock se Cuttack" was first used to describe the extent of the [[Maratha Empire]] after they conquered Cuttack in 1750 and Attock in 1758.<ref name="Rajghatta2017">{{cite web |last1=Rajghatta |first1=Chidanand |title=Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/attock-to-cuttack-pm-narendra-modi-causes-a-stir/articleshow/59332065.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=23 June 2020 |language=en |date=27 June 2017}}</ref>
The term "Attock se Cuttack" was first used to describe the extent of the [[Maratha Empire]] after they conquered Cuttack in 1750 and Attock in 1758.<ref name="Rajghatta2017">{{cite web |last1=Rajghatta |first1=Chidanand |title=Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/attock-to-cuttack-pm-narendra-modi-causes-a-stir/articleshow/59332065.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=23 June 2020 |language=en |date=27 June 2017}}</ref>


After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1947, [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] minorities emigrated to India, while [[Muslim]] refugees from India settled in Attock. The [[Government of Pakistan]] renamed Campbellpur as Attock in 1978.<ref name=":0"/> The city and surrounding area are known for their high representation among soldiers of the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&q=campbellpur+&pg=PT152|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2015-08-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190613303|language=en}}</ref>
===Modern===
After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947, [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] minorities emigrated to India, while [[Muslim]] refugees from India settled in Attock. The [[Government of Pakistan]] renamed Campbellpur as Attock in 1978.<ref name=":0"/> The city and surrounding area are known for their high representation among soldiers of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani Military.]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&q=campbellpur+&pg=PT152|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2015-08-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190613303|language=en}}</ref>


== Education ==
== Education ==
According to the ''Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings'' ''2019'', Attock is ranked 3 out of [[Districts of Pakistan|146 districts of Pakistan]] in terms of the quality of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked 17 out of 146.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/alifailaan/pages/324/attachments/original/1400690777/District_Ranking_Report_Binded_-_comp.compressed.pdf |title= Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings, 2014 |publisher=Alif Ailaan |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> A detailed picture of the district's education performance is also available online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pace-tech.com/edurankings/profiles/19007.pdf |title=Individual district profile link, 2014 |publisher=Alif Ailaan |access-date=2014-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194813/http://www.pace-tech.com/edurankings/profiles/19007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fazaia Degree College, Fazaia Inter College, Army Public School & College, Government Polytechnic Institute,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpiattock.edu.pk/|title=Government Polytechnic Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312222929/http://www.gpiattock.edu.pk/|archive-date=2012-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Beacon Light English Model Secondary School,<ref>{{cite web|title=Beacon Light English Model Secondary School official website|url=http://beaconjand.edu.pk/|publisher=Beacon Light English Model Secondary School|access-date=2018-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003235618/http://beaconjand.edu.pk/|archive-date=2016-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[COMSATS University Islamabad]], [[Air University (Pakistan Air Force)|Air University Aerospace and Aviation Campus Kamra]] and Punjab College Attock are a few important educational institutes in Attock.
According to the ''Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings'' ''2019'', Attock is ranked 3 out of [[Districts of Pakistan|146 districts of Pakistan]] in terms of the quality of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked 17 out of 146.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/alifailaan/pages/324/attachments/original/1400690777/District_Ranking_Report_Binded_-_comp.compressed.pdf |title= Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings, 2014 |publisher=Alif Ailaan |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> A detailed picture of the district's education performance is also available online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pace-tech.com/edurankings/profiles/19007.pdf |title=Individual district profile link, 2014 |publisher=Alif Ailaan |access-date=2014-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194813/http://www.pace-tech.com/edurankings/profiles/19007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=September 2024}}
Institutions include:-
[[Fazaia Degree College, Attock]], [[Government Graduate College, Attock]], [[Government College for Women, Attock]], [[Allied School, Attock]], [[FG Public High School]], [[University of Education Attock Campus]], [[Fazaia Inter College]], [[Army Public School & College, Attock]], [[Government Polytechnic Institute, Attock]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpiattock.edu.pk/|title=Government Polytechnic Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312222929/http://www.gpiattock.edu.pk/|archive-date=2012-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Beacon Light English Model Secondary School]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Beacon Light English Model Secondary School official website|url=http://beaconjand.edu.pk/|publisher=Beacon Light English Model Secondary School|access-date=2018-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003235618/http://beaconjand.edu.pk/|archive-date=2016-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[COMSATS University Islamabad]], [[Air University Pakistan|Air University Aerospace and Aviation Campus Kamra]] and [[Punjab College, Attock]]


== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Attock}}
* [[Malik Nur Khan]] (22 February 1923 – 15 December 2011), Air Marshal, politician, sports administrator, and commander in chief of [[Pakistan Air Force]]
<!-- Please do not add names here. Provided the person has their own article on the English Wikipedia, please add them to [[WP:List of people from Attock]] -->
* [[Ali Khan (American cricketer)|Ali Khan]] (13 December 1990), Pakistani-born American professional cricketer.
* [[Haider Ali (cricketer, born 2000)|Haider Ali]] (2 October 2000), Pakistani professional cricketer
*[[Ghulam Jilani Barq]] (26 October 1901 - 12 March 1985), Pakistani Islamic scholar
*[[Saleem Akhtar]] A notable engineer from Attock


== Climate ==
== Climate ==
Attock has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Cwa) which has hot and humid summers, and cold to mild winters.
Attock has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Cwa) which has hot and humid summers, and cold to mild winters.

==Sports==
{{expand section|date=January 2023}}
*[[Indus Golf Club]]
*PAC Golf Club


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Attock Cantonment]]
*[[Attock Cantonment]]
*[[Battle of Attock (1758)|Battle of Attock, 1758]]
*[[Battle of Attock|Battle of Attock, 1813]]
*[[Battle of Attock|Battle of Attock, 1813]]
*[[List of people from Attock]]
*[[List of people from Attock]]
*[[Potohar Plateau]]
*[[Potohar Plateau]]
*[[Birbal|Raja Birbal]]
*[[Birbal|Raja Birbal]]
*[[Taank Kingdom]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 11:05, 23 November 2024

This article is about the city founded during the British era. For the historic city of Attock, see Attock Khurd. For the district, see Attock District. For other uses, see Attock (disambiguation).
Attock
اٹک
Campbellpur
City
From top left to right: Attock city view, Attock Fort, Attock River near Akhori, Attock Bridge
Attock is located in Punjab, Pakistan
Attock
Attock
Attock is located in Pakistan
Attock
Attock
Coordinates: 33°46′0″N 72°22′0″E / 33.76667°N 72.36667°E / 33.76667; 72.36667
Country Pakistan
Province Punjab
DivisionRawalpindi
DistrictAttock
Established4 April 1904
Incorporated1978 (Renamed to Attock)
Government
 • TypeDistrict Administration
 • Deputy CommissionerRao Atif Raza[1]
Elevation
355 m (1,165 ft)
Population
 (2023 census)[2]
 • City
176,544
 • Rank60th, Pakistan
Time zoneUTC5 (PST)
Postal code span
43600
Area code057
Websitepunjab.gov.pk/attock

Attock (Punjabi, Urdu: اٹک), formerly known as Campbellpur (Punjabi, Urdu: کیمبل پور),[3] is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, not far from the country's capital Islamabad. It is the headquarters of the Attock District and is 36th largest city in the Punjab and 61st largest city in the country, by population. The city was founded in 1908 several miles southeast of the historical city of Attock Khurd (Urdu: اٹک خورد:),[4] which had been established by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the 16th century,[5] and was initially named in honour of Sir Colin Campbell.[6]

Etymology

[edit]

The city was initially founded by the Mughal emperor Akbar as Atak-Banāras (Urdu: اٹک بنارس).[6] The name was changed to Campbellpur to reflect that of the Commander-in-Chief of British forces Sir Colin Campbell, who rebuilt the city.[6] The name 'Attock' was revived in 1978.[6]

Language

[edit]

Languages of Attock District (2023) [7]

  Punjabi (65.23%)
  Pashto (15.59%)
  Hindko (14.45%)
  Urdu (2.68%)
  Others (2.05%)

Geography

[edit]

Attock is located east of the Indus River, 80 km (50 mi) from Rawalpindi, 100 km (62 mi) from Peshawar, and 10 km (6 mi) from the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra.

History

[edit]

Ancient period

[edit]

Attock is located in the historical region of Gandhara. Alexander the Great, Mahmud of Ghazni, Timur, Nader Shah and Babur crossed the Indus at or about this spot (Attock Fort) in their respective invasions of India.[8]

After the founding of the city by the Mughal emperor Akbar,[6] the Attock Fort was completed in 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of Akbar.[9] During the Mughal era, Attock was part of the Lahore Subah of Punjab.[10]

Attock in the Lahore Subah, depicted in map of Mughal India by Robert Wilkinson (1805)

Nader Shah crossed through Attock when he defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and thus ended Mughal power in Northern India. The Battle of Attock took place at Attock Khurd on 28 April 1758, between the Durrani state and Maratha Empire. The Marathas under Raghunathrao Ballal Peshwa and Tukojirao Holkar Bahadur were victorious in the battle and Attock was captured.[11]

But this conquest was short-lived as Ahmad Shah Durrani came in person to recapture Attock and checked the Maratha advance after destroying their forces at Panipat. After the decline of the Durrani state, the Sikhs invaded and occupied Attock District. The Sikh Kingdom (1799–1849) under Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) captured the fortress of Attock in 1813 from the Durrani Nawab[citation needed]. After the occupation of Kashmir by Sikh Kingdom in 1820 many Kashmiris migrated to the plains of Attock.

In February 1849, Attock Khurd (Old Attock) was conquered by the British East India Company who created Campbellpur District. Following the Indian Rebellion in 1857, the region's strategic value was appreciated by the British, who established the Campbellpur Cantonment in 1857–58.[4]

Modern Period

[edit]

The Campbellpur Cantonment was established by the British colonial rulers in 1858. Campbellpur District was organised in 1904,[4] by the division of Talagang Tehsil in the Jhelum District with the Pindigheb, Fateh Jang and Attock tehsils from Rawalpindi District. Today the Attock district consists of six tehsils: Fateh Jang, Hazro, Hasan Abdal, Jand, and Pindi Gheb.

The city's foundations were laid in 1908 and the city was named after Sir Colin Campbell, British Commander-in-Chief of India.[4] The old city was established near the 16th century near the Attock fort that had guarded the major routes between Central Asia and South Asia. Attock's first oil well was drilled in Khaur in 1915,[12] while the Attock Oil Company was established[13] with a selling arrangement with the Burmah Oil Company. During 1928, the region produced 350,000 barrels of oil.[14]

Attock was one of the northernmost points of the Punjab Province of British India prior to the partition; it thus found itself being a part of the common Hindi-Urdu phrase used to describe the length of colonial India: "Attock se Cuttack" (from Attock to Cuttack). The term "Attock se Cuttack" was first used to describe the extent of the Maratha Empire after they conquered Cuttack in 1750 and Attock in 1758.[15]

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Hindu and Sikh minorities emigrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in Attock. The Government of Pakistan renamed Campbellpur as Attock in 1978.[5] The city and surrounding area are known for their high representation among soldiers of the Pakistan Army.[16]

Education

[edit]

According to the Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings 2019, Attock is ranked 3 out of 146 districts of Pakistan in terms of the quality of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked 17 out of 146.[17] A detailed picture of the district's education performance is also available online.[18]

Institutions include:- Fazaia Degree College, Attock, Government Graduate College, Attock, Government College for Women, Attock, Allied School, Attock, FG Public High School, University of Education Attock Campus, Fazaia Inter College, Army Public School & College, Attock, Government Polytechnic Institute, Attock,[19] Beacon Light English Model Secondary School,[20] COMSATS University Islamabad, Air University Aerospace and Aviation Campus Kamra and Punjab College, Attock

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of people from Attock

Climate

[edit]

Attock has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) which has hot and humid summers, and cold to mild winters.

Sports

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "E-registry system to be launched in Punjab". Dawn (newspaper). 16 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Punjab (Pakistan): Province and Major Cities, Municipalities & Towns". Punjab (Pakistan): Major Cities, Municipalities & Towns. Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  3. ^ Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
  4. ^ a b c d Pike, John. "Attock City Cantonment". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2018-03-09.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ a b Everett-Heath, John (2017-12-07). The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192556462.
  6. ^ a b c d e Everett-Heath, John (2017-12-07). The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192556462.
  7. ^ "District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023)" (PDF). www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
  8. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Attock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 886.
  9. ^ Hasan, Shaikh Khurshid (2005). Historical forts in Pakistan. National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 37. ISBN 978-969-415-069-7. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  10. ^ Singh, Surinder (1985). The Mughal Subah of Lahore, 1581-1751: A Study of Administrative Structure and Practices. Panjab University.
  11. ^ "Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir". The Economic Times. June 27, 2017.
  12. ^ World oil. Gulf Publishing Company. March 1947. p. 12. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  13. ^ (India), Punjab (1932). Punjab District Gazetteers: Attock district, 1930. Superintendent, Government Printing.
  14. ^ "India is natural kerosene market". The Japan Times and Mail. 26 December 1929.
  15. ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (27 June 2017). "Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  16. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015-08-15). The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190613303.
  17. ^ "Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings, 2014" (PDF). Alif Ailaan. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  18. ^ "Individual district profile link, 2014" (PDF). Alif Ailaan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  19. ^ "Government Polytechnic Institute". Archived from the original on 2012-03-12.
  20. ^ "Beacon Light English Model Secondary School official website". Beacon Light English Model Secondary School. Archived from the original on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
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