Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche: Difference between revisions

Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
	Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, c. 1894
Born	Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Nietzsche; 10 July 1846; Röcken, Prussia
Died	8 November 1935 (aged 89); Weimar, Nazi Germany
Nationality	German
Known for	Sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, founder of Nueva Germania and Nazi sympathiser
Political party	German National People's Party
Spouse	Bernhard Förster
Parent(s)	Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, Franziska Nietzsche

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Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Förster-Nietzsche (10 July 1846 – 8 November 1935) was the sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and the creator of the Nietzsche Archive in 1894.

Förster-Nietzsche was two years younger than her brother. Their father was a Lutheran pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. The two children were close during their childhood and early adult years. However, they grew apart in 1885, when Förster-Nietzsche married Bernhard Förster, a former high school teacher who had become a prominent German nationalist and antisemite. Nietzsche did not attend their wedding.

Förster-Nietzsche and her husband created an unsuccessful colony, Nueva Germania, in Paraguay in 1887. Her husband committed suicide in 1889. Förster-Nietzsche continued to run the colony until she returned to Germany in 1893 where she found her brother to be an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe. Adolf Hitler attended her funeral in 1935.^[2]

In the 1950s, it was claimed by Nietzsche's new editors and translators such as Walter Kaufmann that Nietzsche's work had been edited by Förster-Nietzsche to highlight racist and eugenicist themes, but this account has been the subject of debate in recent scholarship.^[3] An alternative theory exonerates Förster-Nietzsche and places the distortion of Nietzsche's works in the hands of the Nazis themselves.^[4]

Early life

Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Nietzsche was born in 1846 to Carl Ludwig Nietzsche and Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler). She was named after three princesses with whom Carl Ludwig Nietzsche had worked. Carl Ludwig was a Lutheran pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. Franziska was a rustic. Carl Ludwig died in 1849. Franziska had no prospects and her husband's pension was insufficient. She chose to rely on the charity of Carl Ludwig's mother, Erdmuthe, and the more distinguished prospects which she could open for the children. When remembering her early life, Förster-Nietzsche would suggest that they may have cried a lot.

Friedrich and Förster-Nietzsche were close during their childhood and early adult years. He took to calling her "Llama" throughout their lives because he felt that the description of the load bearing, saliva spitting, stubborn animal fit her well.^[5]

Nueva Germania

Bernhard Förster planned to create a "pure Aryan settlement" in the New World and had found a site in Paraguay which he thought would be suitable. The couple persuaded fourteen German families to join them in the colony, to be called Nueva Germania, and the group left Germany for South America on 15 February 1887.^[6]

The colony did not thrive. The German methods of farming were not suitable to the land, illness ran rampant, and transportation to the colony was slow and difficult. Faced with mounting debts, Förster committed suicide by poisoning on 3 June 1889. Four years later, Förster-Nietzsche left the colony forever and returned to Germany. The colony still exists as a district of the San Pedro department.

Nietzsche Archive

Friedrich Nietzsche's mental collapse occurred in 1889 (he died in 1900), and upon Elisabeth's return in 1893 she found him an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe. Förster-Nietzsche took a leading role in promoting her brother, especially through the publication of a collection of Nietzsche's fragments under the name of The Will to Power.^[7] For her collective work on the Nietzsche archives, she was eventually nominated four times for the Nobel Prize in Literature.^[8]

Affiliation with the Nazi Party

The common account made by Nietzsche new editors and translators in the 1950s has been that in 1930, Förster-Nietzsche, a German nationalist and antisemite,^[9]^[10] became a supporter of the Nazi Party and, as has been traditionally claimed, she falsified Nietzsche's work to make it a better fit to Nazi ideology.^[7]^[9] This account is now disputed by recent scholarship, which argues that Elisabeth's motivation in selectively editing Nietzsche's works was primarily intended to protect her brother from criticism and to present herself as being close to him.^[3]

When Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nietzsche Archive received financial support and publicity from the government, in return for which Förster-Nietzsche bestowed her brother's considerable prestige on the regime.^[11] Förster-Nietzsche's funeral in 1935 was attended by Hitler and several high-ranking German officials.^[9] Despite such close connections, she never became a member of the Nazi Party; she joined the German National People's Party in 1918.^[12]

Publications

Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsches, 3 Bände ("The Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", 3 volumes; Vol. I: 1895, Vol. II/1: 1897, Vol. II/2: 1904)
Das Nietzsche-Archiv, seine Freunde und seine Feinde ("The Nietzsche Archive, His Friends and His Enemies", 1907)
Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsches, 2 Bände ("The Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", 2 volumes);
- Bd. 1: Der junge Nietzsche ("Vol. 1: The Young Nietzsche", 1912)
- Bd. 2: Der einsame Nietzsche ("Vol. 2: The Lonely Nietzsche", 1914)
Wagner und Nietzsche zur Zeit ihrer Freundschaft ("Wagner and Nietzsche at the Time of their Friendship", 1915)
Nietzsche und sein Werk ("Nietzsche and His Work", 1928; edited with Henri Lichtenberger)
Friedrich Nietzsche und die Frauen seiner Zeit ("Friedrich Nietzsche and the Women of His Time", 1935)
Nietzsche, Friedrich; Wagner, Richard (1921). Foerster-Nietzsche, Elizabeth (ed.). The Nietzsche-Wagner Correspondence. Translated by Kerr, Caroline V. Introduction by H.L. Mencken. New York: Boni & Liveright. ISBN 087140-510-5.

References

^ Diethe, Carol (2003). Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. xii.
^ Gray, John (8 January 2016). "Anti-Education by Friedrich Nietzsche review – why mainstream culture, not the universities, is doing our best thinking". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b Holub, Robert C. (2016). Nietzsche's Jewish Problem. Princeton University Press. pp. 20–26. ISBN 9780691167558.
^ Leiter, Brian (21 December 2015). "Nietzsche's Hatred of "Jew Hatred"". The New Rambler Review of Books.
^ Prideaux, Sue (2018). I Am Dynamite! : A Life of Nietzsche (First U.S. ed.). New York: Tim Duggan Books. pp. 20, 261–262. ISBN 978-1-5247-6082-3.
^ "The colony "Nueva Germania" in Paraguay". Deutsche Welle dw.com. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Martin Heidegger, 1930s courses on Nietzsche (parts of which have been published under the name Nietzsche I (1936-1939), ed. B. Schillbach, 1996, XIV, 596p. and Nietzsche II (1939-1946), ed. B. Schillbach, 1997, VIII, 454p. — note that these publications are not the exact transcription of the 1930s courses, but were done post-war), and Mazzino Montinari, 1974 (Montinari made the first complete edition of Nietzsche's posthumous fragments, respecting chronological orders, whilst Elisabeth Förster's edition was partial, incomplete and arbitrarily ordered, as Heidegger had already noted. Montinari's edition has provided the basis for all further scholarship on Nietzsche's work).
^ "Nomination archive – Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche". nobelprize.org. 21 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wroe, David (19 January 2010). "'Criminal' manipulation of Nietzsche by sister to make him look anti-Semitic". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 July 2013. Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who went on to become a prominent supporter of Adolf Hitler, systematically falsified her brother's works and letters, according to the Nietzsche Encyclopedia [...] When she died in 1935, Hitler attended her funeral.
^ "Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power: A Biography of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche". International Nietzsche Studies. University of Illinois Press. July 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2013. Diethe concludes by detailing Förster-Nietzsche's brief marriage and her subsequent colonial venture in Paraguay, maintaining that her sporadic anti-Semitism was, like most things in her life, an expedient tool for cultivating personal success and status.
^ "The Most Evil Woman in History". Blogspot. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ Diethe, Carol (2003). Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. xii.

Sources

Diethe, Carol, Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003. (A biography of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche)
Macintyre, Ben, Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche, New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1992.

External links

Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (1895). Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's. C. G. Naumann.
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (1897). Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's. C. G. Naumann.
Entretien autour de Friedrich Nietzsche et son temps
A Visit to Elizabeth Foerster-Nietzsche Caroline V. Kerr in the magazine The Open Court
Nietzsche, France, and England Elizabeth Foerster-Nietzsche (translated by Caroline V. Kerr) in The Open Court

[1] Diethe, Carol (2003). Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. xii.

[Gray1-2] Gray, John (8 January 2016). "Anti-Education by Friedrich Nietzsche review – why mainstream culture, not the universities, is doing our best thinking". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 August 2017.

[holub-3] Holub, Robert C. (2016). Nietzsche's Jewish Problem. Princeton University Press. pp. 20–26. ISBN 9780691167558.

[4] Leiter, Brian (21 December 2015). "Nietzsche's Hatred of "Jew Hatred"". The New Rambler Review of Books.

[:0-5] Prideaux, Sue (2018). I Am Dynamite! : A Life of Nietzsche (First U.S. ed.). New York: Tim Duggan Books. pp. 20, 261–262. ISBN 978-1-5247-6082-3.

[6] "The colony "Nueva Germania" in Paraguay". Deutsche Welle dw.com. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

[:1-7] Martin Heidegger, 1930s courses on Nietzsche (parts of which have been published under the name Nietzsche I (1936-1939), ed. B. Schillbach, 1996, XIV, 596p. and Nietzsche II (1939-1946), ed. B. Schillbach, 1997, VIII, 454p. — note that these publications are not the exact transcription of the 1930s courses, but were done post-war), and Mazzino Montinari, 1974 (Montinari made the first complete edition of Nietzsche's posthumous fragments, respecting chronological orders, whilst Elisabeth Förster's edition was partial, incomplete and arbitrarily ordered, as Heidegger had already noted. Montinari's edition has provided the basis for all further scholarship on Nietzsche's work).

[8] "Nomination archive – Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche". nobelprize.org. 21 May 2024.

[Wroe_2010-9] Wroe, David (19 January 2010). "'Criminal' manipulation of Nietzsche by sister to make him look anti-Semitic". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 July 2013. Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who went on to become a prominent supporter of Adolf Hitler, systematically falsified her brother's works and letters, according to the Nietzsche Encyclopedia [...] When she died in 1935, Hitler attended her funeral.

[UIP_2007-10] "Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power: A Biography of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche". International Nietzsche Studies. University of Illinois Press. July 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2013. Diethe concludes by detailing Förster-Nietzsche's brief marriage and her subsequent colonial venture in Paraguay, maintaining that her sporadic anti-Semitism was, like most things in her life, an expedient tool for cultivating personal success and status.

[11] "The Most Evil Woman in History". Blogspot. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

[12] Diethe, Carol (2003). Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. xii.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | name               = Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
 | image              = Elisabeth förster 1894a.JPG
-| image_size         =
 | caption            = Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, c. 1894
 | birth_name         = Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Nietzsche
@@ Line 13: / Line 12: @@
 | death_cause        =
 | resting_place      =
-| residence          =
 | nationality        = German
 | citizenship        =
 | other_names        =
-| known_for          = sister of philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], founder of [[Nueva Germania]] and [[National Socialist|Nazi]] sympathiser
+| known_for          = Sister of philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], founder of [[Nueva Germania]] and [[National Socialist|Nazi]] sympathiser
 | education          =
 | alma_mater         =
@@ Line 23: / Line 21: @@
 | occupation         =
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-| home_town          =
 | title              =
-| salary             =
-| networth           =
 | height             =
-| weight             =
 | term               =
 | predecessor        =
 | successor          =
+| party              = [[German National People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diethe |first=Carol |title=Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2003 |location=Urbana |page=xii}}</ref>
-| party              = [[NSDAP]]
 | opponents          =
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-| religion           =
 | spouse             = [[Bernhard Förster]]
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@@ Line 49: / Line 42: @@
 '''Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Förster-Nietzsche''' (10 July 1846&nbsp;– 8 November 1935) was the sister of philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] and the creator of the [[Nietzsche Archive]] in 1894.
-Förster-Nietzsche was two years younger than her brother. Their father was a [[Lutheran]] pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. The two children were close during their childhood and early adult years. However, they grew apart in 1885 when Elisabeth married [[Bernhard Förster]], a former high school teacher who had become a prominent [[German nationalism#1871 to World War I, 1914–1918|German nationalist]] and [[Antisemitism|antisemite]]. Friedrich Nietzsche did not attend their wedding.
+Förster-Nietzsche was two years younger than her brother. Their father was a [[Lutheran]] pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. The two children were close during their childhood and early adult years. However, they grew apart in 1885, when Förster-Nietzsche married [[Bernhard Förster]], a former high school teacher who had become a prominent [[German nationalism#1871 to World War I, 1914–1918|German nationalist]] and [[Antisemitism|antisemite]]. Nietzsche did not attend their wedding.
-Förster-Nietzsche and her husband created an unsuccessful colony, [[Nueva Germania]], in Paraguay in 1887. Her husband killed himself in 1889. Förster-Nietzsche continued to run the colony until she returned to Germany in 1893 where she found her brother to be an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe.
+Förster-Nietzsche and her husband created an unsuccessful colony, [[Nueva Germania]], in Paraguay in 1887. Her husband committed suicide in 1889. Förster-Nietzsche continued to run the colony until she returned to Germany in 1893 where she found her brother to be an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe. [[Adolf Hitler]] attended her funeral in 1935.<ref name="Gray1">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=John |date=8 January 2016 |title=Anti-Education by Friedrich Nietzsche review – why mainstream culture, not the universities, is doing our best thinking |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/08/anti-education-on-the-future-of-our-educational-institutions-friedrich-nietzsche-review |access-date=2 August 2017 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
+In the 1950s, it was claimed by Nietzsche's new editors and translators such as [[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Walter Kaufmann]] that Nietzsche's work had been edited by Förster-Nietzsche to highlight racist and eugenicist themes, but this account has been the subject of debate in recent scholarship.<ref name="holub">{{Cite book |last=Holub |first=Robert C. |title=Nietzsche's Jewish Problem |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691167558 |pages=20–26}}</ref> An alternative theory exonerates Förster-Nietzsche and places the distortion of Nietzsche's works in the hands of the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leiter |first=Brian |date=21 December 2015 |title=Nietzsche's Hatred of "Jew Hatred" |url=https://newramblerreview.com/book-reviews/philosophy/nietzsche-s-hatred-of-jew-hatred |website=The New Rambler Review of Books}}</ref>
-Förster-Nietzsche herself became a member of the [[Nazi Party]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} [[Adolf Hitler]] attended her funeral in 1935.<ref name="Gray1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/08/anti-education-on-the-future-of-our-educational-institutions-friedrich-nietzsche-review|title=Anti-Education by Friedrich Nietzsche review – why mainstream culture, not the universities, is doing our best thinking|last=Gray|first=John|date=8 January 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 August 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
-In the 1950s it was claimed by Nietzsche's new editors and translators such as [[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Walter Kaufmann]] that Nietzsche's work had been falsely edited by Elisabeth to highlight racist and eugenicist themes, but this account is severely contested by recent scholarship.<ref name="holub">{{cite book |last1=Holub |first1=Robert C. |title=Nietzsche's Jewish Problem |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691167558}}</ref>
 ==Early life==
-{{Citations needed section|date=July 2021}}
 [[File:Elisabeth Nietzsche.jpg|thumb|Elisabeth Nietzsche]]
-Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche was born in 1846 to [[Carl Ludwig Nietzsche]] and Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler). Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Nietzsche was so named after three princesses with whom Carl Ludwig Nietzsche had worked. Carl Ludwig was a [[Lutheran]] pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. Franziska was a rustic. Carl Ludwig died in 1849. Franziska had no prospects and her husband's pension was insufficient. She chose to rely on the charity of Carl Ludwig's mother, Erdmuthe, and the more distinguished prospects which she could open for the children. When remembering her early life, Förster-Nietzsche would suggest that they may have cried a lot.
+Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Nietzsche was born in 1846 to [[Carl Ludwig Nietzsche]] and Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler). She was named after three princesses with whom Carl Ludwig Nietzsche had worked. Carl Ludwig was a [[Lutheran]] pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. Franziska was a rustic. Carl Ludwig died in 1849. Franziska had no prospects and her husband's pension was insufficient. She chose to rely on the charity of Carl Ludwig's mother, Erdmuthe, and the more distinguished prospects which she could open for the children. When remembering her early life, Förster-Nietzsche would suggest that they may have cried a lot.
-Friedrich and Elisabeth were close during their childhood and early adult years. He took to calling her Llama throughout their lives because he felt that the description of the load bearing, saliva spitting, stubborn animal fit her well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Prideaux |first=Sue |title=I Am Dynamite! : A Life of Nietzsche |publisher=Tim Duggan Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5247-6082-3 |edition=First U.S. |location=New York |pages=20, 261–262}}</ref>
+Friedrich and Förster-Nietzsche were close during their childhood and early adult years. He took to calling her "Llama" throughout their lives because he felt that the description of the load bearing, saliva spitting, stubborn animal fit her well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Prideaux |first=Sue |title=I Am Dynamite! : A Life of Nietzsche |publisher=Tim Duggan Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5247-6082-3 |edition=First U.S. |location=New York |pages=20, 261–262}}</ref>
-== Nueva Germania ==
+== ''Nueva Germania'' ==
 {{main|Nueva Germania}}
-[[Bernhard Förster]] planned to create a "pure [[Aryan]] settlement" in the [[New World]], and had found a site in [[Paraguay]] which he thought would be suitable. The couple persuaded fourteen German families to join them in the colony, to be called ''[[Nueva Germania]]'', and the group left Germany for South America on 15 February 1887.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/de/die-kolonie-nueva-germania-in-paraguay/a-16772434|title=The colony "Nueva Germania" in Paraguay|date=9 April 2020|access-date=9 April 2020|website=Deutsche Welle DW.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190416175927/https://www.dw.com/de/die-kolonie-nueva-germania-in-paraguay/a-16772434|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Bernhard Förster]] planned to create a "pure [[Aryan]] settlement" in the [[New World]] and had found a site in [[Paraguay]] which he thought would be suitable. The couple persuaded fourteen German families to join them in the colony, to be called ''[[Nueva Germania]]'', and the group left Germany for South America on 15 February 1887.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2020 |title=The colony "Nueva Germania" in Paraguay |url=https://www.dw.com/de/die-kolonie-nueva-germania-in-paraguay/a-16772434 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190416175927/https://www.dw.com/de/die-kolonie-nueva-germania-in-paraguay/a-16772434 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=Deutsche Welle dw.com}}</ref>
-The colony did not thrive. The land was not suitable for German methods of farming, illness ran rampant, and transportation to the colony was slow and difficult. Faced with mounting debts, Förster committed suicide by poisoning himself on 3 June 1889. Four years later Elisabeth left the colony forever and returned to Germany. The colony still exists as a district of the [[San Pedro Department, Paraguay|San Pedro]] department.
+The colony did not thrive. The German methods of farming were not suitable to the land, illness ran rampant, and transportation to the colony was slow and difficult. Faced with mounting debts, Förster committed suicide by poisoning on 3 June 1889. Four years later, Förster-Nietzsche left the colony forever and returned to Germany. The colony still exists as a district of the [[San Pedro Department, Paraguay|San Pedro]] department.
 == Nietzsche Archive ==
-{{main|Nietzsche-Archiv}}
+{{main|Nietzsche Archive}}
 [[File:Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 1910.tif|thumb|Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 1910, [[Louis Held]].]]
-Friedrich Nietzsche's mental collapse occurred in 1889 (he died in 1900), and upon Elisabeth's return in 1893 she found him an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe. Förster-Nietzsche took a leading role in promoting her brother, especially through the publication of a collection of Nietzsche's fragments under the name of ''[[The Will to Power (manuscript)|The Will to Power]]''.<ref name=":1">[[Martin Heidegger]], 1930s courses on Nietzsche (parts of which have been published under the name ''Nietzsche I'' (1936-1939), ed. B. Schillbach, 1996, XIV, 596p. and ''Nietzsche II'' (1939-1946), ed. B. Schillbach, 1997, VIII, 454p. &mdash; note that these publications are not the exact transcription of the 1930s courses, but were done post-war), and [[Mazzino Montinari]], 1974 (Montinari made the first complete edition of Nietzsche's posthumous fragments, respecting chronological orders, whilst Elisabeth Förster's edition was partial, incomplete and arbitrarily ordered, as Heidegger had already noted. Montinari's edition has provided the basis for all further scholarship on Nietzsche's work).</ref>
+Friedrich Nietzsche's mental collapse occurred in 1889 (he died in 1900), and upon Elisabeth's return in 1893 she found him an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe. Förster-Nietzsche took a leading role in promoting her brother, especially through the publication of a collection of Nietzsche's fragments under the name of ''[[The Will to Power (manuscript)|The Will to Power]]''.<ref name=":1">[[Martin Heidegger]], 1930s courses on Nietzsche (parts of which have been published under the name ''Nietzsche I'' (1936-1939), ed. B. Schillbach, 1996, XIV, 596p. and ''Nietzsche II'' (1939-1946), ed. B. Schillbach, 1997, VIII, 454p. &mdash; note that these publications are not the exact transcription of the 1930s courses, but were done post-war), and [[Mazzino Montinari]], 1974 (Montinari made the first complete edition of Nietzsche's posthumous fragments, respecting chronological orders, whilst Elisabeth Förster's edition was partial, incomplete and arbitrarily ordered, as Heidegger had already noted. Montinari's edition has provided the basis for all further scholarship on Nietzsche's work).</ref> For her collective work on the Nietzsche archives, she was eventually nominated four times for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomination archive – Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3286 |website=nobelprize.org| date=21 May 2024 }}</ref>
 [[File:Edvard Munch - Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche - MM.M.00378 - Munch Museum.jpg|thumb|left|''Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche'', [[Edvard Munch]], 1906.]]
 == Affiliation with the Nazi Party ==
-The common account made by Nietzsche new editors and translators in the 1950s has been that in 1930, Förster-Nietzsche, a German nationalist and antisemite,<ref name=Wroe_2010>{{cite news|last=Wroe|first=David|title='Criminal' manipulation of Nietzsche by sister to make him look anti-Semitic|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/7018535/Criminal-manipulation-of-Nietzsche-by-sister-to-make-him-look-anti-Semitic.html|access-date=2 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=19 January 2010|quote=Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who went on to become a prominent supporter of [[Adolf Hitler]], systematically falsified her brother's works and letters, according to the ''Nietzsche Encyclopedia'' [...] When she died in 1935, Hitler attended her funeral.}}</ref><ref name=UIP_2007>{{cite web|title=Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power: A Biography of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche|url=http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/85yda5gs9780252074677.html|work=International Nietzsche Studies|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|access-date=2 July 2013|date=July 2007|quote=Diethe concludes by detailing Förster-Nietzsche's brief marriage and her subsequent colonial venture in Paraguay, maintaining that her sporadic anti-Semitism was, like most things in her life, an expedient tool for cultivating personal success and status.}}</ref> became a supporter of the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and falsified Nietzsche's work to make it a better fit to Nazi ideology.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Wroe_2010" /> This account is now disputed by recent scholarship.<ref name="holub"/>{{Page needed|date=March 2022}} It is however well established that when Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nietzsche Archive received financial support and publicity from the government, in return for which Förster-Nietzsche bestowed her brother's considerable prestige on the régime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greatwritersfranzkafka2.blogspot.com/2013/08/most-evil-women-in-history-satan.html|title=The Most Evil Woman in History|date=6 August 2013|access-date=29 March 2020|website=Blogspot|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200329212701/http://greatwritersfranzkafka2.blogspot.com/2013/08/most-evil-women-in-history-satan.html|archive-date=29 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Förster-Nietzsche's funeral in 1935 was attended by Hitler and several high-ranking German officials.<ref name=Wroe_2010 />
+The common account made by Nietzsche new editors and translators in the 1950s has been that in 1930, Förster-Nietzsche, a German nationalist and antisemite,<ref name="Wroe_2010">{{Cite news |last=Wroe |first=David |date=19 January 2010 |title='Criminal' manipulation of Nietzsche by sister to make him look anti-Semitic |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/7018535/Criminal-manipulation-of-Nietzsche-by-sister-to-make-him-look-anti-Semitic.html |access-date=2 July 2013 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |quote=Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who went on to become a prominent supporter of [[Adolf Hitler]], systematically falsified her brother's works and letters, according to the ''Nietzsche Encyclopedia'' [...] When she died in 1935, Hitler attended her funeral.}}</ref><ref name="UIP_2007">{{Cite web |date=July 2007 |title=Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power: A Biography of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche |url=http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/85yda5gs9780252074677.html |access-date=2 July 2013 |website=International Nietzsche Studies |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=Diethe concludes by detailing Förster-Nietzsche's brief marriage and her subsequent colonial venture in Paraguay, maintaining that her sporadic anti-Semitism was, like most things in her life, an expedient tool for cultivating personal success and status.}}</ref> became a supporter of the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and, as has been traditionally claimed, she falsified Nietzsche's work to make it a better fit to Nazi ideology.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Wroe_2010" /> This account is now disputed by recent scholarship, which argues that Elisabeth's motivation in selectively editing Nietzsche's works was primarily intended to protect her brother from criticism and to present herself as being close to him.<ref name="holub" />
+When Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nietzsche Archive received financial support and publicity from the government, in return for which Förster-Nietzsche bestowed her brother's considerable prestige on the regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2013 |title=The Most Evil Woman in History |url=http://greatwritersfranzkafka2.blogspot.com/2013/08/most-evil-women-in-history-satan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200329212701/http://greatwritersfranzkafka2.blogspot.com/2013/08/most-evil-women-in-history-satan.html |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=Blogspot}}</ref> Förster-Nietzsche's funeral in 1935 was attended by Hitler and several high-ranking German officials.<ref name="Wroe_2010" /> Despite such close connections, she never became a member of the Nazi Party; she joined the [[German National People's Party]] in 1918.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diethe |first=Carol |title=Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2003 |location=Urbana |page=xii}}</ref>
+==Publications==
+* ''Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsches, 3 Bände'' ("The Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", 3 volumes; Vol. I: 1895, Vol. II/1: 1897, Vol. II/2: 1904)
+* ''Das Nietzsche-Archiv, seine Freunde und seine Feinde'' ("The Nietzsche Archive, His Friends and His Enemies", 1907)
+* ''Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsches, 2 Bände'' ("The Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", 2 volumes);
+** ''Bd. 1: Der junge Nietzsche'' ("Vol. 1: The Young Nietzsche", 1912)
+** ''Bd. 2: Der einsame Nietzsche'' ("Vol. 2: The Lonely Nietzsche", 1914)
+* ''Wagner und Nietzsche zur Zeit ihrer Freundschaft'' ("Wagner and Nietzsche at the Time of their Friendship", 1915)
+* ''Nietzsche und sein Werk'' ("Nietzsche and His Work", 1928; edited with [[Henri Lichtenberger]])
+* ''Friedrich Nietzsche und die Frauen seiner Zeit'' ("Friedrich Nietzsche and the Women of His Time", 1935)
+* {{Cite book |last1=Nietzsche |first1=Friedrich |author-link=Friedrich Nietzsche |url=https://archive.org/details/nietzschewagnerc0000niet/page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Nietzsche-Wagner Correspondence |last2=Wagner |first2=Richard |author-link2=Richard Wagner |publisher=[[Boni & Liveright]] |others=Introduction by [[H.L. Mencken]] |isbn=087140-510-5 |editor-last=Foerster-Nietzsche |editor-first=Elizabeth |editor-link=Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche |publication-place=[[New York City|New York]] |publication-date=1921 |translator-last=Kerr |translator-first=Caroline V. |translator-link=Caroline V. Kerr}}
 == References ==
 {{reflist}}
-== Notes ==
+== Sources ==
 * Diethe, Carol, ''Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power'', Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003. (A biography of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche)
 * [[Ben Macintyre|Macintyre, Ben]], ''Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche'', New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1992.
 ==External links==
-*{{cite book|title=Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's|author=Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche|year=1895|publisher=C. G. Naumann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwzF0ysafNAC&q=Elisabeth+F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche&pg=PA3}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwzF0ysafNAC&q=Elisabeth+F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche&pg=PA3 |title=Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's |publisher=C. G. Naumann |year=1895}}
-*{{cite book|title=Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's|author=Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche|year=1897|publisher=C. G. Naumann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zMfbQiscx8C&q=Elisabeth+F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche&pg=PA1}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zMfbQiscx8C&q=Elisabeth+F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche&pg=PA1 |title=Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's |publisher=C. G. Naumann |year=1897}}
 *[http://www.fabula.org/revue/document3755.php Entretien autour de Friedrich Nietzsche et son temps]
+*[https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3428&context=ocj A Visit to Elizabeth Foerster-Nietzsche] [[Caroline V. Kerr]] in the magazine [[Open Court Publishing Company#The_Open _Court|The Open Court]]
+*[https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3431&context=ocj Nietzsche, France, and England] Elizabeth Foerster-Nietzsche (translated by [[Caroline V. Kerr]]) in [[Open Court Publishing Company#The_Open _Court|The Open Court]]
 {{Friedrich Nietzsche|state=collapsed}}
@@ Line 101: / Line 107: @@
 [[Category:Friedrich Nietzsche]]
 [[Category:German emigrants to Paraguay]]
-[[Category:Nazi Party members]]
 [[Category:People from Lützen]]
 [[Category:People from the Province of Saxony]]
-[[Category:Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences Berlin faculty]]
+[[Category:Academic staff of the Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences Berlin]]

v t e Friedrich Nietzsche
Works	The Birth of Tragedy On the Pathos of Truth Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense Untimely Meditations On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life Hymnus an das Leben Human, All Too Human The Dawn of Day Idylls from Messina The Gay Science Thus Spoke Zarathustra Beyond Good and Evil On the Genealogy of Morality The Case of Wagner Twilight of the Idols The Antichrist Ecce Homo Dionysian Dithyrambs Nietzsche contra Wagner The Will to Power (posthumous)
Concepts and philosophy	Affirmation Amor fati Apollonian and Dionysian The Four Great Errors Eternal return Faith in the Earth Genealogy (philosophy) God is dead Holy Lie Immaculate perception Last man Master–slave morality Perspectivism Ressentiment Transvaluation of values Tschandala Übermensch Will to power World riddle
Influence and reception	Costin Alamariu Giorgio de Chirico Works about Nietzsche The Journal of Nietzsche Studies Nietzschean Zionism
Related	Anarchism and Nietzsche Library of Friedrich Nietzsche Nietzsche's views on women Nietzsche and free will Nietzsche Archive Nietzsche-Haus, Naumburg Nietzsche-Haus, Sils Maria Relationship with Max Stirner My Sister and I Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (sister) Herd instinct Zarathustra's roundelay

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