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[[File:LocationOfTashkurgan.jpg|thumb|Maes Titianus went as far as [[Tashkurgan]] in the Pamir (in blue).]]
[[File:LocationOfTashkurgan.jpg|thumb|Maes Titianus went as far as [[Tashkurgan]] in the Pamir (in blue).]]


'''Maës Titianus''' was an [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] traveller of [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]] culture.<ref>He is described as a Macedonian by Ptolemy, but his "[[Macedon]]ian" origin may betoken no more than his cultural affinity, and the name Maës is Semitic in origin (Cary 1956:130).</ref> He was a Greek speaker who came from a family of merchants who had both Syrian and Roman identity.<ref> ''The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes'', Raoul McLaughlin, {{ISBN|1473833744}}</ref> Maës sent an expedition that is recorded as having travelled farthest along the [[Silk Road]] from the Mediterranean world.<ref>In Antiquity, other unnamed Greeks may have gone further east before the formal establishment of the [[Silk Road]]: there are indications that from [[Alexandria Eschate]] the [[Greco-Bactrians]] may have led expeditions as far as [[Kashgar]] and [[Ürümqi]] in [[Xinjiang]], leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. The Greek historian [[Strabo]] writes of the Greco-Bactrians that "they extended their empire even as far as the [[Serica|Seres]] (Chinese) and the [[Phryni]]" ([[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1 Strabo XI.XI.I]). Also in India, the [[Indo-Greeks]] under [[Menander I]] led conquests as far as [[Pataliputra]], probably the farthest known eastern foray of the ancient Greeks.</ref> In the early 2nd century CE<ref>The mainstream opinion, noted by Cary 1956:130 note 7, based on the date of Marinus, established by his use of many [[Trajan]]ic foundation names but none identifiable with [[Hadrian]].</ref> or at the end of the 1st century BC,<ref>This is Cary's dating.</ref> during a lull in the intermittent Roman struggles with [[Parthia]], his party reached the famous [[Stone Tower (Ptolemy)|Stone Tower]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Riaz |title=The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle |publisher=Penguin Viking |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670093625 |location=Delhi |pages=130, 154–55 |language=English}}</ref> somewhere in or around the [[Pamir Mountains]] close to the border with China.<ref>J. Oliver Thomson located the Stone Tower in ''History of Ancient Geography'' (Cambridge University Press) 1948:179–180.</ref> Nothing is known of him, apart from a brief credit in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''Geography'', 1.11.7, whose knowledge of Maës was gained through an intermediary source, [[Marinus of Tyre]]:
'''Maës Titianus''' ({{fl.|}} {{Circa}} 100 AD<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />) was an [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] traveller of [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]] culture.<ref>He is described as a Macedonian by Ptolemy, but his "[[Macedon]]ian" origin may betoken no more than his cultural affinity, and the name Maës is Semitic in origin (Cary 1956:130).</ref> He was a Greek speaker who came from a family of merchants who had both Syrian and Roman identity.<ref> ''The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes'', Raoul McLaughlin, {{ISBN|1473833744}}</ref> Maës sent an expedition that is recorded as having travelled farthest along the [[Silk Road]] from the Mediterranean world.<ref>In Antiquity, other unnamed Greeks may have gone further east before the formal establishment of the [[Silk Road]]: there are indications that from [[Alexandria Eschate]] the [[Greco-Bactrians]] may have led expeditions as far as [[Kashgar]] and [[Ürümqi]] in [[Xinjiang]], leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. The Greek historian [[Strabo]] writes of the Greco-Bactrians that "they extended their empire even as far as the [[Serica|Seres]] (Chinese) and the [[Phryni]]" ([[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1 Strabo XI.XI.I]). Also in India, the [[Indo-Greeks]] under [[Menander I]] led conquests as far as [[Pataliputra]], probably the farthest known eastern foray of the ancient Greeks.</ref> In the early 2nd century CE<ref name=":0">The mainstream opinion, noted by Cary 1956:130 note 7, based on the date of Marinus, established by his use of many [[Trajan]]ic foundation names but none identifiable with [[Hadrian]].</ref> or at the end of the 1st century BC,<ref name=":1">This is Cary's dating.</ref> during a lull in the intermittent Roman struggles with [[Parthia]], his party reached the famous [[Stone Tower (Ptolemy)|Stone Tower]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Riaz |title=The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle |publisher=Penguin Viking |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670093625 |location=Delhi |pages=130, 154–55 |language=English}}</ref> somewhere in or around the [[Pamir Mountains]] close to the border with China.<ref>J. Oliver Thomson located the Stone Tower in ''History of Ancient Geography'' (Cambridge University Press) 1948:179–180.</ref> Nothing is known of him, apart from a brief credit in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''Geography'', 1.11.7, whose knowledge of Maës was gained through an intermediary source, [[Marinus of Tyre]]:


{{quote|"Marinus tells us that a certain Macedonian named Maen, who was also called Titian, son of a merchant father, and a merchant himself, noted the length of this journey [to the Stone Tower], although he did not come to [[Serica|Sera]] in person but sent other there"|Claudius Ptolemy, I-XI<ref>Trans. Edward Luther
{{quote|"Marinus tells us that a certain Macedonian named Maen, who was also called Titian, son of a merchant father, and a merchant himself, noted the length of this journey [to the Stone Tower], although he did not come to [[Serica|Sera]] in person but sent other there"|Claudius Ptolemy, I-XI<ref>Trans. Edward Luther
Stevenson, {{ISBN|0-486-26896-9}}</ref>}}
Stevenson, {{ISBN|0-486-26896-9}}</ref>}}


When Maes' expedition reached the Pamirs, the Chinese general [[Ban Chao]] of the [[Han Dynasty|Han Empire]] intercepted the group and ensured they were taken eastward to the Chinese capital [[Luoyang]]. They were brought before the Han Emperor [[He of Han|He]]. The travellers spoke Greek and were with Parthian merchants and so did not identify themselves as Roman. Thus, the Chinese did not realise they were dealing with subjects of [[Daqin|Da Qin]] (the [[Roman Empire]]). Chinese records written in the [[Book of the Later Han|Hou Hanshu]] state that the encounter took place in [[AD 100]]. (However, <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321525391_Imperial_Rome_and_China_Communication_and_Information_Transmission</ref>, p.36, states that "Whether the journey was noted in Chinese historical accounts remains a matter of speculation.") As was standard protocol the Maes merchants offered tribute to Emperor He by giving rewoven Syrian silks and imperial gold coins that bore the image of [[Trajan|Emperor Trajan]]. They were given Han silks as diplomatic gifts and then sent back on their long way back to Syria. It would take them 12 months to return home, totalling two years for the whole round-trip. When they returned, knowledge of their experience spread around the Roman world and for the first time Romans in Egypt and Syria knew of a superpower in the Far East that produced large quantities of [[silk]] and [[steel]]. Maes Titianus wrote a full account of the journey taken by his merchants but only a brief summary of his work survives in the writings of [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]].<ref> ''The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes'', Raoul McLaughlin, {{ISBN|1473833744}}</ref>
When Maes' expedition reached the Pamirs, the Chinese general [[Ban Chao]] of the [[Han Dynasty|Han Empire]] intercepted the group and ensured they were taken eastward to the Chinese capital [[Luoyang]]. They were brought before the Han Emperor [[He of Han|He]]. The travellers spoke Greek and were with Parthian merchants and so did not identify themselves as Roman. Thus, the Chinese did not realise they were dealing with subjects of [[Daqin|Da Qin]] (the [[Roman Empire]]). Chinese records written in the [[Book of the Later Han|Hou Hanshu]] state that the encounter took place in [[AD 100]]. (However,<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321525391_Imperial_Rome_and_China_Communication_and_Information_Transmission {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> p.36, states that "Whether the journey was noted in Chinese historical accounts remains a matter of speculation.") As was standard protocol the Maes merchants offered tribute to Emperor He by giving rewoven Syrian silks and imperial gold coins that bore the image of [[Trajan|Emperor Trajan]]. They were given Han silks as diplomatic gifts and then sent back on their long way back to Syria. It would take them 12 months to return home, totalling two years for the whole round-trip. When they returned, knowledge of their experience spread around the Roman world and for the first time Romans in Egypt and Syria knew of a superpower in the Far East that produced large quantities of [[silk]] and [[steel]]. Maes Titianus wrote a full account of the journey taken by his merchants but only a brief summary of his work survives in the writings of [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]].<ref> ''The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes'', Raoul McLaughlin, {{ISBN|1473833744}}</ref>


However, a brief article by Max Cary<ref>Cary, "Maes, Qui et Titianus" ''The Classical Quarterly,'' New Series, '''6'''.3/4 (July–October 1956), pp. 130-134, https://www.jstor.org/stable/636905</ref> teased apart some probabilities, notably that the purpose of the expedition was to organize the import of Chinese silk by controlling or eliminating some of the middlemen through whom trade goods were passed, among whom the least dependable were the [[Parthia]]ns. The Stone Tower was located in [[Xinjiang]], the westernmost province over which the Chinese periodically attempted control. The incursion of the nomadic [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ca 50 AD blocked Chinese access to the West, but conditions improved ca. 75; consequently the window in which, Cary suggests, Maës found his opportunity lay either before or after the Kushan irruption. At the western end of the [[trade route]], Parthian cooperation could be expected only after the termination of their war with Trajan, 117 CE, too late for Marinus to incorporate the new information, at the close of their war with Nero, 65 CE, during the Kushan interruption, or, the date Cary offers for consideration, after their settlement with Augustus, 20 BCE.
However, a brief article by Max Cary<ref>Cary, "Maes, Qui et Titianus" ''The Classical Quarterly,'' New Series, '''6'''.3/4 (July–October 1956), pp. 130-134, https://www.jstor.org/stable/636905</ref> teased apart some probabilities, notably that the purpose of the expedition was to organize the import of Chinese silk by controlling or eliminating some of the middlemen through whom trade goods were passed, among whom the least dependable were the [[Parthia]]ns. The Stone Tower was located in [[Xinjiang]], the westernmost province over which the Chinese periodically attempted control. The incursion of the nomadic [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ca 50 AD blocked Chinese access to the West, but conditions improved ca. 75; consequently the window in which, Cary suggests, Maës found his opportunity lay either before or after the Kushan irruption. At the western end of the [[trade route]], Parthian cooperation could be expected only after the termination of their war with Trajan, 117 CE, too late for Marinus to incorporate the new information, at the close of their war with Nero, 65 CE, during the Kushan interruption, or, the date Cary offers for consideration, after their settlement with Augustus, 20 BCE.
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[[Category:Roman-era Macedonians]]
[[Category:Roman-era Macedonians]]
[[Category:Silk Road]]
[[Category:Silk Road]]
[[Category:1st-century Romans]]
[[Category:1st-century travelers]]

Latest revision as of 00:57, 24 November 2024

Maes Titianus went as far as Tashkurgan in the Pamir (in blue).

Maës Titianus (fl. c. 100 AD[1][2]) was an ancient Roman traveller of Macedonian culture.[3] He was a Greek speaker who came from a family of merchants who had both Syrian and Roman identity.[4] Maës sent an expedition that is recorded as having travelled farthest along the Silk Road from the Mediterranean world.[5] In the early 2nd century CE[1] or at the end of the 1st century BC,[2] during a lull in the intermittent Roman struggles with Parthia, his party reached the famous Stone Tower,[6] somewhere in or around the Pamir Mountains close to the border with China.[7] Nothing is known of him, apart from a brief credit in Ptolemy's Geography, 1.11.7, whose knowledge of Maës was gained through an intermediary source, Marinus of Tyre:

"Marinus tells us that a certain Macedonian named Maen, who was also called Titian, son of a merchant father, and a merchant himself, noted the length of this journey [to the Stone Tower], although he did not come to Sera in person but sent other there"

— Claudius Ptolemy, I-XI[8]

When Maes' expedition reached the Pamirs, the Chinese general Ban Chao of the Han Empire intercepted the group and ensured they were taken eastward to the Chinese capital Luoyang. They were brought before the Han Emperor He. The travellers spoke Greek and were with Parthian merchants and so did not identify themselves as Roman. Thus, the Chinese did not realise they were dealing with subjects of Da Qin (the Roman Empire). Chinese records written in the Hou Hanshu state that the encounter took place in AD 100. (However,[9] p.36, states that "Whether the journey was noted in Chinese historical accounts remains a matter of speculation.") As was standard protocol the Maes merchants offered tribute to Emperor He by giving rewoven Syrian silks and imperial gold coins that bore the image of Emperor Trajan. They were given Han silks as diplomatic gifts and then sent back on their long way back to Syria. It would take them 12 months to return home, totalling two years for the whole round-trip. When they returned, knowledge of their experience spread around the Roman world and for the first time Romans in Egypt and Syria knew of a superpower in the Far East that produced large quantities of silk and steel. Maes Titianus wrote a full account of the journey taken by his merchants but only a brief summary of his work survives in the writings of Claudius Ptolemy.[10]

However, a brief article by Max Cary[11] teased apart some probabilities, notably that the purpose of the expedition was to organize the import of Chinese silk by controlling or eliminating some of the middlemen through whom trade goods were passed, among whom the least dependable were the Parthians. The Stone Tower was located in Xinjiang, the westernmost province over which the Chinese periodically attempted control. The incursion of the nomadic Kushan ca 50 AD blocked Chinese access to the West, but conditions improved ca. 75; consequently the window in which, Cary suggests, Maës found his opportunity lay either before or after the Kushan irruption. At the western end of the trade route, Parthian cooperation could be expected only after the termination of their war with Trajan, 117 CE, too late for Marinus to incorporate the new information, at the close of their war with Nero, 65 CE, during the Kushan interruption, or, the date Cary offers for consideration, after their settlement with Augustus, 20 BCE.

The Maesii Titianii were a family documented in Italy and Sicily, ca. 150-210, and Cary considers the possibility that the governor of Roman Syria from ca 13 BCE, M. Titius, who had been consul suffectus in 31 BCE, and through whose hands the Parthian princes passed to Rome for their education, acted in some way as a patron to the enterprise (Cary 1956:132-34), thus dating the expedition to the time of his governorship.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b The mainstream opinion, noted by Cary 1956:130 note 7, based on the date of Marinus, established by his use of many Trajanic foundation names but none identifiable with Hadrian.
  2. ^ a b This is Cary's dating.
  3. ^ He is described as a Macedonian by Ptolemy, but his "Macedonian" origin may betoken no more than his cultural affinity, and the name Maës is Semitic in origin (Cary 1956:130).
  4. ^ The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes, Raoul McLaughlin, ISBN 1473833744
  5. ^ In Antiquity, other unnamed Greeks may have gone further east before the formal establishment of the Silk Road: there are indications that from Alexandria Eschate the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar and Ürümqi in Xinjiang, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. The Greek historian Strabo writes of the Greco-Bactrians that "they extended their empire even as far as the Seres (Chinese) and the Phryni" (Strabo, Strabo XI.XI.I). Also in India, the Indo-Greeks under Menander I led conquests as far as Pataliputra, probably the farthest known eastern foray of the ancient Greeks.
  6. ^ Dean, Riaz (2022). The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 130, 154–55. ISBN 978-0670093625.
  7. ^ J. Oliver Thomson located the Stone Tower in History of Ancient Geography (Cambridge University Press) 1948:179–180.
  8. ^ Trans. Edward Luther Stevenson, ISBN 0-486-26896-9
  9. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321525391_Imperial_Rome_and_China_Communication_and_Information_Transmission [bare URL]
  10. ^ The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes, Raoul McLaughlin, ISBN 1473833744
  11. ^ Cary, "Maes, Qui et Titianus" The Classical Quarterly, New Series, 6.3/4 (July–October 1956), pp. 130-134, https://www.jstor.org/stable/636905

References

[edit]
  • Max Cary, "Maes, Qui et Titianus" The Classical Quarterly, New Series, 6.3/4 (July–October 1956), pp. 130–134.
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