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{{Short description|German astronomer}}
[[Image:Babelsberg Einsteinturm.jpg|thumb|[[Einstein Tower]] in [[Potsdam]]]]'''Erwin Finlay-Freundlich''' (29 May 1885 – 24 July 1964) was a [[Germany|German]] [[astronomer]], a pupil of [[Felix Klein]]. He was born in [[Wiesbaden-Biebrich|Biebrich]], Germany to Friedrich Freundlich and Ellen Finlayson.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |year=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |accessdate=August 22, 2012 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58485.html}}</ref> Freundlich was a working associate of [[Albert Einstein]] and introduced experiments for which the [[general theory of relativity]] could be tested by astronomical observations based on the [[gravitational redshift]].
{{Infobox scientist
⚫
| name = Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSE|FRAS|size=100%}}
| image = 242 Erwin Freundlich Der Astronom Erwin Freundlich 1.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1885|05|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Biebrich (Wiesbaden)|Biebrich]], [[Hesse]], Germany
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|07|24|1885|05|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Wiesbaden]], Hesse, Germany
| fields = [[Astronomy]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Berlin Observatory]]
* [[Einstein Tower]]
* [[University of Istanbul]]
* [[Charles University of Prague]]
* [[St. Andrews University]]
* [[University of Mainz]]
⚫
}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* Charlottenburg Polytechnic
* [[University of Göttingen]]
}}
| thesis_title = Analytische Funktionen mit beliebig vorgeschriebenem unendlich-blättrigem Existenzbereiche
| thesis_url = http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN30065877X
| thesis_year = 1910
| doctoral_advisor = {{Plainlist|
* [[C. Felix Klein]]
* [[Paul Koebe]]
}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Kate Hirschberg|1913}}
}}
[[Image:Potsdam Telegrafenberg asv2023-09 img4.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Einstein Tower]] in [[Potsdam]]]]
'''Erwin Finlay-Freundlich''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSE|FRAS}} ({{IPA|de|ˈfʀɔɪntlɪç|lang}}; 29 May 1885 – 24 July 1964) was a German [[astronomer]], a pupil of [[Felix Klein]]. Freundlich was a working associate of [[Albert Einstein]] and introduced experiments for which the [[general theory of relativity]] could be tested by astronomical observations based on the [[gravitational redshift]].


==Life==
⚫
After finishing his thesis with Felix Klein at the [[University of Göttingen]] in 1910, he became assistant at the Observatory in Berlin, where he became associated with Einstein. During a solar eclipse expedition in 1914 to verify general relativity, [[World War I]] broke out and he was interned in Russia. After the war, he was engaged in construction of a solar observatory in [[Potsdam]], the ''Einsteinturm'', and he was director of the Einstein-Institut. In 1933 Hitler came to power and Freundlich was forced to leave Germany; he had a Jewish grandmother and his wife was Jewish. He was appointed professor at the [[University of Istanbul]], which was reformed by [[Kemal Atatürk]] with the help of many German scholars. In 1937 he left Istanbul to take up the post of professor of astronomy at the [[Charles University of Prague]], but this appointment was terminated by the German occupation. On the recommendation of [[Arthur Stanley Eddington]] he went to [[St. Andrews University]] in Scotland. From 1951 to 1959 he was [[John Napier]] professor of Astronomy. On his retirement he returned to his native town Wiesbaden and was appointed professor at the [[University of Mainz]]. Freundlich died in [[Wiesbaden]], Germany.

He was born in [[Wiesbaden-Biebrich|Biebrich]], Germany the son of Friedrich Philipp Ernst Freundlich, a manufacturer, and his wife Elizabeth (Ellie) Finlayson.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |year=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |accessdate=August 22, 2012 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58485.html |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005437/http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58485.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was one of seven children, all of whom were raised Protestant, despite their father's Jewish heritage. His elder brother was [[Herbert Max Finlay Freundlich]]. He studied locally, leaving school in 1903. He spent 6 months working in the shipyards of [[Stettin]] which inspired him to begin studying shipbuilding at the Charlottenburg Polytechnic in [[Berlin]]. However he abandoned this in autumn 1905 to instead study Mathematics and Astronomy at Göttingen. Here he studied under [[Felix Klein]] and [[Karl Schwarzschild]].<ref>The Einstein Tower by Klaus Hentschel</ref>

In 1913 he married Kate Hirschberg.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=[[The Royal Society of Edinburgh]]|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf|access-date=2016-06-14|archive-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
After finishing his thesis under the direction of [[Paul Koebe]] at the [[University of Göttingen]] in 1910 and gaining his doctorate (PhD), he became assistant at the [[Berlin Observatory]], where he became associated with Albert Einstein. During an expedition to verify general relativity during a [[Solar eclipse of August 21, 1914|solar eclipse in 1914]], [[World War I]] broke out and he was interned in Russia, for a few days, before being freed in an exchanging of prisoners. The expedition failed. After the war, he was engaged in the construction of a solar observatory in [[Potsdam]], the ''Einsteinturm'', and he was director of the Einstein-Institut. In 1933 Hitler came to power and Freundlich was forced to leave Germany; he had a Jewish grandmother and his wife was Jewish. He was appointed professor at the [[University of Istanbul]], which was reformed by [[Kemal Atatürk]] with the help of many German scholars. In 1937 he left Istanbul to take up the post of professor of astronomy at the [[Charles University of Prague]], but this appointment was terminated by the [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|German occupation in 1938]].

On the recommendation of [[Arthur Stanley Eddington]] he went to [[St. Andrews University]] in Scotland, where he lectured in astronomy from 1939. In 1941 he was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]. His proposers were [[William Greaves (astronomer)|William Greaves]], [[Alexander Aitken]], [[Max Born]] and [[Robert Schlapp]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1951 he was created [[John Napier]] Professor of Astronomy. On his retirement in 1959, he returned to his native town Wiesbaden and was appointed professor at the [[University of Mainz]]. Freundlich died in [[Wiesbaden]], Germany on 24 July 1964.

==Achievements==


Freundlich researched the deflection of light rays passing close to the Sun. He proposed an experiment, during an eclipse, to verify the validity of Einstein's theory of general relativity. Freundlich's demonstration would have proven [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]'s theories incorrect. He did conduct inconclusive tests on the prediction by Einstein's theory of gravitation-induced red shift of spectral lines in the Sun, using the solar observatories he had constructed in Potsdam and Istanbul.
Freundlich researched the deflection of light rays passing close to the Sun. He proposed an experiment, during an eclipse, to verify the validity of Einstein's theory of general relativity. Freundlich's demonstration would have proven [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]'s theories incorrect. He did conduct inconclusive tests on the prediction by Einstein's theory of gravitation-induced red shift of spectral lines in the Sun, using the solar observatories he had constructed in Potsdam and Istanbul.
In 1953 he proposed with [[Max Born]] an alternative explanation of the red shifts observed in galaxies by a [[tired light]] model.
In 1953, he proposed with [[Max Born]] an alternative explanation of the red shifts observed in galaxies by a [[tired light]] model.


==Publications==
==Publications==

* Erwin Freundlich: ''Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie''. Mit e. Vorw. von Albert Einstein. - Berlin : Springer, 1916. - 64 S. ; 8
* ''Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie''. Mit e. Vorw. von Albert Einstein. – Berlin : Springer, 1916. – 64 S.; 8
* Erwin Finlay-Freundlich ''Über die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien'' und Max Born: ''Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung'' - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1953. - S. 96 - 108 ; 4; (Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen ; Jg. 1953, Nr. 7)
* ''Über die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien'' with [[Max Born]] (1953)
* ''Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung'' (1953)
* ''Cosmology'' (1971)


==References==
==References==
Line 14: Line 60:


==External links and resources==
==External links and resources==
* [[Klaus Hentschel]]: [http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=2739''The Einstein Tower An Intertexture of Dynamic Construction, Relativity Theory, and Astronomy''], Stanford University Press, Stanford 1997.
* [[Klaus Hentschel]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140701234615/http://sup.org/book.cgi?id=2739 ''The Einstein Tower An Intertexture of Dynamic Construction, Relativity Theory, and Astronomy''], Stanford University Press, Stanford 1997.
* School of Mathematics and Statistics. "''[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Freundlich.html Erwin Finlay Freundlich]''". [[University of St Andrews]], [[Scotland]].
* School of Mathematics and Statistics. "''[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Freundlich.html Erwin Finlay Freundlich]''". [[University of St Andrews]], [[Scotland]].
* {{MathGenealogy|id=63508|name=Erwin Freundlich}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=63508|name=Erwin Freundlich}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
⚫
| NAME = Finlay-Freundlich, Erwin
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German astronomer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 29 May 1885
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 24 July 1964
| PLACE OF DEATH =
⚫
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Finlay-Freundlich, Erwin}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Finlay-Freundlich, Erwin}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:German Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:German astronomers]]
[[Category:20th-century German astronomers]]
[[Category:People from Wiesbaden]]
[[Category:Scientists from Wiesbaden]]
[[Category:People from Hesse-Nassau]]
[[Category:People from Hesse-Nassau]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:Charles University in Prague faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Charles University]]
[[Category:University of Mainz faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz]]
[[Category:German expatriates in Turkey]]
[[Category:Expatriate academics in Turkey]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Istanbul University]]

Latest revision as of 07:20, 24 November 2024

Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
FRSE FRAS
Born(1885-05-29)29 May 1885
Biebrich, Hesse, Germany
Died24 July 1964(1964-07-24) (aged 79)
Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany
Alma mater
Spouse
Kate Hirschberg
​
(m. 1913)​
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy
Institutions
ThesisAnalytische Funktionen mit beliebig vorgeschriebenem unendlich-blättrigem Existenzbereiche (1910)
Doctoral advisor
Einstein Tower in Potsdam

Erwin Finlay-Freundlich FRSE FRAS (German: [ˈfʀɔɪntlɪç]; 29 May 1885 – 24 July 1964) was a German astronomer, a pupil of Felix Klein. Freundlich was a working associate of Albert Einstein and introduced experiments for which the general theory of relativity could be tested by astronomical observations based on the gravitational redshift.

Life

[edit]

He was born in Biebrich, Germany the son of Friedrich Philipp Ernst Freundlich, a manufacturer, and his wife Elizabeth (Ellie) Finlayson.[1] He was one of seven children, all of whom were raised Protestant, despite their father's Jewish heritage. His elder brother was Herbert Max Finlay Freundlich. He studied locally, leaving school in 1903. He spent 6 months working in the shipyards of Stettin which inspired him to begin studying shipbuilding at the Charlottenburg Polytechnic in Berlin. However he abandoned this in autumn 1905 to instead study Mathematics and Astronomy at Göttingen. Here he studied under Felix Klein and Karl Schwarzschild.[2]

In 1913 he married Kate Hirschberg.[3] After finishing his thesis under the direction of Paul Koebe at the University of Göttingen in 1910 and gaining his doctorate (PhD), he became assistant at the Berlin Observatory, where he became associated with Albert Einstein. During an expedition to verify general relativity during a solar eclipse in 1914, World War I broke out and he was interned in Russia, for a few days, before being freed in an exchanging of prisoners. The expedition failed. After the war, he was engaged in the construction of a solar observatory in Potsdam, the Einsteinturm, and he was director of the Einstein-Institut. In 1933 Hitler came to power and Freundlich was forced to leave Germany; he had a Jewish grandmother and his wife was Jewish. He was appointed professor at the University of Istanbul, which was reformed by Kemal Atatürk with the help of many German scholars. In 1937 he left Istanbul to take up the post of professor of astronomy at the Charles University of Prague, but this appointment was terminated by the German occupation in 1938.

On the recommendation of Arthur Stanley Eddington he went to St. Andrews University in Scotland, where he lectured in astronomy from 1939. In 1941 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Greaves, Alexander Aitken, Max Born and Robert Schlapp.[3]

In 1951 he was created John Napier Professor of Astronomy. On his retirement in 1959, he returned to his native town Wiesbaden and was appointed professor at the University of Mainz. Freundlich died in Wiesbaden, Germany on 24 July 1964.

Achievements

[edit]

Freundlich researched the deflection of light rays passing close to the Sun. He proposed an experiment, during an eclipse, to verify the validity of Einstein's theory of general relativity. Freundlich's demonstration would have proven Newton's theories incorrect. He did conduct inconclusive tests on the prediction by Einstein's theory of gravitation-induced red shift of spectral lines in the Sun, using the solar observatories he had constructed in Potsdam and Istanbul. In 1953, he proposed with Max Born an alternative explanation of the red shifts observed in galaxies by a tired light model.

Publications

[edit]
  • Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie. Mit e. Vorw. von Albert Einstein. – Berlin : Springer, 1916. – 64 S.; 8
  • Über die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien with Max Born (1953)
  • Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung (1953)
  • Cosmology (1971)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  2. ^ The Einstein Tower by Klaus Hentschel
  3. ^ a b Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
[edit]
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