List of Rigvedic tribes: Difference between revisions
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}} |
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{{Indo-European topics|283}} |
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{{Part of History of India}} |
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[[Image:Rigvedic geography.jpg|thumb|Geography of the Rigveda, with [[Rigvedic rivers|river names]]; the extent of the [[Swat culture|Swat]] and [[Cemetery H culture|Cemetery H]] cultures are also indicated.]] |
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[[File:Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png|thumb|Locations of a few major Rigvedic tribes, with [[Rigvedic rivers|river names]] labelled]] |
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The tribes mentioned in the [[Rigveda]] are described as [[semi-nomadic]] pastoralists.<ref>Staal, F. (1999). Greek and Vedic geometry. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 27(1), 105-127.</ref> During the Rigvedic period, they formed a [[warrior]] society, engaging in [[endemic warfare]] and [[cattle raid]]s ("{{IAST|gaviṣṭi}}") among themselves and against their enemies, the "Dasyu" or [[Dasa]].<ref>http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/A-Look-At-The-Ancient-Vedic-Civilization-Through-The-Vedas/549222</ref> When not on the move, they were subdivided into temporary tribal settlements (''vish'', viś) composed of several villages, and each village was composed of several families.<ref>Sharma, R. K. (1997). Rural Sociology. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.</ref> These settlements were headed by a [[tribal chief]] (''[[raja]]'', rājan) assisted by warriors (''kshatra'') and a [[Vedic priesthood|priestly caste]] (''brahma'').<ref>http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915735/what-were-the-salient-features-of-vedic-society.html</ref> |
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This is a list of [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] tribes mentioned in the text of the [[Rigveda]]: |
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== List of tribes == |
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# Alina people (RV 7.18.7) - They were probably one of the tribes defeated by [[Sudas]] at the [[Dasarajna]],<ref name=MacdonellKeith />{{rp|I 39}} and it has been suggested that they lived to the north-east of [[Nurestan Province|Nurestan]], because much later, in the 7th century CE, the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]].<ref name=MacdonellKeith />{{rp|I 39}} |
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#[[Anu (tribe)|Anu]] is a [[Vedic Sanskrit]] term for one of the 5 major tribes in the [[Rigveda]], [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].108.8, [[Mandala 8|RV 8]].10.5 (both times listed together with the [[Druhyu]]) and, much later also in the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Talageri, S. G. 2005">Talageri, S. G. (2005). The Rigveda as a source of Indo-European history. The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, 332.</ref> In the late Vedic period, one of the Anu kings, King Anga, is mentioned as a "[[chakravartin]]" ([[Aitareya Brahmana|AB]] 8.22). ''Ānava'', the [[vrddhi]] derivation of ''Anu'', is the name of a ruler in the Rigvedic account of the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]] (7.18.13) and at 8.4.1 with the Turvaśa (tribe). The meaning ánu "living, human" (Naighantu) cannot be substantiated for the Rigveda <ref>Mayrhofer, Etym. Dict. 1986, pt. 1, p. 74</ref> and may have been derived from the tribal name. |
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#Āyu<ref>Bloomfield, M. (1899). The Myth of Purūravas, Urvaçī, and Âyu. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 20, 180-183.</ref> |
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#Bhajeratha<ref>Zimmer, S. (1986). On a special meaning of jána- in the Rgveda. Indo-Iranian Journal, 29(2), 109-115.</ref> |
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# Bhalanas - The Bhalanas were one of the tribes that fought against [[Sudas]] in the [[Dasarajna]] battle. Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in Eastern Afghanistan [[Kabulistan]], and that the [[Bolan Pass]] derives its name from the Bhalanas.<ref name="Talageri, S. G. 2005"/><ref name=MacdonellKeith /> |
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#[[Bhāratas|Bharatas]] - The '''Bharatas''' are an [[Arya]]n tribe mentioned in the [[Rigveda]], especially in [[Mandala 3]] attributed to the Bharata sage [[Vishvamitra]] and in and [[Mandala 7]].<ref name="Frawley, D. 2001">Frawley, D. (2001). The Rig Veda and the History of India: Rig Veda Bharata Itihasa. Aditya Prakashan.</ref> ''Bharatá'' is also used as a name of [[Agni]] (literally, "to be maintained", viz. the fire having to be kept alive by the care of men), and as a name of [[Rudra]] in [[Mandala 2|RV 2]].36.8. In one of the "[[Rigvedic rivers|river hymn]]s" [[Mandala 3|RV 3]].33, the entire Bharata tribe is described as crossing over, with their [[Chariot|chariots]] and [[Bronocice pot|wagons]], at the confluence of the Vipash (Beas) and Shutudri (Satlej). Hymns by [[Vasistha]] in [[Mandala 7]] (7.18 etc.) mention the Bharatas as the protagonists in the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]], where they are on the winning side. They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the various [[Arya]]n and [[Dasyu|non-Aryan]] tribes so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts, and later in the ([[Sanskrit epics|Epic]]) tradition, the [[Mahābhārata]], the eponymous ancestor becomes [[Bharata Chakravartin]], conqueror of 'all of [[Bharata Khanda|India]]', and his tribe and kingdom is called Bhārata. "Bhārata" today is the official name of the [[Republic of India]] (see also [[Etymology of India]]). |
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#[[Bhrigus]]<ref>Weller, H. (1937). WHO WERE THE BHRIGUIDS?. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 18(3), 296-302.</ref> |
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#Chedi<ref>MALVIYA, C. (2011). THE ROOTS OF DEMOCRACY IN INDIAN CULTURE. CULTURAL IDENTITY, 287.</ref> |
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#[[Dasa]] (dāsa, 'servant')<ref name="Sircar, D. C. 1974">Sircar, D. C. (1974). The Dasa–Dasyu in the Rigveda. Some problems of Indian history and culture.</ref> |
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#[[Dasyu]] (Iranian: Dahyu, mentioned in Latin as: [[Dahae]], in Greek as: Daai)<ref name="Sircar, D. C. 1974"/> |
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#{{IAST|Dṛbhīka}}<ref>Geiger, W., & Sanjana, D. D. P. (1885). Civilization of the Eastern Irānians in Ancient Times: Ethnography and social life (Vol. 1). Henry Frowde.</ref> |
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#'''Druhyus''' - The '''Druhyu''' were a people of Vedic [[India]]. They are mentioned in the Rigveda,<ref>e.g. RV 1.108.8; 7.18; 8.10.5; 6.46.8</ref> usually together with the [[Anu]] tribe.<ref>Hopkins, E. W. (1893). Problematic passages in the Rig-Veda. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 15, 252-283.</ref> Some early scholars have placed them in the northwestern region.<ref name=MacdonellKeith />{{rp|I 395}} The later texts, the Epic and the Puranas, locate them in the "north", that is, in Gandhara, Aratta and Setu. ([[Vishnu Purana]] IV.17) The Druhyus (under Angara) were driven out of the land of the seven rivers by King [[Mandhatri]] of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]].<ref>{{citation|last=Pillai|first=S. Devadas|title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye: A Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&pg=PA163|date=997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-807-1|page=163}}</ref> Their next king, Gandhara, settled in a north-western region which became known as [[Gandhāra]]. The sons of the later Druhyu king Pracetas too settle in the "northern" (udīcya) region (Bhagavata 9.23.15-16; Viśnu 4.17.5; Vayu 99.11-12; Brahmanda 3.74.11-12 and Matsya 48.9.). Recently, some writers<ref name="Talageri 2000">Talageri 2000</ref> have ahistorically asserted that the Druhyu are the ancestors of the Iranian, Greek or European peoples, or of the Celtic [[Druids|Druid class]].<ref name="Sudhakar Raje - India Divine">[http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/vedic-culture/203103-sanskrit-english.html Sanskrit in English]</ref> The word Druid (Gallic Celtic druides), however, may be derived from Proto-Indo-European ''*weyd-'' "to see, to know' <ref>F. Le Roux & C.-J.Guyonvarc'h, Les Druides, Paris 1982: 37</ref> and the [[Druids]] themselves were related to the European branch of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] ([[Pernus coat of arms|Iakšaku]], [[Jakšić noble family|Jakšić]]). It has also been alleged that the Rg Veda and the Puranas describe this tribe as migrating North.<ref name="Talageri 2000"/><ref name="Sudhakar Raje - India Divine"/> Puranas do not refer to Druhyus after the King Pracetas whose 100 sons settled in the region north of [[Afghanistan]] (udīcya) and became ''[[Mleccha]]s''.<ref>{{citation|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture:The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkJAmVuBCcIC&pg=PA138|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513777-4|page=138}}</ref>(Bhagavata 9.23.15–16; Viśnu 4.17.5; Vayu 99.11–12; Brahmanda 3.74.11–12 and Matsya 48.9.). [[Vishnu Purana]] also lists [[Aratta]] and Setu as areas where Druhyus settled.(Vishnu Purana IV.17). The Druhyus are of mixed origin of old Indo-European [[Haplogroup LT|natives]] and [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Arab]] invaders and are contestors of the new Indo-European [[Aryan]] supremacy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/5jbsnbvdpj1s3t4/Bibliographical_Dictionary_of_Puranic_Personages_%26_comments.pdf?dl=0 |title=Bibliographical Dictionary of Puranic Personages |last=Srimati Akshaya Kumari Devi |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |year=1942 }}</ref> |
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#[[Gandhari people|Gandhari]]<ref>Warraich, M. T. A. GANDHARA: AN APPRAISAL OF ITS MEANINGS AND HISTORY.</ref> |
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#{{IAST|Guṅgu}}<ref>Grassmann, H. (Ed.). (1876). Rig-veda (Vol. 1). FA Brockhaus.</ref> |
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#[[Ikshvaku dynasty]]<ref>PINCOTT, F. ART. XIX.—The First Mandala of the Rig-Veda. By. Journal of the Boy. Asiat. Son, 16(Part II).</ref> |
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#Krivi<ref>Pike, A. (1992). Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig-Veda. Kessinger Pub.</ref> |
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#{{IAST|Kīkaṭa}}<ref>Rig-Veda-Sanhitá: A collection of ancient Hindu hymns... Vol. 3. 1857.</ref> |
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#[[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]]<ref name="Frawley, D. 2001"/> |
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#Mahīna<ref>Perry, E. D. (1885). Indra in the Rig-Veda. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 11, 117-208.</ref> |
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# {{IAST|Malankhara}}<ref>Griffith, R. T. (2009). The Rig-Veda. The Rig Veda.</ref> |
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# Maujavant<ref>Witzel, M. (1999). Aryan and Non-Aryan names in Vedic India. Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900–500 BC. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University ([[Harvard Oriental Series]]: Opera Minora III).</ref> |
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# [[Matsya Rajya|Matsya]]<ref>Muller, F. M. (1869). Rig-veda-sanhita (Vol. 1).</ref> |
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# {{IAST|Nahuṣa}}<ref>Griffith, R. T. (2009). The Rig-Veda. The Rig Veda.</ref> |
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# [[Pakta (tribe)|Paktha]].<ref>History of Buddhism in Afghanistan By Sī. Esa Upāsaka, Kendrīya-Tibbatī-Ucca-Śikṣā-Saṃsthānam Published by Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, 1990 Original from the University of California Page 78</ref> |
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# [[Panis]], probably Iranian [[Parni]], descendants of [[Indo-Europeans]] ([[Scythians]]) and [[Punics|Punis (Punics)]] penetrating South Asia as merchants.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/5jbsnbvdpj1s3t4/Bibliographical_Dictionary_of_Puranic_Personages_%26_comments.pdf?dl=0 |title=Bibliographical Dictionary of Puranic Personages |last=Srimati Akshaya Kumari Devi |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |year=1942 }}</ref> |
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# [[Pārāvata]] |
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# Parsu (Parśu) - The Parsus have been connected with the [[Persian people|Persians]]<ref name=MacdonellKeith>[[A. A. Macdonell]] and [[A. B. Keith]] (1912). ''Vedic Index of Names and Subjects''.</ref> This is based on the evidence of an [[Assyria]]n inscription from 844 BC referring to the Persians as ''Parshu'', and the [[Behistun Inscription]] of [[Darius I of Persia]] referring to ''[[Fārs Province|Parsa]]'' as the home of the Persians.<ref>Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). ''Chandragupta Maurya and His Times'' (p. 23). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|81-208-0405-8}}.</ref> |
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# [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] (Pūru) |
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# [[Ruśama]] |
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# [[Sarasvata|Sārasvata]] |
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# [[Srñjaya]] |
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# [[Tritsu]] The Tritsus are a sub-group of the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] who are distinct from the [[Bharata (tribe)|Bharatas]] mentioned in [[Mandala 7]] of the [[Rigveda]] (in hymns 18, 33 and 83). Under king [[Sudas]] they defeated the confederation of ten kings with the help of the Bharatas at the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]]. |
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# Turvasa (Turvaśa) |
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# [[Yadu]] |
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==See also== |
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{{col div|colwidth=30em}} |
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*[[Indo-Aryan peoples]] |
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*[[Indo-Aryan migration]] |
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*[[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni]] |
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*[[Janapada]] |
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*[[Mahajanapada]] |
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*[[Iranian peoples]] |
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{{colend}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*Rig Veda |
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*Vishnu Purana |
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*[[David Frawley|Frawley David]]: The Rig Veda and the History of India, 2001. (Aditya Prakashan), {{ISBN|81-7742-039-9}} |
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*Pargiter, F.E. [1922] 1979. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. New Delhi: Cosmo. |
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*[[Shrikant Talageri|Talageri, Shrikant]]: [[The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis]] 2000, {{ISBN|81-7742-010-0}} [6]; --Aryan Invasion Theory and Indian Nationalism. 1993. |
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==External links== |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html] - Source texts of ancient Greek and Roman authors. |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html] - Strabo's work ''The Geography'' ([[Geographica]]). Book 15, Chapter 1 (sections 1-25, 26-38, 39-73), are about India. |
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[[Category:Rigvedic tribes| ]] |
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[[Category:Lists of ancient people|Rigvedic]] |
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