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{{short description|Clans mentioned by name in the Rigveda}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}} |
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[[Image:Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png|thumb|Map of India during the Rigvedic period.]] |
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{{Indo-European topics|283}} |
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{{Part of History of India}} |
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[[Image:Rigvedic geography.jpg|thumb|Geography of the Rigveda, with [[Rigvedic rivers|river names]]; the extent of the [[Swat culture|Swat]] and [[Cemetery H culture|Cemetery H]] cultures are also indicated.]]The clans mentioned in the [[Rigveda]] are described as [[semi-nomadic]] pastoralists.<ref>Staal, F. (1999). Greek and Vedic geometry. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 27(1), 105-127.</ref> During the Rigvedic period, they formed a [[warrior]] society, engaging in [[endemic warfare]] and [[cattle raid]]s ("{{IAST|gaviṣṭi}}") among themselves and against their enemies, the "Dasyu" or [[Dasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/A-Look-At-The-Ancient-Vedic-Civilization-Through-The-Vedas/549222 |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023718/http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/A-Look-At-The-Ancient-Vedic-Civilization-Through-The-Vedas/549222 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When not on the move, they were subdivided into temporary tribal settlements (''vish'', viś) composed of several villages, and each village was composed of several families.<ref>Sharma, R. K. (1997). Rural Sociology. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.</ref> These settlements were headed by a [[tribal chief]] (''[[raja]]'', rājan) assisted by warriors (''kshatra'') and a [[Vedic priesthood|priestly caste]] (''brahman'').<ref>http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915735/what-were-the-salient-features-of-vedic-society.html</ref> |
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The following is a list of [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] clans mentioned in the text of the [[Rigveda]]. |
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== List of clans == |
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# Alina people (RV 7.18.7) - They were probably one of the clans defeated by [[Sudas]] at the [[Dasarajna]],<ref name=MacdonellKeith />{{rp|I 39}} and it has been suggested that they lived to the north-east of [[Nurestan Province|Nurestan]], because much later, in the 7th century CE, the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]].<ref name=MacdonellKeith />{{rp|I 39}} |
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#[[Anu (tribe)|Anu]] is a [[Vedic Sanskrit]] term for one of the 5 major clans in the [[Rigveda]], [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].108.8, [[Mandala 8|RV 8]].10.5 (both times listed together with the [[Druhyu]]) and, much later also in the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Talageri, S. G. 2005">Talageri, S. G. (2005). The Rigveda as a source of Indo-European history. The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, 332.</ref> In the late Vedic period, one of the Anu kings, King Anga, is mentioned as a "[[chakravartin]]" ([[Aitareya Brahmana|AB]] 8.22). ''Ānava'', the [[vrddhi]] derivation of ''Anu'', is the name of a ruler in the Rigvedic account of the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]] (7.18.13) and at 8.4.1 with the Turvaśa (clan). The meaning ánu "living, human" (Naighantu) cannot be substantiated for the Rigveda <ref>Mayrhofer, Etym. Dict. 1986, pt. 1, p. 74</ref> and may have been derived from the tribal name. |
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#Āyu<ref>Bloomfield, M. (1899). The Myth of Purūravas, Urvaçī, and Âyu. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 20, 180-183.</ref> |
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#Bhajeratha<ref>Zimmer, S. (1986). On a special meaning of jána- in the Rgveda. Indo-Iranian Journal, 29(2), 109-115.</ref> |
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# Bhalanas - The Bhalanas were one of the clans that fought against [[Sudas]] in the [[Dasarajna]] battle. Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in Eastern Afghanistan [[Kabulistan]], and that the [[Bolan Pass]] derives its name from the Bhalanas.<ref name="Talageri, S. G. 2005"/><ref name=MacdonellKeith /> |
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#[[Bhāratas|Bharatas]] - The '''Bharatas''' are an [[Arya]]n clan mentioned in the [[Rigveda]], especially in [[Mandala 3]] attributed to the Bharata sage [[Vishvamitra]] and in and [[Mandala 7]].<ref name="Frawley, D. 2001">Frawley, D. (2001). The Rig Veda and the History of India: Rig Veda Bharata Itihasa. Aditya Prakashan.</ref> ''Bharatá'' is also used as a name of [[Agni]] (literally, "to be maintained", viz. the fire having to be kept alive by the care of men), and as a name of [[Rudra]] in [[Mandala 2|RV 2]].36.8. In one of the "[[Rigvedic rivers|river hymn]]s" [[Mandala 3|RV 3]].33, the entire Bharata clan is described as crossing over, with their chariots and wagons, at the confluence of the Vipash (Beas) and Shutudri (Satlej). Hymns by Vasistha in [[Mandala 7]] (7.18 etc.) mention the Bharatas as the protagonists in the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]], where they are on the winning side. They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the various [[Arya]]n and [[Dasyu|non-Aryan]] clans so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts, and later in the ([[Sanskrit epics|Epic]]) tradition, the [[Mahābhārata]], the eponymous ancestor becomes [[Bharata Chakravartin]], conqueror of 'all of [[Bharata Khanda|India]]', and his clan and kingdom is called Bhārata. "Bhārata" today is the official name of the [[Republic of India]] (see also [[Etymology of India]]). |
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#[[Bhrigus]]<ref>Weller, H. (1937). WHO WERE THE BHRIGUIDS?. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 18(3), 296-302.</ref> |
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#Chedi<ref>MALVIYA, C. (2011). THE ROOTS OF DEMOCRACY IN INDIAN CULTURE. CULTURAL IDENTITY, 287.</ref> |
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#[[Dasa]] (dāsa, 'servant')<ref name="Sircar, D. C. 1974">Sircar, D. C. (1974). The Dasa–Dasyu in the Rigveda. Some problems of Indian history and culture.</ref> |
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#[[Dasyu]] (Iranian: Dahyu, mentioned in Latin as: [[Dahae]], in Greek as: Daai)<ref name="Sircar, D. C. 1974"/> |
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#{{IAST|Dṛbhīka}}<ref>Geiger, W., & Sanjana, D. D. P. (1885). Civilization of the Eastern Irānians in Ancient Times: Ethnography and social life (Vol. 1). Henry Frowde.</ref> |
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#'''Druhyus''' - The '''Druhyu''' were a people of Vedic [[India]]. They are mentioned in the Rigveda,<ref>e.g. RV 1.108.8; 7.18; 8.10.5; 6.46.8</ref> usually together with the [[Anu]] clan.<ref>Hopkins, E. W. (1893). Problematic passages in the Rig-Veda. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 15, 252-283.</ref> Some early scholars have placed them in the northwestern region.<ref name=MacdonellKeith />{{rp|I 395}} The later texts, the Epic and the Puranas, locate them in the "north", that is, in Gandhara, Aratta and Setu. (Vishnu Purana IV.17) The Druhyus (under Angara) were driven out of the land of the seven rivers by King [[Mandhatri]] of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]].<ref>{{citation|last=Pillai|first=S. Devadas|title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye: A Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&pg=PA163|date=997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-807-1|page=163}}</ref>. Their next king, Gandhara, settled in a north-western region which became known as [[Gandhāra]]. The sons of the later Druhyu king Pracetas too settle in the "northern" (udīcya) region (Bhagavata 9.23.15-16; Visnu 4.17.5; Vayu 99.11-12; Brahmanda 3.74.11-12 and Matsya 48.9.). Recently, some writers<ref name="Talageri 2000">Talageri 2000</ref> have ahistorically asserted that the Druhyu are the ancestors of the Iranian, Greek or European peoples, or of the Celtic Druid class.<ref name="Sudhakar Raje - India Divine">[http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/vedic-culture/203103-sanskrit-english.html Sanskrit in English]</ref> The word Druid (Gallic Celtic druides), however, is derived from Proto-Indo-European ''*weyd-'' "to see, to know' <ref>F. Le Roux & C.-J.Guyonvarc'h, Les Druides, Paris 1982: 37</ref> It has also been alleged that the Rg Veda and the Puranas describe this clan as migrating North,.<ref name="Talageri 2000"/><ref name="Sudhakar Raje - India Divine"/> Puranas do not refer to Druhyus after the King Pracetas whose 100 sons settled in the region north of [[Afghanistan]] (udīcya) and became ''[[Mleccha]]s''.<ref>{{citation|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture:The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkJAmVuBCcIC&pg=PA138|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513777-4|page=138}}</ref>(Bhagavata 9.23.15–16; Visnu 4.17.5; Vayu 99.11–12; Brahmanda 3.74.11–12 and Matsya 48.9.). [[Vishnu Purana]] also lists [[Aratta]] and Setu as areas where Druhyus settled.(Vishnu Purana IV.17) |
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#[[Gandhari people|Gandhari]]<ref>Warraich, M. T. A. GANDHARA: AN APPRAISAL OF ITS MEANINGS AND HISTORY.</ref> |
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#{{IAST|Guṅgu}}<ref>Grassmann, H. (Ed.). (1876). Rig-veda (Vol. 1). FA Brockhaus.</ref> |
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#[[Ikshvaku dynasty]]<ref>PINCOTT, F. ART. XIX.—The First Mandala of the Rig-Veda. By. Journal of the Boy. Asiat. Son, 16(Part II).</ref> |
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#Krivi<ref>Pike, A. (1992). Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig-Veda. Kessinger Pub.</ref> |
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#{{IAST|Kīkaṭa}}<ref>Rig-Veda-Sanhitá: A collection of ancient Hindu hymns... Vol. 3. 1857.</ref> |
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#[[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]]<ref name="Frawley, D. 2001"/> |
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#Mahīna<ref>Perry, E. D. (1885). Indra in the Rig-Veda. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 11, 117-208.</ref> |
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# {{IAST|Malankhara}}<ref>Griffith, R. T. (2009). The Rig-Veda. The Rig Veda.</ref> |
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# Maujavant<ref>Witzel, M. (1999). Aryan and Non-Aryan names in Vedic India. Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900–500 BC. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University ([[Harvard Oriental Series]]: Opera Minora III).</ref> |
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# [[Matsya Rajya|Matsya]]<ref>Muller, F. M. (1869). Rig-veda-sanhita (Vol. 1).</ref> |
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# {{IAST|Nahuṣa}}<ref>Griffith, R. T. (2009). The Rig-Veda. The Rig Veda.</ref> |
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# [[Pakta (clan)|Paktha]].<ref>History of Buddhism in Afghanistan By Sī. Esa Upāsaka, Kendrīya-Tibbatī-Ucca-Śikṣā-Saṃsthānam Published by Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, 1990 Original from the University of California Page 78</ref> |
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# [[Panis]] (Iranian [[Parni]]?) |
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# [[Pārāvata]] |
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# Parsu (Parśu) - The Parsus have been connected with the [[Persian people|Persians]]<ref name=MacdonellKeith>[[A. A. Macdonell]] and [[A. B. Keith]] (1912). ''Vedic Index of Names and Subjects''.</ref> This is based on the evidence of an [[Assyria]]n inscription from 844 BC referring to the Persians as ''Parshu'', and the [[Behistun Inscription]] of [[Darius I of Persia]] referring to ''[[Fārs Province|Parsa]]'' as the home of the Persians.<ref>Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). ''Chandragupta Maurya and His Times'' (p. 23). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|81-208-0405-8}}.</ref> |
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# [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] (Pūru) |
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# [[Ruśama]] |
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# [[Sarasvata|Sārasvata]] |
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# [[Srñjaya]] |
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# [[Tritsu]] The Tritsus are a sub-group of the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] who are distinct from the [[Bharata (tribe)|Bharatas]] mentioned in [[Mandala 7]] of the [[Rigveda]] (in hymns 18, 33 and 83). Under king [[Sudas]] they defeated the confederation of ten kings with the help of the Bharatas at the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]]. |
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# Turvasa (Turvaśa) |
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# [[Yadu]] |
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==See also== |
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{{col div|colwidth=30em}} |
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*[[Indo-Aryan peoples]] |
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*[[Indo-Aryan migration]] |
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*[[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni]] |
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*[[Janapada]] |
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*[[Mahajanapada]] |
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*[[Iranian peoples]] |
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{{colend}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]] |
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==Bibliography== |
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*Rig Veda |
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*Vishnu Purana |
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*[[David Frawley|Frawley David]]: The Rig Veda and the History of India, 2001. (Aditya Prakashan), {{ISBN|81-7742-039-9}} |
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*Pargiter, F.E. [1922] 1979. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. New Delhi: Cosmo. |
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*[[Shrikant Talageri|Talageri, Shrikant]]: [[The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis]] 2000, {{ISBN|81-7742-010-0}} [6]; --Aryan Invasion Theory and Indian Nationalism. 1993. |
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==External links== |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html] - Source texts of ancient Greek and Roman authors. |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html] - Strabo's work ''The Geography'' ([[Geographica]]). Book 15, Chapter 1 (sections 1-25, 26-38, 39-73), are about India. |
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[[Category:Rigvedic tribes| ]] |
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[[Category:Lists of ancient people|Rigvedic]] |
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