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Zechariah Symmes (5 April 1599, in Canterbury – 4 February 1671, in Charlestown, Massachusetts) was an English Puritan clergyman who emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in New England and became pastor of the First Church in Charlestown, an office he held continuously from 1634 to his death in 1671. Although not one of the original Charlestown founders of 1629, on arrival in 1634 he swiftly found his place among them in the church they had convened two years previously. One of the many emigrant ministers who emerged from Emmanuel College, Cambridge, he was a close fellow-worker among the leading lights of the "Bible Commonwealth".

Having helped to formulate the laws by which the civil and ecclesiastical polity of the Colony were interwoven, throughout his long ministry he strongly upheld the conservative Puritan orthodoxy of his own Church, and of the Congregational collective, against doctrinal threat or dissent. Even in his passage to America he was confronted with the Antinomianism of Anne Hutchinson, and having urged and participated in the proceedings against her party which led to their banishment, he played an active part in the many unfolding controversies against the Baptists, the Quakers, and other subversive tendencies. With Massachusetts Baptists in particular he had a long struggle as their leading protagonists during the 1640s and 1650s were members of his own church.^[1]

He is the ancestor of one of the early English families in America.^[2]

Origins

William Symmes, the father of Zechariah, matriculated from Clare Hall, Cambridge in 1577, and took B.A. in 1580/81 and M.A. in 1584. Becoming a Fellow of the college, he was ordained deacon and priest by the Bishop of Peterborough (Richard Howland) on 5 March 1586/87, and received the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1591.^[3] Soon after ordination, around 1588 he preached at St Mary's church, Sandwich, in Kent, where Revd. Thomas Pawson^[4] (who had been ordained by Matthew Parker in 1560) held the vicarage jointly with that of Ham in Kent (both Crown presentations) from 1564 until his death in 1597.^[5] Pawson, who had known Symmes and his parents in his schooldays, informed him that his father (also William Symmes) and mother had been Protestant in the time of Queen Mary, and gave to the younger William a book of evangelical sermons which had belonged to the elder William and had been hidden in the Symmes house to avoid persecution. In December 1602 William junior recorded this information on the flyleaf of the book, and added the following remark:

"I charge my sons Zachariah and William, before Him that shall judge the quick and the dead, that you never defile yourselves with any idolatry or superstition whatsoever, but learn your religion out of God's holy word, and worship God as he himself hath prescribed, and not after the devices and traditions of men."^[6]

Born at Canterbury on 5 April 1599, Zechariah was religious from childhood. He was apparently the elder brother: he and William both attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Zechariah went first, admitted pensioner 1617, taking B.A. in 1620/21 and M.A. in 1624, and his brother followed, matriculating in 1619, taking B.A. in 1622/23 and M.A. in 1626. Zechariah is said to have been a particularly close friend of Jeremiah Burroughs.^[7] After working as children's tutor in various wealthy households,^[8] he became lecturer at St Antholin, Budge Row in London in 1621 and in the following year married Sarah Baker at St Saviour's, Southwark. A son (c. 1623), and a daughter Sarah (c. 1625) were born to them in London.^[9] However, as a dissenter he suffered persecution in the Bishops' Courts and resigned this position in 1625, being presented instead as Rector of Dunstable, Bedfordshire in that year, where he remained until 1634. There his children William (1626), Marie (1628), Elizabeth (1629), Huldah (1630), Hannah (1632) and Rebekah (February 1633/34) were baptized.^[10] Upon graduation and ordination his brother William received the Crown presentation of Harlington in Bedfordshire (not far from Dunstable) in 1627, where he at once married Mary Crawley on 17 May, and remained the Rector of Harlington until 1638.^[11]

Emigration

Whether for reasons of continuing persecution, or for the insufficiency of the living of Dunstable, Symmes followed the call of Divine providence to New England with his family in 1634. He sailed in the Griffin (which in the previous year had carried John Cotton to the same destination), arriving in Boston on 18 September. Among his fellow-travellers were the Revd. John Lothropp (who became pastor at Scituate and later at Barnstable, Plymouth Colony) together with some 30 of his congregation from the original English Independent Church in Southwark.^[12]^[13]

During the passage Symmes and Lothropp conducted religious meetings in the great cabin of the ship, where Symmes formed an unfavourable opinion of Anne Hutchinson, also a passenger, in whom (according to his later testimony) he perceived a secret opposition to the content of their ministry. They were (she thought) preaching a Covenant of Works, where Anne contended for a Covenant of Grace. Symmes, who in England had once or twice heard her slight the ministers of the Word, found her opinions corrupt and narrow in a discussion concerning a passage in St John, "that place in John concerning the love of the brethren",^[14] and she challenged him and said that "when they came to Boston there would be something more seen" than he had said, and that she had many things to say, but he "could not bear them now". On arrival at Boston he reported her for her views, and was called in to discuss the point at issue when she applied for admission to the church.^[15]^[16]

Soon after his arrival Symmes was invited to assist in founding a church in a new place, but not wishing to distance himself from other ministers preferred to join a settled church, and, having been admitted to the church at Charlestown on 6 December, on 22 December 1634 he was granted the office of Teaching Elder, where Thomas James was pastor.^[17] James Cudworth, who had settled shortly before this in Scituate, referred to the arrival of his "cosson" Symmes there in a letter to his stepfather Dr. John Stoughton, active in the promotion of the emigrant ministry.^[18] This kinship probably lay through Stoughton, whose brother Thomas had emigrated in 1630 to become founding minister of Dorchester, Boston,^[19] and whose brother Israel Stoughton (emigrated 1632) then represented Dorchester in the Massachusetts General Court.^[20] Their father Thomas Stoughton (a dissenting minister) was a native of Sandwich in Kent, where he died in 1622.^[21] John Stoughton had been a senior Fellow at Emmanuel College while the Symmes brothers were studying there.^[22]

Edward Johnson remarked that Mrs Sarah Symmes, 'indued by Christ with graces fit for a Wildernesse condition, her courage exceeding her stature, with much cheerfulnesse did undergoe all the difficulties of these times of straites, her God through Faith in Christ supplying all her wants with great industry, nurturing up her young children in the feare of the Lord'.^[23] Her children baptized in Charlestown were Ruth (1635), Zechariah (1637/38), Timothy (1640, died 1641), Deborah (1642) and Timothy (1643).^[24]

Pastor of Charlestown: first years

Thomas James

Until 1632 the congregations of Boston and Charlestown were united under their pastor John Wilson, who was joined by John Cotton in 1633. The arrival of Thomas James (who had studied at Emmanuel College between 1611 and 1617, and after ordination had for some years ministered in the Lincoln diocese^[25]) provided the opportunity for Charlestown to have a separate church: its members were detached from Boston in October 1632, and its covenant formed, with Revd. James its elected pastor, in November.^[26] The coming of Zechariah Symmes as his preacher highlighted differences. "The teacher, Mr Symmes, and most of the brethren had taken offence at divers speeches of his," [i.e. Mr. James's] "he being a melancholy man, and full of causeless jealousies, etc., for which they had dealt with him both in publick and in private."^[27] Many of his congregation, led by Increase Nowell, ruling elder,^[28] considered reuniting with Boston. Receiving no satisfaction, they sought advice from neighbouring churches, and after some formal meetings Revd. James obtained a dismission in March 1636 and removed to New Haven, Connecticut.^[29] Symmes was then installed as pastor, an office he was to exercise for the next 35 years.

Antinomians

Symmes was without a formal assistant as preacher at Charlestown during the controversies of 1636–1637, which developed through the differences between John Wilson and John Cotton in Boston over the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace, and the objections (raised by Thomas Shepard, pastor of Newtown (Cambridge, Massachusetts) and others of the wider ministry) against aspects of Cotton's teaching of "free grace", from which the Antinomians had drawn considerable strength.^[30] The rise in the followings of Anne Hutchinson and her marital kinsman John Wheelwright posed a great threat to the foundational values of the Colony plantation. This was the context for the condemnation of their opinions at the Assembly of the Churches at Newtown (Cambridge), on 30 August 1637,^[31] and the subsequent hearings and trials by which they were driven from the Colony.^[32] John Cotton was brought into conference with the Assembly to disentangle the teachings which had led many (including Governor Vane) to oppose John Wilson, and at its close in late September 1637 John Davenport, newly arrived from England, was invited to preach.^[33]

At the examination of Anne Hutchinson at Newtown in November 1637, Symmes's questions and testimony carried significant weight.^[34] At her first church trial Symmes showed his impatience with her sympathizers, remarking: "I am much grieved that so many in the congregation should stand up and declare themselves unwilling that Mrs Hutchinson should be proceeded against for such errors." For this John Davenport reproved him, reminding him that the congregation must be persuaded of the rightness of their proceedings.^[35] At interviews leading to this, and to her second church trial in Boston in March 1638, Symmes pressed hard to carry the judgement against her.^[36]^[37]

John Harvard

During these events John Harvard, who had newly graduated from Emmanuel College,^[38] arrived in Charlestown, was admitted a townsman on 1 August 1637, and to the church on 6 November. He assisted Symmes as preacher for a time, and the strong affection of his preaching is noted by Edward Johnson,^[39] though there is no record of his ordination. In April 1638 he, together with Increase Nowell, Zechariah Symmes and three others, were chosen by the townspeople to formulate a preliminary body of laws for the town, in response to the invitation of the General Court to draft "such necessary and fundamentall lawes as may bee sutable".^[40] However, on 14 September 1638 Harvard died of consumption, and gained his worldly immortality by leaving nearly £780, half his estate, together with his valuable library, towards the foundation of the College or School at Cambridge, Massachusetts which bears his name, for training young men for the ministry. Although accounts of the foundation emphasize the role of Thomas Shepard, who had advocated the project since 1636,^[41] for many years Symmes was an Overseer of the college, which arose only a short distance from Charlestown, and his son Zechariah was among its early graduates and Fellows.^[42]

Appointment of Thomas Allen, 1639

The vacancy left by Harvard's death was supplied by Thomas Allen, a graduate of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, ordained in March 1633/34, who had a ministry in his home city of Norwich until silenced by Bishop Wren in 1636 for nonconformism.^[43] Having arrived at Boston in 1638, he married John Harvard's widow and became administrator of his will. At first admitted to the Boston church, with the support of the Charlestown congregation he obtained dismissal from it in June 1639. The General Court had granted him 500 acres in Charlestown in the May preceding, and he was received into the Charlestown church in the December following.^[44] Then or soon afterwards he became its Teacher, and remained co-worker with Symmes until he returned to England in 1651. At about this time Symmes contributed his Letter of Dedication (to Lady Anna Wake, widow of Sir Isaac Wake) to the publication of Thomas Hooker's The Christians Two Chiefe Lessons, viz. Selfe-Deniall, and Selfe-Tryall, published in 1640.^[45]

Foundation of Woburn

The foundation territory of Charlestown was apportioned to its townsmen and investors, and as outlying settlements developed administrative authority was ceded to them, defining fresh boundaries.^[46] The township stood on the Neck or peninsula fronting inner Boston Harbor between the Charles River to the south and the Mystic River descending from the north-west. Its leading citizens had farm estates extending through "Mistick field" along the Mystic River valley, and in the difficult first years a large estate on the north-east side at Medford was staked out for Mathew Cradock, first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company; formally granted in 1634, this private domain became a Peculiar managed on his behalf by his representatives.^[47] The town of Charleston granted 300 acres to Zechariah Symmes, the abutters of which are noted in records of 1638.^[48] Some 280 acres lay in a body in the area of Winchester either side of the river, with Mystic Pond at its south-west and the Woburn area to its north-west: the old farmstead was in the north of the estate, near the river. He also held some 11 acres of meadow in the southern part of Stoneham and some 9 acres of salt-marsh at Menotomy (in what is now Arlington).^[49]

On 13–15 May 1640 Charlestown petitioned for the addition of two miles square to its territory at its western border, to accommodate farms for new townsmen who might be admitted. This being granted by the General Court, Increase Nowell, Zechariah Symmes, Edward Convers, Edward Johnson and others, whose own lands lay towards that quarter, went at once to explore it. After a further visit in September to observe its boundary with Lynn (later Reading), on 7 October the grant was increased to four square miles, with a view to settling a village there. On 5 November a committee was appointed by the town to draw a boundary between the proposed village and the town, but immediately the Charleston church appointed its own commissioners to develop a new distinct township there with its own church. The idea gained so much favour that the church hesitated, fearing too large a departure: but in February the Convers Bridge was built, and a site was chosen for the town, from which however the intending settlers were dissuaded by Nowell and Symmes as being unsuitable, and another was decided upon. As the town was a-building, a pastor was sought, and after two disappointments hopes were renewed in Thomas Carter (of Hinderclay, a graduate of St John's College, Cambridge^[50]) now an Elder at Watertown, Massachusetts.^[51]

The commissioners obtained leave to have public worship at the village, and Symmes preached the first sermon at the village on 21 November 1641 ("Break up your fallow ground, and sow not among thorns" - Jeremiah IV v. 3): Carter preached on 5 December. Over the next months he continued to encourage them. The settlers obtained dismissal from Charlestown in June 1642, and in August the Woburn congregation was solemnly gathered in the presence of the leading ministers of Massachusetts. Zechariah Symmes continued between four and five hours in praying and preaching, after which the elders made their formal declarations and covenant to welcome the new church. The town of Woburn was incorporated at the end of September 1642. Thomas Carter was ordained their pastor in November, in the presence of the same assembled ministers, by the laying on of hands by two laymen: since the church had no elders of its own, other elders present might have performed it, but they chose to avoid any suggestion of a presbytery or dependency of churches.^[52] Carter was pastor until his death in 1684.

Certain "remote lands" mentioned in the 1640 petition, commonly called "The Land of Nod", lay to the north of Woburn, and although all was laid under the municipal authority of the new town, the more remote part of this tract was granted to Charlestown proprietors. Of these lands Zechariah Symmes and Thomas Allen were each allotted 300 acres in 1643, though they were not laid out until 1650. Meanwhile, a town boundary dispute arose between Charlestown and Woburn, which in 1650/51 was settled to lie along the property boundaries of the farms of Increase Nowell, Zechariah Symmes and Edward Convers.^[53]

Unfolding controversies

Within the puritan ministry central to the religious plantation of the Bay Colony, Symmes and Allen in 1648 held annual salaries of £90 and £60, matched only by John Cotton and John Wilson at Boston in their respective roles, well in advance of other colleagues.^[54] In their intimate association with Colonial Secretary Nowell and the developing formation of the colony's ordinances through the 1640s^[55] (during which the Charlestown church records are very imperfect), they faced continuing challenges both from the Old England ministry and from advocates of liberty of conscience not to be tolerated.

Samuel Gorton

The Colony's incursion into Shawomet in the Narragansett lands south of Pawtuxet for the capture of Samuel Gorton and his associates, led to Gorton himself being imprisoned in Charlestown; there, in 1643, having narrowly avoided a death sentence, Gorton was put to labour in chains, yet contrived to demand of his captors and their ministers an exposition of the locusts of the Fifth trumpet of the Book of Revelation.^[56] Being expelled, Gorton's appeal to Robert Rich in London established Warwick and defeated the Massachusetts Colony's claim.

Although Symmes wrote many sermons, he claimed never to have prepared any writings for the press. Responses by ministers to challenges by English puritans to the forms and orders of the New English churches, received in manuscript, came to print after the printed editions of their critics: such was Richard Mather's (1643) reply to Richard Bernard (died 1641),^[57] the (1642) answer of John Cotton to John Ball (died 1640),^[58] and that of Thomas Shepard and John Allin (minister of Dedham), written in 1646, published 1652, to Ball's posthumously printed (1645) rejoinder.^[59]^[60] John Winthrop had noted in 1638 that the Hutchinson troubles had delayed such replies,^[61] but by 1642 the turmoil then arising in England, and Cotton's observation that "this kingdome is now in consultation about matters of that nature" (referring to the Westminster Assembly), provide the context. In Charlestown, however, Thomas Allen, while raising his young family, was preaching on the theme of Justification by faith from the words of John the Baptist,^[62] and settling down to construct his Chain of Scripture Chronology,^[63] preferring (as it was said) to compute than to dispute.^[64]

The Cambridge Platform

Under the compelling guidance of John Cotton, and while Gorton was bringing their religious policies under direct notice in England, the New England churches deferred the formalization of their own platform.^[65] The Cambridge (Boston) synod, first gathered in 1646, was reconvened in 1648 to frame a confession of faith (agreeing with the English assembly) and a form of church discipline "according to the general practice of our churches".^[66] The Cambridge Platform, published in 1649,^[67] notes the important distinction that the office of the pastor was concerned with exhortation, and that of the teacher with doctrine.^[68] In lectures published long afterwards, Thomas Allen (who knew and admired Thomas Hooker, Peter Bulkley and Thomas Shepard) taught the doctrine of imputed righteousness through the Covenant of Grace, appealing to the soul's tuition by the Holy Spirit.^[69] He had deeply imbibed, and later published, the teachings of John Cotton on that subject.^[70] The special interconnection between the magistracy and the ecclesiastical polity of the Colony, as set forth in the Body of Liberties of 1641,^[71] and shown in the practice of its courts, was fully embodied in the final chapter of the Cambridge Platform, binding civil powers to the enforcement of ecclesiastical judgements against actions or opinions varying from or inimical to the word preached.^[72]

William Pynchon

Zechariah Symmes preached the Massachusetts Election Sermon in 1648.^[73] After Allen's departure for England in 1651 the Charlestown congregation was without a teacher for eight years, during which the more conservative figure of Symmes had sole care, John Green being the ruling elder. With Cotton and Wilson he stood to the defence of the Colony's religious doctrines, which faced an immediate challenge from William Pynchon, prominent merchant and founding father of Springfield, a township under Bay Colony authority.^[74] Pynchon's treatise The Meritorious Price of our Redemption, printed in London in 1650,^[75] expressed his long-held views against the punitive aspect of the Calvinist teaching. If Christ's suffering had purchased the redemption of mankind from its inherent sin (he argued), it was not also a punishment upon Him (penal substitution) incurred by God's anger against the sins of mankind. Faced with this inflammatory heresy, a Boston court in session seized the whole print-run as it arrived, sent an immediate letter of denunciation to England, and set proceedings against Pynchon in motion. After he had partly acquiesced to a counterblast commissioned from John Norton,^[76] a plea by many English ministers that Pynchon should be treated leniently was answered by Cotton, Wilson, Symmes, Richard Mather and William Thompson,^[77] who attempted to show the severe actions of the court in a moderate light.^[78] The whole edition was publicly burned, and it soon became expedient for Pynchon to escape permanently to England, where he continued to publish his views.^[79]^[80]

Henry Dunster

The incursion of the Baptist heterodoxy into the Bay Colony by the administrations of John Clarke, Obadiah Holmes and John Crandall (out of Newport, Rhode Island) to William Witter at Lynn in 1651 was driven off with exemplary severity by the Boston court,^[81]^[82] with denunciations by John Wilson and John Cotton (who died in December 1652). The gaze of censure next fell upon Henry Dunster, President of Harvard College (1640–54), the Overseers fearing that his beliefs might corrupt the students under his tutelage.^[83] Dunster, who studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge (matriculated 1627, B.A. 1630/31, M.A. 1634),^[84] and was much influenced by the teaching of John Preston and Thomas Goodwin, had concluded that children ought not to be baptized until they became "visible believers", and withheld his own child from baptism. The Cambridge pastor Jonathan Mitchell (detecting his venom) made complaint. Dunster had correspondence with Symmes,^[85] and all the ministers appeared at a Boston Council of Disputation against him in February 1653/54 in which Symmes participated.^[86] Both as Overseer and parent Symmes had a personal interest: his son Zechariah junr. was a student at the college from April 1653 to October 1656.^[87] Dunster was subjected to a civil prosecution and tendered his resignation in October 1654.^[88]

What was admired of Symmes was expressed in 1654 in verse by Edward Johnson:

"Come Zachary, thou must re-edifie
Christ['s] Churches in this desart Land of his:
With Moses' zeale, stampt unto dust, defie
All crooked wayes that Christ['s] true worship misse;
With spirit's sword and armor girt about
Thou lay'st on load, proud Prelate's Crown to crack,
And wilt not suffer Wolfes thy flock to rout,
Though close they creepe, with sheepe skins on their back..."^[89]

It was therefore under Dunster's successor Charles Chauncy that the Elders of the Churches of Christ in New England (including Symmes) made their petition to Lord Protector Cromwell, that he should enlarge his "pious and princely heart and hand to the affording of more settled and comfortable subsisting and maintenance to our English College in Cambridge". They remarked that the Lord had set up his Highness, "Hezekiah-like", to be "a second founder (as it were) of the Universities and Schooles of Learning"; they feared, "least that vision should faile from amongst us by reason of the continuall wasting of the old stock of the Seers and Ministers of Christ in these partes, having no hopes of other supplyes, besides what is raysed out of one Colledge at Cambridge amongst us" (that one college being in a poor and mean condition, and its maintenance too great a burden for the people of the country to bear); "and lastly, because the education of the Indian youth in Piety and Learning, in our Indian Colledge, erected and annexed to our English Colledge, doth depend much upon the welfare, comfortable support, and instruction of the English".^[90]

Thomas Gould

The character of Symmes appears strongly in the narrative of Thomas Gould of Charlestown (a prominent citizen and associate of Dunster's), whose objections to infant baptism came to the fore in 1655.^[91] His account spans the whole period until 1665, throughout which Symmes led the denunciation against him, resulting at last in Gould's excommunication, his imprisonment and his gathering of the first Baptist Church in Charlestown.^[92] Gould having withheld his child from baptism, at a deferred church meeting to which he was summoned Symmes accused him of lying, and sought to proceed against him, but the accusation was disproved. At a meeting arranged for Gould to present his views, Symmes arrived with a written list of points in Scripture for Gould to answer, but this procedure was not in order: further, when Gould completed a sentence quoted by Symmes, Symmes angrily but mistakenly accused him of blasphemy, until others corrected him. However Symmes at first tried to keep Gould's affair out of court, and sought (unsuccessfully) to induce him to withdraw to avoid the admonition^[93] which was next delivered against him by Elder Green.^[94] Thus excluded by conscience from the communion, Gould thereafter attended meetings in Cambridge, and in June 1658 received a second admonition from Symmes directly (Elder Green having died), on the grounds of schism by departing from the covenant.^[95]

Quakers

The Ecclesiastical Assembly at Boston of June 1657, to which Symmes was called,^[96] addressed issues of the baptism and admission of children, but left an uneasy laxity (Sect. 10) concerning the Half-Way Covenant for the children of children covenanted in the name of their parents.^[97] Meanwhile, confronted by the arrival of several Quakers who were duly arrested and returned to England, in October 1656 the Bay legislature had enacted a severe law of exclusion against that "cursed sect of hereticks".^[98] These people followed a call to encourage and minister to Friends and sympathizers throughout New England, and found their way back into the Bay Colony through Providence or Barbados. During July and August 1657 Christopher Holder and his companion John Copeland carried their mission successfully through several townships, including Charlestown, until arrested in Salem, where they were imprisoned and whipped, and after further infractions had their right ears cut off.^[99] Their persistence despite repeated punishments inflamed the hostility of John Endicott, and cruel and cumulative penalties were meted out to all who succoured them.

The puritan legislature issued a demand to the Assembly of Rhode Island that measures be taken to prevent Quaker incursions into the United Colonies of the New England Confederation, which was stoutly rejected.^[100] Symmes's cousin James Cudworth of Scituate (who alone as a Commissioner had refused to sign this letter^[101]) was soon deemed to be a favourer of Quakers and was deprived of his military command and magistracy. In a letter to England of December 1658 he exposed this persecuting spirit of intolerance,^[102] and in 1660 was disfranchised of his freedom of Plymouth Colony as a subversive.^[103] Driven to make an example, Endicott in 1659 presided over the condemnation of William Robinson and Marmaduke Stephenson, and of Mary Dyer. During their trial and imprisonment awaiting execution, Zechariah Symmes and John Norton (who drew up articles of refutation) were deputed to attend Robinson and Stephenson "with religious conversation fitted for their condition",^[104] but it was John Wilson who shouted his denunciations at them in their march to the Boston scaffold.^[105] The Boston court, in self-justification, called them "felons de se" for their persistent breach of a known law.^[106]

Later ministry

Thomas Shepard, junr.

A letter of February 1657/58 from Ezekiel Rogers, pastor at Rowley, Massachusetts, lamenting the state of the world, expresses his affection for Symmes.^[107] The long absence of a Teacher at Charlestown was supplied in 1659 by Thomas Shepard (1635-1677), son of the lamented pastor of Cambridge. Shepard emerged from Harvard College in the class of 1653 and was chosen a Fellow in 1654, while the younger Zechariah Symmes was studying there.^[108] In the absence of an Elder, the Platform now provided for ordination by elders of other churches, if at the express desire of the church ordaining: having been admitted to Charlestown on 31 October 1658 by dismissal from Cambridge, he was accordingly ordained (with prayer and fasting) to the office of Teacher at Charlestown by the imposition of hands of Symmes, and of pastors John Wilson (Boston) and Richard Mather (Dorchester). John Norton (Teacher, Boston) gave him the right hand of fellowship in the name of Boston, Roxbury, Cambridge and Watertown, as Symmes carefully recorded:^[109] Shepard, who like Symmes was conservative in doctrine, remained with him thereafter, and the Charlestown church records are then mainly in his hand.^[110]

John Dury's Letter

The Restoration of the English monarchy transformed the position of New England towards the sovereign authority. In 1660 John Dury, whose great project was to pacify differences between Protestant denominations, wrote to the New England ministers, for whom John Norton composed the (Latin) reply.^[111] Symmes and his son (as Fellow of Harvard) were among the signatories. Commending his courage in so superhuman a cause,^[112] they offered fellowship with any church which professed the Gospel, the fundamentals of doctrine and the essentials of order.^[113] Having executed William Leddra (for refusing to leave the Jurisdiction) in March 1661, and condemned others, their treatment of Quakers was catalogued by George Bishop in 1661, who noted that their Charter did not empower them to make laws "repugnant to the Laws, Statutes and Ordinances of this Realm".^[114] There followed the royal Mandamus of 9 September 1661, addressed to Endicott and his ministers, against any corporal or capital sentence being carried out against Quakers: which, though it tempered the puritans' severity, did not weaken their purpose.^[115]

Boston Synod of 1662

Governor Endicott's court having appointed John Norton and Simon Bradstreet to present its address to the King in London and to negotiate the continued rights and privileges of the Colony,^[116] at the Boston Synod convened in March 1662 Zechariah Symmes was a senior figure among more than 70 clergy present. The agenda turned principally upon who were fit subjects for baptism, and on the consociation of churches.^[117] The June/July session, passing over objections to Congregationalism forwarded by Thomas Parker,^[118] prepared itself to accommodate what changes would be demanded of them. The King's declaration, issued 28 June (shortly after the beheading of Sir Henry Vane the Younger), upheld the Bay Colony's Charter, but in freedom of conscience, requiring no disadvantage for observation of the established Prayer Book, and admission for all leading upright lives to The Lord's Supper, and their children to baptism, though supporting sharp laws against the ungovernable Quakers.^[119] In England the Act of Uniformity (1662) came into force in August, and many non-subscribing ministers were ejected. Accordingly, in September the Halfway Covenant was re-formulated: in October the King's letter was brought into the Massachusetts Court, and Wilson, Mather, Symmes and John Allin entered with the Result of the Synod,^[120]^[121] for which they together wrote the preface in its published form.^[122]

The Baptists

In 1663 Zechariah Symmes junior was preaching in Rehoboth, Plymouth Colony, and sharing duties with John Myles,^[123] who in that year departed to found the First Baptist Church in Swansea. In the Bay Colony the Halfway Covenant, though fiercely opposed by John Davenport and others, made firm ground on which to oppose the Baptists, whose recalcitrant luminaries were particularly concentrated in Charlestown.^[124] Thomas Gould, deprived of the ordinances of the church but not yet formally excommunicated, was joined by friends from England and, supported by sympathizers, held private meetings.^[125] Gould and Thomas Osborne were called out: in a notable confrontation, Symmes senior questioned Gould's long absence and urged his excommunication. Gould maintained he was no schismatic, but had been excluded because he would not disavow his objection to infant baptism (i.e. to the doctrine of the heritable Elect Seed of righteousness) to gain readmittance, and remained upright in life and worship. When he suggested the arbitration of other ministers, Symmes asserted the authority of his own church to deal with him: but members of the congregation came to Gould's defence. Symmes moderated his demand to a further admonition, but this also was spoken against, and the meeting ended in confusion when it was found that Symmes's second admonition of Gould (of 1658) had not been in order and was unknown to the congregation.^[126] His perceived hostility towards Gould was draining his support from his own church.^[127]

Further admonitions in early 1664 failed to prevent Gould's continued meetings, and in May 1665 he and eight others formed a church, re-baptized, and signed articles, so instituting the First Baptist Church in Boston.^[128] The Charlestown church proceeded to excommunication in late June or July 1665, and in September–October Gould, Osborne and three others, having presented a confession of faith,^[129] came before the General Court and were condemned as schismatics and disfranchised of their freedom of the Colony, under threat of immediate imprisonment. But they continued to meet until April 1666, when being called before the grand jury at Suffolk County Quarterly Court they refused to pay fines and were imprisoned. In March 1668 Gould appealed to the Court of Assistants and the Suffolk County judgement was overturned, but then reinstated.^[130] Governor Bellingham then agreed to sponsor the Boston Debate of 14–15 April 1668, ostensibly to deliberate on their views, but (as the transcript reveals) intending to defeat or incriminate them.^[131] Jonathan Mitchel (Moderating) and Thomas Shepard challenged them at length: Symmes was present, but spoke only to say he thought Gould was very sinful. Gould and another were again imprisoned, and (despite a scandalous petition to free them^[132]) remained so until March 1669: being granted a brief release, they escaped to Noddle's Island, where they continued unmolested.

Death and legacy

In 1667 John Wilson died, and in 1669 Richard Mather followed him to their eternal reward. The church of Charleston sought to relieve Symmes of his labours, and approached John Oxenbridge for the ministry, who had often preached to them, but he succeeded Wilson at Boston.^[133] Zechariah Symmes died on 4 February 1671. He had dated his will on 20 January 1664/65. He left to his widow the use of all his worldly estate while she remained unmarried, and then to be divided among his children, having already provided portions for his daughters. Particular reference is made to his library (valued at £85.10s.03d.), which was left to Zechariah junr., including all his written books (manuscripts and notes of sermons), none of which he had ever prepared or intended for print, but which were in bound volumes, and which he asked might be loaned among his children at their desire. His lands, including the Charlestown dwelling-house, the farm near Woburn with land at Menotomy, the 300 acres in the Land of Nod, and several other parcels, were together valued at £460. His furniture and moveables (including library) were worth £681. He included a legacy of £5 to his brother William, "a small remembrance of his very great love and costs to us and ours". The will was proved 31 March 1672.^[134]

On 6 November 1672 the town voted that he should have a stone tomb, to be commissioned from "the stone cutter at Boston", for which the order was issued in February 1673.^[135] It bore an epitaph which is no longer legible, but which was observed by Cotton Mather, who recorded the lines:

"A prophet lies under this stone:
His words shall live, though he be gone."

He adds that it ought to have said, "Here lies the friend of Mr. Jeremiah Burroughs", for he has the letters Burroughs sent to Symmes on his coming to New England, in which Burroughs compares their love to that of David and Jonathan, as a sort of sworn brotherhood from their University days.^[136] Thomas Shepard succeeded fully to his ministry at Charlestown, and the meeting-house was largely refurbished soon afterwards.^[137] The pastor-poet Edward Taylor wrote an Elegy upon his death.^[138]

Sarah Symmes, with whom he had lived 49 years and 7 months, survived him, and her will was proved on 28 December 1676, to which their sons-in-law Thomas Savage and Edward Willis were executors.^[139] The deaths of Wilson, Mather and Symmes presaged the close of what has been called the "golden era of the Bible Commonwealth".^[140] As in Plymouth Colony the death of Thomas Prence ushered in more lenient times towards Quakers under Josiah Winslow, so Symmes's determined defence of his doctrines had played its part in shaping the future of the Baptist movement. His cousin James Cudworth, rehabilitated in his Plymouth military command, joined with Thomas Savage (whose first wife was Faith, daughter of Ann Hutchinson) leading the Massachusetts men, in their march to relieve Swansea in June 1675.^[141]

Mentioned in a witch-phobic sermon in 1692

More than two decades after his death, Symmes received a brief mention in the sermon Christ's Fidelity is the Only Shield Against Satan's Malignity delivered at Salem during the witchcraft trials of 1692. It contains an anecdote of prison visit by Symmes to a condemned woman.^[142]

Family

The children of Zechariah Symmes and Sarah, née Baker, are listed as follows:^[143]

A son, presumed. Born in London c. 1623.
Sarah Symmes, born London c. 1625. She married in 1650 to Revd. Samuel Haugh, who in that year became minister of Reading, Massachusetts. He died in 1662 leaving three daughters and a son Samuel. Sarah remarried to Revd John Brock of Reading in 1662: he died in 1688.
(Captain) William Symmes, baptized Dunstable, Bedfordshire, 1626/27. He married (1) unknown, who left a daughter Sarah, and (2) Mary, by whom he had four sons and two daughters. Living in Charlestown, he died suddenly in 1691 leaving his affairs in disarray, survived by his second wife.
Mary Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1628. She married Major Thomas Savage (c. 1607–1682) of Boston in 1652, as his second wife (the first was Faith Hutchinson). Thomas died in 1681/82 leaving three sons and a daughter by Mary, who survived him.
Elizabeth Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1629/30. She married Hezekiah Usher (1616–1676), bookseller of Boston, in 1652. One son and one daughter were born: both died in infancy. Usher died in 1676.
Huldah Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1630/31. She married William Davis, apothecary, merchant and selectman of Boston, as his second wife (the first was Margaret, daughter of William Pynchon). Their son Thomas married Hannah, daughter of Governor Leverett.
Hannah Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1632. Died early, unmarried.
Rebecca Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1633/34, married Humphrey Booth.
Ruth Symmes, born Charlestown, 1635, married Edward Willis in 1668.
(Revd.) Zechariah Symmes, jnr., born Charlestown, 1637/38. He married (1) in 1669, Susannah, daughter of Thomas Graves of Charlestown, by whom he had four daughters and three sons. Susannah dying in 1681, in 1683 he remarried (2) to Mehitable, daughter of Henry Palmer of Haverhill, Massachusetts, and widow of the Hon. Samuel Dalton of Hampton, New Hampshire. Zechariah became established as minister of Bradford, Massachusetts in 1668, where he died in 1707/08. He was succeeded there by his son,
- Thomas Symmes (1 February 1678 - 6 October 1725), graduate at Harvard 1698, minister of Boxford 1702–1708,^[144] who published Joco-Serious Dialogue on Singing (1723),^[145] and Historical Memoirs of the Fight at Piggwacket, 9 May 1725.^[146]
Timothy Symmes, born Charlestown, 1640; died 1641.
Deborah Symmes, born Charlestown, 1642. In 1664 she married Timothy Prout, as his second wife.
Timothy Symmes, born Charlestown, 1643. He married (1) in 1668, Mary Nichols, who died leaving an only child Timothy, which died soon afterwards. He remarried (2) in 1671 to Elizabeth Norton, by whom he had a son and two daughters. He died of smallpox in 1678.

References

^ 'Zechariah Symmes, 1634-1671', in W.B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, 9 vols (Robert Carter & Brothers, New York 1859-1869), Vol. I, pp. 47-48 (Hathi Trust).
^ J.A. Vinton, The Symmes Memorial: A Biographical Sketch of Rev. Zechariah Symmes (David Clapp & Son, Boston 1873) (Internet Archive).
^ 'Symmes or Sym, William', in J. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses Part I volume 4 (Cambridge University Press, 1927), p. 76 (Internet Archive). Clergy of the Church of England database, 'Syme, William', CCEd Person ID: 148989.
^ See under 'Pausson, Henry', in Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part I volume 3 (Cambridge University Press 1924), p. 321 (Internet Archive).
^ Church of England Clergy database, 'Pawson, Thomas (1560-1597)', CCEd Person ID: 73309.
^ C. Mather, 'The Life of Zechariah Symmes', in Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New England (Book III Chapter 21), First American Edition, 2 Vols (Silas Andrus, Boston 1820), I, at p. 415 (Google).
^ Mather, Magnalia, I, pp. 415-16.
^ Mather, Magnalia, I, p. 415.
^ Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, pp. 1-17, at p. 16 (Internet Archive).
^ J. Savage, Gleanings for New England History (Separate printing, 1843), at pp. 65-66 (Internet Archive): Issued also in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society Series 3 volume 8, pp. [243]-348.
^ 'Symmes, Zechariah' and 'Simmes, William', in Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part 1 volume 4, p. 76 (Internet Archive).
^ Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, p. 3 (Internet Archive).
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^ I.e., the First Epistle of John. Anne was affirming that those who love Christ will love one another.
^ Hutchinson, The History of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay (Thomas and John Fleet, Cornhill, Boston, 1767), Appendix II: 'November 1637, The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court in Newtown', pp. 482-520, at p. 493 (Internet Archive).
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^ E.McL. Turner, The English Ancestry of Thomas Stoughton, 1588-1661, and his son Thomas Stoughton, 1624-84, of Windsor, Conn. (Artcraft Press, Waterloo, Wisconsin 1958), at pp. 62-73. (Hathi Trust) Warning: the page sequence in this view is muddled. See Internet Archive version (Login only).
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^ J.F. Cooper, Jr., 'Anne Hutchinson and the "Lay Rebellion" against the Clergy', The New England Quarterly Vol. 61, No. 3 (Sep. 1988), pp. 381-397 (JStor - Login).
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^ Budington, History of the First Church, Charlestown, pp. 42-44 (Internet Archive).
^ T. Hutchinson, The History of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay (Thomas and John Fleet, Cornhill, Boston, 1767), Appendix II: 'November 1637, The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court in Newtown', pp. 482-520 (Internet Archive).
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^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Symmes, Zechariah" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part I vol 2 (Cambridge University Press 1922), p. 322 (Internet Archive).
^ Wonder-Working Providence, pp. 133-34.
^ S.E. Morison, The Founding of Harvard College (Harvard University Press 1995), pp. 210-27, at p. 218 (Google); Budington, History of the First Church, Charleston, pp. 44-45 (Internet Archive).
^ 'John Harvard (1607-1638)', Emmanuel College webpage. C.E. Wright, 'Harvard, John (1607–1638), educational benefactor', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).
^ Morison, The Founding of Harvard College, pp. 328, 402; J.L. Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Volume 1: 1642-58 (Charles William Sever, Cambridge Mass. 1875), Johnson reprint, I, p. 489 ff (Google).
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses Part I vol. 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 19 (Internet Archive].
^ R. Frothingham, The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts (Charles C. Little & James Brown, Boston 1845), p. 75, note 4 and p. 130 ff (Internet Archive).
^ The Christians two chiefe lessons viz. selfe-deniall, and selfe-tryall. As also the priviledge of adoption and triall thereof. In three treatises on the texts following: viz. Matt. 16.24. 2 Cor. 13.5. Iohn 1.12, 13. By T.H. (T. B[adger] for P. Stephens and C. Meredith, at the Golden Lion in S. Pauls Churchyard, London 1640). Full text at Umich/eebo (Reserved - Login only). See H. Stevens, Bibliotheca Americana (Whittingham and Wilkins, London 1862), p. 383 (Internet Archive).
^ Frothingham, The History of Charlestown, pp. 49-66 (Internet Archive).
^ C. Seaburg and A. Seaburg, Medford on the Mystic (Medford Historical Society, 1980). C. Brooks, The History of the Town of Medford (James M. Usher, Boston 1855), pp. 31-45 and pp. 78-93 (Internet Archive).
^ W.H. Whitmore, Charlestown Land Records, 3rd Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston (Rockwell & Churchill, Boston 1878), pp. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 18, 29, 32, 36, 39, 40, 43, 47, 49, 57, 64, 66.
^ Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, pp. 11-12, 15, pp. 22-23 (Internet Archive).
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses Part I vol. 1, p. 301 (Internet Archive).
^ S. Sewall, The History of Woburn, Middlesex County, Mass. (Wiggin and Lunt, Boston 1868), pp. 8-18, with sources there cited (Internet Archive).
^ Sewall, The History of Woburn, pp. 18-23 (Internet Archive). Wonder-Working Providence, pp. xcii-xcvi and pp. 175-81 (Internet Archive).
^ Frothingham, The History of Charlestown, pp. 110-12 (Google).
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^ W.H. Whitmore (ed.), The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts (Rockwell and Churchill, Boston 1890): 'The Body of Liberties of 1641', at pp. 29-68; 'Records of the Court of Assistants, 1641-1644', pp. xix-xliii (Google).
^ S. Gorton, Simplicities Defence Against Seven-Headed Policy. Or, Innocency Vindicated (Printed by John Macock, and are to be sold by Luke Fawne, at his shop in Pauls Church-yard, at the signe of the Parrot, London 1646): Reprint, ed. W.R. Staples, Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society Vol. II (Marshall, Brown & Company, Providence 1835), pp. 138-48 (Google)
^ R. Mather, An Apologie of the Churches in New-England for Church-Covenant... sent over in answer to Master Bernard, in the Yeare 1639 (T.P. and M.S. for Benjamin Allen, London 1643). Full text at Umich/eebo. (open) Also Mather's Church-Government and Church-Covenant Discussed (London 1643). Full text at Umich/eebo. (open).
^ J. Cotton, A Modest and Cleare Answer to Mr Balls Discourse of Set Formes of Prayer: Set forth in a most seasonable time, when this kingdome is now in consultation about matters of that nature, and so many godly long after the resolution in that point (R.O. and G.D. for Henry Overton, London 1642), responding to J. Ball, A Friendly Triall of the Grounds Tending to Separation, in a plain and modest dispute touching the lawfulnesse of a stinted liturgie and set form of prayer, Communion in mixed assemblies, and the primitive subject and first receptacle of the power of the Keyes (Roger Daniel printer to the Universitie of Cambridge; For Edward Brewster, London 1640). Full text at Umich/eebo. (open)
^ T. Shep(h)ard, A Treatise of Liturgies, Power of the Keyes, and of Matter of the Visible Church. (E. Cotes for Andrew Crooke, London 1653), Full text at Umich/eebo (open); replying to J. Ball, A Tryall of the New-Church Way in New-England and Old (T. Paine and M. Simmons, for Thomas Underhill, London 1644). Full text at Umich/eebo (open).
^ A letter of many ministers in old England requesting the judgement of their reverend brethren in New England concerning nine positions written Anno Dom. 1637: together with their answer thereunto returned, anno 1639 : and the reply made unto the said answer and sent over unto them, anno 1640 (Thomas Underhill, London 1643) at Umich/eebo (open).
^ R.S. Dunn, J. Savage and L. Yeandle (eds.), The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649 (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge Ma. 1996), pp. 268-69 (Google).
^ See Allen's published sermons, and three sermons on 3 John vs 33, "He that hath received his Testimony, hath set to his seal that God is true", in a small manuscript volume in the American Antiquarian Society, Mather family papers; F. Sypher, 'The "Dayly Obseruation" of an Impassioned Puritan: A Seventeenth Century Shorthand Diary Attributed to Deputy-Governor Francis Willoughby of Massachusetts', Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society New Series 91 (1981), pp. 92-107, at pp. 93-95.
^ T. Allen, A Chain of Scripture Chronology from the Creation of the World to the Death of Jesus Christ (Tho. Roycroft, to be sold by Francis Tyton and Nath. Ekins, London, 1659).
^ Mather, Magnalia, Book III Chapter II, (Boston 1820 edition), I, pp. 537-38 (Google).
^ Cooper, Tenacious of their Liberties, pp. 22, 23ff (Google).
^ J. Savage (ed.), The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 by John Winthrop Esq. 3 volumes (Thomas B. Wait and Son, Boston 1826), II, pp. 269-71, and pp. 330-31 (Internet Archive).
^ A Platform of Church Discipline Gathered out of the Word of God (Printed by S G at Cambridge in New England and are to be sold at Cambridge and Boston, 1649). Full text at Evans/tcp (open). See K. Arbour, 'The title-page of "A Platform of Church-Discipline" (Cambridge 1649) and the date of its printing', Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America Vol. 85 no. 2 (June 1991), pp. 175-79.
^ The Cambridge Platform of Church Discipline adopted in 1648 (Perkins and Whipple, Boston 1850), Chapter VI sect. 5 at pp. 57-58 (Hathi Trust).
^ Sermon VII: 'The Holy Ghost revealeth Christ's Righteousness', in T. Allen, The Way of the Spirit in bringing Souls to Christ (London, 1676) at pp. 190-220 (Google).
^ A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace, as it is dispensed to the elect seed, effectually unto salvation. Being the substance of divers sermons preached upon Act. 7. 8. by that eminently holy and judicious man of God, Mr. John Cotton, teacher of the church at Boston in N.E., prepared for the press with an Epistle to the Reader by Thomas Allen (London 1659). Full text at Umich/eebo (Reserved - Login only).
^ Whitmore, Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, pp. 29-68.
^ The Cambridge Platform of Church Discipline adopted in 1648, Chapter XVII, at pp. 82-85 (Hathi Trust).
^ R.W.G. Vail, 'A Check List of New England Election Sermons', Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, New Series 45 (1935), pp. 233-66, at p. 244 (American Antiquarian Society pdf).
^ 'Pynchon's Heresy', in H.M. Burt, The First Century of the History of Springfield. The Official Records from 1636 to 1736 (H M Burt, Springfield, Mass. 1898), I, pp. 79-125 (Internet Archive). Felt, Ecclesiastical History of New England, II, pp. 43-45 (Hathi Trust).
^ W. Pynchon, The Meritorious Price of our Redemption (London 1650), Copy (Internet Archive). Full text in Burt, First Century of the History of Springfield, I, pp. 89-121 (Internet Archive).
^ J. Norton, A Discussion of That Great Point in Divinity, the Sufferings of Christ (London, 1653). Full text at Umich/eebo. (Reserved - Login only).
^ Full text of letter in Burt, First Century of the History of Springfield, I, pp. 122-24 (Internet Archive).
^ S. Bush, Jr. (ed.), The Correspondence of John Cotton (Omohundro Institute/University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London 2001), p. 61 (Google).
^ A farther discussion of that great point in divinity the sufferings of Christ and the questions about his righteousnesse ... and the imputation thereof: being a vindication of a dialogue intituled (The meritorious price of our redemption, justification, &c.) from the exceptions of Mr. Norton and others: by William Pynchon (London, for the author, 1655). Full text at Umich/eebo. (Reserved - Login only). Also as The Meritorious Price of Man's Redemption, or, Christ's Satisfaction Discussed and Explained (Printed by R.I. for Thom. Newberry, London 1655). Full text at Umich/eebo. (Reserved - Login only).
^ D.M. Powers, Damnable Heresy: William Pynchon, the Indians, and the First Book Banned (and Burned) in Boston (Wipf and Stock, Eugene, Oregon 2015), at Google (preview): see pp. 105-06. S.H. Moore, Pilgrims: New World Settlers And The Call Of Home (Yale University Press, New Haven 2007), pp. 78-79 (Google).
^ D. Neal, The History of New England, 2 Vols (J. Clarke, R. Ford and R Cruttenden, London 1720), I, pp. 278-83 (Internet Archive).
^ J. Clarke, Ill Newes from New-England: or, A Narative of New-Englands Persecution (Henry Hills, London 1652), Reprint, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society Series 4 vol II (Crosby, Nichols & Co., Boston 1854).
^ J. Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, First President of Harvard College (James R. Osgood & Co., Boston 1874), pp. 101-69 (Internet Archive).
^ 'Dunstor, Henry' in Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part I vol. 2, p. 76 (Internet Archive).
^ G.H. Williams, First Light. The Formation of Harvard College in 1636 and Evolution of a Republic of Letters in Cambridge, Vol. I (2nd, revised edition) in R.L. Petersen (ed.), Divinings: Religion at Harvard: From its Origins in New England Ecclesiastical History to the 175th Anniversary of The Harvard Divinity School, 1636–1992 (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen/Boston Theological Institute, Newton, Ma., 2014), p. 194 (Google).
^ Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, pp. 289-301 (Internet Archive). Williams, First Light, p. 203 (Google).
^ Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates, p. 489 (Google).
^ Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, pp. 124-36 (Internet Archive).
^ Johnson, Wonder-Working Providence, p. 71 (Internet Archive). Punctuation modernized. The re-edification of the Temple was a main concern of the Old Testament Zechariah, while Zechariah of the New Testament was father of John the Baptist, type and antitype for the vocational identity of Zechariah Symmes.
^ J. Nickolls, jun., Original Letters and Papers of State, Addressed to Oliver Cromwell: concerning the affairs of Great Britain, from the year MDCXLIX to MDCLVIII: found among the political collections of Mr. John Milton (William Bowyer & John Whiston, London 1743), p. 151 (Google).
^ I. Backus, A History of New England, with Particular Reference to the Denomination of Christians Called Baptists, 2 vols (Edward Draper, for Phillip Freeman, Boston 1777), I, pp. 355-415 (Internet Archive). Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 151 no. 30 (Hathi Trust).
^ Gould's Narrative in Backus, History of New England, I, pp. 359-71 (Internet Archive).
^ Admonition was a formal step in Church discipline which opened the way to Excommunication. See 'Chapter V: The fourth Instruction', in R. Resbury, The Tabernacle of God with Men, or, The Visible Church Reformed (London 1649), pp. 71 ff (Google).
^ Backus, History of New England, I, pp. 359-66.
^ Budington, The History of the First Church, Charlestown, pp. 56-59 (Internet Archive).
^ 'The Half Way Covenant Decisions of 1657 and 1662', in W. Walker, The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1893), pp. 238-339, at p. 258 and pp. 288-300 (Internet Archive).
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 153-59 (Hathi Trust). Hubbard, A General History of New England, pp. 562-71 (Internet Archive).
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 148-49 (Hathi Trust)
^ C.F. Holder, The Holders of Holderness. A History and Genealogy of the Holder Family with especial reference to Christopher Holder (Author, California (1902)), pp. 20-148 (Internet Archive).
^ T.W. Bicknell, The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Vol. III (The American Historical Society, Inc., New York 1920), pp. 1024-25. (Hathi Trust)
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 170 (Hathi Trust).
^ R.P. Hallowell, The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts (Houghton, Mifflin & Co, Boston/Riverside Press, Cambridge 1883), pp. 162-172 (Internet Archive).
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 243-44 (Hathi Trust).
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 212-17, at p. 212 (Hathi Trust).
^ J. Besse, A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, from 1650 to 1689 (Luke Hinde, London 1753), Vol. 2, pp. 198-205 (Google).
^ Hubbard, A General History of New England, pp. 571-74 (Internet Archive).
^ Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, I, pp. 372-73 (Google). T. Gage, The History of Rowley (Ferdinand Andrews, Boston 1840), pp. 57-58 (Google).
^ Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates, pp. 327-335 and p. 489 (Google).
^ S. Sewell, 'Appendix to Brief Survey of Congregational Churches and Ministers in the County of Middlesex', in B.B. Edwards and W. Cogswell (eds), The American Quarterly Register Volume XII (February 1840), pp 234-53, at p. 244.
^ Frothingham, History of Charlestown, pp. 161-62 (Internet Archive).
^ S. Mather, An apology for the liberties of the churches in New England: to which is prefix'd, a discourse concerning congregational churches (T. Fleet, for Daniel Henchman, over-against the Brick Meeting House in Cornhill, Boston 1738), pp. 151-66. Full text at Evans/tcp.
^ They thought it impossible: "Which Task, whosoever shall effect, if we may be Judges, will deserve a more than ordinary Triumphant Statue; and whose Monument will so far excel the Trophies of Achilles, as if they were not worthy to be mentioned in the same Day." This is perhaps the only Puritan joke to have survived.
^ See Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 228 (date), and 344-45 (Hathi Trust).
^ G. Bishope, New England Judged, not by Man's, but the Spirit of the Lord: and the Summe Sealed up of New-England's Persecutions, being a brief relation of the sufferings of the people called Quakers in those parts of America from the beginning of the fifth moneth 1656 (the time of their first arrival at Boston from England) to the later end of the tenth moneth, 1660 (Robert Wilson, London 1661), p. 31. Full text at Umich/eebo (open).
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 281-88 (Hathi Trust).
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 288-90 (Hathi Trust).
^ Walker, Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism, p. 263-66 (Internet Archive).
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 293.
^ E. Hazard, Historical Collections: Consisting of State Papers, and Other Authentic Documents, 2 vols (1792-94), II, pp. 605-07 (Google).
^ Walker, Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism, pp. 265-70, and pp. 301-39 (Internet Archive); Felt, Ecclesiastical History II, 293-96, 299.
^ Propositions concerning the subject of baptism and consociation of churches, collected and confirmed out of the word of God, by a synod of elders and messengers of the churches in Massachusetts-Colony in New England. Assembled at Boston, ... in the year 1662 (Printed by Samuel Green for Hezekiah Usher at Boston in New-England, Cambridge Mass., 1662). Page view at Internet Archive (open). Full text at Evans/tcp (open).
^ B.R. Burg, Richard Mather of Dorchester (University Press of Kentucky, 2015), p. 152 (Google).
^ Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 387.
^ Frothingham, History of Charlestown, pp. 162-173 (Internet Archive).
^ 'Discipline of Thomas Goold' and 'Thomas Goold's own Narrative', in N.E. Wood, The History of the First Baptist Church of Boston (1665-1899) (American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia 1899), pp. 37-51 (Internet Archive).
^ 'Thomas Goold's own Narrative'.
^ A.L. Sweet, 'The Development of Local Religious Tolerance in Massachusetts Bay Colony', Master's Thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst 1991, (ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst pdf, pp. 35-48), at p. 41 (pdf p. 47).
^ Wood, First Baptist Church of Boston, pp. 55-64 (Internet Archive).
^ Wood, First Baptist Church of Boston, pp. 64-71 (Internet Archive).
^ Backus, History of the Baptists, I, pp. 371-80 (Internet Archive).
^ W.G. McLoughlin and M.W. Davidson, 'The Baptist Debate of April 14–15, 1668', Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 3rd Series, Vol. 76 (1964), pp. 91-133 (Jstor - Login).
^ Backus, History of the Baptists, pp. 380-82, & ff. (Internet Archive).
^ Frothingham, History of Charlestown, pp. 174-75 (Internet Archive).
^ Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, pp. 12-15 (Internet Archive).
^ Frothingham, History of Charlestown, p. 175 (Internet Archive).
^ Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 2nd edition, I,pp. 415-16 (Google).
^ Frothingham, History of Charlestown, p. 186 (Internet Archive).
^ W.B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit (Robert Carter and Brothers, New York 1857), p. 179 (Internet Archive).
^ Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, p. 16 (Internet Archive).
^ McLoughlin and Davidson, 'The Boston Debate', at p. 94.
^ G.M. Bodge, Soldiers in King Philip's War (G.M. Bodge, Boston 1891), pp. xi-xv, 7, 23, 146-48. (See also 3rd Edition (Bostohttps://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N00515.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltextn 1906), Digital Antiquaria.) Also inscription at the Myles Garrison House memorial, Swansea.
^ Evans Early American Imprints p.60. Phonetic spelling of his name.
^ Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, pp. 16-28 (Internet Archive).
^ J. Brown, A Funeral Sermon Preached at Bradford... after the Death of Thomas Symmes (Wm.B. Allen & Co., Newburyport 1816). Full edition at Google (open). Original 1726 edition has his advice to his children and to the members of his church.
^ T. Symmes, Utile Dulci. or, A Joco-serious Dialogue, concerning Regular Singing (B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish, Boston 1723). Full text at Evans/tcp (open).
^ (Sermon on the death of Capt. John Lovewell, 1725), see in F. Kidder, The Expeditions of Captain John Lovewell (Reprint, William Abbatt, New York 1909), pp. 22-36 (Internet Archive).

[1] 'Zechariah Symmes, 1634-1671', in W.B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, 9 vols (Robert Carter & Brothers, New York 1859-1869), Vol. I, pp. 47-48 (Hathi Trust).

[2] J.A. Vinton, The Symmes Memorial: A Biographical Sketch of Rev. Zechariah Symmes (David Clapp & Son, Boston 1873) (Internet Archive).

[3] 'Symmes or Sym, William', in J. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses Part I volume 4 (Cambridge University Press, 1927), p. 76 (Internet Archive). Clergy of the Church of England database, 'Syme, William', CCEd Person ID: 148989.

[4] See under 'Pausson, Henry', in Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part I volume 3 (Cambridge University Press 1924), p. 321 (Internet Archive).

[5] Church of England Clergy database, 'Pawson, Thomas (1560-1597)', CCEd Person ID: 73309.

[6] C. Mather, 'The Life of Zechariah Symmes', in Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New England (Book III Chapter 21), First American Edition, 2 Vols (Silas Andrus, Boston 1820), I, at p. 415 (Google).

[7] Mather, Magnalia, I, pp. 415-16.

[8] Mather, Magnalia, I, p. 415.

[9] Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, pp. 1-17, at p. 16 (Internet Archive).

[10] J. Savage, Gleanings for New England History (Separate printing, 1843), at pp. 65-66 (Internet Archive): Issued also in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society Series 3 volume 8, pp. [243]-348.

[11] 'Symmes, Zechariah' and 'Simmes, William', in Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part 1 volume 4, p. 76 (Internet Archive).

[12] Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, p. 3 (Internet Archive).

[13] 'First Independent Church in England', in W. Wilson, The History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches and Meeting Houses, in London, Westminster, and Southwark, 4 Vols. (Author, London 1808), I, pp. 36-50, at pp. 40-41 (Google).

[14] I.e., the First Epistle of John. Anne was affirming that those who love Christ will love one another.

[15] Hutchinson, The History of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay (Thomas and John Fleet, Cornhill, Boston, 1767), Appendix II: 'November 1637, The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court in Newtown', pp. 482-520, at p. 493 (Internet Archive).

[16] See also D.D. Hall (ed.), The Antinomian Controversy, 1636-1638: A Documentary History, pp. 322-23 (Google).

[17] W.F. Poole (ed.), Wonder-Working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England, by Captain Edward Johnson (Warren F. Draper, Andover 1867), Chapter XXXII, p. 70 (Internet Archive). (Original: Nathaniel Brooke, London 1654).

[18] 'Letter of James Cudworth of Scituate, 1634', (to Dr. Stoughton), in New England Historical and Genealogical Register 14 (1860), pp. 101-04; see also J.C. Whitebrook, 'Dr John Stoughton the Elder', Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society Vol. VI, no. 2 (October 1913), pp. 89-107, at pp. 104-07, continued in Vol. VI, no. 3 (February 1914), pp. 177-87, at pp. 177-78 (Internet Archive); also W.N. Sainsbury (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1574-1660 (Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, London 1860), p. 194, no. 39 (Internet Archive).

[19] E.McL. Turner, The English Ancestry of Thomas Stoughton, 1588-1661, and his son Thomas Stoughton, 1624-84, of Windsor, Conn. (Artcraft Press, Waterloo, Wisconsin 1958), at pp. 62-73. (Hathi Trust) Warning: the page sequence in this view is muddled. See Internet Archive version (Login only).

[20] R. Thompson, 'Stoughton, Israel', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).

[21] P. Collinson, J. Craig and B. Usher, Conferences and Combination Lectures in the Elizabethan Church: Dedham and Bury St Edmunds 1582-1590, Church of England Records Society Vol. 10 (Boydell Press, 2003), p. xciv and 'Biographical Register' pp. 252-55, at p. 253, fn. 2 and p. 254 and p. 255 (Google).

[22] Alumni Cantabrigienses Part I Vol. 4, p. 171 (Internet Archive).

[23] Wonder-Working Providence, p. 70.

[24] The Symmes Memorial, pp. 16-17.

[25] Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part I vol. 2 (Cambridge University Press 1922), p. 462 (Internet Archive).

[26] W.I. Budington, The History of the First Church, Charlestown: In Nine Lectures, with Notes (Charles Tappan, Boston 1845), pp. 20-21 (Internet Archive).

[27] J.K. Hosmer (ed.), Winthrop's Journal "History of New England" 1630-1649 Vol. I (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1909), p. 121 (Internet Archive). "Dealt with" here means "debated with".

[28] Thompson, R. "Nowell, Increase (bap. 1593, d. 1655), colonial administrator". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20379. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[29] W. Hubbard, A General History of New England, From the Discovery to MDCLXXX, 2nd Edition (Charles C. Little & James Brown, Boston 1848), pp. 190-91 (Internet Archive). Winthrop, Journal, I, p. 176 (Internet Archive).

[30] J.F. Cooper, Jr., 'Anne Hutchinson and the "Lay Rebellion" against the Clergy', The New England Quarterly Vol. 61, No. 3 (Sep. 1988), pp. 381-397 (JStor - Login).

[31] J. Winthrop, A Short Story of the Rise, Reign, and Ruin of the Antinomians, Familists, and Libertines that Infected the Churches of New-England (Thomas Parkhurst, London 1692). Full text at Umich/eebo. (open)

[32] Felt, Ecclesiastical History of New England, I, pp. 309-30 (Hathi Trust).

[33] Budington, History of the First Church, Charlestown, pp. 42-44 (Internet Archive).

[34] T. Hutchinson, The History of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay (Thomas and John Fleet, Cornhill, Boston, 1767), Appendix II: 'November 1637, The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court in Newtown', pp. 482-520 (Internet Archive).

[35] J.F. Cooper, jnr., Tenacious of Their Liberties: The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 51-52 (Google).

[36] L. Ziff, The Career of John Cotton: Puritanism and the American Experience (Princeton University Press, 2015),pp. 135-45 (Google), citing 'A Report of the Trial of Mrs Ann Hutchinson before the Church in Boston, March, 1638', Publications of the Prince Society XXI (1898), p. 292.

[apple-37] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Symmes, Zechariah" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.

[38] Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part I vol 2 (Cambridge University Press 1922), p. 322 (Internet Archive).

[39] Wonder-Working Providence, pp. 133-34.

[40] S.E. Morison, The Founding of Harvard College (Harvard University Press 1995), pp. 210-27, at p. 218 (Google); Budington, History of the First Church, Charleston, pp. 44-45 (Internet Archive).

[41] 'John Harvard (1607-1638)', Emmanuel College webpage. C.E. Wright, 'Harvard, John (1607–1638), educational benefactor', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).

[42] Morison, The Founding of Harvard College, pp. 328, 402; J.L. Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Volume 1: 1642-58 (Charles William Sever, Cambridge Mass. 1875), Johnson reprint, I, p. 489 ff (Google).

[43] Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses Part I vol. 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 19 (Internet Archive].

[44] R. Frothingham, The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts (Charles C. Little & James Brown, Boston 1845), p. 75, note 4 and p. 130 ff (Internet Archive).

[45] The Christians two chiefe lessons viz. selfe-deniall, and selfe-tryall. As also the priviledge of adoption and triall thereof. In three treatises on the texts following: viz. Matt. 16.24. 2 Cor. 13.5. Iohn 1.12, 13. By T.H. (T. B[adger] for P. Stephens and C. Meredith, at the Golden Lion in S. Pauls Churchyard, London 1640). Full text at Umich/eebo (Reserved - Login only). See H. Stevens, Bibliotheca Americana (Whittingham and Wilkins, London 1862), p. 383 (Internet Archive).

[46] Frothingham, The History of Charlestown, pp. 49-66 (Internet Archive).

[47] C. Seaburg and A. Seaburg, Medford on the Mystic (Medford Historical Society, 1980). C. Brooks, The History of the Town of Medford (James M. Usher, Boston 1855), pp. 31-45 and pp. 78-93 (Internet Archive).

[48] W.H. Whitmore, Charlestown Land Records, 3rd Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston (Rockwell & Churchill, Boston 1878), pp. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 18, 29, 32, 36, 39, 40, 43, 47, 49, 57, 64, 66.

[49] Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, pp. 11-12, 15, pp. 22-23 (Internet Archive).

[50] Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses Part I vol. 1, p. 301 (Internet Archive).

[51] S. Sewall, The History of Woburn, Middlesex County, Mass. (Wiggin and Lunt, Boston 1868), pp. 8-18, with sources there cited (Internet Archive).

[52] Sewall, The History of Woburn, pp. 18-23 (Internet Archive). Wonder-Working Providence, pp. xcii-xcvi and pp. 175-81 (Internet Archive).

[53] Frothingham, The History of Charlestown, pp. 110-12 (Google).

[54] Good News from New-England: with an exact account of the first plantation of that country (Printed by Matthew Simmons, London 1648), reprinted in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th Series volume I (Boston 1852), pp. 195-218, at pp. 211-14 (Internet Archive).

[55] W.H. Whitmore (ed.), The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts (Rockwell and Churchill, Boston 1890): 'The Body of Liberties of 1641', at pp. 29-68; 'Records of the Court of Assistants, 1641-1644', pp. xix-xliii (Google).

[56] S. Gorton, Simplicities Defence Against Seven-Headed Policy. Or, Innocency Vindicated (Printed by John Macock, and are to be sold by Luke Fawne, at his shop in Pauls Church-yard, at the signe of the Parrot, London 1646): Reprint, ed. W.R. Staples, Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society Vol. II (Marshall, Brown & Company, Providence 1835), pp. 138-48 (Google)

[57] R. Mather, An Apologie of the Churches in New-England for Church-Covenant... sent over in answer to Master Bernard, in the Yeare 1639 (T.P. and M.S. for Benjamin Allen, London 1643). Full text at Umich/eebo. (open) Also Mather's Church-Government and Church-Covenant Discussed (London 1643). Full text at Umich/eebo. (open).

[58] J. Cotton, A Modest and Cleare Answer to Mr Balls Discourse of Set Formes of Prayer: Set forth in a most seasonable time, when this kingdome is now in consultation about matters of that nature, and so many godly long after the resolution in that point (R.O. and G.D. for Henry Overton, London 1642), responding to J. Ball, A Friendly Triall of the Grounds Tending to Separation, in a plain and modest dispute touching the lawfulnesse of a stinted liturgie and set form of prayer, Communion in mixed assemblies, and the primitive subject and first receptacle of the power of the Keyes (Roger Daniel printer to the Universitie of Cambridge; For Edward Brewster, London 1640). Full text at Umich/eebo. (open)

[59] T. Shep(h)ard, A Treatise of Liturgies, Power of the Keyes, and of Matter of the Visible Church. (E. Cotes for Andrew Crooke, London 1653), Full text at Umich/eebo (open); replying to J. Ball, A Tryall of the New-Church Way in New-England and Old (T. Paine and M. Simmons, for Thomas Underhill, London 1644). Full text at Umich/eebo (open).

[60] A letter of many ministers in old England requesting the judgement of their reverend brethren in New England concerning nine positions written Anno Dom. 1637: together with their answer thereunto returned, anno 1639 : and the reply made unto the said answer and sent over unto them, anno 1640 (Thomas Underhill, London 1643) at Umich/eebo (open).

[61] R.S. Dunn, J. Savage and L. Yeandle (eds.), The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649 (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge Ma. 1996), pp. 268-69 (Google).

[62] See Allen's published sermons, and three sermons on 3 John vs 33, "He that hath received his Testimony, hath set to his seal that God is true", in a small manuscript volume in the American Antiquarian Society, Mather family papers; F. Sypher, 'The "Dayly Obseruation" of an Impassioned Puritan: A Seventeenth Century Shorthand Diary Attributed to Deputy-Governor Francis Willoughby of Massachusetts', Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society New Series 91 (1981), pp. 92-107, at pp. 93-95.

[63] T. Allen, A Chain of Scripture Chronology from the Creation of the World to the Death of Jesus Christ (Tho. Roycroft, to be sold by Francis Tyton and Nath. Ekins, London, 1659).

[64] Mather, Magnalia, Book III Chapter II, (Boston 1820 edition), I, pp. 537-38 (Google).

[65] Cooper, Tenacious of their Liberties, pp. 22, 23ff (Google).

[66] J. Savage (ed.), The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 by John Winthrop Esq. 3 volumes (Thomas B. Wait and Son, Boston 1826), II, pp. 269-71, and pp. 330-31 (Internet Archive).

[67] A Platform of Church Discipline Gathered out of the Word of God (Printed by S G at Cambridge in New England and are to be sold at Cambridge and Boston, 1649). Full text at Evans/tcp (open). See K. Arbour, 'The title-page of "A Platform of Church-Discipline" (Cambridge 1649) and the date of its printing', Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America Vol. 85 no. 2 (June 1991), pp. 175-79.

[68] The Cambridge Platform of Church Discipline adopted in 1648 (Perkins and Whipple, Boston 1850), Chapter VI sect. 5 at pp. 57-58 (Hathi Trust).

[69] Sermon VII: 'The Holy Ghost revealeth Christ's Righteousness', in T. Allen, The Way of the Spirit in bringing Souls to Christ (London, 1676) at pp. 190-220 (Google).

[70] A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace, as it is dispensed to the elect seed, effectually unto salvation. Being the substance of divers sermons preached upon Act. 7. 8. by that eminently holy and judicious man of God, Mr. John Cotton, teacher of the church at Boston in N.E., prepared for the press with an Epistle to the Reader by Thomas Allen (London 1659). Full text at Umich/eebo (Reserved - Login only).

[71] Whitmore, Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, pp. 29-68.

[72] The Cambridge Platform of Church Discipline adopted in 1648, Chapter XVII, at pp. 82-85 (Hathi Trust).

[73] R.W.G. Vail, 'A Check List of New England Election Sermons', Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, New Series 45 (1935), pp. 233-66, at p. 244 (American Antiquarian Society pdf).

[74] 'Pynchon's Heresy', in H.M. Burt, The First Century of the History of Springfield. The Official Records from 1636 to 1736 (H M Burt, Springfield, Mass. 1898), I, pp. 79-125 (Internet Archive). Felt, Ecclesiastical History of New England, II, pp. 43-45 (Hathi Trust).

[75] W. Pynchon, The Meritorious Price of our Redemption (London 1650), Copy (Internet Archive). Full text in Burt, First Century of the History of Springfield, I, pp. 89-121 (Internet Archive).

[76] J. Norton, A Discussion of That Great Point in Divinity, the Sufferings of Christ (London, 1653). Full text at Umich/eebo. (Reserved - Login only).

[77] Full text of letter in Burt, First Century of the History of Springfield, I, pp. 122-24 (Internet Archive).

[78] S. Bush, Jr. (ed.), The Correspondence of John Cotton (Omohundro Institute/University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London 2001), p. 61 (Google).

[79] A farther discussion of that great point in divinity the sufferings of Christ and the questions about his righteousnesse ... and the imputation thereof: being a vindication of a dialogue intituled (The meritorious price of our redemption, justification, &c.) from the exceptions of Mr. Norton and others: by William Pynchon (London, for the author, 1655). Full text at Umich/eebo. (Reserved - Login only). Also as The Meritorious Price of Man's Redemption, or, Christ's Satisfaction Discussed and Explained (Printed by R.I. for Thom. Newberry, London 1655). Full text at Umich/eebo. (Reserved - Login only).

[80] D.M. Powers, Damnable Heresy: William Pynchon, the Indians, and the First Book Banned (and Burned) in Boston (Wipf and Stock, Eugene, Oregon 2015), at Google (preview): see pp. 105-06. S.H. Moore, Pilgrims: New World Settlers And The Call Of Home (Yale University Press, New Haven 2007), pp. 78-79 (Google).

[81] D. Neal, The History of New England, 2 Vols (J. Clarke, R. Ford and R Cruttenden, London 1720), I, pp. 278-83 (Internet Archive).

[82] J. Clarke, Ill Newes from New-England: or, A Narative of New-Englands Persecution (Henry Hills, London 1652), Reprint, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society Series 4 vol II (Crosby, Nichols & Co., Boston 1854).

[83] J. Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, First President of Harvard College (James R. Osgood & Co., Boston 1874), pp. 101-69 (Internet Archive).

[84] 'Dunstor, Henry' in Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part I vol. 2, p. 76 (Internet Archive).

[85] G.H. Williams, First Light. The Formation of Harvard College in 1636 and Evolution of a Republic of Letters in Cambridge, Vol. I (2nd, revised edition) in R.L. Petersen (ed.), Divinings: Religion at Harvard: From its Origins in New England Ecclesiastical History to the 175th Anniversary of The Harvard Divinity School, 1636–1992 (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen/Boston Theological Institute, Newton, Ma., 2014), p. 194 (Google).

[86] Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, pp. 289-301 (Internet Archive). Williams, First Light, p. 203 (Google).

[87] Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates, p. 489 (Google).

[88] Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, pp. 124-36 (Internet Archive).

[89] Johnson, Wonder-Working Providence, p. 71 (Internet Archive). Punctuation modernized. The re-edification of the Temple was a main concern of the Old Testament Zechariah, while Zechariah of the New Testament was father of John the Baptist, type and antitype for the vocational identity of Zechariah Symmes.

[90] J. Nickolls, jun., Original Letters and Papers of State, Addressed to Oliver Cromwell: concerning the affairs of Great Britain, from the year MDCXLIX to MDCLVIII: found among the political collections of Mr. John Milton (William Bowyer & John Whiston, London 1743), p. 151 (Google).

[91] I. Backus, A History of New England, with Particular Reference to the Denomination of Christians Called Baptists, 2 vols (Edward Draper, for Phillip Freeman, Boston 1777), I, pp. 355-415 (Internet Archive). Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 151 no. 30 (Hathi Trust).

[92] Gould's Narrative in Backus, History of New England, I, pp. 359-71 (Internet Archive).

[93] Admonition was a formal step in Church discipline which opened the way to Excommunication. See 'Chapter V: The fourth Instruction', in R. Resbury, The Tabernacle of God with Men, or, The Visible Church Reformed (London 1649), pp. 71 ff (Google).

[94] Backus, History of New England, I, pp. 359-66.

[95] Budington, The History of the First Church, Charlestown, pp. 56-59 (Internet Archive).

[96] 'The Half Way Covenant Decisions of 1657 and 1662', in W. Walker, The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1893), pp. 238-339, at p. 258 and pp. 288-300 (Internet Archive).

[97] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 153-59 (Hathi Trust). Hubbard, A General History of New England, pp. 562-71 (Internet Archive).

[98] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 148-49 (Hathi Trust)

[99] C.F. Holder, The Holders of Holderness. A History and Genealogy of the Holder Family with especial reference to Christopher Holder (Author, California (1902)), pp. 20-148 (Internet Archive).

[100] T.W. Bicknell, The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Vol. III (The American Historical Society, Inc., New York 1920), pp. 1024-25. (Hathi Trust)

[101] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 170 (Hathi Trust).

[102] R.P. Hallowell, The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts (Houghton, Mifflin & Co, Boston/Riverside Press, Cambridge 1883), pp. 162-172 (Internet Archive).

[103] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 243-44 (Hathi Trust).

[104] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 212-17, at p. 212 (Hathi Trust).

[105] J. Besse, A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, from 1650 to 1689 (Luke Hinde, London 1753), Vol. 2, pp. 198-205 (Google).

[106] Hubbard, A General History of New England, pp. 571-74 (Internet Archive).

[107] Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, I, pp. 372-73 (Google). T. Gage, The History of Rowley (Ferdinand Andrews, Boston 1840), pp. 57-58 (Google).

[108] Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates, pp. 327-335 and p. 489 (Google).

[109] S. Sewell, 'Appendix to Brief Survey of Congregational Churches and Ministers in the County of Middlesex', in B.B. Edwards and W. Cogswell (eds), The American Quarterly Register Volume XII (February 1840), pp 234-53, at p. 244.

[110] Frothingham, History of Charlestown, pp. 161-62 (Internet Archive).

[111] S. Mather, An apology for the liberties of the churches in New England: to which is prefix'd, a discourse concerning congregational churches (T. Fleet, for Daniel Henchman, over-against the Brick Meeting House in Cornhill, Boston 1738), pp. 151-66. Full text at Evans/tcp.

[112] They thought it impossible: "Which Task, whosoever shall effect, if we may be Judges, will deserve a more than ordinary Triumphant Statue; and whose Monument will so far excel the Trophies of Achilles, as if they were not worthy to be mentioned in the same Day." This is perhaps the only Puritan joke to have survived.

[113] See Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 228 (date), and 344-45 (Hathi Trust).

[114] G. Bishope, New England Judged, not by Man's, but the Spirit of the Lord: and the Summe Sealed up of New-England's Persecutions, being a brief relation of the sufferings of the people called Quakers in those parts of America from the beginning of the fifth moneth 1656 (the time of their first arrival at Boston from England) to the later end of the tenth moneth, 1660 (Robert Wilson, London 1661), p. 31. Full text at Umich/eebo (open).

[115] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 281-88 (Hathi Trust).

[116] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 288-90 (Hathi Trust).

[117] Walker, Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism, p. 263-66 (Internet Archive).

[118] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 293.

[119] E. Hazard, Historical Collections: Consisting of State Papers, and Other Authentic Documents, 2 vols (1792-94), II, pp. 605-07 (Google).

[120] Walker, Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism, pp. 265-70, and pp. 301-39 (Internet Archive); Felt, Ecclesiastical History II, 293-96, 299.

[121] Propositions concerning the subject of baptism and consociation of churches, collected and confirmed out of the word of God, by a synod of elders and messengers of the churches in Massachusetts-Colony in New England. Assembled at Boston, ... in the year 1662 (Printed by Samuel Green for Hezekiah Usher at Boston in New-England, Cambridge Mass., 1662). Page view at Internet Archive (open). Full text at Evans/tcp (open).

[122] B.R. Burg, Richard Mather of Dorchester (University Press of Kentucky, 2015), p. 152 (Google).

[123] Felt, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 387.

[124] Frothingham, History of Charlestown, pp. 162-173 (Internet Archive).

[125] 'Discipline of Thomas Goold' and 'Thomas Goold's own Narrative', in N.E. Wood, The History of the First Baptist Church of Boston (1665-1899) (American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia 1899), pp. 37-51 (Internet Archive).

[126] 'Thomas Goold's own Narrative'.

[127] A.L. Sweet, 'The Development of Local Religious Tolerance in Massachusetts Bay Colony', Master's Thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst 1991, (ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst pdf, pp. 35-48), at p. 41 (pdf p. 47).

[128] Wood, First Baptist Church of Boston, pp. 55-64 (Internet Archive).

[129] Wood, First Baptist Church of Boston, pp. 64-71 (Internet Archive).

[130] Backus, History of the Baptists, I, pp. 371-80 (Internet Archive).

[131] W.G. McLoughlin and M.W. Davidson, 'The Baptist Debate of April 14–15, 1668', Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 3rd Series, Vol. 76 (1964), pp. 91-133 (Jstor - Login).

[132] Backus, History of the Baptists, pp. 380-82, & ff. (Internet Archive).

[133] Frothingham, History of Charlestown, pp. 174-75 (Internet Archive).

[134] Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, pp. 12-15 (Internet Archive).

[135] Frothingham, History of Charlestown, p. 175 (Internet Archive).

[136] Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 2nd edition, I,pp. 415-16 (Google).

[137] Frothingham, History of Charlestown, p. 186 (Internet Archive).

[138] W.B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit (Robert Carter and Brothers, New York 1857), p. 179 (Internet Archive).

[139] Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, p. 16 (Internet Archive).

[140] McLoughlin and Davidson, 'The Boston Debate', at p. 94.

[141] G.M. Bodge, Soldiers in King Philip's War (G.M. Bodge, Boston 1891), pp. xi-xv, 7, 23, 146-48. (See also 3rd Edition (Bostohttps://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N00515.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltextn 1906), Digital Antiquaria.) Also inscription at the Myles Garrison House memorial, Swansea.

[142] Evans Early American Imprints p.60. Phonetic spelling of his name.

[143] Vinton, The Symmes Memorial, pp. 16-28 (Internet Archive).

[144] J. Brown, A Funeral Sermon Preached at Bradford... after the Death of Thomas Symmes (Wm.B. Allen & Co., Newburyport 1816). Full edition at Google (open). Original 1726 edition has his advice to his children and to the members of his church.

[145] T. Symmes, Utile Dulci. or, A Joco-serious Dialogue, concerning Regular Singing (B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish, Boston 1723). Full text at Evans/tcp (open).

[146] (Sermon on the death of Capt. John Lovewell, 1725), see in F. Kidder, The Expeditions of Captain John Lovewell (Reprint, William Abbatt, New York 1909), pp. 22-36 (Internet Archive).

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+{{Short description|English Puritan clergyman (1599–1671)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
+[[File:Coat of Arms of Zachariah Symmes.svg|thumb|Symmes' [[coat of arms]]]]
-'''Zechariah Symmes''' (5 April 1599 [[Canterbury]] - 4 February 1671 [[Charlestown, Massachusetts]]) was an English [[Puritan]] clergyman who emigrated to the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in [[New England]] and became pastor of the [[First Church in Charlestown]], an office he held continuously from 1634 to his death in 1671. Although not one of the original Charlestown founders of 1629, on arrival in 1634 he swiftly found his place among them in the church they had convened two years previously. One of the many emigrant ministers who emerged from [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]], he was a close fellow-worker among the leading lights of the "[[Bible Commonwealths|Bible Commonwealth]]".
+'''Zechariah Symmes''' (5 April 1599, in [[Canterbury]] – 4 February 1671, in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts]]) was an English [[Puritan]] clergyman who emigrated to the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in [[New England]] and became pastor of the [[First Church in Charlestown]], an office he held continuously from 1634 to his death in 1671. Although not one of the original Charlestown founders of 1629, on arrival in 1634 he swiftly found his place among them in the church they had convened two years previously. One of the many emigrant ministers who emerged from [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]], he was a close fellow-worker among the leading lights of the "[[Bible Commonwealths|Bible Commonwealth]]".
 Having helped to formulate the laws by which the civil and ecclesiastical polity of the Colony were interwoven, throughout his long ministry he strongly upheld the conservative Puritan orthodoxy of his own Church, and of the [[Congregational churches|Congregational]] collective, against doctrinal threat or dissent. Even in his passage to America he was confronted with the [[Antinomianism]] of [[Anne Hutchinson]], and having urged and participated in the proceedings against her party which led to their banishment, he played an active part in the many unfolding controversies against the [[Baptists in the United States#History|Baptists]], the [[Quakers]], and other subversive tendencies. With Massachusetts Baptists in particular he had a long struggle as their leading protagonists during the 1640s and 1650s were members of his own church.<ref>'Zechariah Symmes, 1634-1671', in W.B. Sprague, ''Annals of the American Pulpit'', 9 vols (Robert Carter & Brothers, New York 1859-1869), Vol. I, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009320675;view=1up;seq=85 pp. 47-48] (Hathi Trust).</ref>
@@ Line 7: / Line 10: @@
 ==Origins==
-William Symmes, the father of Zechariah, matriculated from [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare Hall, Cambridge]] in 1577, and took B.A. in 1580/81 and M.A. in 1584. Becoming a Fellow of the college, he was ordained deacon and priest by the Bishop of Peterborough ([[Richard Howland]]) on 5 March 1586/87, and received the degree of [[Bachelor of Divinity]] in 1591.<ref>'Symmes or Sym, William', in J. Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'' Part I volume 4 (Cambridge University Press, 1927), [https://archive.org/details/p1alumnicantabri04univuoft/page/76 p. 76] (Internet Archive). Clergy of the Church of England database, 'Syme, William', [http://db.theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=148989 CCEd Person ID: 148989].</ref> Soon after ordination, around 1588 he preached at St Mary's church, [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]], in Kent, where Revd. Thomas Pawson<ref>See under 'Pausson, Henry', in Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'', Part I volume 3 (Cambridge University Press 1924), [https://archive.org/details/p1alumnicantabri03univuoft/page/320 p. 321] (Internet Archive).</ref> (who had been ordained by [[Matthew Parker]] in 1560) held the vicarage jointly with that of [[Ham, Kent|Ham]] in Kent (both Crown presentations) from 1564 until his death in 1597.<ref>Church of England Clergy database, 'Pawson, Thomas (1560-1597)', [http://db.theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=73309 CCEd Person ID: 73309].</ref> Pawson, who had known Symmes and his parents in his schooldays, informed him that his father (also William Symmes) and mother had been protestant in the time of [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]], and gave to the younger William a book of evangelical sermons which had belonged to the elder William and had been hidden in the Symmes house to avoid persecution. In December 1602 William junior recorded this information on the flyleaf of the book, and added the following remark: <blockquote>"I charge my sons Zachariah and William, before Him that shall judge the quick and the dead, that you never defile yourselves with any idolatry or superstition whatsoever, but learn your religion out of God's holy word, and worship God as he himself hath prescribed, and not after the devices and traditions of men."<ref>C. Mather, 'The Life of Zechariah Symmes', in ''Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New England'' (Book III Chapter 21), First American Edition, 2 Vols (Silas Andrus, Boston 1820), I, [https://books.google.dj/books?id=nOpHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA415#v=onepage&q&f=false at p. 415] (Google).</ref></blockquote>
+William Symmes, the father of Zechariah, matriculated from [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare Hall, Cambridge]] in 1577, and took B.A. in 1580/81 and M.A. in 1584. Becoming a Fellow of the college, he was ordained deacon and priest by the Bishop of Peterborough ([[Richard Howland]]) on 5 March 1586/87, and received the degree of [[Bachelor of Divinity]] in 1591.<ref>'Symmes or Sym, William', in J. Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'' Part I volume 4 (Cambridge University Press, 1927), [https://archive.org/details/p1alumnicantabri04univuoft/page/76 p. 76] (Internet Archive). Clergy of the Church of England database, 'Syme, William', [http://db.theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=148989 CCEd Person ID: 148989].</ref> Soon after ordination, around 1588 he preached at St Mary's church, [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]], in Kent, where Revd. Thomas Pawson<ref>See under 'Pausson, Henry', in Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'', Part I volume 3 (Cambridge University Press 1924), [https://archive.org/details/p1alumnicantabri03univuoft/page/320 p. 321] (Internet Archive).</ref> (who had been ordained by [[Matthew Parker]] in 1560) held the vicarage jointly with that of [[Ham, Kent|Ham]] in Kent (both Crown presentations) from 1564 until his death in 1597.<ref>Church of England Clergy database, 'Pawson, Thomas (1560-1597)', [http://db.theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=73309 CCEd Person ID: 73309].</ref> Pawson, who had known Symmes and his parents in his schooldays, informed him that his father (also William Symmes) and mother had been Protestant in the time of [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]], and gave to the younger William a book of evangelical sermons which had belonged to the elder William and had been hidden in the Symmes house to avoid persecution. In December 1602 William junior recorded this information on the flyleaf of the book, and added the following remark: <blockquote>"I charge my sons Zachariah and William, before Him that shall judge the quick and the dead, that you never defile yourselves with any idolatry or superstition whatsoever, but learn your religion out of God's holy word, and worship God as he himself hath prescribed, and not after the devices and traditions of men."<ref>C. Mather, 'The Life of Zechariah Symmes', in ''Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New England'' (Book III Chapter 21), First American Edition, 2 Vols (Silas Andrus, Boston 1820), I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nOpHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA415 at p. 415] (Google).</ref></blockquote>
 [[File:Dunstable,_The_Priory_Church_of_St_Peter_-_geograph.org.uk_-_147870.jpg|thumb|right|St Peter's Church, Dunstable]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 17: @@
 ==Emigration==
-Whether for reasons of continuing persecution, or for the insufficiency of the living of Dunstable, Symmes followed the call of [[Divine providence]] to New England with his family in 1634. He sailed in the ''[[Griffin (ship)|Griffin]]'' (which in the previous year had carried [[John Cotton (puritan)|John Cotton]] to the same destination), arriving in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] on 18 September. Among his fellow-travellers were the Revd. [[John Lothropp]] (who became pastor at [[Scituate, Massachusetts|Scituate]] and later at [[Barnstable, Massachusetts|Barnstable]], [[Plymouth Colony]]) together with some 30 of his congregation from the original English Independent Church in Southwark.<ref>Vinton, ''The Symmes Memorial'', [https://archive.org/details/symmesmemorialbi00vint/page/2 p. 3] (Internet Archive).</ref><ref>'First Independent Church in England', in W. Wilson, ''The History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches and Meeting Houses, in London, Westminster, and Southwark'', 4 Vols. (Author, London 1808), I, pp. 36-50, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e1sUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false at pp. 40-41] (Google).</ref>
+Whether for reasons of continuing persecution, or for the insufficiency of the living of Dunstable, Symmes followed the call of [[Divine providence]] to New England with his family in 1634. He sailed in the ''[[Griffin (ship)|Griffin]]'' (which in the previous year had carried [[John Cotton (puritan)|John Cotton]] to the same destination), arriving in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] on 18 September. Among his fellow-travellers were the Revd. [[John Lothropp]] (who became pastor at [[Scituate, Massachusetts|Scituate]] and later at [[Barnstable, Massachusetts|Barnstable]], [[Plymouth Colony]]) together with some 30 of his congregation from the original English Independent Church in Southwark.<ref>Vinton, ''The Symmes Memorial'', [https://archive.org/details/symmesmemorialbi00vint/page/2 p. 3] (Internet Archive).</ref><ref>'First Independent Church in England', in W. Wilson, ''The History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches and Meeting Houses, in London, Westminster, and Southwark'', 4 Vols. (Author, London 1808), I, pp. 36-50, [https://books.google.com/books?id=e1sUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA40 at pp. 40-41] (Google).</ref>
-During the passage Symmes and Lothropp conducted religious meetings in the great cabin of the ship, where Symmes formed an unfavourable opinion of [[Anne Hutchinson]], also a passenger, in whom (according to his later testimony) he perceived a secret opposition to the content of their ministry. They were (she thought) preaching a [[Covenant theology|Covenant of Works]], where Anne contended for a Covenant of Grace. Symmes, who in England had once or twice heard her slight the ministers of the Word, found her opinions corrupt and narrow in a discussion concerning a passage in St John, "that place in John concerning the love of the brethren",<ref>I.e., the [[First Epistle of John]]. Anne was affirming that those who love Christ will love one another.</ref> and she challenged him and said that "when they came to Boston there would be something more seen" than he had said, and that she had many things to say, but he "could not bear them now". On arrival at Boston he reported her for her views, and was called in to discuss the point at issue when she applied for admission to the church.<ref>Hutchinson, ''The History of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay'' (Thomas and John Fleet, Cornhill, Boston, 1767), Appendix II: 'November 1637, The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court in Newtown', pp. 482-520, [https://archive.org/details/historyofprovinc02hutc/page/492 at p. 493] (Internet Archive).</ref><ref>See also D.D. Hall (ed.), ''The Antinomian Controversy, 1636-1638: A Documentary History'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=of2S0mD5P5cC&pg=PA322#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 322-23] (Google).</ref>
+During the passage Symmes and Lothropp conducted religious meetings in the great cabin of the ship, where Symmes formed an unfavourable opinion of [[Anne Hutchinson]], also a passenger, in whom (according to his later testimony) he perceived a secret opposition to the content of their ministry. They were (she thought) preaching a [[Covenant theology|Covenant of Works]], where Anne contended for a Covenant of Grace. Symmes, who in England had once or twice heard her slight the ministers of the Word, found her opinions corrupt and narrow in a discussion concerning a passage in St John, "that place in John concerning the love of the brethren",<ref>I.e., the [[First Epistle of John]]. Anne was affirming that those who love Christ will love one another.</ref> and she challenged him and said that "when they came to Boston there would be something more seen" than he had said, and that she had many things to say, but he "could not bear them now". On arrival at Boston he reported her for her views, and was called in to discuss the point at issue when she applied for admission to the church.<ref>Hutchinson, ''The History of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay'' (Thomas and John Fleet, Cornhill, Boston, 1767), Appendix II: 'November 1637, The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court in Newtown', pp. 482-520, [https://archive.org/details/historyofprovinc02hutc/page/492 at p. 493] (Internet Archive).</ref><ref>See also D.D. Hall (ed.), ''The Antinomian Controversy, 1636-1638: A Documentary History'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=of2S0mD5P5cC&pg=PA322 pp. 322-23] (Google).</ref>
-Soon after his arrival Symmes was invited to assist in founding a church in a new place, but not wishing to distance himself from other ministers preferred to join a settled church, and, having been admitted to the church at Charlestown on 6 December, on 22 December 1634 he was granted the office of Teaching Elder, where Thomas James was pastor.<ref>W.F. Poole (ed.), ''Wonder-Working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England, by [[Edward Johnson (founder of Woburn, MA)|Captain Edward Johnson]]'' (Warren F. Draper, Andover 1867), Chapter XXXII, [https://archive.org/details/wonderworkingpro00john/page/70 p. 70] (Internet Archive). (Original: Nathaniel Brooke, London 1654).</ref> [[James Cudworth (colonist)|James Cudworth]], who had settled shortly before this in Scituate, referred to the arrival of his "cosson" Symmes there in a letter to his stepfather Dr. [[John Stoughton (priest)|John Stoughton]], active in the promotion of the emigrant ministry.<ref>'Letter of James Cudworth of Scituate, 1634', (to Dr. Stoughton), in ''New England Historical and Genealogical Register'' 14 (1860), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNz_Oy8mQQgC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 101-04]; see also J.C. Whitebrook, 'Dr John Stoughton the Elder', ''Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society'' Vol. VI, no. 2 (October 1913), pp. 89-107, [https://archive.org/details/transactionscong6191cong/page/104 at pp. 104-07], continued in Vol. VI, no. 3 (February 1914), pp. 177-87, [https://archive.org/details/transactionscong6191cong/page/176 at pp. 177-78] (Internet Archive); also W.N. Sainsbury (ed.), ''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1574-1660'' (Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, London 1860), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvsUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA194#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 194, no. 39] (Internet Archive).</ref> This kinship probably lay through Stoughton, whose brother Thomas had emigrated in 1630 to become founding minister of [[Dorchester, Boston]],<ref>E.McL. Turner, ''The English Ancestry of Thomas Stoughton, 1588-1661, and his son Thomas Stoughton, 1624-84, of Windsor, Conn.'' (Artcraft Press, Waterloo, Wisconsin 1958), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89066287962;view=1up;seq=62 at pp. 62-73.] (Hathi Trust) Warning: the page sequence in this view is muddled. See [https://archive.org/details/englishancestryo00turn Internet Archive] version (Login only).</ref> and whose brother [[Israel Stoughton]] (emigrated 1632) then represented Dorchester in the [[Massachusetts General Court]].<ref>R. Thompson, 'Stoughton, Israel', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004).</ref> Their father Thomas Stoughton (a dissenting minister) was a native of Sandwich in Kent, where he died in 1622.<ref>P. Collinson, J. Craig and B. Usher, ''Conferences and Combination Lectures in the Elizabethan Church: Dedham and Bury St Edmunds 1582-1590'', Church of England Records Society Vol. 10 (Boydell Press, 2003), p. xciv and 'Biographical Register' pp. 252-55, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sCrkK2WZ2A4C&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q&f=false at p. 253, fn. 2] and [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sCrkK2WZ2A4C&pg=PA254#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 254] and [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sCrkK2WZ2A4C&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 255] (Google).</ref> John Stoughton had been a senior Fellow at Emmanuel College while the Symmes brothers were studying there.<ref>''Alumni Cantabrigienses'' Part I Vol. 4, [https://archive.org/details/p1alumnicantabri04univuoft/page/170 p. 171] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+Soon after his arrival Symmes was invited to assist in founding a church in a new place, but not wishing to distance himself from other ministers preferred to join a settled church, and, having been admitted to the church at Charlestown on 6 December, on 22 December 1634 he was granted the office of Teaching Elder, where Thomas James was pastor.<ref>W.F. Poole (ed.), ''Wonder-Working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England, by [[Edward Johnson (founder of Woburn, MA)|Captain Edward Johnson]]'' (Warren F. Draper, Andover 1867), Chapter XXXII, [https://archive.org/details/wonderworkingpro00john/page/70 p. 70] (Internet Archive). (Original: Nathaniel Brooke, London 1654).</ref> [[James Cudworth (colonist)|James Cudworth]], who had settled shortly before this in Scituate, referred to the arrival of his "cosson" Symmes there in a letter to his stepfather Dr. [[John Stoughton (priest)|John Stoughton]], active in the promotion of the emigrant ministry.<ref>'Letter of James Cudworth of Scituate, 1634', (to Dr. Stoughton), in ''New England Historical and Genealogical Register'' 14 (1860), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JNz_Oy8mQQgC&pg=PA101 pp. 101-04]; see also J.C. Whitebrook, 'Dr John Stoughton the Elder', ''Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society'' Vol. VI, no. 2 (October 1913), pp. 89-107, [https://archive.org/details/transactionscong6191cong/page/104 at pp. 104-07], continued in Vol. VI, no. 3 (February 1914), pp. 177-87, [https://archive.org/details/transactionscong6191cong/page/176 at pp. 177-78] (Internet Archive); also W.N. Sainsbury (ed.), ''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1574-1660'' (Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, London 1860), [https://books.google.com/books?id=VvsUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA194 p. 194, no. 39] (Internet Archive).</ref> This kinship probably lay through Stoughton, whose brother Thomas had emigrated in 1630 to become founding minister of [[Dorchester, Boston]],<ref>E.McL. Turner, ''The English Ancestry of Thomas Stoughton, 1588-1661, and his son Thomas Stoughton, 1624-84, of Windsor, Conn.'' (Artcraft Press, Waterloo, Wisconsin 1958), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89066287962;view=1up;seq=62 at pp. 62-73.] (Hathi Trust) Warning: the page sequence in this view is muddled. See [https://archive.org/details/englishancestryo00turn Internet Archive] version (Login only).</ref> and whose brother [[Israel Stoughton]] (emigrated 1632) then represented Dorchester in the [[Massachusetts General Court]].<ref>R. Thompson, 'Stoughton, Israel', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004).</ref> Their father Thomas Stoughton (a dissenting minister) was a native of Sandwich in Kent, where he died in 1622.<ref>P. Collinson, J. Craig and B. Usher, ''Conferences and Combination Lectures in the Elizabethan Church: Dedham and Bury St Edmunds 1582-1590'', Church of England Records Society Vol. 10 (Boydell Press, 2003), p. xciv and 'Biographical Register' pp. 252-55, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sCrkK2WZ2A4C&pg=PA253 at p. 253, fn. 2] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=sCrkK2WZ2A4C&pg=PA254 p. 254] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=sCrkK2WZ2A4C&pg=PA255 p. 255] (Google).</ref> John Stoughton had been a senior Fellow at Emmanuel College while the Symmes brothers were studying there.<ref>''Alumni Cantabrigienses'' Part I Vol. 4, [https://archive.org/details/p1alumnicantabri04univuoft/page/170 p. 171] (Internet Archive).</ref>
 [[Edward Johnson (founder of Woburn, MA)|Edward Johnson]] remarked that Mrs Sarah Symmes, 'indued by Christ with graces fit for a Wildernesse condition, her courage exceeding her stature, with much cheerfulnesse did undergoe all the difficulties of these times of straites, her God through Faith in Christ supplying all her wants with great industry, nurturing up her young children in the feare of the Lord'.<ref>''Wonder-Working Providence'', p. 70.</ref> Her children baptized in Charlestown were Ruth (1635), Zechariah (1637/38), Timothy (1640, died 1641), Deborah (1642) and Timothy (1643).<ref>''The Symmes Memorial'', pp. 16-17.</ref>
@@ Line 26: / Line 30: @@
 ;Antinomians
-Symmes was without a formal assistant as preacher at Charlestown during the controversies of 1636-1637, which developed through the differences between John Wilson and John Cotton in Boston over the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace, and the objections (raised by [[Thomas Shepard (minister)|Thomas Shepard]], pastor of Newtown ([[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]) and others of the wider ministry) against aspects of Cotton's teaching of "free grace", from which the Antinomians had drawn considerable strength.<ref>J.F. Cooper, Jr., 'Anne Hutchinson and the "Lay Rebellion" against the Clergy', ''The New England Quarterly'' Vol. 61, No. 3 (Sep. 1988), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/366286?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents pp. 381-397] (JStor - Login).</ref> The rise in the followings of Anne Hutchinson and her marital kinsman [[John Wheelwright]] posed a great threat to the foundational values of the Colony plantation. This was the context for the condemnation of their opinions at the Assembly of the Churches at Newtown (Cambridge), on 30 August 1637,<ref>J. Winthrop, ''A Short Story of the Rise, Reign, and Ruin of the Antinomians, Familists, and Libertines that Infected the Churches of New-England'' (Thomas Parkhurst, London 1692). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A65392.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (open)</ref> and the subsequent hearings and trials by which they were driven from the Colony.<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History of New England'', I, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415194;view=1up;seq=323 pp. 309-30] (Hathi Trust).</ref> John Cotton was brought into conference with the Assembly to disentangle the teachings which had led many (including [[Harry Vane the Younger|Governor Vane]]) to oppose John Wilson, and at its close in late September 1637 [[John Davenport (minister)|John Davenport]], newly arrived from England, was invited to preach.<ref>Budington, ''History of the First Church, Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstch00budin/page/42 pp. 42-44] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+Symmes was without a formal assistant as preacher at Charlestown during the controversies of 1636–1637, which developed through the differences between John Wilson and John Cotton in Boston over the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace, and the objections (raised by [[Thomas Shepard (minister)|Thomas Shepard]], pastor of Newtown ([[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]) and others of the wider ministry) against aspects of Cotton's teaching of "free grace", from which the Antinomians had drawn considerable strength.<ref>J.F. Cooper, Jr., 'Anne Hutchinson and the "Lay Rebellion" against the Clergy', ''The New England Quarterly'' Vol. 61, No. 3 (Sep. 1988), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/366286?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents pp. 381-397] (JStor - Login).</ref> The rise in the followings of Anne Hutchinson and her marital kinsman [[John Wheelwright]] posed a great threat to the foundational values of the Colony plantation. This was the context for the condemnation of their opinions at the Assembly of the Churches at Newtown (Cambridge), on 30 August 1637,<ref>J. Winthrop, ''A Short Story of the Rise, Reign, and Ruin of the Antinomians, Familists, and Libertines that Infected the Churches of New-England'' (Thomas Parkhurst, London 1692). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A65392.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (open)</ref> and the subsequent hearings and trials by which they were driven from the Colony.<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History of New England'', I, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415194;view=1up;seq=323 pp. 309-30] (Hathi Trust).</ref> John Cotton was brought into conference with the Assembly to disentangle the teachings which had led many (including [[Harry Vane the Younger|Governor Vane]]) to oppose John Wilson, and at its close in late September 1637 [[John Davenport (minister)|John Davenport]], newly arrived from England, was invited to preach.<ref>Budington, ''History of the First Church, Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstch00budin/page/42 pp. 42-44] (Internet Archive).</ref>
-At the examination of Anne Hutchinson at Newtown in November 1637, Symmes's questions and testimony carried significant weight.<ref>T. Hutchinson, ''The History of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay'' (Thomas and John Fleet, Cornhill, Boston, 1767), Appendix II: 'November 1637, The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court in Newtown', [https://archive.org/details/historyofprovinc02hutc/page/482 pp. 482-520] (Internet Archive).</ref> At her first church trial Symmes showed his impatience with her sympathizers, remarking: "I am much grieved that so many in the congregation should stand up and declare themselves unwilling that Mrs Hutchinson should be proceeded against for such errors." For this John Davenport reproved him, reminding him that the congregation must be persuaded of the rightness of their proceedings.<ref>J.F. Cooper, jnr., ''Tenacious of Their Liberties: The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts'' (Oxford University Press, 2002), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MjMVZywaqZAC&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 51-52] (Google).</ref> At interviews leading to this, and to her second church trial in Boston in March 1638, Symmes pressed hard to carry the judgement against her.<ref>L. Ziff, ''The Career of John Cotton: Puritanism and the American Experience'' (Princeton University Press, 2015),[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fCbWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 135-45] (Google), citing 'A Report of the Trial of Mrs Ann Hutchinson before the Church in Boston, March, 1638', ''Publications of the Prince Society'' XXI (1898), p. 292.</ref><ref name="apple">{{Appletons'|wstitle = Symmes, Zechariah}}</ref>
+At the examination of Anne Hutchinson at Newtown in November 1637, Symmes's questions and testimony carried significant weight.<ref>T. Hutchinson, ''The History of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay'' (Thomas and John Fleet, Cornhill, Boston, 1767), Appendix II: 'November 1637, The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court in Newtown', [https://archive.org/details/historyofprovinc02hutc/page/482 pp. 482-520] (Internet Archive).</ref> At her first church trial Symmes showed his impatience with her sympathizers, remarking: "I am much grieved that so many in the congregation should stand up and declare themselves unwilling that Mrs Hutchinson should be proceeded against for such errors." For this John Davenport reproved him, reminding him that the congregation must be persuaded of the rightness of their proceedings.<ref>J.F. Cooper, jnr., ''Tenacious of Their Liberties: The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts'' (Oxford University Press, 2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=MjMVZywaqZAC&pg=PA51 pp. 51-52] (Google).</ref> At interviews leading to this, and to her second church trial in Boston in March 1638, Symmes pressed hard to carry the judgement against her.<ref>L. Ziff, ''The Career of John Cotton: Puritanism and the American Experience'' (Princeton University Press, 2015),[https://books.google.com/books?id=fCbWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 pp. 135-45] (Google), citing 'A Report of the Trial of Mrs Ann Hutchinson before the Church in Boston, March, 1638', ''Publications of the Prince Society'' XXI (1898), p. 292.</ref><ref name="apple">{{Appletons'|wstitle = Symmes, Zechariah}}</ref>
 ;John Harvard
-During these events [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], who had newly graduated from Emmanuel College,<ref>Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'', Part I vol 2 (Cambridge University Press 1922), [https://archive.org/details/alumnicantabrigipt1vol2univiala/page/322 p. 322] (Internet Archive).</ref> arrived in Charlestown, was admitted a townsman on 1 August 1637, and to the church on 6 November. He assisted Symmes as preacher for a time, and the strong affection of his preaching is noted by Edward Johnson,<ref>''Wonder-Working Providence'', [https://archive.org/details/wonderworkingpro00john/page/132 pp. 133-34].</ref> though there is no record of his ordination. In April 1638 he, together with Increase Nowell, Zechariah Symmes and three others, were chosen by the townspeople to formulate a preliminary body of laws for the town, in response to the invitation of the General Court to draft "such necessary and fundamentall lawes as may bee sutable".<ref>S.E. Morison, ''The Founding of Harvard College'' (Harvard University Press 1995), pp. 210-27, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PQMdzhnfaSwC&pg=PA218#v=onepage&q&f=false at p. 218] (Google); Budington, ''History of the First Church, Charleston'', [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstch00budin/page/44 pp. 44-45] (Internet Archive).</ref> However on 14 September 1638 Harvard died of consumption, and gained his worldly immortality by leaving nearly £780, half his estate, together with his valuable library, towards the foundation of the [[Harvard University|College or School at Cambridge, Massachusetts]] which bears his name, for training young men for the ministry. Although accounts of the foundation emphasize the role of Thomas Shepard, who had advocated the project since 1636,<ref>'John Harvard (1607-1638)', [https://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/about/history/famous/?id=4 Emmanuel College webpage]. C.E. Wright, 'Harvard, John (1607–1638), educational benefactor', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004).</ref> for many years Symmes was an Overseer of the College, which arose only a short distance from Charlestown, and his son Zechariah was among its early graduates and Fellows.<ref>Morison, ''The Founding of Harvard College'', pp. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PQMdzhnfaSwC&pg=PA328#v=onepage&q&f=false 328], 402; J.L. Sibley, ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts'', Volume 1: 1642-58 (Charles William Sever, Cambridge Mass. 1875), Johnson reprint, I, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Qx-h5AqB3BgC&pg=PA489#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 489 ff] (Google).</ref>
+During these events [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], who had newly graduated from Emmanuel College,<ref>Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'', Part I vol 2 (Cambridge University Press 1922), [https://archive.org/details/alumnicantabrigipt1vol2univiala/page/322 p. 322] (Internet Archive).</ref> arrived in Charlestown, was admitted a townsman on 1 August 1637, and to the church on 6 November. He assisted Symmes as preacher for a time, and the strong affection of his preaching is noted by Edward Johnson,<ref>''Wonder-Working Providence'', [https://archive.org/details/wonderworkingpro00john/page/132 pp. 133-34].</ref> though there is no record of his ordination. In April 1638 he, together with Increase Nowell, Zechariah Symmes and three others, were chosen by the townspeople to formulate a preliminary body of laws for the town, in response to the invitation of the General Court to draft "such necessary and fundamentall lawes as may bee sutable".<ref>S.E. Morison, ''The Founding of Harvard College'' (Harvard University Press 1995), pp. 210-27, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PQMdzhnfaSwC&pg=PA218 at p. 218] (Google); Budington, ''History of the First Church, Charleston'', [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstch00budin/page/44 pp. 44-45] (Internet Archive).</ref> However, on 14 September 1638 Harvard died of consumption, and gained his worldly immortality by leaving nearly £780, half his estate, together with his valuable library, towards the foundation of the [[Harvard University|College or School at Cambridge, Massachusetts]] which bears his name, for training young men for the ministry. Although accounts of the foundation emphasize the role of Thomas Shepard, who had advocated the project since 1636,<ref>'John Harvard (1607-1638)', [https://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/about/history/famous/?id=4 Emmanuel College webpage]. C.E. Wright, 'Harvard, John (1607–1638), educational benefactor', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004).</ref> for many years Symmes was an Overseer of the college, which arose only a short distance from Charlestown, and his son Zechariah was among its early graduates and Fellows.<ref>Morison, ''The Founding of Harvard College'', pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PQMdzhnfaSwC&pg=PA328 328], 402; J.L. Sibley, ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts'', Volume 1: 1642-58 (Charles William Sever, Cambridge Mass. 1875), Johnson reprint, I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx-h5AqB3BgC&pg=PA489 p. 489 ff] (Google).</ref>
 ;Appointment of Thomas Allen, 1639
-The vacancy left by Harvard's death was supplied by [[Thomas Allen (nonconformist)|Thomas Allen]], a graduate of [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], ordained in March 1633/34, who had a ministry in his home city of [[Norwich]] until silenced by [[Matthew Wren|Bishop Wren]] in 1636 for nonconformism.<ref>Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'' Part I vol. 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1922), [https://archive.org/details/alumnicantabrigipt1vol1univiala/page/18 p. 19] (Internet Archive].</ref> Having arrived at Boston in 1638, he married John Harvard's widow and became administrator of his will. At first admitted to the Boston church, with the support of the Charlestown congregation he obtained dismissal from it in June 1639. The General Court had granted him 500 acres in Charlestown in the May preceding, and he was received into the Charlestown church in the December following.<ref>R. Frothingham, ''The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts'' (Charles C. Little & James Brown, Boston 1845), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8bNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 75, note 4] and [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/130 p. 130 ff] (Internet Archive).</ref> Then or soon afterwards he became its Teacher, and remained co-worker with Symmes until he returned to England in 1651. At about this time Symmes contributed his ''Letter of Dedication'' (to Lady Anna Wake, widow of Sir [[Isaac Wake]]) to the publication of [[Thomas Hooker]]'s ''The Christians Two Chiefe Lessons, viz. Selfe-Deniall, and Selfe-Tryall'', published in 1640.<ref>''The Christians two chiefe lessons viz. selfe-deniall, and selfe-tryall. As also the priviledge of adoption and triall thereof. In three treatises on the texts following: viz. Matt. 16.24. 2 Cor. 13.5. Iohn 1.12, 13. By T.H.'' (T. B[adger] for P. Stephens and C. Meredith, at the Golden Lion in S. Pauls Churchyard, London 1640). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A03599.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo] (Reserved - Login only). See H. Stevens, ''Bibliotheca Americana'' (Whittingham and Wilkins, London 1862), [https://archive.org/details/historicalnugget01stevrich/page/382 p. 383] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+The vacancy left by Harvard's death was supplied by [[Thomas Allen (nonconformist)|Thomas Allen]], a graduate of [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], ordained in March 1633/34, who had a ministry in his home city of [[Norwich]] until silenced by [[Matthew Wren|Bishop Wren]] in 1636 for nonconformism.<ref>Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'' Part I vol. 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1922), [https://archive.org/details/alumnicantabrigipt1vol1univiala/page/18 p. 19] (Internet Archive].</ref> Having arrived at Boston in 1638, he married John Harvard's widow and became administrator of his will. At first admitted to the Boston church, with the support of the Charlestown congregation he obtained dismissal from it in June 1639. The General Court had granted him 500 acres in Charlestown in the May preceding, and he was received into the Charlestown church in the December following.<ref>R. Frothingham, ''The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts'' (Charles C. Little & James Brown, Boston 1845), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA75 p. 75, note 4] and [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/130 p. 130 ff] (Internet Archive).</ref> Then or soon afterwards he became its Teacher, and remained co-worker with Symmes until he returned to England in 1651. At about this time Symmes contributed his ''Letter of Dedication'' (to Lady Anna Wake, widow of Sir [[Isaac Wake]]) to the publication of [[Thomas Hooker]]'s ''The Christians Two Chiefe Lessons, viz. Selfe-Deniall, and Selfe-Tryall'', published in 1640.<ref>''The Christians two chiefe lessons viz. selfe-deniall, and selfe-tryall. As also the priviledge of adoption and triall thereof. In three treatises on the texts following: viz. Matt. 16.24. 2 Cor. 13.5. Iohn 1.12, 13. By T.H.'' (T. B[adger] for P. Stephens and C. Meredith, at the Golden Lion in S. Pauls Churchyard, London 1640). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A03599.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo] (Reserved - Login only). See H. Stevens, ''Bibliotheca Americana'' (Whittingham and Wilkins, London 1862), [https://archive.org/details/historicalnugget01stevrich/page/382 p. 383] (Internet Archive).</ref>
 ==Foundation of Woburn==
@@ Line 44: / Line 48: @@
 The commissioners obtained leave to have public worship at the village, and Symmes preached the first sermon at the village on 21 November 1641 ("Break up your fallow ground, and sow not among thorns" - Jeremiah IV v. 3): Carter preached on 5 December. Over the next months he continued to encourage them. The settlers obtained dismissal from Charlestown in June 1642, and in August the Woburn congregation was solemnly gathered in the presence of the leading ministers of Massachusetts. Zechariah Symmes continued between four and five hours in praying and preaching, after which the elders made their formal declarations and covenant to welcome the new church. The town of Woburn was incorporated at the end of September 1642. Thomas Carter was ordained their pastor in November, in the presence of the same assembled ministers, by the [[laying on of hands]] by two laymen: since the church had no elders of its own, other elders present might have performed it, but they chose to avoid any suggestion of a [[Classis (ecclesiastical)|presbytery]] or [[Dependency (religion)|dependency]] of churches.<ref>Sewall, ''The History of Woburn'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofwoburnm00sewa/page/18 pp. 18-23] (Internet Archive). ''Wonder-Working Providence'', [https://archive.org/details/wonderworkingpro00john/page/n109 pp. xcii-xcvi] and [https://archive.org/details/wonderworkingpro00john/page/174 pp. 175-81] (Internet Archive).</ref> Carter was pastor until his death in 1684.
-Certain "remote lands" mentioned in the 1640 petition, commonly called "The [[Land of Nod]]", lay to the north of Woburn, and although all was laid under the municipal authority of the new town, the more remote part of this tract was granted to Charlestown proprietors. Of these lands Zechariah Symmes and Thomas Allen were each allotted 300 acres in 1643, though they were not laid out until 1650. Meanwhile, a town boundary dispute arose between Charlestown and Woburn, which in 1650/51 was settled to lie along the property boundaries of the farms of Increase Nowell, Zechariah Symmes and Edward Convers.<ref>Frothingham, ''The History of Charlestown'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8bNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 110-12] (Google).</ref>
+Certain "remote lands" mentioned in the 1640 petition, commonly called "The [[Land of Nod]]", lay to the north of Woburn, and although all was laid under the municipal authority of the new town, the more remote part of this tract was granted to Charlestown proprietors. Of these lands Zechariah Symmes and Thomas Allen were each allotted 300 acres in 1643, though they were not laid out until 1650. Meanwhile, a town boundary dispute arose between Charlestown and Woburn, which in 1650/51 was settled to lie along the property boundaries of the farms of Increase Nowell, Zechariah Symmes and Edward Convers.<ref>Frothingham, ''The History of Charlestown'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA110 pp. 110-12] (Google).</ref>
 ==Unfolding controversies==
@@ Line 50: / Line 54: @@
 ;Samuel Gorton
-The Colony's incursion into [[Warwick, Rhode Island|Shawomet]] in the [[Narragansett people|Narragansett]] lands south of Pawtuxet for the capture of [[Samuel Gorton]] and his associates, led to Gorton himself being imprisoned in Charlestown; there, in 1643, having narrowly avoided a death sentence, Gorton was put to labour in chains, yet contrived to demand of his captors and their ministers an exposition of the locusts of the [[Seven trumpets|Fifth trumpet]] of the [[Book of Revelation]].<ref>S. Gorton, ''Simplicities Defence Against Seven-Headed Policy. Or, Innocency Vindicated'' (Printed by John Macock, and are to be sold by Luke Fawne, at his shop in Pauls Church-yard, at the signe of the Parrot, London 1646): Reprint, ed. W.R. Staples, ''Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society'' Vol. II (Marshall, Brown & Company, Providence 1835), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZgbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 138-48] (Google)</ref> Being expelled, Gorton's appeal to [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick|Robert Rich]] in London established Warwick and defeated the Massachusetts Colony's claim.
+The Colony's incursion into [[Warwick, Rhode Island|Shawomet]] in the [[Narragansett people|Narragansett]] lands south of Pawtuxet for the capture of [[Samuel Gorton]] and his associates, led to Gorton himself being imprisoned in Charlestown; there, in 1643, having narrowly avoided a death sentence, Gorton was put to labour in chains, yet contrived to demand of his captors and their ministers an exposition of the locusts of the [[Seven trumpets|Fifth trumpet]] of the [[Book of Revelation]].<ref>S. Gorton, ''Simplicities Defence Against Seven-Headed Policy. Or, Innocency Vindicated'' (Printed by John Macock, and are to be sold by Luke Fawne, at his shop in Pauls Church-yard, at the signe of the Parrot, London 1646): Reprint, ed. W.R. Staples, ''Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society'' Vol. II (Marshall, Brown & Company, Providence 1835), [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZgbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA138 pp. 138-48] (Google)</ref> Being expelled, Gorton's appeal to [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick|Robert Rich]] in London established Warwick and defeated the Massachusetts Colony's claim.
-Although Symmes wrote many sermons, he claimed never to have prepared any writings for the press. Responses by ministers to challenges by English puritans to the forms and orders of the New English churches, received in manuscript, came to print after the printed editions of their critics: such was [[Richard Mather]]'s (1643) reply to [[Richard Bernard]] (died 1641),<ref>R. Mather, ''An Apologie of the Churches in New-England for Church-Covenant... sent over in answer to Master Bernard, in the Yeare 1639'' (T.P. and M.S. for Benjamin Allen, London 1643). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A50245.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo]. (open) Also Mather's ''Church-Government and Church-Covenant Discussed'' (London 1643). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A88943.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (open).</ref> the (1642) answer of John Cotton to [[John Ball (Puritan)|John Ball]] (died 1640),<ref>J. Cotton, ''A Modest and Cleare Answer to Mr Balls Discourse of Set Formes of Prayer: Set forth in a most seasonable time, when this kingdome is now in consultation about matters of that nature, and so many godly long after the resolution in that point'' (R.O. and G.D. for Henry Overton, London 1642), responding to J. Ball, ''A Friendly Triall of the Grounds Tending to Separation, in a plain and modest dispute touching the lawfulnesse of a stinted liturgie and set form of prayer, Communion in mixed assemblies, and the primitive subject and first receptacle of the power of the Keyes'' (Roger Daniel printer to the Universitie of Cambridge; For Edward Brewster, London 1640). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A02990.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo]. (open)</ref> and that of Thomas Shepard and John Allin (minister of [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]]), written in 1646, published 1652, to Ball's posthumously-printed (1645) rejoinder.<ref>T. Shep(h)ard, ''A Treatise of Liturgies, Power of the Keyes, and of Matter of the Visible Church.'' (E. Cotes for Andrew Crooke, London 1653), Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A93091.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo] (open); replying to J. Ball, ''A Tryall of the New-Church Way in New-England and Old'' (T. Paine and M. Simmons, for Thomas Underhill, London 1644). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A63200.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo] (open).</ref><ref>''A letter of many ministers in old England requesting the judgement of their reverend brethren in New England concerning nine positions written Anno Dom. 1637: together with their answer thereunto returned, anno 1639 : and the reply made unto the said answer and sent over unto them, anno 1640'' (Thomas Underhill, London 1643) at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A70435.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo] (open).</ref> [[John Winthrop]] had noted in 1638 that the Hutchinson troubles had delayed such replies,<ref>R.S. Dunn, J. Savage and L. Yeandle (eds.), ''The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649'' (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge Ma. 1996), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mHNorpMOvWkC&pg=PA268#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 268-69] (Google).</ref> but by 1642 [[English Civil War|the turmoil then arising in England]], and Cotton's observation that "this kingdome is now in consultation about matters of that nature" (referring to the [[Westminster Assembly]]), provide the context. In Charlestown, however, Thomas Allen, while raising his young family, was preaching on the theme of [[Justification by faith]] from the words of [[John the Baptist]],<ref>See Allen's published sermons, and three sermons on 3 John vs 33, "He that hath received his Testimony, hath set to his seal that God is true", in a small manuscript volume in the [[American Antiquarian Society]], Mather family papers; F. Sypher, 'The "Dayly Obseruation" of an Impassioned Puritan: A Seventeenth Century Shorthand Diary Attributed to Deputy-Governor Francis Willoughby of Massachusetts', ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' New Series 91 (1981), pp. 92-107, at pp. 93-95.</ref> and settling down to construct his ''Chain of Scripture Chronology'',<ref>T. Allen, ''A Chain of Scripture Chronology from the Creation of the World to the Death of Jesus Christ'' (Tho. Roycroft, to be sold by Francis Tyton and Nath. Ekins, London, 1659).</ref> preferring (as it was said) to compute than to dispute.<ref>Mather, ''Magnalia'', Book III Chapter II, (Boston 1820 edition), I, [https://books.google.dj/books?id=nOpHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA537#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 537-38] (Google).</ref>
+Although Symmes wrote many sermons, he claimed never to have prepared any writings for the press. Responses by ministers to challenges by English puritans to the forms and orders of the New English churches, received in manuscript, came to print after the printed editions of their critics: such was [[Richard Mather]]'s (1643) reply to [[Richard Bernard]] (died 1641),<ref>R. Mather, ''An Apologie of the Churches in New-England for Church-Covenant... sent over in answer to Master Bernard, in the Yeare 1639'' (T.P. and M.S. for Benjamin Allen, London 1643). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A50245.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo]. (open) Also Mather's ''Church-Government and Church-Covenant Discussed'' (London 1643). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A88943.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (open).</ref> the (1642) answer of John Cotton to [[John Ball (Puritan)|John Ball]] (died 1640),<ref>J. Cotton, ''A Modest and Cleare Answer to Mr Balls Discourse of Set Formes of Prayer: Set forth in a most seasonable time, when this kingdome is now in consultation about matters of that nature, and so many godly long after the resolution in that point'' (R.O. and G.D. for Henry Overton, London 1642), responding to J. Ball, ''A Friendly Triall of the Grounds Tending to Separation, in a plain and modest dispute touching the lawfulnesse of a stinted liturgie and set form of prayer, Communion in mixed assemblies, and the primitive subject and first receptacle of the power of the Keyes'' (Roger Daniel printer to the Universitie of Cambridge; For Edward Brewster, London 1640). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A02990.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo]. (open)</ref> and that of Thomas Shepard and John Allin (minister of [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]]), written in 1646, published 1652, to Ball's posthumously printed (1645) rejoinder.<ref>T. Shep(h)ard, ''A Treatise of Liturgies, Power of the Keyes, and of Matter of the Visible Church.'' (E. Cotes for Andrew Crooke, London 1653), Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A93091.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo] (open); replying to J. Ball, ''A Tryall of the New-Church Way in New-England and Old'' (T. Paine and M. Simmons, for Thomas Underhill, London 1644). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A63200.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo] (open).</ref><ref>''A letter of many ministers in old England requesting the judgement of their reverend brethren in New England concerning nine positions written Anno Dom. 1637: together with their answer thereunto returned, anno 1639 : and the reply made unto the said answer and sent over unto them, anno 1640'' (Thomas Underhill, London 1643) at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A70435.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Umich/eebo] (open).</ref> [[John Winthrop]] had noted in 1638 that the Hutchinson troubles had delayed such replies,<ref>R.S. Dunn, J. Savage and L. Yeandle (eds.), ''The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649'' (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge Ma. 1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=mHNorpMOvWkC&pg=PA268 pp. 268-69] (Google).</ref> but by 1642 [[English Civil War|the turmoil then arising in England]], and Cotton's observation that "this kingdome is now in consultation about matters of that nature" (referring to the [[Westminster Assembly]]), provide the context. In Charlestown, however, Thomas Allen, while raising his young family, was preaching on the theme of [[Justification by faith]] from the words of [[John the Baptist]],<ref>See Allen's published sermons, and three sermons on 3 John vs 33, "He that hath received his Testimony, hath set to his seal that God is true", in a small manuscript volume in the [[American Antiquarian Society]], Mather family papers; F. Sypher, 'The "Dayly Obseruation" of an Impassioned Puritan: A Seventeenth Century Shorthand Diary Attributed to Deputy-Governor Francis Willoughby of Massachusetts', ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' New Series 91 (1981), pp. 92-107, at pp. 93-95.</ref> and settling down to construct his ''Chain of Scripture Chronology'',<ref>T. Allen, ''A Chain of Scripture Chronology from the Creation of the World to the Death of Jesus Christ'' (Tho. Roycroft, to be sold by Francis Tyton and Nath. Ekins, London, 1659).</ref> preferring (as it was said) to compute than to dispute.<ref>Mather, ''Magnalia'', Book III Chapter II, (Boston 1820 edition), I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nOpHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA537 pp. 537-38] (Google).</ref>
 ;The Cambridge Platform
-Under the compelling guidance of John Cotton, and while Gorton was bringing their religious policies under direct notice in England, the New England churches deferred the formalization of their own platform.<ref>Cooper, ''Tenacious of their Liberties'', pp. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MjMVZywaqZAC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false 22, 23ff] (Google).</ref> The Cambridge (Boston) synod, first gathered in 1646, was reconvened in 1648 to frame a confession of faith (agreeing with the English assembly) and a form of [[church discipline]] "according to the general practice of our churches".<ref>J. Savage (ed.), ''The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 by John Winthrop Esq.'' 3 volumes (Thomas B. Wait and Son, Boston 1826), II, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl02wint/page/268 pp. 269-71], and [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl02wint/page/330 pp. 330-31] (Internet Archive).</ref> The [[Cambridge Platform]], published in 1649,<ref>''A Platform of Church Discipline Gathered out of the Word of God'' (Printed by S G at Cambridge in New England and are to be sold at Cambridge and Boston, 1649). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=main;view=text;idno=N00008.0001.001 Evans/tcp] (open). See K. Arbour, 'The title-page of "A Platform of Church-Discipline" (Cambridge 1649) and the date of its printing', ''Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America'' Vol. 85 no. 2 (June 1991), pp. 175-79.</ref> notes the important distinction that the office of the pastor was concerned with exhortation, and that of the teacher with [[doctrine]].<ref>''The Cambridge Platform of Church Discipline adopted in 1648'' (Perkins and Whipple, Boston 1850), Chapter VI sect. 5 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433068253354;view=1up;seq=21 at pp. 57-58] (Hathi Trust).</ref> In lectures published long afterwards, Thomas Allen (who knew and admired [[Thomas Hooker]], [[Peter Bulkley]] and [[Thomas Shepard (minister)|Thomas Shepard]]) taught the doctrine of [[imputed righteousness]] through the Covenant of Grace, appealing to the soul's tuition by the Holy Spirit.<ref>Sermon VII: 'The Holy Ghost revealeth Christ's Righteousness', in T. Allen, ''The Way of the Spirit in bringing Souls to Christ'' (London, 1676) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qgJnAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false at pp. 190-220] (Google).</ref> He had deeply imbibed, and later published, the teachings of John Cotton on that subject.<ref>''A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace, as it is dispensed to the elect seed, effectually unto salvation. Being the substance of divers sermons preached upon Act. 7. 8. by that eminently holy and judicious man of God, Mr. John Cotton, teacher of the church at Boston in N.E.'', prepared for the press with an ''Epistle to the Reader'' by Thomas Allen (London 1659). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A80637.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo] (Reserved - Login only).</ref> The special interconnection between the magistracy and the ecclesiastical polity of the Colony, as set forth in the Body of Liberties of 1641,<ref>Whitmore, ''Colonial Laws of Massachusetts'', pp. 29-68.</ref> and shown in the practice of its courts, was fully embodied in the final chapter of the Cambridge Platform, binding civil powers to the enforcement of ecclesiastical judgements against actions or opinions varying from or inimical to the word preached.<ref>''The Cambridge Platform of Church Discipline adopted in 1648'', Chapter XVII, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433068253354;view=1up;seq=48 at pp. 82-85] (Hathi Trust).</ref>
+Under the compelling guidance of John Cotton, and while Gorton was bringing their religious policies under direct notice in England, the New England churches deferred the formalization of their own platform.<ref>Cooper, ''Tenacious of their Liberties'', pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MjMVZywaqZAC&pg=PA22 22, 23ff] (Google).</ref> The Cambridge (Boston) synod, first gathered in 1646, was reconvened in 1648 to frame a confession of faith (agreeing with the English assembly) and a form of [[church discipline]] "according to the general practice of our churches".<ref>J. Savage (ed.), ''The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 by John Winthrop Esq.'' 3 volumes (Thomas B. Wait and Son, Boston 1826), II, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl02wint/page/268 pp. 269-71], and [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl02wint/page/330 pp. 330-31] (Internet Archive).</ref> The [[Cambridge Platform]], published in 1649,<ref>''A Platform of Church Discipline Gathered out of the Word of God'' (Printed by S G at Cambridge in New England and are to be sold at Cambridge and Boston, 1649). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=main;view=text;idno=N00008.0001.001 Evans/tcp] (open). See K. Arbour, 'The title-page of "A Platform of Church-Discipline" (Cambridge 1649) and the date of its printing', ''Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America'' Vol. 85 no. 2 (June 1991), pp. 175-79.</ref> notes the important distinction that the office of the pastor was concerned with exhortation, and that of the teacher with [[doctrine]].<ref>''The Cambridge Platform of Church Discipline adopted in 1648'' (Perkins and Whipple, Boston 1850), Chapter VI sect. 5 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433068253354;view=1up;seq=21 at pp. 57-58] (Hathi Trust).</ref> In lectures published long afterwards, Thomas Allen (who knew and admired [[Thomas Hooker]], [[Peter Bulkley]] and [[Thomas Shepard (minister)|Thomas Shepard]]) taught the doctrine of [[imputed righteousness]] through the Covenant of Grace, appealing to the soul's tuition by the Holy Spirit.<ref>Sermon VII: 'The Holy Ghost revealeth Christ's Righteousness', in T. Allen, ''The Way of the Spirit in bringing Souls to Christ'' (London, 1676) [https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJnAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA190 at pp. 190-220] (Google).</ref> He had deeply imbibed, and later published, the teachings of John Cotton on that subject.<ref>''A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace, as it is dispensed to the elect seed, effectually unto salvation. Being the substance of divers sermons preached upon Act. 7. 8. by that eminently holy and judicious man of God, Mr. John Cotton, teacher of the church at Boston in N.E.'', prepared for the press with an ''Epistle to the Reader'' by Thomas Allen (London 1659). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A80637.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo] (Reserved - Login only).</ref> The special interconnection between the magistracy and the ecclesiastical polity of the Colony, as set forth in the Body of Liberties of 1641,<ref>Whitmore, ''Colonial Laws of Massachusetts'', pp. 29-68.</ref> and shown in the practice of its courts, was fully embodied in the final chapter of the Cambridge Platform, binding civil powers to the enforcement of ecclesiastical judgements against actions or opinions varying from or inimical to the word preached.<ref>''The Cambridge Platform of Church Discipline adopted in 1648'', Chapter XVII, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433068253354;view=1up;seq=48 at pp. 82-85] (Hathi Trust).</ref>
 ;William Pynchon
 Zechariah Symmes preached the Massachusetts Election Sermon in 1648.<ref>R.W.G. Vail, 'A Check List of New England Election Sermons', ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'', New Series 45 (1935), pp. 233-66, [https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44806928.pdf at p. 244] (American Antiquarian Society pdf).</ref> After Allen's departure for England in 1651 the Charlestown congregation was without a teacher for eight years, during which the more conservative figure of Symmes had sole care, John Green being the ruling elder. With Cotton and Wilson he stood to the defence of the Colony's religious doctrines, which faced an immediate challenge from [[William Pynchon]], prominent merchant and founding father of [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], a township under Bay Colony authority.<ref>'Pynchon's Heresy', in H.M. Burt, ''The First Century of the History of Springfield. The Official Records from 1636 to 1736'' (H M Burt, Springfield, Mass. 1898), I, [https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyofhi01spri/page/78 pp. 79-125] (Internet Archive). Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History of New England'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=53 pp. 43-45] (Hathi Trust).</ref>
-Pynchon's treatise ''The Meritorious Price of our Redemption'', printed in London in 1650,<ref>W. Pynchon, ''The Meritorious Price of our Redemption'' (London 1650), [https://archive.org/details/meritoriousprice00pync/page/n9 Copy] (Internet Archive). Full text in Burt, ''First Century of the History of Springfield'', I, [https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyofhi01spri/page/88 pp. 89-121] (Internet Archive).</ref> expressed his long-held views against the punitive aspect of the Calvinist teaching. If Christ's suffering had purchased the redemption of mankind from its inherent sin (he argued), it was not also a punishment upon Him ([[penal substitution]]) incurred by God's anger against the sins of mankind. Faced with this inflammatory heresy, a Boston court in session seized the whole print-run as it arrived, sent an immediate letter of denunciation to England, and set proceedings against Pynchon in motion. After he had partly acquiesced to a counterblast commissioned from [[John Norton (divine)|John Norton]],<ref>J. Norton, ''A Discussion of That Great Point in Divinity, the Sufferings of Christ'' (London, 1653). Full text at  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A89732.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (Reserved - Login only).</ref> a plea by many English ministers that Pynchon should be treated leniently was answered by Cotton, Wilson, Symmes, Richard Mather and William Thompson,<ref>Full text of letter in Burt, ''First Century of the History of Springfield'', I, [https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyofhi01spri/page/122 pp. 122-24] (Internet Archive).</ref> who attempted to show the severe actions of the court in a moderate light.<ref>S. Bush, Jr. (ed.), ''The Correspondence of John Cotton'' (Omohundro Institute/University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London 2001), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Uaahkbo2j2AC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 61] (Google).</ref> The whole edition was publicly burned, and it soon became expedient for Pynchon to escape permanently to England, where he continued to publish his views.<ref>''A farther discussion of that great point in divinity the sufferings of Christ and the questions about his righteousnesse ... and the imputation thereof: being a vindication of a dialogue intituled (The meritorious price of our redemption, justification, &c.) from the exceptions of Mr. Norton and others: by William Pynchon'' (London, for the author, 1655). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A56362.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (Reserved - Login only). Also as ''The Meritorious Price of Man's Redemption, or, Christ's Satisfaction Discussed and Explained'' (Printed by R.I. for Thom. Newberry, London 1655). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A56365.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (Reserved - Login only).</ref><ref>D.M. Powers, ''Damnable Heresy: William Pynchon, the Indians, and the First Book Banned (and Burned) in Boston'' (Wipf and Stock, Eugene, Oregon 2015), at [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ok1oBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Google] (preview): see pp. 105-06. S.H. Moore, ''Pilgrims: New World Settlers And The Call Of Home'' (Yale University Press, New Haven 2007), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LkAsLiLKWS8C&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 78-79] (Google).</ref>
+Pynchon's treatise ''The Meritorious Price of our Redemption'', printed in London in 1650,<ref>W. Pynchon, ''The Meritorious Price of our Redemption'' (London 1650), [https://archive.org/details/meritoriousprice00pync/page/n9 Copy] (Internet Archive). Full text in Burt, ''First Century of the History of Springfield'', I, [https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyofhi01spri/page/88 pp. 89-121] (Internet Archive).</ref> expressed his long-held views against the punitive aspect of the Calvinist teaching. If Christ's suffering had purchased the redemption of mankind from its inherent sin (he argued), it was not also a punishment upon Him ([[penal substitution]]) incurred by God's anger against the sins of mankind. Faced with this inflammatory heresy, a Boston court in session seized the whole print-run as it arrived, sent an immediate letter of denunciation to England, and set proceedings against Pynchon in motion. After he had partly acquiesced to a counterblast commissioned from [[John Norton (divine)|John Norton]],<ref>J. Norton, ''A Discussion of That Great Point in Divinity, the Sufferings of Christ'' (London, 1653). Full text at  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A89732.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (Reserved - Login only).</ref> a plea by many English ministers that Pynchon should be treated leniently was answered by Cotton, Wilson, Symmes, Richard Mather and William Thompson,<ref>Full text of letter in Burt, ''First Century of the History of Springfield'', I, [https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyofhi01spri/page/122 pp. 122-24] (Internet Archive).</ref> who attempted to show the severe actions of the court in a moderate light.<ref>S. Bush, Jr. (ed.), ''The Correspondence of John Cotton'' (Omohundro Institute/University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill & London 2001), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uaahkbo2j2AC&pg=PA61 p. 61] (Google).</ref> The whole edition was publicly burned, and it soon became expedient for Pynchon to escape permanently to England, where he continued to publish his views.<ref>''A farther discussion of that great point in divinity the sufferings of Christ and the questions about his righteousnesse ... and the imputation thereof: being a vindication of a dialogue intituled (The meritorious price of our redemption, justification, &c.) from the exceptions of Mr. Norton and others: by William Pynchon'' (London, for the author, 1655). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A56362.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (Reserved - Login only). Also as ''The Meritorious Price of Man's Redemption, or, Christ's Satisfaction Discussed and Explained'' (Printed by R.I. for Thom. Newberry, London 1655). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A56365.0001.001?view=toc Umich/eebo]. (Reserved - Login only).</ref><ref>D.M. Powers, ''Damnable Heresy: William Pynchon, the Indians, and the First Book Banned (and Burned) in Boston'' (Wipf and Stock, Eugene, Oregon 2015), at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ok1oBgAAQBAJ Google] (preview): see pp. 105-06. S.H. Moore, ''Pilgrims: New World Settlers And The Call Of Home'' (Yale University Press, New Haven 2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkAsLiLKWS8C&pg=PA78 pp. 78-79] (Google).</ref>
 ;Henry Dunster
-The incursion of the Baptist heterodoxy into the Bay Colony by the administrations of [[John Clarke (Baptist minister)|John Clarke]], [[Obadiah Holmes]] and [[John Crandall]] (out of [[Newport, Rhode Island]]) to William Witter at [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] in 1651 was driven off with exemplary severity by the Boston court,<ref>D. Neal, ''The History of New England'', 2 Vols  (J. Clarke, R. Ford and R Cruttenden, London 1720), I, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl00neal/page/278 pp. 278-83] (Internet Archive).</ref><ref>J. Clarke, ''Ill Newes from New-England: or, A Narative of New-Englands Persecution'' (Henry Hills, London 1652), Reprint, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society Series 4 vol II [https://archive.org/details/collectionss4v2mass/page/n31 (Crosby, Nichols & Co., Boston 1854)].</ref> with denunciations by John Wilson and John Cotton (who died in December 1652). The gaze of censure next fell upon [[Henry Dunster]], President of Harvard College (1640–54), the Overseers fearing that his beliefs might corrupt the students under his tutelage.<ref>J. Chaplin, ''Life of Henry Dunster, First President of Harvard College'' (James R. Osgood & Co., Boston 1874), [https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrydunst00chap/page/100 pp. 101-69] (Internet Archive).</ref> Dunster, who studied at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]] (matriculated 1627, B.A. 1630/31, M.A. 1634),<ref>'Dunstor, Henry' in Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'', Part I vol. 2, [https://archive.org/details/alumnicantabrigipt1vol2univiala/page/76 p. 76] (Internet Archive).</ref> and was much influenced by the teaching of [[John Preston (priest)|John Preston]] and [[Thomas Goodwin]], had concluded that children ought not to be baptized until they became "visible believers", and withheld his own child from baptism. The Cambridge pastor Jonathan Mitchell (detecting his venom) made complaint. Dunster had correspondence with Symmes,<ref>G.H. Williams, ''First Light. The Formation of Harvard College in 1636 and Evolution of a Republic of Letters in Cambridge'', Vol. I (2nd, revised edition) in R.L. Petersen (ed.), ''Divinings: Religion at Harvard: From its Origins in New England Ecclesiastical History to the 175th Anniversary of The Harvard Divinity School, 1636–1992'' (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen/Boston Theological Institute, Newton, Ma., 2014), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMLkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 194] (Google).</ref> and all the ministers appeared at a Boston Council of Disputation against him in February 1653/54 in which Symmes participated.<ref>Chaplin, ''Life of Henry Dunster'', [https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrydunst00chap/page/288 pp. 289-301] (Internet Archive). Williams, ''First Light'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMLkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 203] (Google).</ref> Both as Overseer and parent Symmes had a personal interest: his son Zechariah junr. was a student at the college from April 1653 to October 1656.<ref>Sibley, ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Qx-h5AqB3BgC&pg=PA489#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 489] (Google).</ref> Dunster was subjected to a civil prosecution and tendered his resignation in October 1654.<ref>Chaplin, ''Life of Henry Dunster'', [https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrydunst00chap/page/124 pp. 124-36] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+The incursion of the Baptist heterodoxy into the Bay Colony by the administrations of [[John Clarke (Baptist minister)|John Clarke]], [[Obadiah Holmes]] and [[John Crandall]] (out of [[Newport, Rhode Island]]) to William Witter at [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] in 1651 was driven off with exemplary severity by the Boston court,<ref>D. Neal, ''The History of New England'', 2 Vols  (J. Clarke, R. Ford and R Cruttenden, London 1720), I, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl00neal/page/278 pp. 278-83] (Internet Archive).</ref><ref>J. Clarke, ''Ill Newes from New-England: or, A Narative of New-Englands Persecution'' (Henry Hills, London 1652), Reprint, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society Series 4 vol II [https://archive.org/details/collectionss4v2mass/page/n31 (Crosby, Nichols & Co., Boston 1854)].</ref> with denunciations by John Wilson and John Cotton (who died in December 1652). The gaze of censure next fell upon [[Henry Dunster]], President of Harvard College (1640–54), the Overseers fearing that his beliefs might corrupt the students under his tutelage.<ref>J. Chaplin, ''Life of Henry Dunster, First President of Harvard College'' (James R. Osgood & Co., Boston 1874), [https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrydunst00chap/page/100 pp. 101-69] (Internet Archive).</ref> Dunster, who studied at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]] (matriculated 1627, B.A. 1630/31, M.A. 1634),<ref>'Dunstor, Henry' in Venn, ''Alumni Cantabrigienses'', Part I vol. 2, [https://archive.org/details/alumnicantabrigipt1vol2univiala/page/76 p. 76] (Internet Archive).</ref> and was much influenced by the teaching of [[John Preston (priest)|John Preston]] and [[Thomas Goodwin]], had concluded that children ought not to be baptized until they became "visible believers", and withheld his own child from baptism. The Cambridge pastor Jonathan Mitchell (detecting his venom) made complaint. Dunster had correspondence with Symmes,<ref>G.H. Williams, ''First Light. The Formation of Harvard College in 1636 and Evolution of a Republic of Letters in Cambridge'', Vol. I (2nd, revised edition) in R.L. Petersen (ed.), ''Divinings: Religion at Harvard: From its Origins in New England Ecclesiastical History to the 175th Anniversary of The Harvard Divinity School, 1636–1992'' (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen/Boston Theological Institute, Newton, Ma., 2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HMLkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 p. 194] (Google).</ref> and all the ministers appeared at a Boston Council of Disputation against him in February 1653/54 in which Symmes participated.<ref>Chaplin, ''Life of Henry Dunster'', [https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrydunst00chap/page/288 pp. 289-301] (Internet Archive). Williams, ''First Light'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=HMLkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 p. 203] (Google).</ref> Both as Overseer and parent Symmes had a personal interest: his son Zechariah junr. was a student at the college from April 1653 to October 1656.<ref>Sibley, ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx-h5AqB3BgC&pg=PA489 p. 489] (Google).</ref> Dunster was subjected to a civil prosecution and tendered his resignation in October 1654.<ref>Chaplin, ''Life of Henry Dunster'', [https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrydunst00chap/page/124 pp. 124-36] (Internet Archive).</ref>
 What was admired of Symmes was expressed in 1654 in verse by Edward Johnson:<blockquote>"Come Zachary, thou must re-edifie<br/>Christ['s] Churches in this desart Land of his:<br/>With Moses' zeale, stampt unto dust, defie<br/>All crooked wayes that Christ['s] true worship misse;<br/>With spirit's sword and armor girt about<br/>Thou lay'st on load, proud Prelate's Crown to crack,<br/>And wilt not suffer Wolfes thy flock to rout,<br/>Though close they creepe, with sheepe skins on their back..."<ref>Johnson, ''Wonder-Working Providence'', [https://archive.org/details/wonderworkingpro00john/page/70 p. 71] (Internet Archive). Punctuation modernized. The [[Second Temple|re-edification of the Temple]] was a main concern of the Old Testament [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]], while [[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]] of the New Testament was father of John the Baptist, [[Typology (theology)|type and antitype]] for the vocational identity of Zechariah Symmes.</ref></blockquote>
+It was therefore under Dunster's successor [[Charles Chauncy]] that the Elders of the Churches of Christ in New England (including Symmes) made their petition to [[Oliver Cromwell|Lord Protector Cromwell]], that he should enlarge his "pious and princely heart and hand to the affording of more settled and comfortable subsisting and maintenance to our English College in Cambridge". They remarked that the Lord had set up his Highness, "[[Hezekiah]]-like", to be "a second founder (as it were) of the Universities and Schooles of Learning"; they feared, "least that vision should faile from amongst us by reason of the continuall wasting of the old stock of the Seers and Ministers of Christ in these partes, having no hopes of other supplyes, besides what is raysed out of one Colledge at Cambridge amongst us" (that one college being in a poor and mean condition, and its maintenance too great a burden for the people of the country to bear); "and lastly, because the education of the Indian youth in Piety and Learning, in our Indian Colledge, erected and annexed to our English Colledge, doth depend much upon the welfare, comfortable support, and instruction of the English".<ref>J. Nickolls, jun., ''Original Letters and Papers of State, Addressed to Oliver Cromwell: concerning the affairs of Great Britain, from the year MDCXLIX to MDCLVIII: found among the political collections of Mr. John Milton'' (William Bowyer & John Whiston, London 1743), [https://books.google.com/books?id=t10UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA151 p. 151] (Google).</ref>
 ;Thomas Gould
-The character of Symmes appears strongly in the narrative of [[Thomas Gould (Baptist)|Thomas Gould]] of Charlestown (a prominent citizen and associate of Dunster's), whose objections to infant baptism came to the fore in 1655.<ref>I. Backus, ''A History of New England, with Particular Reference to the Denomination of Christians Called Baptists'', 2 vols (Edward Draper, for Phillip Freeman, Boston 1777), I, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01back/page/354 pp. 355-415] (Internet Archive). Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=161 p. 151 no. 30] (Hathi Trust).</ref> His account spans the whole period until 1665, throughout which Symmes led the denunciation against him, resulting at last in Gould's excommunication, his imprisonment and his gathering of the first Baptist Church in Charlestown.<ref>Gould's Narrative in Backus, ''History of New England'', I, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01back/page/358 pp. 359-71] (Internet Archive).</ref> Gould having withheld his child from baptism, at a deferred church meeting to which he was summoned Symmes accused him of lying, and sought to proceed against him, but the accusation was disproved. At a meeting arranged for Gould to present his views, Symmes arrived with a written list of points in Scripture for Gould to answer, but this procedure was not in order: further, when Gould completed a sentence quoted by Symmes, Symmes angrily but mistakenly accused him of [[blasphemy]], until others corrected him. However Symmes at first tried to keep Gould's affair out of court, and sought (unsuccessfully) to induce him to withdraw to avoid the [[Church discipline|admonition]]<ref>Admonition was a formal step in Church discipline which opened the way to Excommunication. See 'Chapter V: The fourth Instruction', in R. Resbury, ''The Tabernacle of God with Men, or, The Visible Church Reformed'' (London 1649), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UfJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 71 ff] (Google).</ref> which was next delivered against him by Elder Green.<ref>Backus, ''History of New England'', I, pp. 359-66.</ref> Thus excluded by conscience from the communion, Gould thereafter attended meetings in Cambridge, and in June 1658 received a second admonition from Symmes directly (Elder Green having died), on the grounds of [[schism]] by departing from the covenant.<ref>Budington, ''The History of the First Church, Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstch00budin/page/56 pp. 56-59] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+The character of Symmes appears strongly in the narrative of [[Thomas Gould (Baptist)|Thomas Gould]] of Charlestown (a prominent citizen and associate of Dunster's), whose objections to infant baptism came to the fore in 1655.<ref>I. Backus, ''A History of New England, with Particular Reference to the Denomination of Christians Called Baptists'', 2 vols (Edward Draper, for Phillip Freeman, Boston 1777), I, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01back/page/354 pp. 355-415] (Internet Archive). Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=161 p. 151 no. 30] (Hathi Trust).</ref> His account spans the whole period until 1665, throughout which Symmes led the denunciation against him, resulting at last in Gould's excommunication, his imprisonment and his gathering of the first Baptist Church in Charlestown.<ref>Gould's Narrative in Backus, ''History of New England'', I, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01back/page/358 pp. 359-71] (Internet Archive).</ref> Gould having withheld his child from baptism, at a deferred church meeting to which he was summoned Symmes accused him of lying, and sought to proceed against him, but the accusation was disproved. At a meeting arranged for Gould to present his views, Symmes arrived with a written list of points in Scripture for Gould to answer, but this procedure was not in order: further, when Gould completed a sentence quoted by Symmes, Symmes angrily but mistakenly accused him of [[blasphemy]], until others corrected him. However Symmes at first tried to keep Gould's affair out of court, and sought (unsuccessfully) to induce him to withdraw to avoid the [[Church discipline|admonition]]<ref>Admonition was a formal step in Church discipline which opened the way to Excommunication. See 'Chapter V: The fourth Instruction', in R. Resbury, ''The Tabernacle of God with Men, or, The Visible Church Reformed'' (London 1649), [https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA71 pp. 71 ff] (Google).</ref> which was next delivered against him by Elder Green.<ref>Backus, ''History of New England'', I, pp. 359-66.</ref> Thus excluded by conscience from the communion, Gould thereafter attended meetings in Cambridge, and in June 1658 received a second admonition from Symmes directly (Elder Green having died), on the grounds of [[schism]] by departing from the covenant.<ref>Budington, ''The History of the First Church, Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstch00budin/page/56 pp. 56-59] (Internet Archive).</ref>
 ;Quakers
 The Ecclesiastical Assembly at Boston of June 1657, to which Symmes was called,<ref>'The Half Way Covenant Decisions of 1657 and 1662', in W. Walker, ''The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism'' (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1893), pp. 238-339, [https://archive.org/details/creedsplatformso00walk/page/258 at p. 258] and [https://archive.org/details/creedsplatformso00walk/page/288 pp. 288-300] (Internet Archive).</ref> addressed issues of the baptism and admission of children, but left an uneasy laxity (Sect. 10) concerning the [[Half-Way Covenant]] for the children of children covenanted in the name of their parents.<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=163 pp. 153-59] (Hathi Trust). Hubbard, ''A General History of New England'', [https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00hubb/page/562 pp. 562-71] (Internet Archive).</ref> Meanwhile, confronted by the arrival of several [[Quakers]] who were duly arrested and returned to England, in October 1656 the Bay legislature had enacted a severe law of exclusion against that "cursed sect of hereticks".<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=158 pp. 148-49] (Hathi Trust)</ref> These people followed a call to encourage and minister to Friends and sympathizers throughout New England, and found their way back into the Bay Colony through Providence or [[Barbados]]. During July and August 1657 [[Christopher Holder]] and his companion John Copeland carried their mission successfully through several townships, including Charlestown, until arrested in [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], where they were imprisoned and whipped, and after further infractions had their right ears cut off.<ref>C.F. Holder, ''The Holders of Holderness. A History and Genealogy of the Holder Family with especial reference to Christopher Holder'' (Author, California (1902)), [https://archive.org/stream/holdersofholdern01hold#page/20/mode/2up pp. 20-148] (Internet Archive).</ref> Their persistence despite repeated punishments inflamed the hostility of [[John Endicott]], and cruel and cumulative penalties were meted out to all who succoured them.
-The puritan legislature issued a demand to the Assembly of Rhode Island that measures be taken to prevent Quaker incursions into the United Colonies of the [[New England Confederation]], which was stoutly rejected.<ref>T.W. Bicknell, ''The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations'' Vol. III (The American Historical Society, Inc., New York 1920), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxtat2;view=1up;seq=236 pp. 1024-25]. (Hathi Trust)</ref> Symmes's cousin [[James Cudworth (colonist)#Stand against persecution|James Cudworth]] of Scituate (who alone as a Commissioner had refused to sign this letter<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=180 p. 170] (Hathi Trust).</ref>) was soon deemed to be a favourer of Quakers and was deprived of his military command and magistracy. In a letter to England of December 1658 he exposed this persecuting spirit of intolerance,<ref>R.P. Hallowell, ''The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts'' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co, Boston/Riverside Press, Cambridge 1883), [https://archive.org/stream/quakerinvasionof00hal#page/162/mode/2up pp. 162-172] (Internet Archive).</ref> and in 1660 was disfranchised of his freedom of Plymouth Colony as a subversive.<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=253 pp. 243-44] (Hathi Trust).</ref> Driven to make an example, Endicott in 1659 presided over the condemnation of [[Boston martyrs#Stephenson and Robinson|William Robinson and Marmaduke Stephenson]], and of [[Mary Dyer]]. During their trial and imprisonment awaiting execution, Zechariah Symmes and John Norton (who drew up articles of refutation) were deputed to attend Robinson and Stephenson "with religious conversation fitted for their condition",<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, pp. 212-17, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=222 at p. 212] (Hathi Trust).</ref> but it was John Wilson who shouted his denunciations at them in their march to the Boston scaffold.<ref>J. Besse, ''A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, from 1650 to 1689'' (Luke Hinde, London 1753), Vol. 2, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RaNAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 198-205] (Google).</ref> The Boston court, in self-justification, called them "''[[Felo de se|felons de se]]''" for their persistent breach of a known law.<ref>Hubbard, ''A General History of New England'', [https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00hubb/page/570 pp. 571-74] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+The puritan legislature issued a demand to the Assembly of Rhode Island that measures be taken to prevent Quaker incursions into the United Colonies of the [[New England Confederation]], which was stoutly rejected.<ref>T.W. Bicknell, ''The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations'' Vol. III (The American Historical Society, Inc., New York 1920), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxtat2;view=1up;seq=236 pp. 1024-25]. (Hathi Trust)</ref> Symmes's cousin [[James Cudworth (colonist)#Stand against persecution (1657–73)|James Cudworth]] of Scituate (who alone as a Commissioner had refused to sign this letter<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=180 p. 170] (Hathi Trust).</ref>) was soon deemed to be a favourer of Quakers and was deprived of his military command and magistracy. In a letter to England of December 1658 he exposed this persecuting spirit of intolerance,<ref>R.P. Hallowell, ''The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts'' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co, Boston/Riverside Press, Cambridge 1883), [https://archive.org/stream/quakerinvasionof00hal#page/162/mode/2up pp. 162-172] (Internet Archive).</ref> and in 1660 was disfranchised of his freedom of Plymouth Colony as a subversive.<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=253 pp. 243-44] (Hathi Trust).</ref> Driven to make an example, Endicott in 1659 presided over the condemnation of [[Boston martyrs#Stephenson and Robinson|William Robinson and Marmaduke Stephenson]], and of [[Mary Dyer]]. During their trial and imprisonment awaiting execution, Zechariah Symmes and John Norton (who drew up articles of refutation) were deputed to attend Robinson and Stephenson "with religious conversation fitted for their condition",<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, pp. 212-17, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=222 at p. 212] (Hathi Trust).</ref> but it was John Wilson who shouted his denunciations at them in their march to the Boston scaffold.<ref>J. Besse, ''A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, from 1650 to 1689'' (Luke Hinde, London 1753), Vol. 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RaNAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA198 pp. 198-205] (Google).</ref> The Boston court, in self-justification, called them "''[[Felo de se|felons de se]]''" for their persistent breach of a known law.<ref>Hubbard, ''A General History of New England'', [https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00hubb/page/570 pp. 571-74] (Internet Archive).</ref>
 ==Later ministry==
 ;Thomas Shepard, junr.
-A letter of February 1657/58 from [[Ezekiel Rogers]], pastor at [[Rowley, Massachusetts]], lamenting the state of the world, expresses his affection for Symmes.<ref>Mather, ''Magnalia Christi Americana'', I, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9iqqQods2s4C&pg=PA372#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 372-73] (Google). T. Gage, ''The History of Rowley'' (Ferdinand Andrews, Boston 1840), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=10EuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 57-58] (Google).</ref> The long absence of a Teacher at Charlestown was supplied in 1659 by Thomas Shepard (1635-1677), son of the lamented pastor of Cambridge. Shepard emerged from Harvard College in the class of 1653 and was chosen a Fellow in 1654, while the younger Zechariah Symmes was studying there.<ref>Sibley, ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates'', [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Qx-h5AqB3BgC&pg=PA327#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 327-335] and p. 489 (Google).</ref> In the absence of an Elder, the Platform now provided for ordination by elders of other churches, if at the express desire of the church ordaining: having been admitted to Charlestown on 31 October 1658 by dismissal from Cambridge, he was accordingly ordained (with prayer and fasting) to the office of Teacher at Charlestown by the imposition of hands of Symmes, and of pastors John Wilson (Boston) and Richard Mather (Dorchester). John Norton (Teacher, Boston) gave him the right hand of fellowship in the name of Boston, Roxbury, Cambridge and Watertown, as Symmes carefully recorded:<ref>S. Sewell, 'Appendix to Brief Survey of Congregational Churches and Ministers in the County of Middlesex', in B.B. Edwards and W. Cogswell (eds), ''The American Quarterly Register'' Volume XII (February 1840), pp 234-53, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O-UZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=false at p. 244].</ref> Shepard, who like Symmes was conservative in doctrine, remained with him thereafter, and the Charlestown church records are then mainly in his hand.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/n179 pp. 161-62] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+A letter of February 1657/58 from [[Ezekiel Rogers]], pastor at [[Rowley, Massachusetts]], lamenting the state of the world, expresses his affection for Symmes.<ref>Mather, ''Magnalia Christi Americana'', I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9iqqQods2s4C&pg=PA372 pp. 372-73] (Google). T. Gage, ''The History of Rowley'' (Ferdinand Andrews, Boston 1840), [https://books.google.com/books?id=10EuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57 pp. 57-58] (Google).</ref> The long absence of a Teacher at Charlestown was supplied in 1659 by Thomas Shepard (1635-1677), son of the lamented pastor of Cambridge. Shepard emerged from Harvard College in the class of 1653 and was chosen a Fellow in 1654, while the younger Zechariah Symmes was studying there.<ref>Sibley, ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx-h5AqB3BgC&pg=PA327 pp. 327-335] and p. 489 (Google).</ref> In the absence of an Elder, the Platform now provided for ordination by elders of other churches, if at the express desire of the church ordaining: having been admitted to Charlestown on 31 October 1658 by dismissal from Cambridge, he was accordingly ordained (with prayer and fasting) to the office of Teacher at Charlestown by the imposition of hands of Symmes, and of pastors John Wilson (Boston) and Richard Mather (Dorchester). John Norton (Teacher, Boston) gave him the right hand of fellowship in the name of Boston, Roxbury, Cambridge and Watertown, as Symmes carefully recorded:<ref>S. Sewell, 'Appendix to Brief Survey of Congregational Churches and Ministers in the County of Middlesex', in B.B. Edwards and W. Cogswell (eds), ''The American Quarterly Register'' Volume XII (February 1840), pp 234-53, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O-UZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA244 at p. 244].</ref> Shepard, who like Symmes was conservative in doctrine, remained with him thereafter, and the Charlestown church records are then mainly in his hand.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/n179 pp. 161-62] (Internet Archive).</ref>
 ;John Dury's Letter
-The [[Restoration (England)|Restoration of the English monarchy]] transformed the position of New England towards the sovereign authority. In 1660 [[John Dury]], whose great project was to pacify differences between protestant denominations, wrote to the New England ministers, for whom John Norton composed the (Latin) reply.<ref>S. Mather, ''An apology for the liberties of the churches in New England: to which is prefix'd, a discourse concerning congregational churches'' (T. Fleet, for Daniel Henchman, over-against the Brick Meeting House in Cornhill, Boston 1738), pp. 151-66. Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=div1;view=toc;idno=N03500.0001.001;node=N03500.0001.001%3A7 Evans/tcp].</ref> Symmes and his son (as Fellow of Harvard) were among the signatories. Commending his courage in so superhuman a cause,<ref>They thought it impossible: "Which Task, whosoever shall effect, if we may be Judges, will deserve a more than ordinary Triumphant Statue; and whose Monument will so far excel the Trophies of Achilles, as if they were not worthy to be mentioned in the same Day." This is perhaps the only Puritan joke to have survived.</ref> they offered fellowship with any church which professed the Gospel, the fundamentals of doctrine and the essentials of order.<ref>See Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=238 228] (date), and [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=354 344-45] (Hathi Trust).</ref> Having executed William Leddra (for refusing to leave the Jurisdiction) in March 1661, and condemned others, their treatment of Quakers was catalogued by George Bishop in 1661, who noted that their Charter did not empower them to make laws "repugnant to the Laws, Statutes and Ordinances of this Realm".<ref>G. Bishope, ''New England Judged, not by Man's, but the Spirit of the Lord: and the Summe Sealed up of New-England's Persecutions, being a brief relation of the sufferings of the people called Quakers in those parts of America from the beginning of the fifth moneth 1656 (the time of their first arrival at Boston from England) to the later end of the tenth moneth, 1660'' (Robert Wilson, London 1661), p. 31. Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A28238.0001.001/1:2?rgn=div1;view=toc Umich/eebo] (open).</ref> There followed the royal ''[[Mandamus]]'' of 9 September 1661, addressed to Endicott and his ministers, against any corporal or capital sentence being carried out against Quakers: which, though it tempered the puritans' severity, did not weaken their purpose.<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=291 pp. 281-88] (Hathi Trust).</ref>
+The [[Restoration (England)|Restoration of the English monarchy]] transformed the position of New England towards the sovereign authority. In 1660 [[John Dury]], whose great project was to pacify differences between Protestant denominations, wrote to the New England ministers, for whom John Norton composed the (Latin) reply.<ref>S. Mather, ''An apology for the liberties of the churches in New England: to which is prefix'd, a discourse concerning congregational churches'' (T. Fleet, for Daniel Henchman, over-against the Brick Meeting House in Cornhill, Boston 1738), pp. 151-66. Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=div1;view=toc;idno=N03500.0001.001;node=N03500.0001.001%3A7 Evans/tcp].</ref> Symmes and his son (as Fellow of Harvard) were among the signatories. Commending his courage in so superhuman a cause,<ref>They thought it impossible: "Which Task, whosoever shall effect, if we may be Judges, will deserve a more than ordinary Triumphant Statue; and whose Monument will so far excel the Trophies of Achilles, as if they were not worthy to be mentioned in the same Day." This is perhaps the only Puritan joke to have survived.</ref> they offered fellowship with any church which professed the Gospel, the fundamentals of doctrine and the essentials of order.<ref>See Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=238 228] (date), and [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=354 344-45] (Hathi Trust).</ref> Having executed William Leddra (for refusing to leave the Jurisdiction) in March 1661, and condemned others, their treatment of Quakers was catalogued by George Bishop in 1661, who noted that their Charter did not empower them to make laws "repugnant to the Laws, Statutes and Ordinances of this Realm".<ref>G. Bishope, ''New England Judged, not by Man's, but the Spirit of the Lord: and the Summe Sealed up of New-England's Persecutions, being a brief relation of the sufferings of the people called Quakers in those parts of America from the beginning of the fifth moneth 1656 (the time of their first arrival at Boston from England) to the later end of the tenth moneth, 1660'' (Robert Wilson, London 1661), p. 31. Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A28238.0001.001/1:2?rgn=div1;view=toc Umich/eebo] (open).</ref> There followed the royal ''[[Mandamus]]'' of 9 September 1661, addressed to Endicott and his ministers, against any corporal or capital sentence being carried out against Quakers: which, though it tempered the puritans' severity, did not weaken their purpose.<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=291 pp. 281-88] (Hathi Trust).</ref>
 ;Boston Synod of 1662
-Governor Endicott's court having appointed John Norton and [[Simon Bradstreet]] to present its address to the King in London and to negotiate the continued rights and privileges of the Colony,<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=298 p. 288-90] (Hathi Trust).</ref> at the Boston Synod convened in March 1662 Zechariah Symmes was a senior figure among more than 70 clergy present. The agenda turned principally upon who were fit subjects for baptism, and on the [[Consociationalism|consociation]] of churches.<ref>Walker, ''Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism'', [https://archive.org/details/creedsplatformso00walk/page/262 p. 263-66] (Internet Archive).</ref> The June/July session, passing over objections to Congregationalism forwarded by [[Thomas Parker (minister)|Thomas Parker]],<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, p. 293.</ref> prepared itself to accommodate what changes would be demanded of them. The King's declaration, issued 28 June (shortly after the beheading of Sir [[Henry Vane the Younger]]), upheld the Bay Colony's Charter, but in freedom of conscience, requiring no disadvantage for observation of the established [[Book of Common Prayer|Prayer Book]], and admission for all leading upright lives to [[Lord's Supper in Reformed theology|The Lord's Supper]], and their children to baptism, though supporting sharp laws against the ungovernable Quakers.<ref>E. Hazard, ''Historical Collections: Consisting of State Papers, and Other Authentic Documents'', 2 vols (1792-94), II, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O5waAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA605#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 605-07] (Google).</ref> In England the [[Act of Uniformity (1662)]] came into force in August, and many non-subscribing ministers were ejected. Accordingly in September the Halfway Covenant was re-formulated: in October the King's letter was brought into the Massachusetts Court, and Wilson, Mather, Symmes and John Allin entered with the Result of the Synod,<ref>Walker, ''Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism'', pp. 265-70, and [https://archive.org/details/creedsplatformso00walk/page/300 pp. 301-39] (Internet Archive); Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'' II, 293-96, 299.</ref><ref>''Propositions concerning the subject of baptism and consociation of churches, collected and confirmed out of the word of God, by a synod of elders and messengers of the churches in Massachusetts-Colony in New England. Assembled at Boston, ... in the year 1662'' (Printed by Samuel Green for Hezekiah Usher at Boston in New-England, Cambridge Mass., 1662). Page view at [https://archive.org/details/propositionsconc00cong/page/n1 Internet Archive] (open). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;idno=N00035.0001.001 Evans/tcp] (open).</ref> for which they together wrote the preface in its published form.<ref>B.R. Burg, ''Richard Mather of Dorchester'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2015), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g9ceBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 152] (Google).</ref>
+Governor Endicott's court having appointed John Norton and [[Simon Bradstreet]] to present its address to the King in London and to negotiate the continued rights and privileges of the Colony,<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067415202;view=1up;seq=298 p. 288-90] (Hathi Trust).</ref> at the Boston Synod convened in March 1662 Zechariah Symmes was a senior figure among more than 70 clergy present. The agenda turned principally upon who were fit subjects for baptism, and on the [[Consociationalism|consociation]] of churches.<ref>Walker, ''Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism'', [https://archive.org/details/creedsplatformso00walk/page/262 p. 263-66] (Internet Archive).</ref> The June/July session, passing over objections to Congregationalism forwarded by [[Thomas Parker (minister)|Thomas Parker]],<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, p. 293.</ref> prepared itself to accommodate what changes would be demanded of them. The King's declaration, issued 28 June (shortly after the beheading of Sir [[Henry Vane the Younger]]), upheld the Bay Colony's Charter, but in freedom of conscience, requiring no disadvantage for observation of the established [[Book of Common Prayer|Prayer Book]], and admission for all leading upright lives to [[Lord's Supper in Reformed theology|The Lord's Supper]], and their children to baptism, though supporting sharp laws against the ungovernable Quakers.<ref>E. Hazard, ''Historical Collections: Consisting of State Papers, and Other Authentic Documents'', 2 vols (1792-94), II, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O5waAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA605 pp. 605-07] (Google).</ref> In England the [[Act of Uniformity (1662)]] came into force in August, and many non-subscribing ministers were ejected. Accordingly, in September the Halfway Covenant was re-formulated: in October the King's letter was brought into the Massachusetts Court, and Wilson, Mather, Symmes and John Allin entered with the Result of the Synod,<ref>Walker, ''Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism'', pp. 265-70, and [https://archive.org/details/creedsplatformso00walk/page/300 pp. 301-39] (Internet Archive); Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'' II, 293-96, 299.</ref><ref>''Propositions concerning the subject of baptism and consociation of churches, collected and confirmed out of the word of God, by a synod of elders and messengers of the churches in Massachusetts-Colony in New England. Assembled at Boston, ... in the year 1662'' (Printed by Samuel Green for Hezekiah Usher at Boston in New-England, Cambridge Mass., 1662). Page view at [https://archive.org/details/propositionsconc00cong/page/n1 Internet Archive] (open). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;idno=N00035.0001.001 Evans/tcp] (open).</ref> for which they together wrote the preface in its published form.<ref>B.R. Burg, ''Richard Mather of Dorchester'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ceBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 p. 152] (Google).</ref>
 ;The Baptists
-In 1663 Zechariah Symmes junior was preaching in [[Rehoboth, Massachusetts|Rehoboth]], Plymouth Colony, and sharing duties with [[John Myles]],<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, p. 387.</ref> who in that year departed to found the [[First Baptist Church in Swansea]]. In the Bay Colony the Halfway Covenant, though fiercely opposed by John Davenport and others, made firm ground on which to oppose the Baptists, whose recalcitrant luminaries were particularly concentrated in Charlestown.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/162 pp. 162-173] (Internet Archive).</ref> Thomas Gould, deprived of the ordinances of the church but not yet formally excommunicated, was joined by friends from England and, supported by sympathizers, held private meetings.<ref>'Discipline of Thomas Goold' and 'Thomas Goold's own Narrative', in N.E. Wood, ''The History of the First Baptist Church of Boston (1665-1899)'' (American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia 1899), [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstba1665wood/page/n89 pp. 37-51] (Internet Archive).</ref> Gould and Thomas Osborne were called out: in a notable confrontation, Symmes senior questioned Gould's long absence and urged his excommunication. Gould maintained he was no [[schism]]atic, but had been excluded because he would not disavow his objection to infant baptism (i.e. to the doctrine of the heritable ''Elect Seed'' of righteousness) to gain readmittance, and remained upright in life and worship. When he suggested the arbitration of other ministers, Symmes asserted the authority of his own church to deal with him: but members of the congregation came to Gould's defence. Symmes moderated his demand to a further admonition, but this also was spoken against, and the meeting ended in confusion when it was found that Symmes's second admonition of Gould (of 1658) had not been in order and was unknown to the congregation.<ref>'Thomas Goold's own Narrative'.</ref> His perceived hostility towards Gould was draining his support from his own church.<ref>A.L. Sweet, 'The Development of Local Religious Tolerance in Massachusetts Bay Colony', Master's Thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst 1991, [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=3155&context=theses (ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst pdf, pp. 35-48)], at p. 41 (pdf p. 47).</ref>
+In 1663 Zechariah Symmes junior was preaching in [[Rehoboth, Massachusetts|Rehoboth]], Plymouth Colony, and sharing duties with [[John Myles (minister)|John Myles]],<ref>Felt, ''Ecclesiastical History'', II, p. 387.</ref> who in that year departed to found the [[First Baptist Church in Swansea]]. In the Bay Colony the Halfway Covenant, though fiercely opposed by John Davenport and others, made firm ground on which to oppose the Baptists, whose recalcitrant luminaries were particularly concentrated in Charlestown.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/162 pp. 162-173] (Internet Archive).</ref> Thomas Gould, deprived of the ordinances of the church but not yet formally excommunicated, was joined by friends from England and, supported by sympathizers, held private meetings.<ref>'Discipline of Thomas Goold' and 'Thomas Goold's own Narrative', in N.E. Wood, ''The History of the First Baptist Church of Boston (1665-1899)'' (American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia 1899), [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstba1665wood/page/n89 pp. 37-51] (Internet Archive).</ref> Gould and Thomas Osborne were called out: in a notable confrontation, Symmes senior questioned Gould's long absence and urged his excommunication. Gould maintained he was no [[schism]]atic, but had been excluded because he would not disavow his objection to infant baptism (i.e. to the doctrine of the heritable ''Elect Seed'' of righteousness) to gain readmittance, and remained upright in life and worship. When he suggested the arbitration of other ministers, Symmes asserted the authority of his own church to deal with him: but members of the congregation came to Gould's defence. Symmes moderated his demand to a further admonition, but this also was spoken against, and the meeting ended in confusion when it was found that Symmes's second admonition of Gould (of 1658) had not been in order and was unknown to the congregation.<ref>'Thomas Goold's own Narrative'.</ref> His perceived hostility towards Gould was draining his support from his own church.<ref>A.L. Sweet, 'The Development of Local Religious Tolerance in Massachusetts Bay Colony', Master's Thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst 1991, [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=3155&context=theses (ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst pdf, pp. 35-48)], at p. 41 (pdf p. 47).</ref>
 Further admonitions in early 1664 failed to prevent Gould's continued meetings, and in May 1665 he and eight others formed a church, re-baptized, and signed articles, so instituting the [[First Baptist Church in Boston]].<ref>Wood, ''First Baptist Church of Boston'', [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstba1665wood/page/n119 pp. 55-64] (Internet Archive).</ref> The Charlestown church proceeded to excommunication in late June or July 1665, and in September–October Gould, Osborne and three others, having presented a confession of faith,<ref>Wood, ''First Baptist Church of Boston'', [https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstba1665wood/page/n139 pp. 64-71] (Internet Archive).</ref> came before the General Court and were condemned as schismatics and disfranchised of their freedom of the Colony, under threat of immediate imprisonment. But they continued to meet until April 1666, when being called before the grand jury at [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]] Quarterly Court they refused to pay fines and were imprisoned. In March 1668 Gould appealed to the Court of Assistants and the Suffolk County judgement was overturned, but then reinstated.<ref>Backus, ''History of the Baptists'', I, [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01back/page/370 pp. 371-80] (Internet Archive).</ref> [[Richard Bellingham|Governor Bellingham]] then agreed to sponsor the Boston Debate of 14–15 April 1668, ostensibly to deliberate on their views, but (as the transcript reveals) intending to defeat or incriminate them.<ref>W.G. McLoughlin and M.W. Davidson, 'The Baptist Debate of April 14–15, 1668', ''Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society'' 3rd Series, Vol. 76 (1964), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080587?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents pp. 91-133] (Jstor - Login).</ref> Jonathan Mitchel ([[Discussion moderator|Moderating]]) and Thomas Shepard challenged them at length: Symmes was present, but spoke only to say he thought Gould was very sinful. Gould and another were again imprisoned, and (despite a scandalous petition to free them<ref>Backus, ''History of the Baptists'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01back/page/380 pp. 380-82, & ff.] (Internet Archive).</ref>) remained so until March 1669: being granted a brief release, they escaped to [[Noddle's Island]], where they continued unmolested.
@@ Line 92: / Line 98: @@
 In 1667 John Wilson died, and in 1669 Richard Mather followed him to their eternal reward. The church of Charleston sought to relieve Symmes of his labours, and approached [[John Oxenbridge]] for the ministry, who had often preached to them, but he succeeded Wilson at Boston.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/174 pp. 174-75] (Internet Archive).</ref> Zechariah Symmes died on 4 February 1671. He had dated his will on 20 January 1664/65. He left to his widow the use of all his worldly estate while she remained unmarried, and then to be divided among his children, having already provided portions for his daughters. Particular reference is made to his library (valued at £85.10s.03d.), which was left to Zechariah junr., including all his ''written'' books (manuscripts and notes of sermons), none of which he had ever prepared or intended for print, but which were in bound volumes, and which he asked might be loaned among his children at their desire. His lands, including the Charlestown dwelling-house, the farm near Woburn with land at Menotomy, the 300 acres in the Land of Nod, and several other parcels, were together valued at £460. His furniture and moveables (including library) were worth £681. He included a legacy of £5 to his brother William, "a small remembrance of his very great love and costs to us and ours". The will was proved 31 March 1672.<ref>Vinton, ''The Symmes Memorial'', [https://archive.org/details/symmesmemorialbi00vint/page/12 pp. 12-15] (Internet Archive).</ref>
-On 6 November 1672 the town voted that he should have a stone tomb, to be commissioned from "the stone cutter at Boston", for which the order was issued in February 1673.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/174 p. 175] (Internet Archive).</ref> It bore an epitaph which is no longer legible, but which was observed by [[Cotton Mather]], who recorded the lines:<blockquote>"A prophet lies under this stone:<br/>His words shall live, though he be gone."</blockquote> He adds that it ought to have said, "Here lies the friend of Mr. Jeremiah Burroughs", for he has the letters Burroughs sent to Symmes on his coming to New England, in which Burroughs compares their love to that of [[David and Jonathan]], as a sort of sworn brotherhood from their University days.<ref>Mather, ''Magnalia Christi Americana'', 2nd edition, I,[https://books.google.dj/books?id=nOpHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA415#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 415-16] (Google).</ref> Thomas Shepard succeeded fully to his ministry at Charlestown, and the meeting-house was largely refurbished soon afterwards.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/186 p. 186] (Internet Archive).</ref> The pastor-poet [[Edward Taylor]] wrote an Elegy upon his death.<ref>W.B. Sprague, ''Annals of the American Pulpit'' (Robert Carter and Brothers, New York 1857), [https://archive.org/details/00839292.1348.emory.edu/page/n209 p. 179] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+On 6 November 1672 the town voted that he should have a stone tomb, to be commissioned from "the stone cutter at Boston", for which the order was issued in February 1673.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/174 p. 175] (Internet Archive).</ref> It bore an epitaph which is no longer legible, but which was observed by [[Cotton Mather]], who recorded the lines:<blockquote>"A prophet lies under this stone:<br/>His words shall live, though he be gone."</blockquote> He adds that it ought to have said, "Here lies the friend of Mr. Jeremiah Burroughs", for he has the letters Burroughs sent to Symmes on his coming to New England, in which Burroughs compares their love to that of [[David and Jonathan]], as a sort of sworn brotherhood from their University days.<ref>Mather, ''Magnalia Christi Americana'', 2nd edition, I,[https://books.google.com/books?id=nOpHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA415 pp. 415-16] (Google).</ref> Thomas Shepard succeeded fully to his ministry at Charlestown, and the meeting-house was largely refurbished soon afterwards.<ref>Frothingham, ''History of Charlestown'', [https://archive.org/details/historyofcharles1845frot/page/186 p. 186] (Internet Archive).</ref> The pastor-poet [[Edward Taylor]] wrote an Elegy upon his death.<ref>W.B. Sprague, ''Annals of the American Pulpit'' (Robert Carter and Brothers, New York 1857), [https://archive.org/details/00839292.1348.emory.edu/page/n209 p. 179] (Internet Archive).</ref>
-Sarah Symmes, with whom he had lived 49 years and 7 months, survived him, and her will was proved on 28 December 1676, to which their sons-in-law [[Thomas Savage (major)|Thomas Savage]] and Edward Willis were executors.<ref>Vinton, ''The Symmes Memorial'', [https://archive.org/details/symmesmemorialbi00vint/page/16 p. 16] (Internet Archive).</ref> The deaths of Wilson, Mather and Symmes presaged the close of what has been called the "golden era of the [[Bible Commonwealths|Bible Commonwealth]]".<ref>McLoughlin and Davidson, 'The Boston Debate', at p. 94.</ref> As in Plymouth Colony the death of [[Thomas Prence]] ushered in more lenient times towards Quakers under [[Josiah Winslow]], so Symmes's determined defence of his doctrines had played its part in shaping the future of the Baptist movement. His cousin James Cudworth, rehabilitated in his Plymouth military command, joined with Thomas Savage (whose first wife was Faith, daughter of Ann Hutchinson) leading the Massachusetts men, in their march to relieve Swansea in June 1675.<ref>G.M. Bodge, ''Soldiers in King Philip's War'' (G.M. Bodge, Boston 1891), [https://archive.org/details/soldiersinkingph00bodg/page/n13 pp. xi-xv], 7, [https://archive.org/details/soldiersinkingph00bodg/page/22 23], [https://archive.org/details/soldiersinkingph00bodg/page/146 146-48]. (See also 3rd Edition (Bostohttps://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N00515.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltextn 1906), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jG9UwNJUJ2QC&pg=PA600#v=onepage&q&f=false Digital Antiquaria].) Also inscription at the [[John Myles|Myles Garrison House]] memorial, Swansea.</ref>
+Sarah Symmes, with whom he had lived 49 years and 7 months, survived him, and her will was proved on 28 December 1676, to which their sons-in-law [[Thomas Savage (major)|Thomas Savage]] and Edward Willis were executors.<ref>Vinton, ''The Symmes Memorial'', [https://archive.org/details/symmesmemorialbi00vint/page/16 p. 16] (Internet Archive).</ref> The deaths of Wilson, Mather and Symmes presaged the close of what has been called the "golden era of the [[Bible Commonwealths|Bible Commonwealth]]".<ref>McLoughlin and Davidson, 'The Boston Debate', at p. 94.</ref> As in Plymouth Colony the death of [[Thomas Prence]] ushered in more lenient times towards Quakers under [[Josiah Winslow]], so Symmes's determined defence of his doctrines had played its part in shaping the future of the Baptist movement. His cousin James Cudworth, rehabilitated in his Plymouth military command, joined with Thomas Savage (whose first wife was Faith, daughter of Ann Hutchinson) leading the Massachusetts men, in their march to relieve Swansea in June 1675.<ref>G.M. Bodge, ''Soldiers in King Philip's War'' (G.M. Bodge, Boston 1891), [https://archive.org/details/soldiersinkingph00bodg/page/n13 pp. xi-xv], 7, [https://archive.org/details/soldiersinkingph00bodg/page/22 23], [https://archive.org/details/soldiersinkingph00bodg/page/146 146-48]. (See also 3rd Edition (Bostohttps://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N00515.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltextn 1906), [https://books.google.com/books?id=jG9UwNJUJ2QC&pg=PA600 Digital Antiquaria].) Also inscription at the [[John Myles (minister)|Myles Garrison House]] memorial, Swansea.</ref>
-====Mentioned in a witch-phobic sermon in 1692====
+=== Mentioned in a witch-phobic sermon in 1692 ===
 More than two decades after his death, Symmes received a brief mention in the sermon ''Christ's Fidelity is the Only Shield Against Satan's Malignity'' delivered at Salem during the witchcraft trials of 1692. It contains an anecdote of prison visit by Symmes to a condemned woman.<ref>Evans Early American Imprints [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N00515.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext p.60]. Phonetic spelling of his name.</ref>
 ==Family==
-The children of Zechariah Symmes and Sarah, nee Baker, are listed as follows:<ref>Vinton, ''The Symmes Memorial'', [https://archive.org/details/symmesmemorialbi00vint/page/16 pp. 16-28] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+The children of Zechariah Symmes and Sarah, née Baker, are listed as follows:<ref>Vinton, ''The Symmes Memorial'', [https://archive.org/details/symmesmemorialbi00vint/page/16 pp. 16-28] (Internet Archive).</ref>
 * A son, presumed. Born in London c. 1623.
 * Sarah Symmes, born London c. 1625. She married in 1650 to Revd. Samuel Haugh, who in that year became minister of [[Reading, Massachusetts]]. He died in 1662 leaving three daughters and a son Samuel. Sarah remarried to Revd John Brock of Reading in 1662: he died in 1688.
 * (Captain) William Symmes, baptized Dunstable, Bedfordshire, 1626/27. He married (1) unknown, who left a daughter Sarah, and (2) Mary, by whom he had four sons and two daughters. Living in Charlestown, he died suddenly in 1691 leaving his affairs in disarray, survived by his second wife.
-* Mary Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1628. She married Major [[Thomas Savage (major)|Thomas Savage]] of Boston in 1652, as his second wife (the first was Faith Hutchinson). Thomas died in 1681/82 leaving three sons and a daughter by Mary, who survived him.
+* Mary Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1628. She married Major [[Thomas Savage (major)|Thomas Savage]] (c. 1607–1682) of Boston in 1652, as his second wife (the first was Faith Hutchinson). Thomas died in 1681/82 leaving three sons and a daughter by Mary, who survived him.
-* Elizabeth Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1629/30. She married [[Hezekiah Usher]], bookseller of Boston, in 1652. One son and one daughter were born: both died in infancy. Usher died in 1676.
+* Elizabeth Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1629/30. She married [[Hezekiah Usher]] (1616–1676), bookseller of Boston, in 1652. One son and one daughter were born: both died in infancy. Usher died in 1676.
 * Huldah Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1630/31. She married William Davis, apothecary, merchant and selectman of Boston, as his second wife (the first was Margaret, daughter of [[William Pynchon]]). Their son Thomas married Hannah, daughter of [[John Leverett|Governor Leverett]].
 * Hannah Symmes, baptized Dunstable, 1632. Died early, unmarried.
@@ Line 112: / Line 118: @@
 * Ruth Symmes, born Charlestown, 1635, married Edward Willis in 1668.
 * (Revd.) Zechariah Symmes, jnr., born Charlestown, 1637/38. He married (1) in 1669, Susannah, daughter of Thomas Graves of Charlestown, by whom he had four daughters and three sons. Susannah dying in 1681, in 1683 he remarried (2) to Mehitable, daughter of Henry Palmer of [[Haverhill, Massachusetts]], and widow of the Hon. Samuel Dalton of [[Hampton, New Hampshire]]. Zechariah became established as minister of [[Bradford, Massachusetts]] in 1668, where he died in 1707/08. He was succeeded there by his son,
-** Thomas Symmes (1 February 1678 - 6 October 1725), graduate at Harvard 1698, minister of Boxford 1702-1708,<ref>J. Brown, ''A Funeral Sermon Preached at Bradford... after the Death of Thomas Symmes'' (Wm.B. Allen & Co., Newburyport 1816). Full edition at [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IuheAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false Google] (open). Original 1726 edition has his advice to his children and to the members of his church.</ref>  who published ''Joco-Serious Dialogue on Singing'' (1723),<ref>T. Symmes, ''Utile Dulci. or, A Joco-serious Dialogue, concerning Regular Singing'' (B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish, Boston 1723). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=div1;view=toc;idno=N02093.0001.001;node=N02093.0001.001%3A3 Evans/tcp] (open).</ref> and ''Historical Memoirs of the Fight at Piggwacket, 9 May 1725''.<ref>(Sermon on the death of Capt. [[John Lovewell]], 1725), see in F. Kidder, ''The Expeditions of Captain John Lovewell'' (Reprint, William Abbatt, New York 1909), [https://archive.org/details/expeditionslove00kiddrich/page/22 pp. 22-36] (Internet Archive).</ref>
+** Thomas Symmes (1 February 1678 - 6 October 1725), graduate at Harvard 1698, minister of Boxford 1702–1708,<ref>J. Brown, ''A Funeral Sermon Preached at Bradford... after the Death of Thomas Symmes'' (Wm.B. Allen & Co., Newburyport 1816). Full edition at [https://books.google.com/books?id=IuheAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 Google] (open). Original 1726 edition has his advice to his children and to the members of his church.</ref>  who published ''Joco-Serious Dialogue on Singing'' (1723),<ref>T. Symmes, ''Utile Dulci. or, A Joco-serious Dialogue, concerning Regular Singing'' (B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish, Boston 1723). Full text at [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=div1;view=toc;idno=N02093.0001.001;node=N02093.0001.001%3A3 Evans/tcp] (open).</ref> and ''Historical Memoirs of the Fight at Piggwacket, 9 May 1725''.<ref>(Sermon on the death of Capt. [[John Lovewell]], 1725), see in F. Kidder, ''The Expeditions of Captain John Lovewell'' (Reprint, William Abbatt, New York 1909), [https://archive.org/details/expeditionslove00kiddrich/page/22 pp. 22-36] (Internet Archive).</ref>
 * Timothy Symmes, born Charlestown, 1640; died 1641.
 * Deborah Symmes, born Charlestown, 1642. In 1664 she married Timothy Prout, as his second wife.
@@ Line 125: / Line 131: @@
 [[Category:1599 births]]
 [[Category:1671 deaths]]
-[[Category:People from Canterbury]]
+[[Category:Clergy from Canterbury]]
-[[Category:Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
+[[Category:English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
-[[Category:Massachusetts colonial-era clergy]]
+[[Category:Clergy from colonial Massachusetts]]

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