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{{about|adjunct professors worldwide|the situation in the U.S. and Canada|Adjunct professors in North America}} |
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{{short description|Academic title}} |
{{short description|Academic title}} |
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{{rewritten|date=November 2018}} |
{{rewritten|date=November 2018}} |
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An '''adjunct professor''' is a type of academic appointment in [[higher education]] who does not work at the establishment full-time. The terms of this appointment and the [[job security]] of the tenure vary in different parts of the world, but the term is generally agreed to mean a bona-fide part-time faculty member in an adjunct position at an institution of higher education. |
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'''Adjunct professor''' ('''adjunct lecturer''', '''adjunct instructor''', '''adjunct faculty''' or '''contingent academic labor''' collectively) is a type of academic appointment in [[higher education]]. |
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==Terminology== |
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An adjunct professor may also be called an '''adjunct lecturer''', an '''adjunct instructor''', or '''adjunct faculty'''. Collectively, they may be referred to as '''contingent academic labor'''. The rank of [[sessional lecturer]] in Canadian universities is similar to the US concept. |
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== North America == |
== North America == |
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{{main|Adjunct professors in North America}} |
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| ⚫ | In the [[Academic ranks in the United States|United States]], an adjunct is a non-[[Academic tenure|tenure-track]] faculty member |
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| ⚫ | Adjunct professors make up the majority of instructors in higher education (post-secondary) institutions |
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| ⚫ | In most cases adjunct professors need a master's degree, but in some cases only require a bachelor's degree and relevant experience.<ref> |
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| ⚫ | In the [[Academic ranks in the United States|United States]], an adjunct is, in most cases, a non-[[Academic tenure|tenure-track]] faculty member.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/teaching-careers/adjunct-professor/|title=What is an Adjunct Professor? Job Description & Salary|date=1 September 2015|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125906/https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/teaching-careers/adjunct-professor/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/22/adjunct-professor-earn-less-than-pet-sitter|title=I am an adjunct professor who teaches five classes. I earn less than a pet-sitter - Lee Hall|first=Lee|last=Hall|date=22 June 2015|website=the Guardian}}</ref> However, it can also be a scholar or teacher whose primary employer is not the school or department with which they have adjunct status.<ref>{{cite web |title=Classification of Ranks and Titles » Faculty Handbook - Boston University |url=https://www.bu.edu/handbook/appointments-and-promotions/classification-of-ranks-and-titles |website=Boston University}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In Canada, adjunct professors are often nominated in recognition of active involvement with the appointing institution |
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| ⚫ | Adjunct professors make up the majority of instructors in higher education (post-secondary) institutions. As with other part-time workers, they are paid less than full-time professors and do not receive employee benefits such as health insurance or an office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resilienteducator.com/teaching-careers/adjunct-professor/|title = What is an Adjunct Professor? Job Description & Salary | Resilient Educator|date = September 2015}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In most cases, adjunct professors need a master's degree, but in some cases only require a bachelor's degree and relevant experience.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/teaching-careers/adjunct-professor/ |title=How to Become an Adjunct Professor: Job, Education, Salary |access-date=2018-04-16 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125906/https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/teaching-careers/adjunct-professor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, over a third have a doctoral degree.<ref>Colleen Flaherty, [https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2018/11/02/new-data-adjunct-instructors 'New Data on Adjunct Instructors,'] ''Inside Higher Ed'', November 2, 2018]</ref> In many universities, the title "adjunct professor" (or variations thereof, such as "adjunct associate professor") implies a PhD or other [[terminal degree]]; those with a master's or bachelor's degree may receive the title of "adjunct lecturer". In 2018 the [[American Association of University Professors|American Association of University Professors (AAUP)]] expressed concern that only a quarter of university positions are tenure-track, with implications for job security and academic freedom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/10/12/about-three-quarters-all-faculty-positions-are-tenure-track-according-new-aaup|title = About three-quarters of all faculty positions are off the tenure track, according to a new AAUP analysis}}</ref> The AAUP analysis determined that 73% of university teaching positions in the United States are non-tenure track.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About three-quarters of all faculty positions are off the tenure track, according to a new AAUP analysis|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/10/12/about-three-quarters-all-faculty-positions-are-tenure-track-according-new-aaup|access-date=2021-01-07|website=www.insidehighered.com|language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In Canada, adjunct professors are often nominated in recognition of active involvement with the appointing institution. At the same time, they are employed by the government, industry, a profession, or another institution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Gwen |date=2001-11-05 |title=Policy and Procedures for Appointment Of Adjunct Professors |url=https://www.unb.ca/gradstudies/_assets/pdfs/policyprocedure-adjunctprofessor.pdf |access-date=2022-04-13}}</ref> The term "course lecturer," rather than "adjunct," is used if the appointment is strictly to teach one or more courses. In contrast, the US uses this title for all instructors. |
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== Europe == |
== Europe == |
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In [[Portugal]] the designation ''professor adjunto'' implies |
In [[Portugal]], the designation ''professor adjunto'' implies stable full-time employment in a polytechnic university. Notably, in countries such as [[Academic ranks in Argentina|Argentina]] and [[Academic ranks in Brazil|Brazil]], a similar designation, ''professor adjunto'', also implies stable employment. The same term used in Argentina and Brazil refers to a non-tenured position in parts of [[Academic ranks in Spain|Spain]]. |
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| ⚫ | In [[Finland]], the Docents' Union of Finland and the Finnish Ministry of Education recommend the term adjunct professor or associate professor in English as a translation of the title of [[docent]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finnish Academic Job Titles Explained|url=https://academicpositions.com/career-advice/finnish-academic-job-titles-explained|website=Academic Positions.com}}</ref> A docentship should be regarded as an educational title not connected with the employment rank as such, rather an assurance of the level of expertise, to enable the person to advance further in their academic career. The rank of a docent entitles scientists to be principal investigators, lead research groups, and act as the supervisors of doctoral students. |
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Some universities in [[The Netherlands]] have adjunct professors, where the title applies to the highest ranking variant of [[associate professor]], thus having quite a distinct interpretation from the American use of the term. |
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In Italy the term Adjunct Professor is used to translate the title of ''Professore a contratto''. |
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| ⚫ | In [[Finland]], the Docents' Union of Finland and the Finnish Ministry of Education recommend the term adjunct professor in English as a translation of the title of [[docent]].<ref>{{cite web|title= |
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== South Asia == |
== South Asia == |
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In [[Bangladesh]], private universities follow the title adjunct professor or adjunct associate professor to imply non-tenure faculty members. |
In [[Bangladesh]], private universities follow the title adjunct professor or adjunct associate professor to imply non-tenure faculty members. |
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In [[List of academic ranks#Pakistan|Pakistan]], adjunct (assistant/associate) professors are also considered as non-regular faculty members and usually posts are given to Pakistani overseas scientists under a faculty development program. |
In [[List of academic ranks#Pakistan|Pakistan]], adjunct (assistant/associate) professors are also considered as non-regular faculty members, and usually, posts are given to Pakistani overseas scientists under a faculty development program. |
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== Southeast Asia and Oceania == |
== Southeast Asia and Oceania == |
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In [[Academic ranks in Australia|Australia]], the term ''adjunct'' is reserved for academics and researchers from outside the university who have a close association with the university, e.g. through supervision of [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] students, |
In [[Academic ranks in Australia|Australia]], the term ''adjunct'' is reserved for academics and researchers from outside the university who have a close association with the university, e.g., through supervision of [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] students, recognized by an honorary title reflective of their rank and standing (adjunct lecturer, senior lecturer, associate professor or professor).<ref>{{cite web|title=Adjunct and clinical titles|url=http://www.hr.uwa.edu.au/policies/policies/titles/adjunct-and-clinical-titles|last=Australia|first=The University of Western|website=www.hr.uwa.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Policies and Procedures Library - The University of Queensland, Australia|url=https://ppl.app.uq.edu.au/content/5.20.15-honorary-and-adjunct-title-holders|website=ppl.app.uq.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Adjunct Appointments|url=https://www.jcu.edu.au/policy/hr-staff-development/adjunct-appointments|website=www.jcu.edu.au|access-date=2018-04-16|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510193418/https://www.jcu.edu.au/policy/hr-staff-development/adjunct-appointments|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SCU Policy Library - Adjunct, Visiting and Conjoint Appointments Policy|url=https://policies.scu.edu.au/view.current.php?id=00027|last=www.tweek.com.au|first=(TWEEK!)|website=policies.scu.edu.au}}</ref> |
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In [[Academic ranks in Thailand|Thailand]], adjunct (assistant/associate) professors are considered "non-regular officers". |
In [[Academic ranks in Thailand|Thailand]], adjunct (assistant/associate) professors are considered "non-regular officers". |
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Latest revision as of 16:04, 24 November 2024
 | This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. (November 2018) |
An adjunct professor is a type of academic appointment in higher education who does not work at the establishment full-time. The terms of this appointment and the job security of the tenure vary in different parts of the world, but the term is generally agreed to mean a bona-fide part-time faculty member in an adjunct position at an institution of higher education.
Terminology
[edit]An adjunct professor may also be called an adjunct lecturer, an adjunct instructor, or adjunct faculty. Collectively, they may be referred to as contingent academic labor. The rank of sessional lecturer in Canadian universities is similar to the US concept.
North America
[edit]In the United States, an adjunct is, in most cases, a non-tenure-track faculty member.[1][2] However, it can also be a scholar or teacher whose primary employer is not the school or department with which they have adjunct status.[3] Adjunct professors make up the majority of instructors in higher education (post-secondary) institutions. As with other part-time workers, they are paid less than full-time professors and do not receive employee benefits such as health insurance or an office.[4] In most cases, adjunct professors need a master's degree, but in some cases only require a bachelor's degree and relevant experience.[5] However, over a third have a doctoral degree.[6] In many universities, the title "adjunct professor" (or variations thereof, such as "adjunct associate professor") implies a PhD or other terminal degree; those with a master's or bachelor's degree may receive the title of "adjunct lecturer". In 2018 the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) expressed concern that only a quarter of university positions are tenure-track, with implications for job security and academic freedom.[7] The AAUP analysis determined that 73% of university teaching positions in the United States are non-tenure track.[8]
In Canada, adjunct professors are often nominated in recognition of active involvement with the appointing institution. At the same time, they are employed by the government, industry, a profession, or another institution.[9] The term "course lecturer," rather than "adjunct," is used if the appointment is strictly to teach one or more courses. In contrast, the US uses this title for all instructors.
Europe
[edit]In Portugal, the designation professor adjunto implies stable full-time employment in a polytechnic university. Notably, in countries such as Argentina and Brazil, a similar designation, professor adjunto, also implies stable employment. The same term used in Argentina and Brazil refers to a non-tenured position in parts of Spain.
In Hungary, there exists a similar term adjunktus, as well as adiunkt in Poland, althought only the term is similar, cause adjunktus in Hungarian means full-time employed assistant professor, not a bona fide lecturer.
In Finland, the Docents' Union of Finland and the Finnish Ministry of Education recommend the term adjunct professor or associate professor in English as a translation of the title of docent.[10] A docentship should be regarded as an educational title not connected with the employment rank as such, rather an assurance of the level of expertise, to enable the person to advance further in their academic career. The rank of a docent entitles scientists to be principal investigators, lead research groups, and act as the supervisors of doctoral students.
Some universities in The Netherlands have adjunct professors, where the title applies to the highest ranking variant of associate professor, thus having quite a distinct interpretation from the American use of the term.
In Italy the term Adjunct Professor is used to translate the title of Professore a contratto.
South Asia
[edit]In Bangladesh, private universities follow the title adjunct professor or adjunct associate professor to imply non-tenure faculty members.
In Pakistan, adjunct (assistant/associate) professors are also considered as non-regular faculty members, and usually, posts are given to Pakistani overseas scientists under a faculty development program.
Southeast Asia and Oceania
[edit]In Australia, the term adjunct is reserved for academics and researchers from outside the university who have a close association with the university, e.g., through supervision of PhD students, recognized by an honorary title reflective of their rank and standing (adjunct lecturer, senior lecturer, associate professor or professor).[11][12][13][14]
In Thailand, adjunct (assistant/associate) professors are considered "non-regular officers".
References
[edit]- ^ "What is an Adjunct Professor? Job Description & Salary". 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ Hall, Lee (22 June 2015). "I am an adjunct professor who teaches five classes. I earn less than a pet-sitter - Lee Hall". the Guardian.
- ^ "Classification of Ranks and Titles » Faculty Handbook - Boston University". Boston University.
- ^ "What is an Adjunct Professor? Job Description & Salary | Resilient Educator". September 2015.
- ^ "How to Become an Adjunct Professor: Job, Education, Salary". Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ^ Colleen Flaherty, 'New Data on Adjunct Instructors,' Inside Higher Ed, November 2, 2018]
- ^ "About three-quarters of all faculty positions are off the tenure track, according to a new AAUP analysis".
- ^ "About three-quarters of all faculty positions are off the tenure track, according to a new AAUP analysis". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ Davies, Gwen (2001-11-05). "Policy and Procedures for Appointment Of Adjunct Professors" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Finnish Academic Job Titles Explained". Academic Positions.com.
- ^ Australia, The University of Western. "Adjunct and clinical titles". www.hr.uwa.edu.au.
- ^ "Policies and Procedures Library - The University of Queensland, Australia". ppl.app.uq.edu.au.
- ^ "Adjunct Appointments". www.jcu.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ^ www.tweek.com.au, (TWEEK!). "SCU Policy Library - Adjunct, Visiting and Conjoint Appointments Policy". policies.scu.edu.au.