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{{Short description|Huon language spoken in Papua New Guinea}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Borong
|name = Borong
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'''Borong''' is a [[Papuan languages|Papuan language]] spoken in [[Morobe Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]]. Dialects are '''Kosorong''' and Yangeborong.
'''Borong''' is a [[Papuan languages|Papuan language]] spoken in [[Morobe Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]]. Dialects are '''Kosorong''' and Yangeborong.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Borong has twenty consonants.<ref name="Organised Phonology">{{cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474531150/Borong_Kosorong_OPD.pdf|title=Borong (Kosorong) Organised Phonology Data|access-date=2018-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710221954/http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474531150/Borong_Kosorong_OPD.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! colspan=2| !! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] !! [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-dental]] !! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Labial-velar consonant|Labial-velar]]
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Plosive]] !! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
| {{IPAlink|p}}{{efn|name=aspirated|{{IPA|/p, t, k/}} are always aspirated {{IPA|[pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]}} syllable-initially.}} || || {{IPAlink|t}}{{efn|name=aspirated}} || || {{IPAlink|k}}{{efn|name=aspirated}} || {{IPAlink|kp}}
|-
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
| {{IPAlink|b}} || || {{IPAlink|d}} || || {{IPAlink|g}} || {{IPAlink|gb}}
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} || || {{IPAlink|n}} || || {{IPAlink|ŋ}}{{efn|{{IPAslink|ŋ}} is the only consonant that appears word-finally.}}||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| || || {{IPAlink|r}} || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Affricate]] !! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
| || || {{IPAlink|ts}} || || ||
|-
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
| || || {{IPAlink|dz}} || || ||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Fricative]]
| || {{IPAlink|f}} || {{IPAlink|s}} || || {{IPAlink|h}}{{efn|The source uses {{angbr|h}}, which is placed in the velar column despite a glottal column in the original table.}} ||

|-
! colspan=2|[[Approximant]]
| || || {{IPAlink|l}} || {{IPAlink|j}} || || {{IPAlink|w}}
|}
{{noteslist}}

===Vowels===
Borong has five short vowels, five long vowels, and a variety of vowel sequences.<ref name="Organised Phonology"/>

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Monophthongs<ref name="Organised Phonology"/>
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}} || || {{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}} || || {{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|oː}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
| || {{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|aː}} ||
|}

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Vowel sequences<ref name="Organised Phonology"/>
! !! {{IPA|/i/}} !! {{IPA|/e/}} !! {{IPA|/a/}} !! {{IPA|/o/}} !! {{IPA|/u/}}
|-
! {{IPA|/i/}}
| {{IPA|/ii/}} || {{IPA|/ie/}} || {{IPA|/iɑ/}} || {{IPA|/io/}} || {{emdash}}
|-
! /e/
| {{IPA|/ei/}} || {{IPA|/ee/}} || {{IPA|/ea/}} || {{IPA|/eo/}} || {{IPA|/eu/}}
|-
! /a/
| {{IPA|/ɑi/}} || {{IPA|/ae/}} || {{IPA|/aa/}} || {{IPA|/ao/}} || {{IPA|/ɑu/}}
|-
! /o/
| {{IPA|/oi/}} || {{emdash}} || {{IPA|/oa/}} || {{IPA|/oo/}} || {{IPA|/ou/}}
|-
! /u/
| {{emdash}} || {{IPA|/ue/}} || {{IPA|/uɑ/}} || {{emdash}} || {{IPA|/uu/}}
|}

==Example==
{|class=wikitable
|+Example story<ref name="Organised Phonology"/>
! Borong !! English
|-
|{{lang|ksr|Wala eeŋanoŋ somataurunana lokaeŋ ama laligogo: Mera dologa iyoŋonoŋ somariigi asa jigonoŋ ama oŋoŋ ikawanoŋ neneya kuuya suu ama oŋoŋgi ragi kema laligoŋ kambaŋgia megi. Ii tororo bao gbamo kooŋ komaŋ megi kouro gomaŋtiiŋa rii oroŋ ragi gomaŋ tiiro bao qeŋ ooŋ kotoŋ bao gbamo mendeeŋ oŋoŋgi neŋ kondeeŋ kema kaŋ laligogo. Kianda.}}
|Formerly our leaders made like this: As their young males grew, they were put into the boy's house. All food was forbidden from them. They lived there until an appointed time. Then they took a pig, taros, dancing hats and kundu drums and came forth together, sang and danced the whole night until morning. Then they killed the pig, cooked and cut it into pieces, shared the pig and the taros and gave them to eat. They ate as much as they could and left the leftovers and went home. That's it.
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal|url=http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474531150/Borong_Kosorong_OPD.pdf|title=Borong (Kosorong) Organised Phonology Data}}


{{Finisterre–Huon languages}}
{{Finisterre–Huon languages}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Morobe Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Morobe Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Huon languages]]
[[Category:Huon languages]]

Latest revision as of 17:03, 24 November 2024

Borong
Kosorong
Native toPapua New Guinea
RegionHuon Peninsula, Morobe Province
Native speakers
(2,200 cited 2000)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ksr
Glottologboro1279

Borong is a Papuan language spoken in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Kosorong and Yangeborong.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

Borong has twenty consonants.[2]

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial-velar
Plosive Voiceless p[a] t[a] k[a] kp
Voiced b d g gb
Nasal m n ŋ[b]
Trill r
Affricate Voiceless ts
Voiced dz
Fricative f s h[c]
Approximant l j w
  1. ^ a b c /p, t, k/ are always aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] syllable-initially.
  2. ^ /ŋ/ is the only consonant that appears word-finally.
  3. ^ The source uses ⟨h⟩, which is placed in the velar column despite a glottal column in the original table.

Vowels

[edit]

Borong has five short vowels, five long vowels, and a variety of vowel sequences.[2]

Monophthongs[2]
Front Central Back
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Low a aː
Vowel sequences[2]
/i/ /e/ /a/ /o/ /u/
/i/ /ii/ /ie/ /iɑ/ /io/ —
/e/ /ei/ /ee/ /ea/ /eo/ /eu/
/a/ /ɑi/ /ae/ /aa/ /ao/ /ɑu/
/o/ /oi/ — /oa/ /oo/ /ou/
/u/ — /ue/ /uɑ/ — /uu/

Example

[edit]
Example story[2]
Borong English
Wala eeŋanoŋ somataurunana lokaeŋ ama laligogo: Mera dologa iyoŋonoŋ somariigi asa jigonoŋ ama oŋoŋ ikawanoŋ neneya kuuya suu ama oŋoŋgi ragi kema laligoŋ kambaŋgia megi. Ii tororo bao gbamo kooŋ komaŋ megi kouro gomaŋtiiŋa rii oroŋ ragi gomaŋ tiiro bao qeŋ ooŋ kotoŋ bao gbamo mendeeŋ oŋoŋgi neŋ kondeeŋ kema kaŋ laligogo. Kianda. Formerly our leaders made like this: As their young males grew, they were put into the boy's house. All food was forbidden from them. They lived there until an appointed time. Then they took a pig, taros, dancing hats and kundu drums and came forth together, sang and danced the whole night until morning. Then they killed the pig, cooked and cut it into pieces, shared the pig and the taros and gave them to eat. They ate as much as they could and left the leftovers and went home. That's it.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Borong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c d e "Borong (Kosorong) Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
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