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A slacker is someone who habitually avoids work or lacks work ethic.

Origin

According to different sources, the term slacker dates back to about 1790 or 1898.^[1]^[2] "Slacker" gained some recognition during the British Gezira Scheme in the early to mid 20th century, when Sudanese labourers protested their relative powerlessness by working lethargically, a form of protest known as "slacking".^[3]^[4]

World Wars

In the United States during World War I, the word "slacker" was commonly used to describe someone who was not participating in the war effort, specifically someone who avoided military service, equivalent to the later term draft dodger. Attempts to track down such evaders were called slacker raids.^[5] During World War I, U.S. Senator Miles Poindexter discussed whether inquiries "to separate the cowards and the slackers from those who had not violated the draft" had been managed properly. A San Francisco Chronicle headline on 7 September 1918, read, "Slacker is Doused in Barrel of Paint".^[6]^[7] The term was also used during the World War II period in the United States. In 1940, Time quoted the U.S. Army on managing the military draft efficiently: "War is not going to wait while every slacker resorts to endless appeals."^[8]

Evolution

The shift in the use of "slacker" from its draft-related meaning to a more general sense of the avoidance of work is unclear. In April 1948, The New Republic referred to "resentment against taxes levied to aid slackers".^[9] An article tracking the evolution of the meaning of the term "Slacker" in defamation lawsuits between World War I and 2010, entitled When Slacker Was a Dirty Word: Defamation and Draft Dodging During World War I, was written by Attorney David Kluft for the Trademark and Copyright Law Blog.^[10]

Late 20th century and onward

The term achieved renewed popularity following its use in the 1985 film Back to the Future in which James Tolkan's character Mr. Strickland chronically refers to Marty McFly, his father George McFly, Biff Tannen, and a group of teenage delinquents as "slackers".^[11] It gained subsequent exposure from the 1989 Superchunk single "Slack Motherfucker", and the 1990 film Slacker.^[12] The television series Rox has been noted for its "depiction of the slacker lifestyle ... of the early '90s".^[13]^[14]^[15]

Slacker became widely used in the 1990s to refer to a type of apathetic youth who were cynical and uninterested in political or social causes and as a stereotype for members of Generation X.^[16] Richard Linklater, director of the aforementioned 1990 film, commented on the term's meaning in a 1995 interview, stating that "I think the cheapest definition [of a slacker] would be someone who's just lazy, hangin' out, doing nothing. I'd like to change that to somebody who's not doing what's expected of them. Somebody who's trying to live an interesting life, doing what they want to do, and if that takes time to find, so be it."^[17]

The term has connotations of "apathy and aimlessness".^[18] It is also used to refer to an educated person who avoids work, possibly as an anti-materialist stance, who may be viewed as an underachiever.^[12]

"Slackers" have been the subject of many films and television shows, particularly comedies. Notable examples include the films Slacker, Slackers, Clerks,^[19] Hot Tub Time Machine, Bio-Dome, You, Me and Dupree, Bachelor Party, Stripes, Withnail and I, Old School, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Trainspotting, Animal House, and Bill and Ted as well as the television shows Freaks and Geeks, Spaced, and The Royle Family.

The Idler, a British magazine founded in 1993, represents an alternative to contemporary society's work ethic and aims "to return dignity to the art of loafing".^[20]

References

^ "Online Etymology Dictionary, slack (adj.)". Douglas Harper.
^ "Dictionary.com slacker (noun)". Editors of dictionary.com.
^ V. Bernal, "Colonial Moral Economy and the Discipline of Development: The Gezira Scheme and 'Modern' Sudan", Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 12, 1997, 447–79
^ Robert Sydney Smith, Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-Colonial West Africa (University of Wisconsin Press 1989), 54-62
^ New York Times: "Take Slackers into Army", September 10, 1918, accessed 21 April 2010
^ Christopher Cappozolla, Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen (NY: Oxford University Press, 2008), 43-53, quotes 50, 229n
^ For one of many uses of the word during the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, see G. Louis Joughin and Edmund M. Morgan, The Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1948), 119
^ TIME: "The Draft: How it Works", September 23, 1940, accessed 13 April 2011. See also: New York Times: "Wheeler Assails Bureau 'Slackers'", September 29, 1943, accessed 21 April 2010; New York Times: "Nazis Round Up Slackers Facing British 8th Army", August 14, 1943, accessed 21 April 2010
^ Michael Straight, Trial by Television and Other Encounters (NY: Devon Press, 1979), 76
^ Kluft, David (30 June 2014). "When "Slacker" Was A Dirty Word: Defamation And Draft Dodging During World War I". Trademarkandcopyrightlawblog.com. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
^ Internet Movie Database: "Memorable quotes for Back to the Future (1985)", accessed 6 August 2010
^ ^a ^b "slacker". Random House, Inc. 2006.
^ Kheiry, Jamal (8 April 1994). "Unstructured (Life) Style Draws Cult Following". LUX (IDS Entertainment Guide).
^ Hall, Steve (20 May 1995). "In the realm of the uncensored". The Indianapolis Star.
^ Hammer, Steve; Poyser, Jim (18 January 1995). "J&B: Life on the ROX". NUVO Newsweekly.
^ ScrIibner, Sara (11 August 2013). "Generation X gets really old: How do slackers have a midlife crisis?". Salon. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
^ Petrek, Melissa; Hines, Alan (1993). "Withdrawing in Disgust Is Not the Same as Apathy: Cutting Some Slack with Richard Linklater". Mondo 2000. No. 9. p. 81.
^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary. "slacker".^{[dead link‍]}
^ New York Times: Tom Lutz, "Doing Nothing", June 4, 2006 accessed August 6, 2010, and excerpt Tom Lutz, Doing Nothing: A History of Loafers, Loungers, Slackers, and Bums in America (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006)
^ The Idler: "About The Idler", accessed 6 August 2010

[1] "Online Etymology Dictionary, slack (adj.)". Douglas Harper.

[2] "Dictionary.com slacker (noun)". Editors of dictionary.com.

[3] V. Bernal, "Colonial Moral Economy and the Discipline of Development: The Gezira Scheme and 'Modern' Sudan", Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 12, 1997, 447–79

[4] Robert Sydney Smith, Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-Colonial West Africa (University of Wisconsin Press 1989), 54-62

[5] New York Times: "Take Slackers into Army", September 10, 1918, accessed 21 April 2010

[6] Christopher Cappozolla, Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen (NY: Oxford University Press, 2008), 43-53, quotes 50, 229n

[7] For one of many uses of the word during the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, see G. Louis Joughin and Edmund M. Morgan, The Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1948), 119

[8] TIME: "The Draft: How it Works", September 23, 1940, accessed 13 April 2011. See also: New York Times: "Wheeler Assails Bureau 'Slackers'", September 29, 1943, accessed 21 April 2010; New York Times: "Nazis Round Up Slackers Facing British 8th Army", August 14, 1943, accessed 21 April 2010

[9] Michael Straight, Trial by Television and Other Encounters (NY: Devon Press, 1979), 76

[10] Kluft, David (30 June 2014). "When "Slacker" Was A Dirty Word: Defamation And Draft Dodging During World War I". Trademarkandcopyrightlawblog.com. Retrieved 7 August 2017.

[11] Internet Movie Database: "Memorable quotes for Back to the Future (1985)", accessed 6 August 2010

[dictionarycom-12] "slacker". Random House, Inc. 2006.

[lux-13] Kheiry, Jamal (8 April 1994). "Unstructured (Life) Style Draws Cult Following". LUX (IDS Entertainment Guide).

[uncensored-14] Hall, Steve (20 May 1995). "In the realm of the uncensored". The Indianapolis Star.

[nuvo-15] Hammer, Steve; Poyser, Jim (18 January 1995). "J&B: Life on the ROX". NUVO Newsweekly.

[16] ScrIibner, Sara (11 August 2013). "Generation X gets really old: How do slackers have a midlife crisis?". Salon. Retrieved 19 June 2016.

[17] Petrek, Melissa; Hines, Alan (1993). "Withdrawing in Disgust Is Not the Same as Apathy: Cutting Some Slack with Richard Linklater". Mondo 2000. No. 9. p. 81.

[18] Compact Oxford English Dictionary. "slacker".^{[dead link‍]}

[19] New York Times: Tom Lutz, "Doing Nothing", June 4, 2006 accessed August 6, 2010, and excerpt Tom Lutz, Doing Nothing: A History of Loafers, Loungers, Slackers, and Bums in America (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006)

[20] The Idler: "About The Idler", accessed 6 August 2010

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 According to different sources, the term ''slacker'' dates back to about 1790 or 1898.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=slacker&searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary, slack (adj.) |publisher=Douglas Harper}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/slacker |title= Dictionary.com slacker (noun) |publisher=Editors of dictionary.com}}</ref> "Slacker" gained some recognition during the [[UK|British]] [[Gezira Scheme]] in the early to mid 20th century, when [[Sudan]]ese labourers protested their relative powerlessness by working lethargically, a form of protest known as "slacking".<ref>V. Bernal, "Colonial Moral Economy and the Discipline of Development: The Gezira Scheme and 'Modern' Sudan", ''Cultural Anthropology'', Vol. 12, 1997, 447–79</ref><ref>Robert Sydney Smith, ''Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-Colonial West Africa'' ([[University of Wisconsin Press]] 1989), 54-62</ref>
-==World wars==
+==World Wars==
-[[File:In the Service They're Deserters. Don't Be a Production Slacker - NARA - 534393.jpg|thumb|upright|1942 US poster cautioning against slacking in the workplace]]
+[[File:In the Service They're Deserters. Don't Be a Production Slacker - NARA - 534393.jpg|thumb|upright|1942 US [[War Production Board]] propaganda poster equating slacking in the workplace to desertion]]
-In the [[United States]] during [[World War I]], the word "slacker" was commonly used to describe someone who was not participating in the war effort, specifically someone who avoided military service, equivalent to the later term ''[[draft dodger]]''. Attempts to track down such evaders were called ''slacker raids''.<ref>New York Times: [https://www.nytimes.com/1918/09/10/archives/take-slackers-into-army-many-at-camp-dix-welcome-induction-into.html "Take Slackers into Army", September 10, 1918], accessed 21 April 2010</ref> During World War I, U.S. Senator [[Miles Poindexter]] discussed whether inquiries "to separate the cowards and the slackers from those who had not violated the draft" had been managed properly. A ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' headline on 7 September 1918, read, "Slacker is Doused in Barrel of Paint".<ref>Christopher Cappozolla, ''Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen'' (NY: Oxford University Press, 2008), 43-53, quotes 50, 229n</ref><ref>For one of many uses of the word during the trial of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]], see G. Louis Joughin and Edmund M. Morgan, ''The Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti'' (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1948), 119</ref> The term was also used during the [[World War II]] period in the United States. In 1940, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' quoted the [[U.S. Army]] on managing [[conscription in the United States|the military draft]] efficiently: "War is not going to wait while every slacker resorts to endless appeals."<ref>''TIME'': [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801969-3,00.html "The Draft: How it Works", September 23, 1940], accessed 13 April 2011. See also: ''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1943/09/29/archives/wheeler-assails-bureau-slackers-demands-they-and-dodgers-in.html "Wheeler Assails Bureau 'Slackers'", September 29, 1943], accessed 21 April 2010; ''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1943/08/14/archives/nazis-round-up-slackers-facing-british-8th-army.html "Nazis Round Up Slackers Facing British 8th Army", August 14, 1943], accessed 21 April 2010</ref>
+In the [[United States]] during [[World War I]], the word "slacker" was commonly used to describe someone who was not participating in the war effort, specifically someone who avoided military service, equivalent to the later term ''[[draft dodger]]''. Attempts to track down such evaders were called ''slacker raids''.<ref>New York Times: [https://www.nytimes.com/1918/09/10/archives/take-slackers-into-army-many-at-camp-dix-welcome-induction-into.html "Take Slackers into Army", September 10, 1918], accessed 21 April 2010</ref> During World War I, U.S. Senator [[Miles Poindexter]] discussed whether inquiries "to separate the cowards and the slackers from those who had not violated the draft" had been managed properly. A ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' headline on 7 September 1918, read, "Slacker is Doused in Barrel of Paint".<ref>Christopher Cappozolla, ''Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen'' (NY: Oxford University Press, 2008), 43-53, quotes 50, 229n</ref><ref>For one of many uses of the word during the trial of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]], see G. Louis Joughin and Edmund M. Morgan, ''[[The Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti]]'' (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1948), 119</ref> The term was also used during the [[World War II]] period in the United States. In 1940, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' quoted the [[U.S. Army]] on managing [[conscription in the United States|the military draft]] efficiently: "War is not going to wait while every slacker resorts to endless appeals."<ref>''TIME'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107040911/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801969-3,00.html "The Draft: How it Works", September 23, 1940], accessed 13 April 2011. See also: ''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1943/09/29/archives/wheeler-assails-bureau-slackers-demands-they-and-dodgers-in.html "Wheeler Assails Bureau 'Slackers'", September 29, 1943], accessed 21 April 2010; ''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1943/08/14/archives/nazis-round-up-slackers-facing-british-8th-army.html "Nazis Round Up Slackers Facing British 8th Army", August 14, 1943], accessed 21 April 2010</ref>
 ==Evolution==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ==Late 20th century and onward==
-The term achieved renewed popularity following its use in the 1985 film ''[[Back to the Future]]'' in which [[James Tolkan]]'s character Mr. Strickland chronically refers to [[Marty McFly]], his father George McFly, [[Biff Tannen]], and a group of teenage delinquents in ''[[Back to the Future Part II|Part II]]'' as "slackers".<ref>Internet Movie Database: [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088763/quotes "Memorable quotes for ''Back to the Future'' (1985)"], accessed 6 August 2010</ref> It gained subsequent exposure from the 1989 [[Superchunk]] single "Slack Motherfucker", and the 1990 film ''[[Slacker (film)|Slacker]]''.<ref name=dictionarycom /> The television series ''[[Rox (American TV series)|Rox]]'' has been noted for its "depiction of the slacker lifestyle ... of the early '90s".<ref name="lux">{{cite news|title=Unstructured (Life) Style Draws Cult Following|last=Kheiry|first=Jamal|date=8 April 1994|newspaper=LUX (IDS Entertainment Guide)}}</ref><ref name="uncensored">{{Cite news|title=In the realm of the uncensored|last=Hall|first=Steve|date=20 May 1995|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star}}</ref><ref name="nuvo">{{cite news|title=J&B: Life on the ROX|last=Hammer|first=Steve|last2=Poyser|first2=Jim|date=18 January 1995|newspaper=NUVO Newsweekly}}</ref>
+The term achieved renewed popularity following its use in the 1985 film ''[[Back to the Future]]'' in which [[James Tolkan]]'s character Mr. Strickland chronically refers to [[Marty McFly]], his father George McFly, [[Biff Tannen]], and a group of teenage delinquents as "slackers".<ref>Internet Movie Database: [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088763/quotes "Memorable quotes for ''Back to the Future'' (1985)"], accessed 6 August 2010</ref> It gained subsequent exposure from the 1989 [[Superchunk]] single "[[Slack Motherfucker]]", and the 1990 film ''[[Slacker (film)|Slacker]]''.<ref name=dictionarycom /> The television series ''[[Rox (American TV series)|Rox]]'' has been noted for its "depiction of the slacker lifestyle ... of the early '90s".<ref name="lux">{{cite news|title=Unstructured (Life) Style Draws Cult Following|last=Kheiry|first=Jamal|date=8 April 1994|newspaper=LUX (IDS Entertainment Guide)}}</ref><ref name="uncensored">{{Cite news|title=In the realm of the uncensored|last=Hall|first=Steve|date=20 May 1995|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star}}</ref><ref name="nuvo">{{cite news|title=J&B: Life on the ROX|last=Hammer|first=Steve|last2=Poyser|first2=Jim|date=18 January 1995|newspaper=NUVO Newsweekly}}</ref>
 ''Slacker'' became widely used in the 1990s to refer to a type of apathetic youth who were cynical and uninterested in political or social causes and as a stereotype for members of [[Generation X]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=ScrIibner|first1=Sara|title=Generation X gets really old: How do slackers have a midlife crisis?|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/08/11/generation_x_gets_really_old_how_do_slackers_have_a_midlife_crisis/|access-date=19 June 2016|work=Salon|date=11 August 2013}}</ref> [[Richard Linklater]], director of the aforementioned 1990 film, commented on the term's meaning in a 1995 interview, stating that "I think the cheapest definition [of a slacker] would be someone who's just lazy, hangin' out, doing nothing. I'd like to change that to somebody who's not doing what's expected of them. Somebody who's trying to live an interesting life, doing what they want to do, and if that takes time to find, so be it."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Withdrawing in Disgust Is Not the Same as Apathy: Cutting Some Slack with Richard Linklater|last=Petrek|first=Melissa|work=[[Mondo 2000]]|last2=Hines|first2=Alan|year=1993|issue=9|page=81}}</ref>
-The term has connotations of "apathy and aimlessness".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/slacker?view=get |title=slacker |author=Compact Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> It is also used to refer to an educated person who avoids work, possibly as an anti-materialist stance, who may be viewed as an [[underachiever]].<ref name="dictionarycom">{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/slacker |title=slacker |publisher=Random House, Inc. |year=2006}}</ref>
+The term has connotations of "apathy and aimlessness".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/slacker?view=get |title=slacker |author=Compact Oxford English Dictionary}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is also used to refer to an educated person who avoids work, possibly as an anti-[[economic materialism|materialist]] stance, who may be viewed as an [[underachiever]].<ref name="dictionarycom">{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/slacker |title=slacker |publisher=Random House, Inc. |year=2006}}</ref>
-"Slackers" have been the subject of many films and television shows, particularly comedies. Notable examples include the films ''[[Slacker (film)|Slacker]]'', ''[[Slackers (film)|Slackers]]'', ''[[Clerks (film)|Clerks]]'',<ref>''New York Times'': [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/books/chapters/0604-1st-lutz.html?pagewanted=3& Tom Lutz, "''Doing Nothing''", June 4, 2006] accessed August 6, 2010, and excerpt Tom Lutz, ''Doing Nothing: A History of Loafers, Loungers, Slackers, and Bums in America'' (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006)</ref> ''[[Hot Tub Time Machine]]'', ''[[Bio-Dome]]'', ''[[You, Me and Dupree]]'', ''[[Bachelor Party (1984 film)|Bachelor Party]]'', ''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'', ''[[Withnail and I]]'', ''[[Old School (film)|Old School]]'', ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]'', ''[[Trainspotting (film)|Trainspotting]]'' and ''[[Animal House]]'', as well as the television shows ''[[Freaks and Geeks]]'', ''[[Spaced]]'', and ''[[The Royle Family]]''.
+"Slackers" have been the subject of many films and television shows, particularly comedies. Notable examples include the films ''[[Slacker (film)|Slacker]]'', ''[[Slackers (film)|Slackers]]'', ''[[Clerks (film)|Clerks]]'',<ref>''New York Times'': [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/books/chapters/0604-1st-lutz.html?pagewanted=3& Tom Lutz, "''Doing Nothing''", June 4, 2006] accessed August 6, 2010, and excerpt Tom Lutz, ''Doing Nothing: A History of Loafers, Loungers, Slackers, and Bums in America'' (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006)</ref> ''[[Hot Tub Time Machine]]'', ''[[Bio-Dome]]'', ''[[You, Me and Dupree]]'', ''[[Bachelor Party (1984 film)|Bachelor Party]]'', ''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'', ''[[Withnail and I]]'', ''[[Old School (2003 film)|Old School]]'', ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]'', ''[[Trainspotting (film)|Trainspotting]],'' ''[[Animal House]]'', and [[Bill & Ted|''Bill and Ted'']] as well as the television shows ''[[Freaks and Geeks]]'', ''[[Spaced]]'', and ''[[The Royle Family]]''.
 ''[[The Idler (1993)|The Idler]]'', a British magazine founded in 1993, represents an alternative to contemporary society's [[work ethic]] and aims "to return dignity to the art of loafing".<ref>''The Idler'': [http://idler.co.uk/shop/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=3 "About The Idler"], accessed 6 August 2010</ref>
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 {{wikiquote}}
 *[[Acedia]], a state of listlessness
+*[[Buddha-like mindset]], Chinese term for people who reject the rat race
 *[[Contrarian]]
 *[[Goldbricking]], cyberslacking
@@ Line 35: / Line 36: @@
 *[[NEET]], "Not in Employment, Education or Training"
 *[[Procrastination]], putting off impending tasks to a later time
-*[[Refusal of work]]
 *[[Slacktivism]]
-*[[Sloth (deadly sin)|Sloth]], deadly sin
+*[[Sloth (deadly sin)]]
+*[[Tang ping]] ("lying flat")
-*[[Work ethic]]
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Conscription in the United States]]
+[[Category:Counterculture of the 1990s]]
 [[Category:Demographics]]
-[[Category:Counterculture]]
+[[Category:Stereotypes]]
+[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]
 [[Category:Refusal of work]]
-[[Category:Conscription in the United States]]