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{{Short description|State highway in Broome County, New York, US}}
{{Redirect|New York State Route 363|previous alignments of NY 363}}
{{Redirect|New York State Route 363|previous alignments of NY 363}}
{{Infobox road
{{Infobox road
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|state=NY
|state=NY
|name=Brandywine Highway
|name=Brandywine Highway
|map={{maplink-road|from=Brandywine Highway.map}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=NY 363 highlighted in red, NY 7 portion of Brandywine Highway in purple
|maint=[[NYSDOT]]
|maint=[[NYSDOT]]
|length_mi=3.95
|length_mi=3.95
|length_round=2
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref name="2007tdr">{{cite web |url=https://www.nysdot.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/NYSDOT_Traffic_Data_Report_2007.pdf |title=2007 Traffic Data Report for New York State |date=July 25, 2008 |format=PDF |publisher=[[New York State Department of Transportation]] |accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref>
|length_ref=<ref name="2007tdr">{{cite web|url=https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/Traffic%20Data%20Report%202007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612094059/https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/Traffic%20Data%20Report%202007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2012 |title=2007 Traffic Data Report for New York State |date=July 25, 2008 |format=PDF |publisher=[[New York State Department of Transportation]] |accessdate=June 2, 2009 }}</ref>
|length_notes=NY&nbsp;363: {{convert|1.38|mi|2}}<ref name="2007tdr" />
|length_notes=NY&nbsp;363: {{convert|1.38|mi|2}}<ref name="2007tdr" />
|established=1960s<ref name="nbi" /><ref name="binghamton west quad" />
|established=1960s<ref name="nbi" /><ref name="binghamton west quad" /><br /><small>July 1, 1974 (NY&nbsp;363)<ref name="1974log" /></small>
|direction_a=South
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a={{jct|state=NY|NY|434}} in [[Binghamton (city), New York|Binghamton]]
|terminus_a={{jct|state=NY|NY|434}} / NY 992E in [[Binghamton (city), New York|Binghamton]]
|junction={{jct|state=NY|I|81|NY|17}} in Binghamton
|junction={{jct|state=NY|I|81|NY|17}} in Binghamton
|direction_b=North
|direction_b=North
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|next_route=364
|next_route=364
}}
}}
The '''Brandywine Highway''' is a north–south [[limited-access highway]] in the vicinity of the city of [[Binghamton (city), New York|Binghamton]], [[New York]], [[United States]]. The highway is maintained by the [[New York State Department of Transportation]] and extends for {{convert|3.95|mi|2}} through [[Downtown Binghamton]] and the neighboring village of [[Port Dickinson, New York|Port Dickinson]]. The southern terminus of the highway is at [[New York State Route 434|NY&nbsp;434]] in Binghamton and its northern terminus is at [[Interstate 88 (east)|Interstate&nbsp;88]] in [[Fenton, New York|Fenton]] just north of the Port Dickinson village line.
The '''Brandywine Highway''' is a north–south [[limited-access road|expressway]] in the vicinity of the city of [[Binghamton (city), New York|Binghamton]], [[New York (state)|New York]], in the United States. The highway is maintained by the [[New York State Department of Transportation]] and extends for {{convert|3.95|mi|2}} through [[Downtown Binghamton]] and the neighboring village of [[Port Dickinson, New York|Port Dickinson]]. The southern terminus of the highway is at [[New York State Route&nbsp;434]] (NY&nbsp;434) in Binghamton and its northern terminus is at [[Interstate 88 (east)|Interstate&nbsp;88]] (I-88) in [[Fenton, New York|Fenton]] just north of the Port Dickinson village line.


The Brandywine Highway is designated as '''New York State Route&nbsp;363''' from NY&nbsp;434 to Brandywine Avenue and part of [[New York State Route 7|NY&nbsp;7]] from Brandywine Avenue to I-88.
The Brandywine Highway is designated as '''New York State Route&nbsp;363''' from NY&nbsp;434 to Brandywine Avenue and part of [[New York State Route 7|NY&nbsp;7]] from Brandywine Avenue to I-88. NY 363 is also known as '''North Shore Drive.'''


==Route description==
==Route description==
The Brandywine Highway begins as NY&nbsp;363 at an interchange with [[New York State Route 434|NY&nbsp;434]] in [[Downtown Binghamton]] near the confluence of the [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] and [[Chenango River]]s. The route, a [[limited-access highway|limited-access]] extension of North Shore Drive, heads northeast along the north bank of the Susquehanna River and around the downtown district. While on the riverbank, NY&nbsp;363 southbound connects to Susquehanna Street by way of an interchange. Due to the presence of the Susquehanna River south of the freeway, the onramps from NY&nbsp;434 north and Susquehanna Street (via Carroll Street) to NY&nbsp;363 north are actually located north of NY&nbsp;363 southbound for a short distance (thus running anti-parallel to traffic on NY&nbsp;363 southbound) before passing under NY&nbsp;363 south and merging with NY&nbsp;363 northbound on the left-hand side of the road.
The Brandywine Highway begins as NY&nbsp;363 at an interchange with [[New York State Route 434|NY&nbsp;434]] in [[Downtown Binghamton]] near the confluence of the [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] and [[Chenango River]]s. The route, a [[limited-access highway|limited-access]] extension of North Shore Drive, heads northeast along the north bank of the Susquehanna River and around the downtown district. While on the riverbank, NY&nbsp;363 southbound connects to Susquehanna Street by way of an interchange. Due to the presence of the Susquehanna River south of the expressway, the onramps from NY&nbsp;434 north and Susquehanna Street (via Carroll Street) to NY&nbsp;363 north are actually located north of NY&nbsp;363 southbound for a short distance (thus running anti-parallel to traffic on NY&nbsp;363 southbound) before passing under NY&nbsp;363 south and merging with NY&nbsp;363 northbound on the left-hand side of the road.


Past the Susquehanna Street, NY&nbsp;363 continues along the Susquehanna River to a [[parclo interchange]] with [[U.S. Route 11 (New York)|U.S. Route&nbsp;11]] (Court Street) just east of [[NYSEG Stadium]]. Past US&nbsp;11, the expressway leaves the riverbank and heads northward over the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]]'s [[Southern Tier Line]] before merging with [[New York State Route 7|NY&nbsp;7]] (Brandywine Avenue) northbound. Here, NY&nbsp;363 ends and the freeway becomes part of NY&nbsp;7. Although most of the Brandywine Highway is limited-access, there is an [[at-grade intersection]] between NY&nbsp;7 and Frederick Street just north of the Brandywine Avenue interchange. However, only right-hand turns are permitted from NY&nbsp;7.
Past Susquehanna Street, NY&nbsp;363 continues along the Susquehanna River to a [[parclo interchange]] with [[U.S. Route 11 in New York|U.S. Route&nbsp;11]] (US&nbsp;11, named Court Street) just east of [[NYSEG Stadium]]. Past US&nbsp;11, the expressway leaves the riverbank and heads northward over the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]]'s [[Southern Tier Line]] before merging with [[New York State Route 7|NY&nbsp;7]] (Brandywine Avenue) northbound. Here, NY&nbsp;363 ends and the expressway becomes part of NY&nbsp;7. Just north of the Brandywine Avenue interchange, there is an [[at-grade intersection]] between NY&nbsp;7 and Frederick Street. However, only right-hand turns are permitted from NY&nbsp;7.


North of Frederick Street, the highway becomes limited-access once more and connects to the [[overlap (road)|conjoined]] routes of [[Interstate 81 (New York)|Interstate&nbsp;81]] and [[New York State Route 17|NY&nbsp;17]] by way of a [[cloverleaf interchange]]. Just north of the cloverleaf's northern tip is a simpler [[diamond interchange]] between NY&nbsp;7 and Bevier Street. The highway continues on, paralleling a [[branch line]] off the Southern Tier Line northward through the city and into the village of [[Port Dickinson, New York|Port Dickinson]]. A second at-grade intersection exists with Old State Road; however, unlike the first with Frederick Street, there are no turn restrictions at this intersection. NY&nbsp;7 becomes limited-access once more, meeting a pair of [[service road]]s that serve [[Hillcrest, Broome County, New York|Hillcrest]] before merging with [[Interstate 88 (east)|Interstate&nbsp;88]] just north of the Port Dickinson village limits in the town of [[Fenton, New York|Fenton]]. The Brandywine Highway ends here; however, NY&nbsp;7 continues onto I-88.
North of Frederick Street, the highway connects to the [[overlap (road)|conjoined]] routes of [[Interstate 81 in New York|I-81]] and [[New York State Route 17|NY&nbsp;17]] by way of a [[cloverleaf interchange]]. Just north of the cloverleaf's northern tip is a simpler [[diamond interchange]] between NY&nbsp;7 and Bevier Street. The highway continues on, paralleling a [[branch line]] off the Southern Tier Line northward through the city and into the village of [[Port Dickinson, New York|Port Dickinson]]. A second at-grade intersection exists with Old State Road; however, unlike the first with Frederick Street, there are no turn restrictions at this intersection. NY&nbsp;7 becomes limited-access once more, meeting a pair of [[service road]]s that serve [[Hillcrest, Broome County, New York|Hillcrest]] before merging with [[Interstate 88 (east)|I-88]] just north of the Port Dickinson village limits in the town of [[Fenton, New York|Fenton]]. The Brandywine Highway ends here; however, NY&nbsp;7 continues onto I-88.


==History==
==History==
The Brandywine Highway was constructed in the early 1960s<ref name="nbi">[[National Bridge Inventory]], a database compiled by the [[United States Department of Transportation]] [[Federal Highway Administration]], available at www.nationalbridges.com. Accessed June 2, 2009.</ref> and opened to traffic by 1968. The portion of the freeway north of Brandywine Avenue became a realignment of [[New York State Route 7|NY&nbsp;7]]<ref name="binghamton west quad">{{cite map |url=http://www.nysgis.state.ny.us/gisdata/quads/drg24/usgspreview/index.cfm?code=o42075a8 |title=Binghamton West Quadrangle – New York – Broome Co. |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |series=7.5 Minute Series (Topographic) |year=1976 |scale=1:24,000 |accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref><ref name="castle creek quad">{{cite map |url=http://www.nysgis.state.ny.us/gisdata/quads/drg24/usgspreview/index.cfm?code=o42075b8 |title=Castle Creek Quadrangle – New York – Broome Co. |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |series=7.5 Minute Series (Topographic) |year=1976 |scale=1:24,000 |accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite map |title=New York and Metropolitan New York |publisher=[[Sinclair Oil|Sinclair]] |year=1964 |cartography=[[Rand McNally and Company]]}}</ref> while the remaining section from [[New York State Route 434|NY&nbsp;434]] to Brandywine Avenue was initially unnumbered.<ref name="binghamton west quad" /><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.greaternyroads.info/pdfs/state70.pdf |title=Official Description of Touring Routes in New York State |date=January 1, 1970 |author=[[State of New York Department of Transportation]] |format=PDF |accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref> The NY&nbsp;434 – Brandywine Avenue segment was designated as NY&nbsp;363 by 1981.<ref>{{cite map |title=[[I Love New York]] Tourism Map |publisher=[[State of New York]] |cartography=[[Rand McNally and Company]] |year=1981}}</ref> In the late 1980s, the northernmost portion of the highway was reconfigured to accommodate the new [[Interstate 88 (east)|Interstate&nbsp;88]].<ref name="nbi" />
The Brandywine Highway was constructed in the early 1960s<ref name="nbi">[[National Bridge Inventory]], a database compiled by the [[United States Department of Transportation]] [[Federal Highway Administration]], available at www.nationalbridges.com. Accessed June 2, 2009.</ref> and opened to traffic by 1968. The portion of the freeway north of Brandywine Avenue became a realignment of [[New York State Route 7|NY&nbsp;7]]<ref name="binghamton west quad">{{cite map |url=http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/usgspreview/index.cfm?code=o42075a8 |title=Binghamton West Quadrangle – New York – Broome Co. |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |series=7.5 Minute Series (Topographic) |year=1976 |scale=1:24,000 |accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref><ref name="castle creek quad">{{cite map |url=http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/usgspreview/index.cfm?code=o42075b8 |title=Castle Creek Quadrangle – New York – Broome Co. |publisher=United States Geological Survey |series=7.5 Minute Series (Topographic) |year=1976 |scale=1:24,000 |accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite map |title=New York and Metropolitan New York |publisher=[[Sinclair Oil Corporation]] |year=1964 |cartography=[[Rand McNally and Company]]}}</ref> while the remaining section from [[New York State Route 434|NY&nbsp;434]] to Brandywine Avenue was initially unnumbered.<ref name="binghamton west quad" /><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.greaternyroads.info/pdfs/state70.pdf |title=Official Description of Touring Routes in New York State |date=January 1, 1970 |author=State of New York Department of Transportation |author-link=State of New York Department of Transportation |format=PDF |accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref> The NY&nbsp;434–Brandywine Avenue segment was designated as NY&nbsp;363 on July 1, 1974.<ref name="1974log">{{cite book|title=Description of Touring Routes in New York State for the Interstate (I), Federal (US) and State (NY) Route Number Systems |author=New York State Department of Transportation |author-link=New York State Department of Transportation |date=June 28, 1974}}</ref> In the late 1980s, the northernmost portion of the highway was reconfigured to accommodate the new [[Interstate 88 (east)|I-88]].<ref name="nbi" />


==Exit list==
==Exit list==
{{NYinttop|length_ref=<ref name="2007tdr" />|county=Broome|exit=yes|unnum=yes}}
{{NYinttop|length_ref=<ref name="2007tdr" />|county=Broome|unnum=yes}}
{{NYint
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]]
|location=Binghamton
|lspan=7
|rowspan=2|0.00
|mile=0.00
|North Shore Drive
|road={{jct|state=NY|NY|434|NY|992E|city1=Vestal|name2=North Shore Drive|noshield2=yes|nolink2=yes}}<br>{{jct|state=NY|NY|363|dir1=begins|nolink1=yes}}
|Continuation of NY&nbsp;363 beyond NY&nbsp;434
|notes=Southern terminus; southern terminus of NY 363
|-
}}
|{{jct|state=NY|NY|434|city1=Vestal}}
{{NYint
|
|road=Susquehanna Street
|-
|type=incomplete
|
|notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance
|Susquehanna Street
}}
|Southbound exit and northbound entrance
{{NYint
|-
|0.84
|mile=0.84
|{{jct|state=NY|US|11|NY|7|name1=Court Street|to2=yes|dir2=south}}
|road={{jct|state=NY|US|11|NY|7|name1=Court Street|to2=yes|dir2=west}}
|NY 7 not posted on southbound signage
|notes=NY&nbsp;7 not signed southbound
}}
|-
{{NYint
|1.38
|mile=1.38
|{{jct|state=NY|NY|7|dir1=south|road=Robinson Street}}
|type=concur
|Southbound exit and northbound entrance; Brandywine Highway becomes NY&nbsp;7 northbound and NY&nbsp;363 southbound
|road={{jct|state=NY|NY|7|dir1=west}}<br>{{jct|state=NY|NY|363|dir1=ends|nolink1=yes}}
|-
|notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance; south end of NY 7 overlap; northern terminus of NY 363
|1.53
}}
|Frederick Street
{{NYint
|[[At-grade intersection]]; only south-to-west and north-to-east connections are permitted
|mile=1.53
|-
|type=incomplete
|rowspan=2|1.78
|road=Frederick Street
|{{jct|state=NY|I|81|NY|17|dir1=south|dir2=east}}&nbsp;– [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], [[New York City]]
|notes=[[At-grade intersection]]; no left turns
|rowspan=2|[[Cloverleaf interchange]]
}}
|-
{{NYint
|{{jct|state=NY|I|81|NY|17|dir1=north|dir2=west|city1=Syracuse|city2=Elmira|areadab2=city}}
|mile=1.78
|-
|road={{jct|state=NY|I|81|Future|86|NY|17|location1=[[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]]|location2=[[New York City]]|city3=Syracuse|city4=Corning|areadab4=city}}
|2.15
|notes=Exit 4 on I-81
|Bevier Street
}}
|-
{{NYint
|rowspan=3|[[Port Dickinson, New York|Port Dickinson]]
|mile=2.15
|
|road=Bevier Street
|Old State Road
}}
|At-grade intersection
{{NYint
|-
|location=Port Dickinson
|
|lspan=3
|[[Hillcrest, Broome County, New York|Hillcrest]] Service Roads
|road=Old State Road
|No southbound exit
|notes=At-grade intersection
|-
}}
|3.95
{{NYint
|{{jct|state=NY|I|88|dir1=east|city1=Oneonta|areadab1=city}}
|type=incomplete
|NY&nbsp;7 joins I-88 northbound and leaves southbound
|road=[[Hillcrest, Broome County, New York|Hillcrest]] Service Roads
{{NYintbtm|col=4}}
|notes=No southbound exit
}}
{{NYint
|mile=3.95
|road={{jct|state=NY|I|88|NY|7|dir1=east|city1=Oneonta|areadab1=city}}
|notes=Northern terminus; north end of NY 7 overlap; exit 1 on I-88
|type=concur
}}
{{jctbtm|keys=incomplete}}


==References==
==References==
{{Portal|New York Roads}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Attached KML|display=title,inline}}
{{NYSR external links|route=363}}
{{NYSR external links|type=N|nyroutes=yes|termini=yes|route=363|alps=yes}}


[[Category:Binghamton, New York]]
[[Category:Binghamton, New York]]
[[Category:Limited-access roads in New York]]
[[Category:Limited-access roads in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Interstate 86 (east)]]
[[Category:Transportation in Broome County, New York]]
[[Category:Transportation in Broome County, New York]]

Latest revision as of 00:50, 25 November 2024

New York State Route 7 marker
New York State Route 363 marker
Brandywine Highway
Map
NY 363 highlighted in red, NY 7 portion of Brandywine Highway in purple
Route information
Maintained by NYSDOT
Length3.95 mi[4] (6.36 km)
NY 363: 1.38 miles (2.22 km)[4]
Existed1960s[1][2]
July 1, 1974 (NY 363)[3]–present
Major junctions
South end NY 434 / NY 992E in Binghamton
Major intersections I-81 / NY 17 in Binghamton
North end I-88 in Fenton
Location
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CountiesBroome
Highway system
NY 362NY 363 NY 364

The Brandywine Highway is a north–south expressway in the vicinity of the city of Binghamton, New York, in the United States. The highway is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation and extends for 3.95 miles (6.36 km) through Downtown Binghamton and the neighboring village of Port Dickinson. The southern terminus of the highway is at New York State Route 434 (NY 434) in Binghamton and its northern terminus is at Interstate 88 (I-88) in Fenton just north of the Port Dickinson village line.

The Brandywine Highway is designated as New York State Route 363 from NY 434 to Brandywine Avenue and part of NY 7 from Brandywine Avenue to I-88. NY 363 is also known as North Shore Drive.

Route description

[edit]

The Brandywine Highway begins as NY 363 at an interchange with NY 434 in Downtown Binghamton near the confluence of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers. The route, a limited-access extension of North Shore Drive, heads northeast along the north bank of the Susquehanna River and around the downtown district. While on the riverbank, NY 363 southbound connects to Susquehanna Street by way of an interchange. Due to the presence of the Susquehanna River south of the expressway, the onramps from NY 434 north and Susquehanna Street (via Carroll Street) to NY 363 north are actually located north of NY 363 southbound for a short distance (thus running anti-parallel to traffic on NY 363 southbound) before passing under NY 363 south and merging with NY 363 northbound on the left-hand side of the road.

Past Susquehanna Street, NY 363 continues along the Susquehanna River to a parclo interchange with U.S. Route 11 (US 11, named Court Street) just east of NYSEG Stadium. Past US 11, the expressway leaves the riverbank and heads northward over the Norfolk Southern Railway's Southern Tier Line before merging with NY 7 (Brandywine Avenue) northbound. Here, NY 363 ends and the expressway becomes part of NY 7. Just north of the Brandywine Avenue interchange, there is an at-grade intersection between NY 7 and Frederick Street. However, only right-hand turns are permitted from NY 7.

North of Frederick Street, the highway connects to the conjoined routes of I-81 and NY 17 by way of a cloverleaf interchange. Just north of the cloverleaf's northern tip is a simpler diamond interchange between NY 7 and Bevier Street. The highway continues on, paralleling a branch line off the Southern Tier Line northward through the city and into the village of Port Dickinson. A second at-grade intersection exists with Old State Road; however, unlike the first with Frederick Street, there are no turn restrictions at this intersection. NY 7 becomes limited-access once more, meeting a pair of service roads that serve Hillcrest before merging with I-88 just north of the Port Dickinson village limits in the town of Fenton. The Brandywine Highway ends here; however, NY 7 continues onto I-88.

History

[edit]

The Brandywine Highway was constructed in the early 1960s[1] and opened to traffic by 1968. The portion of the freeway north of Brandywine Avenue became a realignment of NY 7[2][5][6] while the remaining section from NY 434 to Brandywine Avenue was initially unnumbered.[2][7] The NY 434–Brandywine Avenue segment was designated as NY 363 on July 1, 1974.[3] In the late 1980s, the northernmost portion of the highway was reconfigured to accommodate the new I-88.[1]

Exit list

[edit]

The entire route is in Broome County. All exits are unnumbered.

Locationmi[4]kmDestinationsNotes
Binghamton0.000.00 NY 434 / NY 992E (North Shore Drive) – Vestal

NY 363 begins
Southern terminus; southern terminus of NY 363
Susquehanna StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
0.841.35

US 11 (Court Street) to NY 7 west
NY 7 not signed southbound
1.382.22
NY 7 west

NY 363 ends
Southbound exit and northbound entrance; south end of NY 7 overlap; northern terminus of NY 363
1.532.46Frederick StreetAt-grade intersection; no left turns
1.782.86 I-81 / Future I-86 / NY 17 – Scranton, New York City, Syracuse, CorningExit 4 on I-81
2.153.46Bevier Street
Port DickinsonOld State RoadAt-grade intersection
Hillcrest Service RoadsNo southbound exit
3.956.36
I-88 east / NY 7 – Oneonta
Northern terminus; north end of NY 7 overlap; exit 1 on I-88
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c National Bridge Inventory, a database compiled by the United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, available at www.nationalbridges.com. Accessed June 2, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c Binghamton West Quadrangle – New York – Broome Co (Map). 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1976. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
  3. ^ a b New York State Department of Transportation (June 28, 1974). Description of Touring Routes in New York State for the Interstate (I), Federal (US) and State (NY) Route Number Systems.
  4. ^ a b c "2007 Traffic Data Report for New York State" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. July 25, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
  5. ^ Castle Creek Quadrangle – New York – Broome Co (Map). 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1976. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
  6. ^ New York and Metropolitan New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sinclair Oil Corporation. 1964.
  7. ^ State of New York Department of Transportation (January 1, 1970). Official Description of Touring Routes in New York State (PDF). Retrieved June 2, 2009.
[edit]
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