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{{short description|1964 Brazilian film directed by Glauber Rocha}}
{{short description|1964 Brazilian film directed by Glauber Rocha}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}}
{{missing information|the film's release, and legacy|date=August 2015}}
}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Black God, White Devil
| name = Black God, White Devil
Line 9: Line 5:
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Glauber Rocha]]
| director = [[Glauber Rocha]]
| producer = [[Luiz Augusto Mendes]]
| producer = Luiz Augusto Mendes
| writer = Glauber Rocha
| writer = Glauber Rocha
| starring = [[Geraldo Del Rey]]<br>[[Yoná Magalhães]]<br>[[Othon Bastos]]
| starring = [[Yoná Magalhães]]<br>[[Geraldo Del Rey]]<br>[[Othon Bastos]]<br>[[Maurício do Valle]]
| music = [[Sérgio Ricardo (director)|Sérgio Ricardo]]
| music = [[Sérgio Ricardo (director)|Sérgio Ricardo]]
| cinematography = [[Waldemar Lima]]
| cinematography = Waldemar Lima
| editing = Glauber Rocha<br>[[Rafael Justo Valverde]]
| editing = Glauber Rocha<br>Rafael Justo Valverde
| studio = Copacabana Filmes
| studio = Copacabana Filmes
| distributor = Herbert Richers<br>Copacabana Filmes
| distributor = Herbert Richers<br>Copacabana Filmes
Line 21: Line 17:
| country = Brazil
| country = Brazil
| language = Portuguese
| language = Portuguese
| gross = $7,826<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl289505281/weekend/|title=Black God, White Devil |access-date=December 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{Cite The Numbers |id=Deus-e-o-Diabo-na-Terra-do-Sol-(1964-Brazil)|title=Black God, White Devil |access-date=December 1, 2023}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''''Black God, White Devil''''' ({{lang-pt|'''Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol'''}}; literally, '''''God and the Devil in the Land of the Sun''''') is a 1964 Brazilian film directed and written by [[Glauber Rocha]]. The film stars [[Othon Bastos]], [[Maurício do Valle]], [[Yoná Magalhães]], and [[Geraldo Del Rey]]. It belongs to the [[Cinema Novo]] movement, addressing the socio-political problems of 1960s Brazil. The film was released on [[DVD]] in [[North America]] for the first time by [[Koch-Lorber Films]].
'''''Black God, White Devil''''' ({{langx|pt|'''Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol'''}}; literally, "God and the Devil in the Land of the Sun") is a 1964 Brazilian [[Western (genre)|Western]] [[adventure film]] directed and written by [[Glauber Rocha]], and starring [[Othon Bastos]], [[Maurício do Valle]], [[Yoná Magalhães]], and [[Geraldo Del Rey]].

Shot in [[Monte Santo, Bahia]],<ref name="cinemateca" /> it belongs to the [[Cinema Novo]] movement, addressing the sociopolitical problems of 1960s Brazil.<ref name=":0" /> The film was selected as the Brazilian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[37th Academy Awards]], but was not accepted as a nominee.<ref name=":1" />

In 2015, the Brazilian Film Critics Association aka Abraccine voted ''Black God, White Devil'' the [[Abraccine Top 100 Brazilian films|2nd greatest Brazilian film of all time]], in its list of the 100 best Brazilian films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abraccine.org/2015/11/27/abraccine-organiza-ranking-dos-100-melhores-filmes-brasileiros/|title=Abraccine organiza ranking dos 100 melhores filmes brasileiros|work=Abraccine - Associação Brasileira de Críticos de Cinema|date=27 November 2015|access-date=10 August 2024|language=Portuguese}}</ref>


==Plot==
==Plot==
In the 1940s, during another drought in the [[sertão]], ranch hand Manoel is fed up with his situation and hopes to buy his own plot of land. His boss tries to cheat him of his earnings and Manoel kills him, fleeing with his wife, Rosa.
{{expand section|date=August 2015}}

The film starts in the 1940s, during another drought in the [[sertão]], when ranch hand Manuel (Geraldo Del Rey) is fed up with his situation. His boss tries to cheat him of his earnings and Manuel kills him, fleeing with his wife, Rosa (Yoná Magalhães). Now an outlaw, Manuel joins up with a self-proclaimed saint who condones violence (at one point slaughtering a baby) and preaches disturbing doctrines. It is now Rosa who turns to killing and the two are on the move once again. And so it goes, the two running from one allegiance to another, following the words of others as they attempt to find a place in their ruthless land. Blending [[mysticism]], [[religion]], and [[popular culture]] in this symbolic and realistic drama, Rocha insists that rather than follow the external and obscure dogmas of culture and religion, man must determine his path by his own voice.
Now an outlaw, Manoel travels to the holy site of Monte Santo to join up with a religious cult headed by the self-proclaimed saint Sebastião who condones violence and preaches disturbing doctrines against the wealthy landowners. Meanwhile, the church and local elites hire a bounty hunter by the name of Antônio das Mortes to take out the group. Before Antônio is able to assassinate Sebastião, Rosa stabs him after he kills a baby who is being held by Manoel, leaving him dead, and the two are on the move once again. At this point, the couple end up with a band of [[Cangaço|cangaceiros]] also working to take down the government and bosses of the sertão. Antônio is now tasked with assassinating these bandits. He finds head cangaceiros Corisco and Dadá and murders them.

Manoel and Rosa once again by themselves, running from one allegiance to another, in search of their place in a ruthless land.


==Cast==
==Cast==
* [[Geraldo Del Rey]] as Manuel
* [[Geraldo Del Rey]] as Manoel
* [[Yoná Magalhães]] as Rosa
* [[Yoná Magalhães]] as Rosa
* [[Othon Bastos]] as Corisco
* [[Othon Bastos]] as Corisco
* [[Maurício do Valle]] as [[Antonio das Mortes]]
* [[Maurício do Valle]] as [[Antonio das Mortes]]
* [[Lidio Silva]] as Sebastião
* Lidio Silva as Sebastião
* [[Sonia Dos Humildes]] as Dadá
* Sonia Dos Humildes as Dadá
* [[João Gama]] as Priest
* João Gama as Priest
* Antônio Pinto as Colonel
* Antônio Pinto as Colonel
* [[Milton Rosa]] as Moraes (as Milton Roda)
* Milton Rosa as Moraes
* Roque Santos as (as Roque)
* Roque Santos as Roque


==Production==
==Production==
⚫
[[Glauber Rocha]] was 25 years old when he wrote and began to direct the film. Its filming took place on [[Monte Santo, Bahia|Monte Santo]] and [[Canudos]], [[Bahia]] lasting from June 18, 1963, to September 2, 1963.<ref name="cinemateca">{{cite web | url=http://cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID=002154&format=detailed.pft#1 | title=Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol | publisher=[[Cinemateca Brasileira]] | access-date=March 11, 2014 | language=pt | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001557/http://cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah%2Fiah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID%3D002154&format=detailed.pft#1 | archive-date=March 13, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqt35OogAQYC&pg=PA351 | title=Enciclopédia do cinema brasileiro |author1=Ramos, Fernão |author2=Miranda, Luiz Felipe | publisher=Senac | year=2000 | isbn=9788573590937 | page=351}}</ref>
{{expand section|date=August 2015}}
[[Glauber Rocha]] was 25 years old when he wrote and began to direct the film.


⚫
In the scene where we see "Manoel" ([[Geraldo Del Rey]]) carrying a huge stone over his head while climbing Monte Santo on his knees, Del Rey insisted on carrying a real stone that weighted over 20 kilos - something that worried Rocha. After the shooting, Del Rey had to take 2 days off, due to fatigue.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
Its filming took place on [[Monte Santo, Bahia|Monte Santo]] and [[Canudos]], [[Bahia]] lasting from June 18, 1963 to September 2, 1963.<ref name=cinemateca>{{cite web | url=http://cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID=002154&format=detailed.pft#1 | title=Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol | publisher=[[Cinemateca Brasileira]] | access-date=March 11, 2014 | language=pt | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001557/http://cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah%2Fiah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID%3D002154&format=detailed.pft#1 | archive-date=March 13, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqt35OogAQYC&pg=PA351 | title=Enciclopédia do cinema brasileiro |author1=Ramos, Fernão |author2=Miranda, Luiz Felipe | publisher=Senac | year=2000 | isbn=9788573590937 | page=351}}</ref>


⚫
During the dubbing of the sound, [[Othon Bastos]] performed three voices. Besides dubbing himself as "Corisco", he performed the voice for "[[Lampião]]" (whom "Corisco" had "incorporated") and also dubbed "Sebastião", the black God, even though Lídio Silva played the character on screen.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
In the scene where we see Manuel (Geraldo Del Rey) carrying a huge stone over his head while climbing Monte Santo on his knees, Del Rey insisted on carrying a real stone that weighted over 20 kilos - something that worried Rocha. After the shooting, Del Rey had to take 2 days off, due to fatigue.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}


== Release ==
⚫
During the dubbing of the sound, Othon Bastos performed three voices. Besides dubbing himself as [[Corisco]], he performed the voice for [[Lampião]] (whom Corisco had "incorporated") and also dubbed Sebastião, the black God, even though Lídio Silva played the character on screen.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
The film was released on [[DVD]] in [[North America]] for the first time by [[Koch-Lorber Films]].

A 4K restoration had its world premiere at the [[2022 Cannes Film Festival]], at the "Cannes Classics Restorations" section.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=2022-05-02 |title=Cannes Classics Lineup Includes Ethan Hawke's 'The Last Movie Stars', Restorations Of 'Singin' In The Rain', 'The Mother And The Whore' & More |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/cannes-classics-lineup-2022-full-list-1235014213/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Reception==
==Reception==
===Critical reception===
===Critical reception===
⚫
Film [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported an approval rating of 100%, based on {{nowrap|15 reviews}}, with a rating average of 8.3/10.<ref name="rottentomatoes">{{cite web|title=Black God, White Devil (Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol) (1964) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black_god_white_devil/|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
{{expand section|date=November 2016}}

⚫
Film review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported an approval rating of 100%, based on {{nowrap|12 reviews}}, with a rating average of 8.5/10.<ref name="rottentomatoes">{{cite web|title=Black God, White Devil (Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol) (1964) - Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black_god_white_devil/|website=Rotten Tomatoes.com|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
⚫
A. H. Weiler from ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the film, calling it "Simple, black-and-white, more arresting as a shocking polemic than as memorable drama."<ref name="weiler71">{{cite news |last1=Weiler |first1=A. |title=Black God, White Devil,' From Brazil |work=The New York Times |date=25 September 1971 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/25/archives/black-god-white-devil-from-brazil.html |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> Ted Shen from ''[[The Chicago Reader]]'' wrote, "The fusion of European and Afro-Brazilian elements--dialogue, exquisite black-and-white images, and music by Villa-Lobos--is startlingly original and poetical in conveying the hope and despair of the oppressed."<ref name="shen99">{{cite web |last1=Shen |first1=Ted |title=Black God, White Devil |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/black-god-white-devil/Content?oid=900138 |website=Chicago Reader.com |date=9 September 1999 |publisher=Ted Shen |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> ''[[Time Out London|Time Out Magazine]]'' praised the film's style as being "somewhere between folk ballad and contemporary myth, since the references to Brazilian history and culture are pervasive and fairly opaque to the uninitiated".<ref name="timeoutrev">{{cite web |title=Black God, White Devil, directed by Glauber Rocha |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/black-god-white-devil-1964 |website=Time Out.com |publisher=TR |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>


⚫
===Awards and nominations===
⚫
A. H. Weiler from ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the film, calling it "Simple, black-and-white, more arresting as a shocking polemic than as memorable drama."<ref name="weiler71">{{cite web |last1=Weiler |first1=A. |title=Black God, White Devil,' From Brazil - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/25/archives/black-god-white-devil-from-brazil.html |website=New York Times.com |publisher=A. H. Weiler |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> Ted Shen from ''[[The Chicago Reader]]'' wrote, "The fusion of European and Afro-Brazilian elements--dialogue, exquisite black-and-white images, and music by Villa-Lobos--is startlingly original and poetical in conveying the hope and despair of the oppressed."<ref name="shen99">{{cite web |last1=Shen |first1=Ted |title=Black God, White Devil |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/black-god-white-devil/Content?oid=900138 |website=Chicago Reader.com |publisher=Ted Shen |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> ''[[Time Out London|Time Out Magazine]]'' praised the film's style as being "somewhere between folk ballad and contemporary myth, since the references to Brazilian history and culture are pervasive and fairly opaque to the uninitiated".<ref name="timeoutrev">{{cite web |title=Black God, White Devil, directed by Glauber Rocha |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/black-god-white-devil-1964 |website=Time Out.com |publisher=TR |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>
⚫
The film was nominated for the [[Palme d'Or]] at the main competition of the [[1964 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2928/year/1964.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Black God, White Devil |access-date=2009-02-28|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> It was also selected as the Brazilian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[37th Academy Awards]], but was not accepted as a nominee.<ref name=":1">Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</ref>


In 2015 it was voted number 2 on the [[Abraccine Top 100 Brazilian films]] list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-27 |title=Abraccine organiza ranking dos 100 melhores filmes brasileiros |url=https://abraccine.org/2015/11/27/abraccine-organiza-ranking-dos-100-melhores-filmes-brasileiros/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Abraccine - Associação Brasileira de Críticos de Cinema |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
⚫
===Awards===
⚫
The film was nominated for the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[1964 Cannes Film Festival]], but failed to win.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2928/year/1964.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Black God, White Devil |access-date=2009-02-28|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> It was also selected as the Brazilian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[37th Academy Awards]], but was not accepted as a nominee.<ref>Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</ref> In 2015 it was voted number 2 on the [[Abraccine Top 100 Brazilian films]] list.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 70: Line 78:
* {{IMDb title|id=0058006|title=Black God, White Devil}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0058006|title=Black God, White Devil}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|black_god_white_devil}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|black_god_white_devil}}
* {{Amg movie|137679|Black God, White Devil}}
* {{AllMovie title|137679|Black God, White Devil}}


{{Glauber Rocha}}
{{Glauber Rocha}}
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[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1964 crime drama films]]
⚫
[[Category:Brazilian films]]
[[Category:Brazilian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Brazilian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Brazilian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Brazilian black-and-white films]]
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[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bahia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bahia]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language films]]
[[Category:1960s Portuguese-language films]]
[[Category:Films about cangaço]]
⚫
[[Category:1960s Brazilian films]]

Latest revision as of 04:42, 25 November 2024

Black God, White Devil
Theatrical release poster
Directed byGlauber Rocha
Written byGlauber Rocha
Produced byLuiz Augusto Mendes
StarringYoná Magalhães
Geraldo Del Rey
Othon Bastos
Maurício do Valle
CinematographyWaldemar Lima
Edited byGlauber Rocha
Rafael Justo Valverde
Music bySérgio Ricardo
Production
company
Copacabana Filmes
Distributed byHerbert Richers
Copacabana Filmes
Release date
  • June 1, 1964 (1964-06-01)[1]
Running time
120 minutes
CountryBrazil
LanguagePortuguese
Box office$7,826[2][3]

Black God, White Devil (Portuguese: Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol; literally, "God and the Devil in the Land of the Sun") is a 1964 Brazilian Western adventure film directed and written by Glauber Rocha, and starring Othon Bastos, Maurício do Valle, Yoná Magalhães, and Geraldo Del Rey.

Shot in Monte Santo, Bahia,[1] it belongs to the Cinema Novo movement, addressing the sociopolitical problems of 1960s Brazil.[4] The film was selected as the Brazilian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 37th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.[5]

In 2015, the Brazilian Film Critics Association aka Abraccine voted Black God, White Devil the 2nd greatest Brazilian film of all time, in its list of the 100 best Brazilian films.[6]

Plot

[edit]

In the 1940s, during another drought in the sertão, ranch hand Manoel is fed up with his situation and hopes to buy his own plot of land. His boss tries to cheat him of his earnings and Manoel kills him, fleeing with his wife, Rosa.

Now an outlaw, Manoel travels to the holy site of Monte Santo to join up with a religious cult headed by the self-proclaimed saint Sebastião who condones violence and preaches disturbing doctrines against the wealthy landowners. Meanwhile, the church and local elites hire a bounty hunter by the name of Antônio das Mortes to take out the group. Before Antônio is able to assassinate Sebastião, Rosa stabs him after he kills a baby who is being held by Manoel, leaving him dead, and the two are on the move once again. At this point, the couple end up with a band of cangaceiros also working to take down the government and bosses of the sertão. Antônio is now tasked with assassinating these bandits. He finds head cangaceiros Corisco and Dadá and murders them.

Manoel and Rosa once again by themselves, running from one allegiance to another, in search of their place in a ruthless land.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Glauber Rocha was 25 years old when he wrote and began to direct the film. Its filming took place on Monte Santo and Canudos, Bahia lasting from June 18, 1963, to September 2, 1963.[1][4]

In the scene where we see "Manoel" (Geraldo Del Rey) carrying a huge stone over his head while climbing Monte Santo on his knees, Del Rey insisted on carrying a real stone that weighted over 20 kilos - something that worried Rocha. After the shooting, Del Rey had to take 2 days off, due to fatigue.[4]

During the dubbing of the sound, Othon Bastos performed three voices. Besides dubbing himself as "Corisco", he performed the voice for "Lampião" (whom "Corisco" had "incorporated") and also dubbed "Sebastião", the black God, even though Lídio Silva played the character on screen.[4]

Release

[edit]

The film was released on DVD in North America for the first time by Koch-Lorber Films.

A 4K restoration had its world premiere at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival, at the "Cannes Classics Restorations" section.[7]

Reception

[edit]

Critical reception

[edit]

Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 100%, based on 15 reviews, with a rating average of 8.3/10.[8]

A. H. Weiler from The New York Times praised the film, calling it "Simple, black-and-white, more arresting as a shocking polemic than as memorable drama."[9] Ted Shen from The Chicago Reader wrote, "The fusion of European and Afro-Brazilian elements--dialogue, exquisite black-and-white images, and music by Villa-Lobos--is startlingly original and poetical in conveying the hope and despair of the oppressed."[10] Time Out Magazine praised the film's style as being "somewhere between folk ballad and contemporary myth, since the references to Brazilian history and culture are pervasive and fairly opaque to the uninitiated".[11]

Awards and nominations

[edit]

The film was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the main competition of the 1964 Cannes Film Festival.[12] It was also selected as the Brazilian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 37th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.[5]

In 2015 it was voted number 2 on the Abraccine Top 100 Brazilian films list.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol" (in Portuguese). Cinemateca Brasileira. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  2. ^ "Black God, White Devil". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved December 1, 2023.Edit this at Wikidata
  3. ^ "Black God, White Devil". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d Ramos, Fernão; Miranda, Luiz Felipe (2000). Enciclopédia do cinema brasileiro. Senac. p. 351. ISBN 9788573590937.
  5. ^ a b Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
  6. ^ "Abraccine organiza ranking dos 100 melhores filmes brasileiros". Abraccine - Associação Brasileira de Críticos de Cinema (in Portuguese). 27 November 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  7. ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (2022-05-02). "Cannes Classics Lineup Includes Ethan Hawke's 'The Last Movie Stars', Restorations Of 'Singin' In The Rain', 'The Mother And The Whore' & More". Deadline. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
  8. ^ "Black God, White Devil (Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol) (1964)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  9. ^ Weiler, A. (25 September 1971). "Black God, White Devil,' From Brazil". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  10. ^ Shen, Ted (9 September 1999). "Black God, White Devil". Chicago Reader.com. Ted Shen. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  11. ^ "Black God, White Devil, directed by Glauber Rocha". Time Out.com. TR. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  12. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Black God, White Devil". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  13. ^ "Abraccine organiza ranking dos 100 melhores filmes brasileiros". Abraccine - Associação Brasileira de Críticos de Cinema (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
[edit]
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