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Paleolithic

Exploration Period

The period starting with the first arrival of humans into North America (whatever date that may be) and ending with the dawn of the Clovis culture has been termed the Exploration Period, although "Pre-Clovis" is an older term.^[1]

30,000 years ago: The latest stable emergence of Beringia, the land bridge uniting Alaska and Chukotka, forms. Crossing from Siberia is considered the primary route of origin for Indigenous American populations for tens of thousands of years.^[2] Prior to this date, Beringia was intermittently submerged up to 60,000 years ago, where it was stable again up to 70,000 years ago.^[3] However, Homo sapiens did not begin to successfully establish themselves outside Africa until approximately 70,000 — 50,000 years ago,^[4] and the earliest evidence of humans in eastern Siberia is in the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site 32,000 — 27,000 years ago.^[5] Therefore, it is not thought that Homo sapiens or any other hominin migrated into Beringia significantly earlier than 30,000 years ago.
30,000 — 20,000 years ago: The ancestors of American Indians and Indigenous peoples of Siberia are calculated to diverge at this time (that is, substantially measurable levels of gene flow stopped). Beringia may have already been settled during or prior to this period.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

25,000 — 20,000 years ago: Ancient North Eurasians migrate into eastern Siberia, intermixing with the local Ancient East Asian populations and helping to form the Ancestral Native Americans. It is not currently known if this took place near Lake Baikal or as potentially far east as western Beringia.^[10]^[11]^[8]
24,000 years ago: Earliest evidence of human habitation in North America: The Bluefish Caves on the western border of Yukon can be dated to this age, signaling the migration of humans across the Bering land bridge.^[12]
23,000 — 20,000 years ago: Fossilized footprints at White Sands National Park are the oldest confirmed evidence of human presence in the Americas south of the Laurentide ice sheet. The footprints of ground sloths and Columbian mammoths are also found associated with the human footprints.^[13]
20,000 years ago: The Ancient Beringians diverge from the Ancestral Native American lineage.^[8] They either left no living descendants or they were heavily absorbed by a back-migration of North Native Americans many thousands of years later.^[14]
19,000 years ago: The western section of the Laurentide Ice Sheet begins to deglaciate, separating from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and slowly creating an ice-free corridor (IFC) over the course of millennia. A northern funnel appears in the Yukon.^[15]
17,000 years ago: The coastal margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet begins to melt due to warmer ocean currents, deglaciating the Pacific Northwest Coast and much of the Pacific coast of Alaska.^[16] Additionaly, there is evidence of a highly productive marine and coastal ecosystem at this time that could have supported populations of migrating humans.^[17]

16,000 years ago: Mitochondrial DNA in American Indian genomes record a population expansion at this date. It is thought to be connected to humans migrating south of the Laurentide glacier; as this was well before the corridor had opened up, it likely represents a coastal migration route which also coincides with the decline of the Northwest Coast glaciers a thousand years prior.^[18] Similarly, Y-chromosome lines appear to have expanded 15,000 years ago.^[19]
15,000 — 14,000 years ago: High and intermediate-elevation sites in the ice-free corridor are free of ice.^[15]
14,870 years ago: Deglaciated areas of the IFC show signs of rapid revegetation.^[15]
14,800 - 10,500 years ago: Range of potential dates for petroglyphs at Winnemucca Lake in Nevada; although other lines of archaeological evidence support the younger dates on this spectrum, this still represents the oldest known rock art in the Americas.^[20]
14,775 ± 200 years ago: The date of the Hebior Mammoth, a kill site excavated in Kenosha County, Wisconsin. It is the earliest mammoth kill south of the glaciers to date.^[1]
14,550 years ago: The Monte Verde site in southern Chile is dated to this age,^[21] with potential for some strata to be even older.^[22] It is among the first sites to contradict the then-standard narrative of the Clovis culture being the first to migrate into the Americas, and supports a Pacific coast migration route. Furthermore, the subhaplogroup D1g in native Chilean populations is as old as 25,000 years, providing further evidence for an early and rapid coastal migration.^[23]
14,500 years ago: A human coprolite from Paisley Caves, Oregon is dated to this time. Along with a near-contemporaneous modified bulrush shaft, they provide evidence for human occupation before the Clovis expansion as well as evidence for the Western Stemmed tradition existing at the same time as (or predating) the Clovis culture,^[24]^[25]^[26] supporting a hypothesis that stemmed points represent the earliest migrations into the Americas.^[27] Although DNA recovered from the coprolites contain the same haplogroups as the founder populations of Native Americans, there is no further detail on the precise relationship with Clovis^[28] and no other pre-Clovis sites are currently known to have human remains whose genomes can be salvaged and sequenced.^[15]
14,200 years ago: The Swan Point Archaeological Site in eastern Alaska. It was traditionally considered the oldest evidence of human habitation in Alaska, but has been superseded by a few older sites. Nevertheless, sites in and near the ice-free corridor become substantially more documented after this date.^[15]
13,800 years ago: The ice-free corridor may have been completely open by this date, based on cosmogenic 10Be dating.^[29]

Clovis era

13,400 — 12,900 years ago: Clovis points are invented,^[30] possibly somewhere in the southern Great Plains^[31] where they may have evolved from an earlier stemmed-point tradition.^[27] The large, intricately made, fluted bifacial blades are associated with the dawn of big game hunting (including mammoths and mastodons) in North America. Although they appear to be well-suited for this purpose,^[32] the points may have also been multifunctional tools with other cutting uses.^[33] The points herald the dawn of the Clovis culture, traditionally considered the oldest archaeological culture — even the oldest people — in temperate America, although this has been significantly contested in recent years.
13,300 years ago: Detectable human presence in the southern funnel of the ice-free corridor: an animal butchering site near St. Mary Reservoir in Alberta.^[15]
13,250 — 9,000 years ago: The currently most substantiated timeframe for the Cooper's Ferry site in western Idaho.^[26] A more tentative date of up to 16,000 years ago has been proposed as well as potential connections between the Western Stemmed tradition and pre-Jomon cultures of northern Japan,^[34] but both counts have been seriously contested by other researchers citing poor confidence of the dating methods and contradictions in the evidence.^[35]^[36]^[37] Although the original researchers who made these claims no longer believe in a connection to Japan, they continue to trust their re-analyzed dates of ~15,785 years ago.^[38]
13,100 years ago: Evidence of horses and camels within the ice-free corridor.^[15]
13,000 — 11,500 years ago: The Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets melt substantially. Rising sea levels render the Bering land bridge no longer traversable on foot, becoming the modern Bering Strait and cutting off further ground-based migrations. The discharge of freshwater into the ocean is thought to have disrupted ocean currents, becoming a likely trigger for the Younger Dryas cold episode.^[39]
12,707 — 12,556 years ago: The age of Anzick-1, an infant from the Clovis culture in Wilsall, Montana. Anzick-1 was the first ancient American genome to be sequenced, and the findings showed that not only were Clovis populations ancestral to modern American Indians but that they were descended from Siberian peoples, with the same evidence of Ancient North Eurasian gene flow as modern Native Americans and Beringian remains.^[40]
12,700 years ago: The currently estimated end of Clovis technology. The fluted point-making traditions evolve into the similar Folsom tradition and other local fluted styles such as Eastern Fluted points in the eastern United States. This date also coincides with both the onset of the Younger Dryas and the extinction of large megafauna.^[1]

Post-Clovis

12,845–12,770 years ago: Most recent date range for the Folsom tradition. Folsom points only lasted half a millennium before evolving into other smaller points.^[41] Meanwhile, Western Stemmed points continued to be made well into the Archaic.^[30] The discovery of Folsom points in 1927 was the first empirical evidence of an ancient human presence in the Americas and definitively overturned the then-scientific consensus of humans only arriving in America in the past 3,000 years.^[42]
12,500 years ago: The earliest dates for Charlie Lake Cave, a site in the ice-free corridor containing fluted points similar to Clovis or Folsom points.^[43]
12,400 - 10,000 years ago: Fluted points reach the Serpentine Hot Springs in western Alaska. It is thought that Clovis-descended people migrated, or knowledge of Clovis-style points were transmitted, from south to north into Alaska via the ice-free corridor.^[43]^[44]

I'll periodize this later

10,900–10,300 years ago (8900 to 8300 BCE): The Indigenous peoples of the southwestern Amazon basin domesticate cassava, the first domestic crop in the New World, followed by squash and dozens of tree species. They also begin intensively modifying the Amazonian landscape, foresting open savannahs and permanently increasing the biomass and biodiversity of the modern Amazon rainforest.^[45]^[46]^[47]
9,000 years ago (7000 BCE): Maize is domesticated in southern Mexico from the wild (and significantly different) teosinte and quickly becomes the dominant staple of Mesoamerica, heralding the beginning of agriculture and further domestications in the region.^[48]
8,000–7,000 years ago (6000 - 5000 BCE):: The earliest New World ceramics are created in the Amazon basin.^[49]
7,700 years ago (5700 BCE: Oregon's Mount Mazama erupts, creating Crater Lake.^[50] The violent eruption and collapse of the volcano was recorded in Klamath oral history.^[51]
7,000 years ago (5000 BCE): Doedicurus, a club-tailed glyptodont (an armadillo relative) goes extinct; its most recent known remains show signs of butchering.^[52]

6,080 years ago (4130 BCE): Toggling harpoons are invented somewhere in eastern Siberia, spreading south into Japan and east into North America, where they are ancestral to the sophisticated designs of the Inuit and later European whalers.^[53]
6,000 to 4,000 years ago (4000–2000 BCE): The Dene-Yeniseian languages split into Na-Dene in North America and Yeniseian languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early American Indians in Beringia back into Siberia, forming the Yeniseian peoples that were once widespread throughout Eurasia.^[54] However, recent studies indicating the existence of a linguistic and technological continuum extending into the Common Era make the directionality of migration and the homeland of Dene-Yeniseian more difficult to determine.^[55]
5,600 years ago (3600 BCE): The first monumental buildings are constructed in Sechin Bajo, an urban center in what is now coastal Peru. It belonged to the Casma–Sechin culture, possibly the oldest civilization in the Americas. ^[56]

References

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^ Pagani, Luca, Daniel John Lawson, Evelyn Jagoda, Alexander Mörseburg, Anders Eriksson, Mario Mitt, Florian Clemente et al. "Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia." Nature 538, no. 7624 (2016): 238-242.
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Bibliography

Harris, S. L. (2005). Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes (3rd ed.). Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0878425112.

[FirstAmericans-1] Waters, Michael R., and Thomas W. Stafford Jr. "The first Americans: A review of the evidence for the Late-Pleistocene peopling of the Americas." Paleoamerican odyssey (2013): 543-562.

[2] Meiri, Meirav, Adrian M. Lister, Matthew J. Collins, Noreen Tuross, Ted Goebel, Simon Blockley, Grant D. Zazula et al. "Faunal record identifies Bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-Pleistocene migration to the New World." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1776 (2014): 20132167.

[3] Hu, Aixue, Gerald A. Meehl, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Claire Waelbroeck, Weiqing Han, Marie-France Loutre, Kurt Lambeck, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Nan Rosenbloom. "Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea-level changes." Nature Geoscience 3, no. 2 (2010): 118-121.

[4] Pagani, Luca, Daniel John Lawson, Evelyn Jagoda, Alexander Mörseburg, Anders Eriksson, Mario Mitt, Florian Clemente et al. "Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia." Nature 538, no. 7624 (2016): 238-242.

[5] Pitulko, Vladimir V., Pavel A. Nikolsky, E. Yu Girya, Aleksander E. Basilyan, Vladimir E. Tumskoy, Sergei A. Koulakov, Sergei N. Astakhov, E. Yu Pavlova, and Mikhail A. Anisimov. "The Yana RHS site: humans in the Arctic before the last glacial maximum." Science 303, no. 5654 (2004): 52-56.

[Fladmark40-6] Braje, Todd J., Jon M. Erlandson, Torben C. Rick, Loren Davis, Tom Dillehay, Daryl W. Fedje, Duane Froese et al. "Fladmark+ 40: What have we learned about a potential Pacific Coast peopling of the Americas?." American Antiquity 85, no. 1 (2020): 1-21.

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[Moreno-Mayar2018-8] Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D.; Irish, Joel D.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Orlando, Ludovic; Song, Yun S.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Meltzer, David J.; Willerslev, Eske (2018), "Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans", Nature, 553 (7687), Macmillan Publishers Limited: 203–207, Bibcode:2018Natur.553..203M, doi:10.1038/nature25173, PMID 29323294, S2CID 4454580, retrieved January 3, 2018

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{AfC submission|t||ts=20231006180246|u=TangoFett|ns=118|demo=}}<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->
-== Pleistocene ==
+== Paleolithic ==
-<!-- I may have fucked up some of the dates. Make sure they are calendar years BP and not radiocarbon years -->
+<!-- I may have fucked up some of the dates. Make sure they are calibrated calendar years BP and not radiocarbon years -->
 {{see|Peopling of the Americas|Timeline of North American prehistory|Paleo-Indians|Lithic stage}}
+=== Exploration Period ===
+The period starting with the first arrival of humans into North America (whatever date that may be) and ending with the dawn of the [[Clovis culture]] has been termed the '''Exploration Period''', although "Pre-Clovis" is an older term.<ref name="FirstAmericans"/>
 * 30,000 years ago: The latest stable emergence of [[Beringia]], the land bridge uniting [[Alaska]] and [[Chukotka]], forms. Crossing from Siberia is considered the primary route of origin for Indigenous American populations for tens of thousands of years.<ref>Meiri, Meirav, Adrian M. Lister, Matthew J. Collins, Noreen Tuross, Ted Goebel, Simon Blockley, Grant D. Zazula et al. "Faunal record identifies Bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-Pleistocene migration to the New World." ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' 281, no. 1776 (2014): 20132167.</ref> Prior to this date, Beringia was intermittently submerged up to 60,000 years ago, where it was stable again up to 70,000 years ago.<ref>Hu, Aixue, Gerald A. Meehl, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Claire Waelbroeck, Weiqing Han, Marie-France Loutre, Kurt Lambeck, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Nan Rosenbloom. "Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea-level changes." ''Nature Geoscience'' 3, no. 2 (2010): 118-121.</ref> However, ''Homo sapiens'' did not begin to successfully [[Out of Africa|establish themselves outside Africa]] until approximately 70,000 — 50,000 years ago,<ref>Pagani, Luca, Daniel John Lawson, Evelyn Jagoda, Alexander Mörseburg, Anders Eriksson, Mario Mitt, Florian Clemente et al. "Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia." ''Nature'' 538, no. 7624 (2016): 238-242.</ref> and the earliest evidence of humans in eastern Siberia is in the [[Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site]] 32,000 — 27,000 years ago.<ref>Pitulko, Vladimir V., Pavel A. Nikolsky, E. Yu Girya, Aleksander E. Basilyan, Vladimir E. Tumskoy, Sergei A. Koulakov, Sergei N. Astakhov, E. Yu Pavlova, and Mikhail A. Anisimov. "The Yana RHS site: humans in the Arctic before the last glacial maximum." ''Science'' 303, no. 5654 (2004): 52-56.</ref> Therefore, it is not thought that ''Homo sapiens'' or any other hominin migrated into Beringia significantly earlier than 30,000 years ago.
 <!-- don't forget to add the africa bit to timeline of prehistory -->
@@ Line 13: / Line 16: @@
 * 23,000 — 20,000 years ago: Fossilized footprints at [[White Sands National Park]] are the oldest confirmed evidence of human presence in the Americas south of the [[Laurentide ice sheet]]. The footprints of [[ground sloths]] and [[Columbian mammoths]] are also found associated with the human footprints.<ref>Jeffrey S. Pigati et al., Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands. ''Science'' 382, 73-75 (2023). DOI:10.1126/science.adh5007
 </ref>
-* 20,000 years ago: The [[Ancient Beringians]] diverge from the Ancestral Native American lineage.<ref name="Moreno-Mayar2018">{{Citation| title = Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 | journal = Nature | year = 2018 | publisher = Macmillan Publishers Limited | doi = 10.1038/nature25173 | access-date = January 3, 2018 | last1 = Moreno-Mayar | first1 = J. Víctor | last2 = Potter | first2 = Ben A. | last3 = Vinner | first3 = Lasse | last4 = Steinrücken | first4 = Matthias | last5 = Rasmussen | first5 = Simon | last6 = Terhorst | first6 = Jonathan | last7 = Kamm | first7 = John A. | last8 = Albrechtsen | first8 = Anders | last9 = Malaspinas | first9 = Anna-Sapfo | last10 = Sikora | first10 = Martin | last11 = Reuther | first11 = Joshua D. | last12 = Irish | first12 = Joel D. | last13 = Malhi | first13 = Ripan S. | last14 = Orlando | first14 = Ludovic | last15 = Song | first15 = Yun S. | last16 = Nielsen | first16 = Rasmus | last17 = Meltzer | first17 = David J. | last18 = Willerslev | first18 = Eske | volume = 553 | issue = 7687 | pages = 203–207 | pmid = 29323294 | bibcode = 2018Natur.553..203M | s2cid = 4454580 }}</ref> They either left no living descendants or they were heavily absorbed by a back-migration of [[North Native Americans]] many thousands of years later.<ref>Moreno-Mayar et al. (2018), fig. 3; [https://media.nature.com/original/nature-assets/nature/journal/v553/n7687/extref/nature25173-s2.pdf] p. 37. "While the population represented by USR1 most likely occupied interior Alaska at least until 11.5 kya 74 (the age of USR1), it is present-day Na-Dene-speakers who presently occupy the region. Coupled with the geographic distribution of the Na-Dene language family, results showing that USR1 does not carry the Asian-derived ancestry component indicate that such ancestry entered the Americas after 11.5 kya [...] Altogether, these results indicate that the admixture event that gave rise to most Na-Dene-speakers, between NNA and a Siberian population occurred well after 11.5 kya and at least prior to ~2.5 kya (the age of individual 302)."</ref>
+* 20,000 years ago: The [[Ancient Beringians]] diverge from the Ancestral Native American lineage.<ref name="Moreno-Mayar2018">{{Citation| title = Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 | journal = Nature | year = 2018 | publisher = Macmillan Publishers Limited | doi = 10.1038/nature25173 | access-date = January 3, 2018 | last1 = Moreno-Mayar | first1 = J. Víctor | last2 = Potter | first2 = Ben A. | last3 = Vinner | first3 = Lasse | last4 = Steinrücken | first4 = Matthias | last5 = Rasmussen | first5 = Simon | last6 = Terhorst | first6 = Jonathan | last7 = Kamm | first7 = John A. | last8 = Albrechtsen | first8 = Anders | last9 = Malaspinas | first9 = Anna-Sapfo | last10 = Sikora | first10 = Martin | last11 = Reuther | first11 = Joshua D. | last12 = Irish | first12 = Joel D. | last13 = Malhi | first13 = Ripan S. | last14 = Orlando | first14 = Ludovic | last15 = Song | first15 = Yun S. | last16 = Nielsen | first16 = Rasmus | last17 = Meltzer | first17 = David J. | last18 = Willerslev | first18 = Eske | volume = 553 | issue = 7687 | pages = 203–207 | pmid = 29323294 | bibcode = 2018Natur.553..203M | s2cid = 4454580 }}</ref> They either left no living descendants or they were heavily absorbed by a back-migration of [[Ancient Beringians|North Native Americans]] many thousands of years later.<ref>Moreno-Mayar et al. (2018), fig. 3; [https://media.nature.com/original/nature-assets/nature/journal/v553/n7687/extref/nature25173-s2.pdf] p. 37. "While the population represented by USR1 most likely occupied interior Alaska at least until 11.5 kya 74 (the age of USR1), it is present-day Na-Dene-speakers who presently occupy the region. Coupled with the geographic distribution of the Na-Dene language family, results showing that USR1 does not carry the Asian-derived ancestry component indicate that such ancestry entered the Americas after 11.5 kya [...] Altogether, these results indicate that the admixture event that gave rise to most Na-Dene-speakers, between NNA and a Siberian population occurred well after 11.5 kya and at least prior to ~2.5 kya (the age of individual 302)."</ref>
-* 19,000 years ago: The western section of the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet]] begins to deglaciate, separating from the [[Cordilleran Ice Sheet]] and slowly creating an [[ice-free corridor]] over the course of millennia. A northern funnel appears in the Yukon.<ref name="Potter2018">Potter, Ben A., James F. Baichtal, Alwynne B. Beaudoin, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, C. Vance Haynes, Vance T. Holliday, Charles E. Holmes et al. "Current evidence allows multiple models for the peopling of the Americas." ''Science Advances'' 4, no. 8 (2018): eaat5473.</ref>
+* 19,000 years ago: The western section of the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet]] begins to deglaciate, separating from the [[Cordilleran Ice Sheet]] and slowly creating an [[ice-free corridor]] (IFC) over the course of millennia. A northern funnel appears in the Yukon.<ref name="Potter2018">Potter, Ben A., James F. Baichtal, Alwynne B. Beaudoin, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, C. Vance Haynes, Vance T. Holliday, Charles E. Holmes et al. "Current evidence allows multiple models for the peopling of the Americas." ''Science Advances'' 4, no. 8 (2018): eaat5473.</ref>
 * 17,000 years ago: The coastal margin of the [[Cordilleran Ice Sheet]] begins to melt due to warmer ocean currents, deglaciating the [[Pacific Northwest|Pacific Northwest Coast]] and much of the Pacific coast of Alaska.<ref>Taylor, M. A., I. L. Hendy, and D. K. Pak. "Deglacial ocean warming and marine margin retreat of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in the North Pacific Ocean." ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' 403 (2014): 89-98.</ref> Additionaly, there is evidence of a highly productive marine and coastal ecosystem at this time that could have supported populations of migrating humans.<ref>Lesnek, Alia J., Jason P. Briner, Charlotte Lindqvist, James F. Baichtal, and Timothy H. Heaton. "Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas." ''Science advances'' 4, no. 5 (2018): eaar5040.</ref>
+<!-- get back to Potter et al.'s claim for a migration wave 16,000 years ago from Beringia -->
 * 16,000 years ago: [[Mitochondrial DNA]] in American Indian genomes record a population expansion at this date. It is thought to be connected to humans migrating south of the Laurentide glacier; as this was well before the corridor had opened up, it likely represents a coastal migration route which also coincides with the decline of the Northwest Coast glaciers a thousand years prior.<ref>Llamas, Bastien, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, Guido Valverde, Julien Soubrier, Swapan Mallick, Nadin Rohland, Susanne Nordenfelt et al. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas." ''Science Advances'' 2, no. 4 (2016): e1501385.</ref> Similarly, [[Y-chromosome]] lines appear to have expanded 15,000 years ago.<ref>Pinotti, Thomaz, Anders Bergström, Maria Geppert, Matt Bawn, Dominique Ohasi, Wentao Shi, Daniela R. Lacerda et al. "Y chromosome sequences reveal a short Beringian Standstill, rapid expansion, and early population structure of Native American founders." ''Current Biology'' 29, no. 1 (2019): 149-157.</ref>
-* 15,000 — 14,000 years ago: High and intermediate-elevation sites in the ice-free corridor are free of ice. The corridor passes through the area of the [[Peace River]], giving it the name of Peace River Corridor.<ref name="Potter2018"/>
+* 15,000 — 14,000 years ago: High and intermediate-elevation sites in the ice-free corridor are free of ice.<ref name="Potter2018"/>
-* 14,870 years ago: The Peace River Corridor shows signs of rapid revegetation.<ref name="Potter2018"/>
+* 14,870 years ago: Deglaciated areas of the IFC show signs of rapid revegetation.<ref name="Potter2018"/>
+* 14,800 - 10,500 years ago: Range of potential dates for petroglyphs at [[Winnemucca Lake]] in [[Nevada]]; although other lines of archaeological evidence support the younger dates on this spectrum, this still represents the oldest known rock art in the Americas.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dating North America's oldest petroglyphs, Winnemucca Lake subbasin, Nevada|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40|issue=12|date=December 2013|pages=4466–4476|author=Larry Benson|author2=E.M. Hattorib|author3=J. Southonc|author4=B. Aleckd|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.022|bibcode=2013JArSc..40.4466B |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1787&context=usgsstaffpub}}</ref>
+* 14,775 ± 200 years ago: The date of the Hebior Mammoth, a kill site excavated in [[Kenosha County, Wisconsin]]. It is the earliest mammoth kill south of the glaciers to date.<ref name="FirstAmericans"/>
 * 14,550 years ago: The [[Monte Verde]] site in southern [[Chile]] is dated to this age,<ref>Pino, Mario, and Tom D. Dillehay. "Monte Verde II: an assessment of new radiocarbon dates and their sedimentological context." ''Antiquity'' (2023): 1-17. Harvard</ref> with potential for some strata to be even older.<ref name="Dillehay 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Dillehay|first1=Tom D.|last2=Ocampo|first2=Carlos|title=New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile|journal=[[PLOS One]]|date=November 18, 2015|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141923|pmid=26580202|volume=10|issue=11|pages=e0141923|pmc=4651426|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1041923D|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is among the first sites to contradict the [[Clovis First|then-standard narrative of the Clovis culture being the first to migrate into the Americas]], and supports a Pacific coast migration route. Furthermore, the subhaplogroup D1g in native Chilean populations is as old as 25,000 years, providing further evidence for an early and rapid coastal migration.<ref>de Saint Pierre, Michelle. "Antiquity of mtDNA lineage D1g from the southern cone of South America supports pre-Clovis migration." Quaternary International 444 (2017): 19-25.</ref>
-* 14,500 years ago: A human [[coprolite]] from [[Paisley Caves]], Oregon is dated to this time. Along with a near-contemporaneous modified bulrush shaft, they provide evidence for human occupation before the Clovis expansion as well as evidence for the [[Western Stemmed tradition]] existing at the same time as (or predating) the [[Clovis culture]].<ref>Hockett, Bryan, and Dennis L. Jenkins. "Identifying stone tool cut marks and the pre-Clovis occupation of the Paisley Caves." ''American Antiquity'' 78, no. 4 (2013): 762-778.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Shillito|first1=Lisa-Marie|last2=Whelton|first2=Helen L.|last3=Blong|first3=John C.|last4=Jenkins|first4=Dennis L.|last5=Connolly|first5=Thomas J.|last6=Bull|first6=Ian D.|date=2020-07-15|title=Pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas identified by human fecal biomarkers in coprolites from Paisley Caves, Oregon|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=29|pages=eaba6404|language=EN|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba6404|pmc=7363456|pmid=32743069|bibcode=2020SciA....6.6404S}}</ref><ref name="WST">Smith, Geoffrey M., Daron Duke, Dennis L. Jenkins, Ted Goebel, Loren G. Davis, Patrick O’Grady, Dan Stueber, Jordan E. Pratt, and Heather L. Smith. "The Western stemmed tradition: problems and prospects in Paleoindian archaeology in the Intermountain West." ''PaleoAmerica'' 6, no. 1 (2020): 23-42.</ref> Although DNA recovered from the coprolites contain the same haplogroups as the founder populations of Native Americans, there is no further detail on the precise relationship with Clovis<ref>Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Dennis L. Jenkins, Anders Gotherstrom, Nuria Naveran, Juan J. Sanchez, Michael Hofreiter, Philip Francis Thomsen et al. "DNA from pre-Clovis human coprolites in Oregon, North America." Science 320, no. 5877 (2008): 786-789.</ref> and no other pre-Clovis sites are currently known to have human remains whose genomes can be salvaged and sequenced.<ref name="Potter2018"/>
+* 14,500 years ago: A human [[coprolite]] from [[Paisley Caves]], Oregon is dated to this time. Along with a near-contemporaneous modified bulrush shaft, they provide evidence for human occupation before the Clovis expansion as well as evidence for the [[Western Stemmed tradition]] existing at the same time as (or predating) the [[Clovis culture]],<ref>Hockett, Bryan, and Dennis L. Jenkins. "Identifying stone tool cut marks and the pre-Clovis occupation of the Paisley Caves." ''American Antiquity'' 78, no. 4 (2013): 762-778.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Shillito|first1=Lisa-Marie|last2=Whelton|first2=Helen L.|last3=Blong|first3=John C.|last4=Jenkins|first4=Dennis L.|last5=Connolly|first5=Thomas J.|last6=Bull|first6=Ian D.|date=2020-07-15|title=Pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas identified by human fecal biomarkers in coprolites from Paisley Caves, Oregon|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=29|pages=eaba6404|language=EN|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba6404|pmc=7363456|pmid=32743069|bibcode=2020SciA....6.6404S}}</ref><ref name="WST">Smith, Geoffrey M., Daron Duke, Dennis L. Jenkins, Ted Goebel, Loren G. Davis, Patrick O’Grady, Dan Stueber, Jordan E. Pratt, and Heather L. Smith. "The Western stemmed tradition: problems and prospects in Paleoindian archaeology in the Intermountain West." ''PaleoAmerica'' 6, no. 1 (2020): 23-42.</ref> supporting a hypothesis that stemmed points represent the earliest migrations into the Americas.<ref name="Friedkin"/> Although DNA recovered from the coprolites contain the same haplogroups as the founder populations of Native Americans, there is no further detail on the precise relationship with Clovis<ref>Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Dennis L. Jenkins, Anders Gotherstrom, Nuria Naveran, Juan J. Sanchez, Michael Hofreiter, Philip Francis Thomsen et al. "DNA from pre-Clovis human coprolites in Oregon, North America." ''Science'' 320, no. 5877 (2008): 786-789.</ref> and no other pre-Clovis sites are currently known to have human remains whose genomes can be salvaged and sequenced.<ref name="Potter2018"/>
 * 14,200 years ago: The [[Swan Point Archaeological Site]] in eastern Alaska. It was traditionally considered the oldest evidence of human habitation in Alaska, but has been superseded by a few older sites. Nevertheless, sites in and near the ice-free corridor become substantially more documented after this date.<ref name="Potter2018"/>
-* 13,800 years ago: The ice-free corridor may have been completely open by this date, based on [[Beryllium-10|cosmogenic 10Be dating]].<ref>Clark, Jorie, Anders E. Carlson, Alberto V. Reyes, Elizabeth CB Carlson, Louise Guillaume, Glenn A. Milne, Lev Tarasov, Marc Caffee, Klaus Wilcken, and Dylan H. Rood. "The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the Americas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 14 (2022): e2118558119.</ref>
+* 13,800 years ago: The ice-free corridor may have been completely open by this date, based on [[Beryllium-10|cosmogenic 10Be dating]].<ref>Clark, Jorie, Anders E. Carlson, Alberto V. Reyes, Elizabeth CB Carlson, Louise Guillaume, Glenn A. Milne, Lev Tarasov, Marc Caffee, Klaus Wilcken, and Dylan H. Rood. "The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the Americas." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 119, no. 14 (2022): e2118558119.</ref>
-* 13,400 — 12,900 years ago: [[Clovis point|Clovis points]] are invented.<ref name="Clovis1">Miller, D. Shane, Vance T. Holliday, and Jordon Bright. "Clovis across the continent." ''Paleoamerican odyssey'' (2013): 207-220.</ref>  The large, intricately made, fluted bifacial blades are associated with the dawn of big game hunting (including mammoths and mastodons) in North America. Although they appear to be well-suited for this purpose,<ref>Kilby, J. David, Todd A. Surovell, Bruce B. Huckell, Christopher W. Ringstaff, Marcus J. Hamilton, and C. Vance Haynes Jr. "Evidence supports the efficacy of Clovis points for hunting proboscideans." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 45 (2022): 103600.</ref> the points may have also been multifunctional tools with other cutting uses.<ref>Eren, Metin I., David J. Meltzer, Brett Story, Briggs Buchanan, Don Yeager, and Michelle R. Bebber. "Not just for proboscidean hunting: On the efficacy and functions of Clovis fluted points." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 45 (2022): 103601.</ref> The points herald the dawn of the [[Clovis culture]], traditionally considered the oldest archaeological culture — even the oldest people — in temperate America, although this has been significantly contested in recent years.
+=== Clovis era ===
+* 13,400 — 12,900 years ago: [[Clovis point|Clovis points]] are invented,<ref name="Clovis1">Miller, D. Shane, Vance T. Holliday, and Jordon Bright. "Clovis across the continent." ''Paleoamerican odyssey'' (2013): 207-220.</ref> possibly somewhere in the southern [[Great Plains]]<ref>Sanchez, Guadalupe, Vance T. Holliday, Edmund P. Gaines, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales, Natalia Martínez-Tagüeña, Andrew Kowler, Todd Lange, Gregory WL Hodgins, Susan M. Mentzer, and Ismael Sanchez-Morales. "Human (Clovis)–gomphothere (Cuvieronius sp.) association∼ 13,390 calibrated yBP in Sonora, Mexico." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 111, no. 30 (2014): 10972-10977.</ref> where they may have evolved from an earlier stemmed-point tradition.<ref name="Friedkin">Waters, Michael R., Joshua L. Keene, Steven L. Forman, Elton R. Prewitt, David L. Carlson, and James E. Wiederhold. "Pre-Clovis projectile points at the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas—Implications for the Late Pleistocene peopling of the Americas." ''Science Advances'' 4, no. 10 (2018): eaat4505.</ref> The large, intricately made, fluted bifacial blades are associated with the dawn of big game hunting (including mammoths and mastodons) in North America. Although they appear to be well-suited for this purpose,<ref>Kilby, J. David, Todd A. Surovell, Bruce B. Huckell, Christopher W. Ringstaff, Marcus J. Hamilton, and C. Vance Haynes Jr. "Evidence supports the efficacy of Clovis points for hunting proboscideans." ''Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports'' 45 (2022): 103600.</ref> the points may have also been multifunctional tools with other cutting uses.<ref>Eren, Metin I., David J. Meltzer, Brett Story, Briggs Buchanan, Don Yeager, and Michelle R. Bebber. "Not just for proboscidean hunting: On the efficacy and functions of Clovis fluted points." ''Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports'' 45 (2022): 103601.</ref> The points herald the dawn of the [[Clovis culture]], traditionally considered the oldest archaeological culture — even the oldest people — in temperate America, although this has been significantly contested in recent years.
 * 13,300 years ago: Detectable human presence in the southern funnel of the ice-free corridor: an animal butchering site near [[St. Mary Reservoir]] in Alberta.<ref name="Potter2018"/>
 * 13,250 — 9,000 years ago: The currently most substantiated timeframe for the [[Cooper's Ferry]] site in western Idaho.<ref name="WST"/> A more tentative date of up to 16,000 years ago has been proposed as well as potential connections between the [[Western Stemmed tradition]] and [[Jomon culture|pre-Jomon]] cultures of northern [[Japan]],<ref>Davis, Loren G., David B. Madsen, Lorena Becerra-Valdivia, Thomas Higham, David A. Sisson, Sarah M. Skinner, Daniel Stueber et al. "Late upper paleolithic occupation at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho, USA,~ 16,000 years ago." Science 365, no. 6456 (2019): 891-897.</ref> but both counts have been seriously contested by other researchers citing poor confidence of the dating methods and contradictions in the evidence.<ref>Fiedel, Stuart J., Ben A. Potter, Juliet E. Morrow, Michael K. Faught, C. Vance Haynes Jr, and James C. Chatters. "Pioneers from Northern Japan in Idaho 16,000 Years Ago? A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence from Cooper’s Ferry." ''PaleoAmerica'' 7, no. 1 (2021): 28-42.</ref><ref>Manning, Sturt W. "Comment on “Late Upper Paleolithic occupation at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho, USA,~ 16,000 years ago”." ''Science'' 368, no. 6487 (2020): eaaz4695.</ref><ref>Fiedel, Stuart J. "Initial human colonization of the Americas, redux." ''Radiocarbon'' 64, no. 4 (2022): 845-897.</ref> Although the original researchers who made these claims no longer believe in a connection to Japan, they continue to trust their re-analyzed dates of ~15,785 years ago.<ref>Davis, Loren G., David B. Madsen, David A. Sisson, Lorena Becerra-Valdivia, Thomas Higham, Daniel Stueber, Daniel W. Bean et al. "Dating of a large tool assemblage at the Cooper’s Ferry site (Idaho, USA) to~ 15,785 cal yr BP extends the age of stemmed points in the Americas." ''Science Advances'' 8, no. 51 (2022): eade1248.</ref>
@@ Line 29: / Line 39: @@
 * 13,000 — 11,500 years ago: The [[Cordilleran Ice Sheet|Cordilleran]] and [[Laurentide Ice Sheet|Laurentide]] ice sheets melt substantially. Rising sea levels render the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] no longer traversable on foot, becoming the modern [[Bering Strait]] and cutting off further ground-based migrations. The discharge of freshwater into the ocean is thought to have disrupted ocean currents, becoming a likely trigger for the [[Younger Dryas]] cold episode.<ref>Pico, T., J. X. Mitrovica, and A. C. Mix. "Sea level fingerprinting of the Bering Strait flooding history detects the source of the Younger Dryas climate event." Science advances 6, no. 9 (2020): eaay2935.</ref>
 * 12,707 — 12,556 years ago: The age of [[Anzick-1]], an infant from the Clovis culture in [[Wilsall, Montana]]. Anzick-1 was the first ancient American genome to be sequenced, and the findings showed that not only were Clovis populations ancestral to modern American Indians but that they were descended from Siberian peoples, with the same evidence of [[Ancient North Eurasian]] gene flow as modern Native Americans and Beringian remains.<ref>Rasmussen, Morten, Sarah L. Anzick, Michael R. Waters, Pontus Skoglund, Michael DeGiorgio, Thomas W. Stafford Jr, Simon Rasmussen et al. "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana." ''Nature'' 506, no. 7487 (2014): 225-229.</ref>
+* 12,700 years ago: The currently estimated end of Clovis technology. The fluted point-making traditions evolve into the similar [[Folsom tradition]] and other local fluted styles such as Eastern Fluted points in the eastern United States. This date also coincides with both the onset of the [[Younger Dryas]] and the extinction of large megafauna.<ref name="FirstAmericans">Waters, Michael R., and Thomas W. Stafford Jr. "The first Americans: A review of the evidence for the Late-Pleistocene peopling of the Americas." ''Paleoamerican odyssey'' (2013): 543-562.</ref>
+<!-- Go update the Folsom article for proper dates -->
+=== Post-Clovis ===
+* 12,845–12,770 years ago: Most recent date range for the [[Folsom tradition]]. Folsom points only lasted half a millennium before evolving into other smaller points.<ref>Buchanan, Briggs, J. David Kilby, Marcus J. Hamilton, Jason M. LaBelle, Kelton A. Meyer, Jacob Holland-Lulewicz, Brian Andrews et al. "Bayesian revision of the Folsom age range using IntCal20." ''PaleoAmerica'' 7, no. 2 (2021): 133-144.</ref> Meanwhile, Western Stemmed points continued to be made well into the [[Archaic period (North America)|Archaic]].<ref name="Clovis1"/> The discovery of Folsom points in 1927 was the first empirical evidence of an ancient human presence in the Americas and definitively overturned the then-scientific consensus of humans only arriving in America in the past 3,000 years.<ref name="Peeples">{{cite web |last1=Peeples |first1=Matt |title=George McJunkin and the Discovery that Changed American Archaeology |url=https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/2015/02/23/george-mcjunkin-and-the-discovery-that-changed-american-archaeology/ |website=Archaeology Southwest |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>
+* 12,500 years ago: The earliest dates for [[Charlie Lake Cave]], a site in the ice-free corridor containing fluted points similar to Clovis or Folsom points.<ref name="Serpentine">Goebel, Ted, Heather L. Smith, Lyndsay DiPietro, Michael R. Waters, Bryan Hockett, Kelly E. Graf, Robert Gal et al. "Serpentine Hot Springs, Alaska: Results of excavations and implications for the age and significance of northern fluted points." ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' 40, no. 12 (2013): 4222-4233.</ref>
+* 12,400 - 10,000 years ago: Fluted points reach the [[Bering Land Bridge National Preserve#Serpentine Hot Springs|Serpentine Hot Springs]] in western Alaska. It is thought that Clovis-descended people migrated, or knowledge of Clovis-style points were transmitted, from south to north into Alaska via the ice-free corridor.<ref name="Serpentine"/><ref>Smith, Heather L., and Ted Goebel. "Origins and spread of fluted-point technology in the Canadian Ice-Free Corridor and eastern Beringia." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 115, no. 16 (2018): 4116-4121.</ref>
 == I'll periodize this later ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 54: @@
 * 8,000–7,000 years ago ([[6th millennium BC|6000 - 5000 BCE]]):: The earliest New World ceramics are created in the [[Amazon basin]].<ref>A. C. Roosevelt et al., Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden in the Brazilian Amazon. ''Science'' 254, 1621-1624(1991). DOI:10.1126/science.254.5038.1621</ref>
 * 7,700 years ago ([[5700 BCE]]: Oregon's [[Mount Mazama]] erupts, creating [[Crater Lake]].{{sfn|Harris|2005|p=148}} The violent eruption and collapse of the volcano was recorded in [[Klamath]] oral history.<ref name=npshist>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/crla/planyourvisit/upload/History-508.pdf|title=Crater Lake: History|date=September 2001|access-date=February 23, 2018|publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>
+* 7,000 years ago ([[5000 BCE]]): ''[[Doedicurus]]'', a club-tailed [[glyptodont]] (an [[armadillo]] relative) goes extinct; its most recent known remains show signs of butchering.<ref>Borrero, Luis Alberto, Marcelo Zárate, Laura Miotti, and Mauricio Massone. "The Pleistocene–Holocene transition and human occupations in the southern cone of South America." ''Quaternary International'' 49 (1998): 191-199.</ref>
 * 6,080 years ago ([[42nd century BC|4130 BCE]]): [[Toggling harpoon|Toggling harpoons]] are invented somewhere in eastern Siberia, spreading south into Japan and east into North America, where they are ancestral to the sophisticated designs of the [[Inuit]] and later European [[whaling|whalers]].<ref>Yamaura, Kiyoshi. "The sea mammal hunting cultures of the Okhotsk Sea with special reference to Hokkaido prehistory." ''Arctic Anthropology'' (1998): 321-334.</ref>
 * 6,000 to 4,000 years ago ([[40th century BC|4000]]–[[20th century BC|2000 BCE]]): The [[Dene-Yeniseian]] languages split into [[Na-Dene]] in North America and [[Yeniseian language|Yeniseian]] languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indians]] in [[Beringia]] back into Siberia, forming the [[Yeniseian people|Yeniseian peoples]] that were once widespread throughout Eurasia.<ref>Ives, John W. "Dene-Yeniseian, migration and prehistory." ''The Dene-Yeniseian Connection'' 5 (2010): 324-334.</ref> However, recent studies indicating the existence of a linguistic and technological continuum extending into the [[Common Era]] make the directionality of migration and the homeland of Dene-Yeniseian more difficult to determine.<ref>Wilson, Joseph AP. "Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History." Humans 3, no. 3 (2023): 177-192.</ref>