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{{Short description|Modern architectural style associated with Richard Rogers}} |
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'''Bowellism''' is a [[Modern architecture|modern]] style of architecture associated with [[Richard Rogers]]. The [[Pompidou Centre]] in Paris (1977) by Rogers and [[Renzo Piano]] has been called a "vast exercise in Bowellism".<ref>Jonathan Richards, ''Facadism'', London: Routledge, 1994, ISBN 9780415083164, [http://books.google.com/books?id=cBkFua6U0jcC&pg=PA60&dq=Bowellism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yyquUur5NYv5oAS94oGYDA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Bowellism&f=false p. 60].</ref> Based on the rationale that the greatest amount of floor space possible should be allowed for the interior so as to maximize space to appreciate the exhibitions, everything from the lifts to the sewage pipes was made visible on the outside of the structure. This inside-out style was termed 'Bowellism' because it recalled the way the human body works. However, the style originated with [[Michael Webb (architect)|Michael Webb]]'s 1957 student project for a Furniture Manufacturers Association building in [[High Wycombe]], and Webb coined the term.<ref>Geoffrey Howard Baker, ''The Architecture of James Stirling and His Partners James Gowan and Michael Wilford: A Study of Architectural Creativity in the Twentieth Century'', Farnham, Surrey / Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2011, ISBN 9781409409267, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ksj0aZ0cMQsC&pg=PA158&dq=Bowellism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yyquUur5NYv5oAS94oGYDA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Bowellism&f=false p. 158].</ref><ref>''Radical Post-Modernism'', ed. Charles Jencks, [[Fashion Architecture Taste|FAT]], Architectural Design 81.5, ''Profile'' 213, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2011, ISBN 978047066988, [http://books.google.com/books?id=tyvgZg78iK8C&pg=PA107&dq=Bowellism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yyquUur5NYv5oAS94oGYDA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Bowellism&f=false p. 107].</ref><ref>Simon Sadler, ''Archigram: Architecture Without Architecture'', Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 2005, [http://books.google.com/books?id=moiSwq_w-YgC&pg=PA23&dq=Bowellism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iUyvUv6NMcnfoAS8w4CoDQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Bowellism&f=false p. 23, 1.11, 1.12 caption], calling bowellism a "micromovement".</ref> |
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[[File:Lloyds building taken 2011.jpg|thumb|Lloyd's building, London]] |
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'''Bowellism''' is a modern [[architectural style]] heavily associated with [[Richard Rogers]]. It is described as a transient architectural and flippant style that was influenced by [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Antoni Gaudí]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Choice: Publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association|date=1977|publisher=American Library Association|pages=1028}}</ref> The style consists of services for the building, such as ducts, sewage pipes, and [[Elevator|lifts]], being located on the exterior to maximise space in the interior. |
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==Origin== |
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The style originated with [[Michael Webb (architect)|Michael Webb's]] 1957 student project for a Furniture Manufacturers Association building in [[High Wycombe]].<ref>Geoffrey Howard Baker, ''The Architecture of James Stirling and His Partners James Gowan and Michael Wilford: A Study of Architectural Creativity in the Twentieth Century'', Farnham, Surrey / Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2011, {{ISBN|9781409409267}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ksj0aZ0cMQsC&dq=Bowellism&pg=PA158 p. 158].</ref><ref>''Radical Post-Modernism'', ed. Charles Jencks, [[Fashion Architecture Taste|FAT]], Architectural Design 81.5, ''Profile'' 213, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-470-66988-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tyvgZg78iK8C&dq=Bowellism&pg=PA107 p. 107].</ref><ref name=":0">Simon Sadler, ''Archigram: Architecture Without Architecture'', Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=moiSwq_w-YgC&dq=Bowellism&pg=PA23 p. 23, 1.11, 1.12 caption], calling bowellism a "micromovement".</ref> Webb coined the term in response to a comment on his design by [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Sir Nikolaus Pevsner]] in a 1961 lecture, in which he recalled hearing the words: "within the schools there are some disturbing trends; I saw the other day a design for a building that looked like a series of stomachs sitting on a plate. Or [[Gastrointestinal tract|bowels]], connected by bits of gristle".<ref>Samantha Hardingham and David Greene, ''The disreputable projects of David Greene'', Architectural Association Publications 2007-10-01, {{OCLC|811429228}}, [http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/4830/1/Greene_4.pdf pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217065255/http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/4830/1/Greene_4.pdf|date=December 17, 2013}} p. 44.</ref> Thus this inside-out style was termed 'Bowellism' because of how it recalled the way the human body works. One of Webb's proposed structures based on bowellism was the Sin Centre for [[Leicester Square]]. The concept was a geodesic structure that supports a glass skin.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Architecture of James Stirling and His Partners James Gowan and Michael Wilford: A Study of Architectural Creativity in the Twentieth Century|last=Baker|first=Geoffrey Howard|date=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-0926-7|location=Surrey|pages=158}}</ref> |
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Some scholars cite [[Reyner Banham]] as the first to use bowellism for the new architectural fascination with visible circulation, one that focuses on a building's skeletal services as well as its "bloodstream" or the moving cars and crowd, cascading down from the top to the main foyers - all visible through the structure's geodesic skin.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Archigram: Architecture Without Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/archigramarchite00sadl|url-access=limited|last=Sadler|first=Simon|date=2005|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-69322-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/archigramarchite00sadl/page/n37 27]}}</ref> Banham is also credited for introducing the term "topological" to refer to an aspect of [[Brutalist architecture|brutalism]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[File:Pompidou center.jpg|thumb|The [[Pompidou Centre]], Paris]] |
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Richard Rogers and [[Renzo Piano]] continued the style with the design of the [[Centre Pompidou|Pompidou Centre]] in Paris, described as a "vast exercise in Bowellism",<ref>Jonathan Richards, ''Facadism'', London: Routledge, 1994, {{ISBN|9780415083164}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cBkFua6U0jcC&dq=Bowellism&pg=PA60 p. 60].</ref> so the floor space of the interior could be maximised to fully appreciate the exhibitions.<ref>[http://www.open2.net/modernity/4_8.htm Richard Rogers], Architects, From Here to Modernity, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040315090026/http://www.open2.net/modernity/4_8.htm archived] at the [[Wayback Machine]], 15 March 2004.</ref> |
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==Examples== |
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[[File:Rotterdam bibliotheek.jpg|thumb|Rotterdam Library, Rotterdam]] |
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* The [[Pompidou Centre]] in Paris (1977) by Rogers and Renzo Piano. |
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* The [[Lloyd's building]] in London (1978) also by Rogers. |
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* The [[Central Library of Rotterdam]] (1983) by [[Jaap Bakema]]. |
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* The [[Uniklinikum Aachen]] (1985) by Weber & Brand. |
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* The [[Channel 4]] headquarters, [[124 Horseferry Road]], London. |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Architecture}} |
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* [[High-tech architecture]] |
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** [[British high-tech architecture]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Modern architecture}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.open2.net/modernity/4_8.htm Richard Rogers bio]{{deadlink|date=January 2013}} |
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Latest revision as of 05:24, 25 November 2024
Bowellism is a modern architectural style heavily associated with Richard Rogers. It is described as a transient architectural and flippant style that was influenced by Le Corbusier and Antoni Gaudí.[1] The style consists of services for the building, such as ducts, sewage pipes, and lifts, being located on the exterior to maximise space in the interior.
Origin
[edit]The style originated with Michael Webb's 1957 student project for a Furniture Manufacturers Association building in High Wycombe.[2][3][4] Webb coined the term in response to a comment on his design by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner in a 1961 lecture, in which he recalled hearing the words: "within the schools there are some disturbing trends; I saw the other day a design for a building that looked like a series of stomachs sitting on a plate. Or bowels, connected by bits of gristle".[5] Thus this inside-out style was termed 'Bowellism' because of how it recalled the way the human body works. One of Webb's proposed structures based on bowellism was the Sin Centre for Leicester Square. The concept was a geodesic structure that supports a glass skin.[6]
Some scholars cite Reyner Banham as the first to use bowellism for the new architectural fascination with visible circulation, one that focuses on a building's skeletal services as well as its "bloodstream" or the moving cars and crowd, cascading down from the top to the main foyers - all visible through the structure's geodesic skin.[7] Banham is also credited for introducing the term "topological" to refer to an aspect of brutalism.[4]
Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano continued the style with the design of the Pompidou Centre in Paris, described as a "vast exercise in Bowellism",[8] so the floor space of the interior could be maximised to fully appreciate the exhibitions.[9]
Examples
[edit]
- The Pompidou Centre in Paris (1977) by Rogers and Renzo Piano.
- The Lloyd's building in London (1978) also by Rogers.
- The Central Library of Rotterdam (1983) by Jaap Bakema.
- The Uniklinikum Aachen (1985) by Weber & Brand.
- The Channel 4 headquarters, 124 Horseferry Road, London.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Choice: Publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association. American Library Association. 1977. p. 1028.
- ^ Geoffrey Howard Baker, The Architecture of James Stirling and His Partners James Gowan and Michael Wilford: A Study of Architectural Creativity in the Twentieth Century, Farnham, Surrey / Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2011, ISBN 9781409409267, p. 158.
- ^ Radical Post-Modernism, ed. Charles Jencks, FAT, Architectural Design 81.5, Profile 213, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2011, ISBN 978-0-470-66988-4, p. 107.
- ^ a b Simon Sadler, Archigram: Architecture Without Architecture, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 2005, p. 23, 1.11, 1.12 caption, calling bowellism a "micromovement".
- ^ Samantha Hardingham and David Greene, The disreputable projects of David Greene, Architectural Association Publications 2007-10-01, OCLC 811429228, pdf Archived December 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine p. 44.
- ^ Baker, Geoffrey Howard (2011). The Architecture of James Stirling and His Partners James Gowan and Michael Wilford: A Study of Architectural Creativity in the Twentieth Century. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-4094-0926-7.
- ^ Sadler, Simon (2005). Archigram: Architecture Without Architecture. MIT Press. pp. 27. ISBN 978-0-262-69322-6.
- ^ Jonathan Richards, Facadism, London: Routledge, 1994, ISBN 9780415083164, p. 60.
- ^ Richard Rogers, Architects, From Here to Modernity, archived at the Wayback Machine, 15 March 2004.