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{{Short description|Massacre of Forced Labourers by Nazi Germany}}
{{Short description|1945 massacre of forced labourers by Nazi Germany}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Arnsberg Forest massacre
| title = Arnsberg Forest massacre
| location = [[Arnsberg Forest]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany
| location = [[Arnsberg Forest]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany
| date = March 20–23 1945
| date = 20–23 March 1945
| partof = [[World War Two]]
| partof = [[World War II]]
| image = Massgrave Suttrop-Dig graves for the bodies of 57 Russians.jpeg
| image = Massgrave Suttrop-Dig graves for the bodies of 57 Russians.jpeg
| caption = German locals from [[Suttrop]] dig graves for the bodies of 57 Russians, including women and one baby, exhumed from a mass grave nearby.
| caption = German locals from [[Suttrop]] dig graves for the bodies of 57 Russians, including women and one baby, exhumed from a mass grave nearby.
Line 11: Line 11:
| fatalities = 208 people
| fatalities = 208 people
| victims = [[Russians|Russian]] and [[Polish people|Polish]] [[Ostarbeiter|forced labourers]] and [[Prisoners of War]]
| victims = [[Russians|Russian]] and [[Polish people|Polish]] [[Ostarbeiter|forced labourers]] and [[Prisoners of War]]
| perpetrator = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
| perpetrator = {{flag|Nazi Germany}} {{ulist|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Schutzstaffel.svg

*{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}}[[Hans Kammler]]
}} [[Hans Kammler]]}}

| coordinates = {{Coord|51|22|43.95|N|8|20|9.76|E|display=inline,title}}

}}
}}


'''The Arnsberg Forest massacre''' or the '''Massacre in Arnsberg Woods''' refers to a series of [[Extrajudicial killing|mass extrajudicial killings]] of 208 [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labourers]] and [[Prisoner of war|POWs]] ([[Ostarbeiter]]), mainly of Russian and Polish descent,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=James|date=2019-03-13|title=Hundreds of chilling items discovered at Nazi massacre sites|url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/hundreds-of-chilling-artifacts-discovered-at-nazi-massacre-sites|access-date=2021-10-28|website=Fox News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626080207/https://www.foxnews.com/science/hundreds-of-chilling-artifacts-discovered-at-nazi-massacre-sites|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Magazine|first=Smithsonian|last2=Solly|first2=Meilan|title=400 Artifacts Unearthed at Site of Nazi Massacre Targeting Polish, Soviet P.O.W.s|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/400-artifacts-unearthed-site-nazi-massacre-targeting-polish-soviet-pows-180971711/|access-date=2021-10-28|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426023228/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/400-artifacts-unearthed-site-nazi-massacre-targeting-polish-soviet-pows-180971711/|url-status=live}}</ref> by Nazi troops under the command of [[Hans Kammler]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Massacre in the Arnsberg Forest: Nazi crimes perpetrated on Russian and Polish forced labourers in 1945|url=https://www.porta-polonica.de/en/atlas-of-remembrance-places/massacre-arnsberg-forest|access-date=2021-11-04|website=www.porta-polonica.de|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728085930/https://www.porta-polonica.de/en/atlas-of-remembrance-places/massacre-arnsberg-forest|url-status=live}}</ref> from 20 to 23 March 1945.
The '''Arnsberg Forest massacre''' (also known as the '''Massacre in Arnsberg Woods''') was a series of [[Extrajudicial killing|mass extrajudicial killings]] of 208 [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labourers]] and [[Prisoner of war|POWs]]{{Fact|date=November 2024}} ([[Ostarbeiter]]), mainly of Russian and Polish descent,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=James|date=2019-03-13|title=Hundreds of chilling items discovered at Nazi massacre sites|url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/hundreds-of-chilling-artifacts-discovered-at-nazi-massacre-sites|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626080207/https://www.foxnews.com/science/hundreds-of-chilling-artifacts-discovered-at-nazi-massacre-sites|archive-date=2021-06-26|access-date=2021-10-28|website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Magazine|first=Smithsonian|last2=Solly|first2=Meilan|title=400 Artifacts Unearthed at Site of Nazi Massacre Targeting Polish, Soviet P.O.W.s|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/400-artifacts-unearthed-site-nazi-massacre-targeting-polish-soviet-pows-180971711/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426023228/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/400-artifacts-unearthed-site-nazi-massacre-targeting-polish-soviet-pows-180971711/|archive-date=2021-04-26|access-date=2021-10-28|website=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]}}</ref> by Nazi troops under the command of [[Hans Kammler]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Massacre in the Arnsberg Forest: Nazi crimes perpetrated on Russian and Polish forced labourers in 1945|url=https://www.porta-polonica.de/en/atlas-of-remembrance-places/massacre-arnsberg-forest|access-date=2021-11-04|website=www.porta-polonica.de|archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728085930/https://www.porta-polonica.de/en/atlas-of-remembrance-places/massacre-arnsberg-forest|url-status=live}}</ref> from 20 to 23 March 1945.


As of 2021, only 14 of the 208 victims have been identified.
As of 2021, only 14 of the 208 victims have been identified.


== First massacre ==
== First massacre ==
The first killing occurred on March 20 in the Langenbach Valley, near [[Warstein]], when 71 prisoners were marched by [[Hans Kammler]]'s forces into the [[Arnsberg Forest Nature Park|Arnsberg Forest]], where they were instructed to hand over all their clothes and belongings and leave them on the side of the road. As they were led to a [[Escarpment|streamside escarpment]], they were executed en masse via [[Execution by firing squad|firing squad]]. The majority of the civilians were women; adult men only made up 10 of the total number of prisoners.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=German forest reveals clues to Nazi-murdered victims {{!}} DW {{!}} 08.03.2019|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-forest-reveals-clues-to-nazi-murdered-victims/a-47830818|access-date=2021-10-27|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164325/https://www.dw.com/en/german-forest-reveals-clues-to-nazi-murdered-victims/a-47830818|url-status=live}}</ref>
The first killing occurred on 20 March in the Langenbach Valley, near [[Warstein]], when 71 prisoners were marched by [[Hans Kammler]]'s forces into the [[Arnsberg Forest Nature Park|Arnsberg Forest]], where they were instructed to hand over all their clothes and belongings and leave them on the side of the road. As they were led to a [[Escarpment|streamside escarpment]], they were executed en masse via [[Execution by firing squad|firing squad]]. The majority of the civilians were women; adult men only made up 10 of the total number of prisoners.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=German forest reveals clues to Nazi-murdered victims {{!}} DW {{!}} 08.03.2019|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-forest-reveals-clues-to-nazi-murdered-victims/a-47830818|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164325/https://www.dw.com/en/german-forest-reveals-clues-to-nazi-murdered-victims/a-47830818|archive-date=2020-11-29|access-date=2021-10-27|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref>


=== Excavation ===
=== Excavation ===
A study by [[archaeologists]] in 2019 found a number of different artifacts at the site where the victims were buried in a mass grave, including colourful buttons, shoes, and a [[Dictionaries of the Polish language|Polish dictionary]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gannon|first=Megan|date=2019-03-19|title=Traces of Infamous Nazi Massacre Unearthed in Germany|url=https://www.livescience.com/65025-nazi-massacre-site-artifacts.html|access-date=2021-10-28|website=livescience.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028005645/https://www.livescience.com/65025-nazi-massacre-site-artifacts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
A study by [[archaeologists]] in 2019 found a number of different artifacts at the site where the victims were buried in a mass grave, including colourful buttons, shoes, and a [[Dictionaries of the Polish language|Polish dictionary]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gannon|first=Megan|date=2019-03-19|title=Traces of Infamous Nazi Massacre Unearthed in Germany|url=https://www.livescience.com/65025-nazi-massacre-site-artifacts.html|access-date=2021-10-28|website=livescience.com|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028005645/https://www.livescience.com/65025-nazi-massacre-site-artifacts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


The archaeologists also found bullets scattered around the location, which suggested some of the prisoners tried to escape.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dier|first=Arden|date=2019-03-21|title=Remnants of Nazi Massacre Found in Germany|url=https://www.newser.com/story/272815/a-prayer-book-fell-to-the-dirt-along-with-208-people.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-04|website=[[Newser]]|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107223731/https://www.newser.com/story/272815/a-prayer-book-fell-to-the-dirt-along-with-208-people.html}}</ref>
The archaeologists also found bullets scattered around the location, which suggested some of the prisoners tried to escape.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dier|first=Arden|date=2019-03-21|title=Remnants of Nazi Massacre Found in Germany|url=https://www.newser.com/story/272815/a-prayer-book-fell-to-the-dirt-along-with-208-people.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-04|website=[[Newser]]|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107223731/https://www.newser.com/story/272815/a-prayer-book-fell-to-the-dirt-along-with-208-people.html}}</ref>
Line 29: Line 33:
== Second massacre ==
== Second massacre ==
[[File:German man holding exhumed baby from a mass grave outside the town of Suttrop.jpg|thumb|A German man holding the body of a murdered baby exhumed from the mass grave of 57 people killed by the ''Wehrmacht''.]]
[[File:German man holding exhumed baby from a mass grave outside the town of Suttrop.jpg|thumb|A German man holding the body of a murdered baby exhumed from the mass grave of 57 people killed by the ''Wehrmacht''.]]
In the second massacre, the [[Waffen-SS]] and the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' made another group of 57 prisoners dig a [[Zigzag|zig-zagged]] series of [[Trench|trenches]]. Right after finishing the project, they were gunned down by the Nazi Soldiers, and thrown into the trenches; meant to be a mass grave.<ref name=":1" />
In the second massacre, the [[Waffen-SS]] and the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' made another group of 57 prisoners dig a [[Zigzag|zig-zagged]] series of [[trench]]es. Right after finishing the project, they were gunned down by the Nazi soldiers and thrown into the trenches, meant to be a mass grave.<ref name=":1" />


== Third massacre ==
== Third massacre ==
Line 35: Line 39:


=== Excavation ===
=== Excavation ===
In 2019, an archaeological study found 50 different artifacts at the site. While the Nazis had robbed most of their victims' possessions, they did leave behind materials they considered to be worthless, such as Soviet coins (indicating that many of the victims were [[Russians|Russian]]), a comb stand, and a [[harmonica]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Mustermann|first=Erik|date=2019-04-03|title=German Archaeologists Unearth Three Mass Graves in the Arnsberg Forest|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/three-nazi-massacre-sites.html|access-date=2021-10-28|website=WAR HISTORY ONLINE|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028174258/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/three-nazi-massacre-sites.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2019, an archaeological study found 50 different artifacts at the site. While the Nazis had robbed most of their victims' possessions, they did leave behind materials they considered to be worthless, such as Soviet coins (indicating that many of the victims were [[Russians|Russian]]), a comb stand, and a [[harmonica]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Mustermann|first=Erik|date=2019-04-03|title=German Archaeologists Unearth Three Mass Graves in the Arnsberg Forest|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/three-nazi-massacre-sites.html|access-date=2021-10-28|website=WAR HISTORY ONLINE|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028174258/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/three-nazi-massacre-sites.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Aftermath ==
== Aftermath ==
Line 41: Line 45:
A few weeks after the massacres, the area around Arnsberg Forest was liberated by American troops, who discovered the first and second graves. The Americans heard about the killings from German informers. The soldiers, intending for the massacre to be revealed to the public, proceeded to organize the entire local German population (civilians and informers) to view the exhumation of the bodies.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
A few weeks after the massacres, the area around Arnsberg Forest was liberated by American troops, who discovered the first and second graves. The Americans heard about the killings from German informers. The soldiers, intending for the massacre to be revealed to the public, proceeded to organize the entire local German population (civilians and informers) to view the exhumation of the bodies.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
[[File:Waldfriedhof Fulmecke Stele.jpg|thumb|[[Stele]] in Fulmecke Cemetery to Soviets killed during the massacres]]
[[File:Waldfriedhof Fulmecke Stele.jpg|thumb|[[Stele]] in Fulmecke Cemetery to Soviets killed during the massacres]]
The third site was not found until 1946, when the British military located it after being told by an informant. The grave's bodies were exhumed the following year and placed in the Fulmecke Cemetery in [[Meschede]], which was also where the remains of the other massacres' victims were reburied.<ref name=":3" />
The third site was not found until 1946, when the British military located it after being told by an informant. The grave's bodies were exhumed the next year and placed in the Fulmecke Cemetery in [[Meschede]], which was also where the remains of the other massacres' victims were reburied.<ref name=":3" />

In 1957, six men were tried by a West German court for the massacre. They were Wolfgang Wetzling, Johann Miesel, Ernst Moritz Klönne, Bernhard Anhalt, Helmut Gaedt, and Heinz Zeuner. Wetzling was found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to five years in prison, while Miesel and Klönne were only found guilty of aiding and abetting manslaughter. Miesel was released under the Impunity Act of 1954, while Klönne was sentenced to one year and six months in prison. The other three men, who were lower-ranking and had been following orders, were acquitted. The verdicts were greeted with shock, with [[Adolf Arndt]] describing as a "murder of the law." After a retrial, Wetzling was resentenced to life in prison for murder, while Miesel and Klönne were sentenced to three and four years in prison, respectively.<ref name="Stuckmann">Heinz Stuckmann: ''Pro Mord zwölf Tage. Das seltsame Urteil von Arnsberg.'' In: ''Die Zeit.'' 20 February 1958 ([http://www.zeit.de/1958/08/pro-mord-zwoelf-tage Onlineversion]).</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ZEIT (Archiv) |first=D. I. E. |date=1959-11-27 |title=Lebenslänglich |url=https://www.zeit.de/1959/48/lebenslaenglich |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070}}</ref><ref>[[Marcus Weidner]]: ''Kriegsendphaseverbrechen an Zwangsarbeitern im Sauerland 1945.'' In: ''200 Jahre Westfalen. Jetzt!'' Katalog zur Ausstellung der Stadt Dortmund, des Landschaftsverbandes Westfalen-Lippe und des Westfälischen Heimatbundes, 28 August 2015 – 28 February 2016. Münster 2015, S.&nbsp;342–347, hier S.&nbsp;345 ([https://www.lwl.org/de/LWL/Der_LWL/newsroom/dossiers/ns-verbrechen-zwangsarbeitern-im-sauerland-1945/informationsmaterial/ Link auf PDF-Datei im unteren Teil der Seite], retrieved 4&nbsp;November 2019).</ref> Wetzling was released from prison on 1 March 1974. He died in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-25 |title=Internet-Portal 'Westfälische Geschichte' |url=https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=1074&url_tabelle=tab_websegmente&url_zaehler_blaettern=12 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.lwl.org |language=de}}</ref>


In 2019, a major scientific study analyzing all three sites occurred, resulting in the discovery of over 400 different artifacts by the archaeologists.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
In 2019, a major scientific study analyzing all three sites occurred, resulting in the discovery of over 400 different artifacts by the archaeologists.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

A 53 minute documentary on the event, entitled ''Nazi Killing Fields'' and directed by Max Neidlinger, was released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Bionic |title=NAZI KILLING FIELDS - Abacus |url=https://www.abacusmediarights.comhttps//www.abacusmediarights.com/programme/4027/nazi-killing-fields |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Abacus Media Rights |language=en}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
⚫
<references />

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}


{{Massacres of Poles}}
{{coord missing|Germany}}


[[Category:1945 murders in Germany]]
[[Category:20th century in North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Murder in North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:March 1945 events in Europe]]
[[Category:Massacres in Germany]]
[[Category:Massacres in Germany]]
[[Category:History of North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1945]]
[[Category:Nazi war crimes in Germany]]
[[Category:Nazi war crimes in Germany]]
[[Category:Soviet World War II forced labourers]]
[[Category:Soviet World War II forced labourers]]
[[Category:Polish prisoners of war in World War II]]
[[Category:Polish prisoners of war in World War II]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1945]]
[[Category:World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Crime in North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Nazi massacres of Poles in World War II]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war massacres by Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:War crimes of the Waffen-SS]]
[[Category:March 1945 events]]
[[Category:War crimes of the Wehrmacht]]
[[Category:People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad]]
⚫
<references />
[[Category:Military history of North Rhine-Westphalia]]

Latest revision as of 07:38, 25 November 2024

Arnsberg Forest massacre
Part of World War II
German locals from Suttrop dig graves for the bodies of 57 Russians, including women and one baby, exhumed from a mass grave nearby.
LocationArnsberg Forest, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Coordinates51°22′43.95″N 8°20′9.76″E / 51.3788750°N 8.3360444°E / 51.3788750; 8.3360444
Date20–23 March 1945
Attack type
Extrajudicial killing
WeaponsFiring squads
Deaths208 people
VictimsRussian and Polish forced labourers and Prisoners of War
Perpetrator Nazi Germany

The Arnsberg Forest massacre (also known as the Massacre in Arnsberg Woods) was a series of mass extrajudicial killings of 208 forced labourers and POWs[citation needed] (Ostarbeiter), mainly of Russian and Polish descent,[1][2] by Nazi troops under the command of Hans Kammler[3] from 20 to 23 March 1945.

As of 2021, only 14 of the 208 victims have been identified.

First massacre

[edit]

The first killing occurred on 20 March in the Langenbach Valley, near Warstein, when 71 prisoners were marched by Hans Kammler's forces into the Arnsberg Forest, where they were instructed to hand over all their clothes and belongings and leave them on the side of the road. As they were led to a streamside escarpment, they were executed en masse via firing squad. The majority of the civilians were women; adult men only made up 10 of the total number of prisoners.[2][4]

Excavation

[edit]

A study by archaeologists in 2019 found a number of different artifacts at the site where the victims were buried in a mass grave, including colourful buttons, shoes, and a Polish dictionary.[2][5]

The archaeologists also found bullets scattered around the location, which suggested some of the prisoners tried to escape.[6]

Second massacre

[edit]
A German man holding the body of a murdered baby exhumed from the mass grave of 57 people killed by the Wehrmacht.

In the second massacre, the Waffen-SS and the Wehrmacht made another group of 57 prisoners dig a zig-zagged series of trenches. Right after finishing the project, they were gunned down by the Nazi soldiers and thrown into the trenches, meant to be a mass grave.[4]

Third massacre

[edit]

On 23 March, the Wehrmacht blew a deep hole in the ground near Eversberg using grenades. Eighty labourers were lined up in front of the hole and shot in a manner so their bodies would fall into the pit. The burial site was covered with a cow paddock.[2]

Excavation

[edit]

In 2019, an archaeological study found 50 different artifacts at the site. While the Nazis had robbed most of their victims' possessions, they did leave behind materials they considered to be worthless, such as Soviet coins (indicating that many of the victims were Russian), a comb stand, and a harmonica.[2][7]

Aftermath

[edit]
German civilians exhume the 51 bodies of the second massacre as American soldiers supervise them.

A few weeks after the massacres, the area around Arnsberg Forest was liberated by American troops, who discovered the first and second graves. The Americans heard about the killings from German informers. The soldiers, intending for the massacre to be revealed to the public, proceeded to organize the entire local German population (civilians and informers) to view the exhumation of the bodies.[7][1]

Stele in Fulmecke Cemetery to Soviets killed during the massacres

The third site was not found until 1946, when the British military located it after being told by an informant. The grave's bodies were exhumed the next year and placed in the Fulmecke Cemetery in Meschede, which was also where the remains of the other massacres' victims were reburied.[7]

In 1957, six men were tried by a West German court for the massacre. They were Wolfgang Wetzling, Johann Miesel, Ernst Moritz Klönne, Bernhard Anhalt, Helmut Gaedt, and Heinz Zeuner. Wetzling was found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to five years in prison, while Miesel and Klönne were only found guilty of aiding and abetting manslaughter. Miesel was released under the Impunity Act of 1954, while Klönne was sentenced to one year and six months in prison. The other three men, who were lower-ranking and had been following orders, were acquitted. The verdicts were greeted with shock, with Adolf Arndt describing as a "murder of the law." After a retrial, Wetzling was resentenced to life in prison for murder, while Miesel and Klönne were sentenced to three and four years in prison, respectively.[8][9][10] Wetzling was released from prison on 1 March 1974. He died in 1989.[11]

In 2019, a major scientific study analyzing all three sites occurred, resulting in the discovery of over 400 different artifacts by the archaeologists.[1][2]

A 53 minute documentary on the event, entitled Nazi Killing Fields and directed by Max Neidlinger, was released in 2023.[12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Rogers, James (2019-03-13). "Hundreds of chilling items discovered at Nazi massacre sites". Fox News. Archived from the original on 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Magazine, Smithsonian; Solly, Meilan. "400 Artifacts Unearthed at Site of Nazi Massacre Targeting Polish, Soviet P.O.W.s". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-04-26. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  3. ^ "The Massacre in the Arnsberg Forest: Nazi crimes perpetrated on Russian and Polish forced labourers in 1945". www.porta-polonica.de. Archived from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  4. ^ a b Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "German forest reveals clues to Nazi-murdered victims | DW | 08.03.2019". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2020-11-29. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  5. ^ Gannon, Megan (2019-03-19). "Traces of Infamous Nazi Massacre Unearthed in Germany". livescience.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  6. ^ Dier, Arden (2019-03-21). "Remnants of Nazi Massacre Found in Germany". Newser. Archived from the original on 2020-11-07. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  7. ^ a b c Mustermann, Erik (2019-04-03). "German Archaeologists Unearth Three Mass Graves in the Arnsberg Forest". WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  8. ^ Heinz Stuckmann: Pro Mord zwölf Tage. Das seltsame Urteil von Arnsberg. In: Die Zeit. 20 February 1958 (Onlineversion).
  9. ^ ZEIT (Archiv), D. I. E. (1959-11-27). "Lebenslänglich". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
  10. ^ Marcus Weidner: Kriegsendphaseverbrechen an Zwangsarbeitern im Sauerland 1945. In: 200 Jahre Westfalen. Jetzt! Katalog zur Ausstellung der Stadt Dortmund, des Landschaftsverbandes Westfalen-Lippe und des Westfälischen Heimatbundes, 28 August 2015 – 28 February 2016. Münster 2015, S. 342–347, hier S. 345 (Link auf PDF-Datei im unteren Teil der Seite, retrieved 4 November 2019).
  11. ^ "Internet-Portal 'Westfälische Geschichte'". www.lwl.org (in German). 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
  12. ^ Media, Bionic. "NAZI KILLING FIELDS - Abacus". Abacus Media Rights. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
[edit]
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