Streak-throated hermit: Difference between revisions

Streak-throated hermit
	Streak-throated hermit at Anavilhanas National Park in Amazonas, Brazil
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Genus:	Phaethornis
Species:	P. rupurumii
Binomial name
	Phaethornis rupurumii; Boucard, 1892

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The streak-throated hermit (Phaethornis rupurumii), also known as the Rupurumi hermit, is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela.^[3]^[4]

Taxonomy and systematics

The streak-throated hermit was for a time considered a subspecies of the dusky-throated hermit (P. squalidus). It has two subspecies, the nominate P. r. rupurumii and P. r. amazonicus. They are geographically separated and the latter might be a full species.^[3]^[5]

Description

The streak-throated hermit is 10 to 12.1 cm (3.9 to 4.8 in) long and weighs 2.5 to 3 g (0.088 to 0.11 oz). It is generally brownish with a greenish back and brownish gray underparts. It has a black "mask" and white supercilium and malar stripe and a very dark brown throat that appears streaky. The sexes are generally alike.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of streak-throated hermit is found from the extreme eastern part of Colombia's Vichada Department through central and eastern Venezuela and western Guyana into northern Brazil's Roraima state. P. r. amazonicus is found in north-central Brazil along the Amazon River east of the Negro River. The species inhabits the understory at the edges of rainforest and the interior of várzea forest. It also inhabits drier and more open landscapes such as semi-deciduous and gallery forest, scrublands, river islands, and secondary forest. It is primarily a bird of the lowlands but reaches as high as 500 m (1,600 ft) in Venezuela and Guyana.^[5]

Behavior

Movement

The streak-throated hermit is believed to be sedentary.^[5]

Feeding

The streak-throated hermit feeds on nectar and also on small arthropods, but details of its diet and foraging technique have not been published.^[5]

Breeding

The streak-throated hermit's breeding phenology has not been documented.^[5]

Songs and calls

Listen to streak-throated hermit on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The streak-throated hermit's song is "an incessant 'tsi tsi jéb dé tsi tsi jéb dé' or 'eesee-eesee-eesee, eesee-eesee-eesee-swur'", typically sung from a perch near the ground.^[5]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the streak-throated hermit as being of Least Concern, though its population size and trend are not known.^[1] It is very poorly known but appears to be locally common.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Streak-throated Hermit Phaethornis rupurumii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22733918A95069295. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22733918A95069295.en. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ ^a ^b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hinkelmann, C., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Streak-throated Hermit (Phaethornis rupurumii), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stther1.01 retrieved November 25, 2021

[IUCN-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Streak-throated Hermit Phaethornis rupurumii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22733918A95069295. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22733918A95069295.en. Retrieved 25 November 2021.

[2] "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.

[IOC11.2-3] Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.

[SACClist-4] Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021

[STHE-BOW-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hinkelmann, C., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Streak-throated Hermit (Phaethornis rupurumii), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stther1.01 retrieved November 25, 2021

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[2]

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[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Species of bird}}
+{{short description|Species of hummingbird}}
+{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
 {{speciesbox
 | name = Streak-throated hermit
 | image= Phaethornis rupununi - Streak-throated hermit; Anavilhanas islands, Novo Airão, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg
-| image_caption = Streak-throated hermit at [[Anavilhanas National Park]], [[Novo Airão]], [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas state]], [[Brasil]]
+| image_caption = Streak-throated hermit at [[Anavilhanas National Park]] in [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], Brazil
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22733918/0 |title=''Phaethornis rupurumii'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=Streak-throated Hermit ''Phaethornis rupurumii'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22733918A95069295 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22733918A95069295.en |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref>
+| status2 = CITES_A2
+| status2_system = CITES
+| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
 | genus = Phaethornis
 | species = rupurumii
@@ Line 14: / Line 18: @@
 }}
-The '''streak-throated hermit''' (''Phaethornis rupurumii''), also known as the '''Rupurumi hermit''', is a species of [[hummingbird]] in the family [[Trochilidae]]. It was formerly considered a [[subspecies]] of the [[dusky-throated hermit]]. The streak-throated hermit is found in forest, woodland and dense shrub in north-eastern [[South America]]. It has two subspecies; the [[nominate subspecies]] is found in south-eastern [[Venezuela]], west-central [[Guyana]], and the extreme northern [[Brazil]] Amazon Basin (especially near the lower [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro]] and [[Branco River]]s), and the subspecies ''amazonicus'' is found near the lower [[Amazon River]] in the [[wildlife corridor|river corridor]] in Brazil's eastern [[Amazon Basin]], as well as upstream, some distance along the [[Tapajos River]] corridor.
+The '''streak-throated hermit''' ('''''Phaethornis rupurumii'''''), also known as the '''Rupurumi hermit''', is a species of [[hummingbird]] in the family Trochilidae. It is found in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Guyana]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=IOC11.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.2) |last1=Gill |first1= F. |last2=Donsker|first2=D.|last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=July 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021</ref>
+==Taxonomy and systematics==
-It is a small [[Hermit (hummingbird)|hermit]] with a total length of approximately 9&nbsp;cm, both subspecies have very pale [[Buff (colour)|buff]]-grey underparts and dark streaks on the throat.
+The streak-throated hermit was for a time considered a [[subspecies]] of the [[dusky-throated hermit]] (''P. squalidus''). It has two subspecies, the nominate ''P. r. rupurumii'' and ''P. r. amazonicus''. They are geographically separated and the latter might be a full species.<ref name=IOC11.2/><ref name=STHE-BOW>Hinkelmann, C., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Streak-throated Hermit (''Phaethornis rupurumii''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stther1.01 retrieved November 25, 2021</ref>
+==Description==
+The streak-throated hermit is {{convert|10|to|12.1|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|2.5|to|3|g|oz|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. It is generally brownish with a greenish back and brownish gray underparts. It has a black "mask" and white [[supercilium]] and malar stripe and a very dark brown throat that appears streaky. The sexes are generally alike.<ref name=STHE-BOW/>
+==Distribution and habitat==
+The nominate subspecies of streak-throated hermit is found from the extreme eastern part of Colombia's [[Vichada Department]] through central and eastern Venezuela and western Guyana into northern Brazil's [[Roraima]] state. ''P. r. amazonicus'' is found in north-central Brazil along the [[Amazon River]] east of the [[Negro River]]. The species inhabits the understory at the edges of [[rainforest]] and the interior of ''[[Várzea forest|várzea]]'' forest. It also inhabits drier and more open landscapes such as [[semi-deciduous]] and [[gallery forest]], scrublands, river islands, and [[secondary forest]]. It is primarily a bird of the lowlands but reaches as high as {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Venezuela and Guyana.<ref name=STHE-BOW/>
+==Behavior==
+===Movement===
+The streak-throated hermit is believed to be sedentary.<ref name=STHE-BOW/>
+===Feeding===
+The streak-throated hermit feeds on nectar and also on small [[arthropod]]s, but details of its diet and foraging technique have not been published.<ref name=STHE-BOW/>
+===Breeding===
+The streak-throated hermit's breeding [[phenology]] has not been documented.<ref name=STHE-BOW/>
+{{birdsong|url=https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Phaethornis-rupurumii |species=streak-throated hermit}}
+===Vocalization===
+The streak-throated hermit's song is "an incessant 'tsi tsi jéb dé tsi tsi jéb dé' or 'eesee-eesee-eesee, eesee-eesee-eesee-swur'", typically sung from a perch near the ground.<ref name=STHE-BOW/>
+==Status==
+The [[IUCN]] has assessed the streak-throated hermit as being of Least Concern, though its population size and trend are not known.<ref name=IUCN/> It is very poorly known but appears to be locally common.<ref name=STHE-BOW/>
 ==References==
@@ Line 25: / Line 55: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q1273366}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:hermit, streak-throated}}
 [[Category:Phaethornis|streak-throated hermit]]
 [[Category:Hummingbird species of South America]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Amazon Basin]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Guianas]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]
 [[Category:Birds of the Venezuelan Amazon]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1892|streak-throated hermit]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Adolphe Boucard|streak-throated hermit]]
 [[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
-{{hummingbird-stub}}