Jump to content

Nanoprobe (device): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Nwerk (talk | contribs)
28 edits
No edit summary
Typo correction: added a missing punctuation mark '.' at the end of a sentence.
 
(37 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{for|the fictional Borg device in the Star Trek universe|Nanoprobe (Star Trek)}}
Biosensors, which incorporate biological probes coupled to a transducer, have been developed during the last two decades for environmental, industrial, and biomedical diagnostics. The application of nanotechnology to biosensor design and fabrication promises to revolutionize diagnostics and therapy at the molecular and cellular level. The convergence of nanotechnology, biology, and photonics opens the possibility of detecting and manipulating atoms and molecules using a new class of fiberoptic biosensing and imaging nanodevices. These '''nanoprobes''' and [[nanosensors]] have the potential for a wide variety of medical uses at the cellular level. The potential for monitoring in vivo biological processes within single living cells, e.g. the capacity to sense individual chemical species in specific locations within a cell, will greatly improve our understanding of cellular function, thereby revolutionizing cell biology. Existing nanoprobes have already demonstrated the capability of performing biologically relevant measurements inside single living cells.
{{More citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
[[File:APS - Nanoprobe.jpg|thumb|300px|Nanoprobe at the [[Advanced Photon Source]], [[Argonne National Laboratory]].]]
A '''nanoprobe''' is an [[optical]] device developed by tapering an [[optical fiber]] to a tip measuring 100 nm = 1000 [[angstrom]]s wide.


Nanoprobes can be used in [[Medical imaging|bioimaging]] to provide improved [[contrast (vision)|contrast]] and [[spatial resolution]] of [[cell (biology)|cells]] and [[tissue (biology)|tissues]].<ref name = "Jeong_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeong K, Kim Y, Kang CS, Cho HJ, Lee YD, Kwon IC, Kim S | title = Nanoprobes for optical bioimaging. | journal = Optical Materials Express | date = April 2016 | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 1262-1279 | doi = 10.1364/OME.6.001262 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Types of nanoprobes used for bioimaging include [[fluorescence]], [[chemiluminescence]], and [[photoacoustic imaging]].<ref name = "Jeong_2016" />
A fiberoptic nanosensor basically is a nanoscale probe that consists of a biologically or chemically sensitive layer that is covalently attached to an optical transducer. Biological sensing elements can be either a biological molecular species (e.g., an antibody, an enzyme, a protein, or a nucleic acid) or a living biological system (eg, cells, tissue, or whole organisms) that uses a biochemical mechanism for recognition. In the case of a receptor-based nanosensor, an interaction between the immobilized receptor and its substrate – the molecule it binds to – produces a perturbation that the optical transducer converts to an electrical signal via laser-induced fluorescence.


== Introduction to Raman Scattering ==
The need for fast and specific assays has induced researchers to explore alternative optical detection technologies for diagnostic applications. A new type of nanoprobes using Raman and SERS ([[Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy]]) detection has made single-molecule detection possible.
When light interacts with matter, a phenomenon known as Raman scattering<ref>{{Citation |title=Raman scattering |date=2024-02-10 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Raman_scattering&oldid=1205578714 |access-date=2024-04-21 |language=en}}</ref> occurs, which provides important information about the vibrational frequencies of the sample. This phenomenon happens when a sample's molecules interact with incident light, scattering it. Every material has a different Raman spectrum because of the information the scattered light has about the vibrational modes of the constituent molecules.


== Raman scattering: The reflection of light from a laser-lit object. ==
Optical nanoprobes provide a new method in cell based assays offering highly miniaturized nanoscale devices that make cell-based analysis accessible at the single-cell level.
A very thin coating of [[silver nanoparticle]]s helps to enhance the [[Raman scattering]] effect of the light. (The phenomenon of light reflection from an object when illuminated by a laser light is referred to as Raman scattering.) The reflected light demonstrates vibration energies unique to each object (samples in this case), which can be characterized and identified.


== Silver nanoparticles ==


# Silver nanoparticles<ref>{{Citation |title=Silver |date=2024-04-10 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Silver&oldid=1218300228 |access-date=2024-04-21 |language=en}}</ref> have attracted significant attention due to their chemical stability, high conductivity, localized surface plasmon resonance, and catalytic activity.
⚫
==References==
# The [[silver]] nanoparticles in this technique provides for the rapid oscillations of electrons, adding to vibration energies, and thus enhancing Raman Scattering—commonly known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering ([[Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy|SERS]]).
*Tuan Vo-Dinh, Paul Kasili, Musundi Wabuyele. (2006) ''Nanoprobes and nanobiosensors for monitoring and imaging individual living cells'' [http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.nano.2005.10.012 Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine] Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2006, Pages 22-30
# These SERS nanoprobes produce higher electromagnetic fields enabling higher signal output—eventually resulting in accurate detection and analysis of samples.

== Enhanced signal output ==
The term '''nanoprobe''' also refers more generically to any chemical or biological technique that deals with nanoquantitles, that is, introducing or extracting substances measured in nanoliters or nanograms rather than microliters or micrograms. For example:
* Introducing [[nanoparticles]] in aqueous solution to serve as nanoprobes in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu HF, Agrawal K, Shrivas K, Lee YH | title = On particle ionization/enrichment of multifunctional nanoprobes: washing/separation-free, acceleration and enrichment of microwave-assisted tryptic digestion of proteins via bare TiO2 nanoparticles in ESI-MS and comparing to MALDI-MS | journal = Journal of Mass Spectrometry | volume = 45 | issue = 12 | pages = 1402–1408 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20967754 | doi = 10.1002/jms.1855 | bibcode = 2010JMSp...45.1402W }}</ref>
* Extracting nanoquantities of neurochemicals via in vivo [[microdialysis]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khandelwal P, Beyer CE, Lin Q, Schechter LE, Bach AC | title = Studying rat brain neurochemistry using nanoprobe NMR spectroscopy: a metabonomics approach | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 76 | issue = 14 | pages = 4123–4127 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15253652 | doi = 10.1021/ac049812u }}</ref>
* Using gold-based metallic nanoprobes for [[Theranostics]] (therapeutic diagnostics)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Panchapakesan B, Book-Newell B, Sethu P, Rao M, Irudayaraj J | title = Gold nanoprobes for theranostics | journal = Nanomedicine | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = 1787–1811 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22122586 | pmc = 3236610 | doi = 10.2217/nnm.11.155 | author5-link = Joseph Irudayaraj }}</ref>

In semiconductor manufacturing, [[nanoprobing]] is showing potential for conventional IC failure analysis and debugging, as well as for transistor design, circuit, and process development, and even for yield engineering.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1117/2.1201312.005247| title = Modern trends in processing, metrology, and control for integrated circuits| journal = SPIE Newsroom| year = 2014| vauthors = Ukraintsev V }}</ref>

== Use of nanoprobe in the detection of diabetes ==
Nanotechnology solutions can be used in the diagnosis and early treatment of diabetes. There are two types of diabetes: type 1<ref name = "uvahealth">{{cite web |title=Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes {{!}} UVA Health |url=https://uvahealth.com/services/diabetes-care/types |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=uvahealth.com}}</ref> and type 2.<ref name = "uvahealth" /> Regular checking of blood glucose involves a painful mechanism by piercing the finger. Still, New nanotechnology innovations have made it possible to check blood sugar non-invasively, leading to the early detection of diabetes.<ref name = "Lemmerman_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lemmerman LR, Das D, Higuita-Castro N, Mirmira RG, Gallego-Perez D | title = Nanomedicine-Based Strategies for Diabetes: Diagnostics, Monitoring, and Treatment | journal = Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 448–458 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32396845 | pmc = 7987328 | doi = 10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.001 }}</ref> Nanoprobe devices have improved the insulin monitoring system, which is necessary for diabetes management, gene therapy and Islet cell screening, pre-transplantation.<ref name = "Lemmerman_2020" />

== There are two primary methods for enhancing glucose sensors with nanotechnology ==

* Nano-enhanced Glucose Sensors:<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cash KJ, Clark HA | title = Nanosensors and nanomaterials for monitoring glucose in diabetes | journal = Trends in Molecular Medicine | volume = 16 | issue = 12 | pages = 584–593 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20869318 | pmc = 2996880 | doi = 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08.002 }}</ref>
*# Two main ways to make glucose sensors better with nanotech.
*# First way: Use regular sensor parts but add tiny nanostructured stuff.
*# Advantages: Bigger surface area means faster response and better activity.
*# If used for continuous monitoring, may face similar issues to current sensors like fouling and shorter lifespan due to immune response.
* Nanoscale Sensor Fabrication:<ref name=":0" />
*# Second way: Make sensors super small in all dimensions.
*# Advantages: Can be injected, easier to use.
*# Might last longer as they're less likely to trigger the body's immune response.
*# But, they're quite different from current sensors and need more testing before they're ready for patients.

== See also ==
* [[Breakthrough Starshot]]

⚫
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.growthconsulting.frost.com/web/images.nsf/0/35ECC41521A8C41165256F4D001639BC/$File/TI%20Alert%20-%20Medical%20Devices%20NA.htm frost.com]


[[Category:Nanotechnology]]
[[Category:Nanotechnology]]

{{nano-tech-stub}}

Latest revision as of 10:23, 25 November 2024

For the fictional Borg device in the Star Trek universe, see Nanoprobe (Star Trek).

Nanoprobe at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory.

A nanoprobe is an optical device developed by tapering an optical fiber to a tip measuring 100 nm = 1000 angstroms wide.

Nanoprobes can be used in bioimaging to provide improved contrast and spatial resolution of cells and tissues.[1] Types of nanoprobes used for bioimaging include fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and photoacoustic imaging.[1]

Introduction to Raman Scattering

[edit]

When light interacts with matter, a phenomenon known as Raman scattering[2] occurs, which provides important information about the vibrational frequencies of the sample. This phenomenon happens when a sample's molecules interact with incident light, scattering it. Every material has a different Raman spectrum because of the information the scattered light has about the vibrational modes of the constituent molecules.

Raman scattering: The reflection of light from a laser-lit object.

[edit]

A very thin coating of silver nanoparticles helps to enhance the Raman scattering effect of the light. (The phenomenon of light reflection from an object when illuminated by a laser light is referred to as Raman scattering.) The reflected light demonstrates vibration energies unique to each object (samples in this case), which can be characterized and identified.

Silver nanoparticles

[edit]
  1. Silver nanoparticles[3] have attracted significant attention due to their chemical stability, high conductivity, localized surface plasmon resonance, and catalytic activity.
  2. The silver nanoparticles in this technique provides for the rapid oscillations of electrons, adding to vibration energies, and thus enhancing Raman Scattering—commonly known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
  3. These SERS nanoprobes produce higher electromagnetic fields enabling higher signal output—eventually resulting in accurate detection and analysis of samples.

Enhanced signal output

[edit]

The term nanoprobe also refers more generically to any chemical or biological technique that deals with nanoquantitles, that is, introducing or extracting substances measured in nanoliters or nanograms rather than microliters or micrograms. For example:

  • Introducing nanoparticles in aqueous solution to serve as nanoprobes in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry[4]
  • Extracting nanoquantities of neurochemicals via in vivo microdialysis[5]
  • Using gold-based metallic nanoprobes for Theranostics (therapeutic diagnostics)[6]

In semiconductor manufacturing, nanoprobing is showing potential for conventional IC failure analysis and debugging, as well as for transistor design, circuit, and process development, and even for yield engineering.[7]

Use of nanoprobe in the detection of diabetes

[edit]

Nanotechnology solutions can be used in the diagnosis and early treatment of diabetes. There are two types of diabetes: type 1[8] and type 2.[8] Regular checking of blood glucose involves a painful mechanism by piercing the finger. Still, New nanotechnology innovations have made it possible to check blood sugar non-invasively, leading to the early detection of diabetes.[9] Nanoprobe devices have improved the insulin monitoring system, which is necessary for diabetes management, gene therapy and Islet cell screening, pre-transplantation.[9]

There are two primary methods for enhancing glucose sensors with nanotechnology

[edit]
  • Nano-enhanced Glucose Sensors:[10]
    1. Two main ways to make glucose sensors better with nanotech.
    2. First way: Use regular sensor parts but add tiny nanostructured stuff.
    3. Advantages: Bigger surface area means faster response and better activity.
    4. If used for continuous monitoring, may face similar issues to current sensors like fouling and shorter lifespan due to immune response.
  • Nanoscale Sensor Fabrication:[10]
    1. Second way: Make sensors super small in all dimensions.
    2. Advantages: Can be injected, easier to use.
    3. Might last longer as they're less likely to trigger the body's immune response.
    4. But, they're quite different from current sensors and need more testing before they're ready for patients.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Jeong K, Kim Y, Kang CS, Cho HJ, Lee YD, Kwon IC, et al. (April 2016). "Nanoprobes for optical bioimaging". Optical Materials Express. 6 (4): 1262–1279. doi:10.1364/OME.6.001262.
  2. ^ "Raman scattering", Wikipedia, 2024-02-10, retrieved 2024-04-21
  3. ^ "Silver", Wikipedia, 2024-04-10, retrieved 2024-04-21
  4. ^ Wu HF, Agrawal K, Shrivas K, Lee YH (December 2010). "On particle ionization/enrichment of multifunctional nanoprobes: washing/separation-free, acceleration and enrichment of microwave-assisted tryptic digestion of proteins via bare TiO2 nanoparticles in ESI-MS and comparing to MALDI-MS". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 45 (12): 1402–1408. Bibcode:2010JMSp...45.1402W. doi:10.1002/jms.1855. PMID 20967754.
  5. ^ Khandelwal P, Beyer CE, Lin Q, Schechter LE, Bach AC (July 2004). "Studying rat brain neurochemistry using nanoprobe NMR spectroscopy: a metabonomics approach". Analytical Chemistry. 76 (14): 4123–4127. doi:10.1021/ac049812u. PMID 15253652.
  6. ^ Panchapakesan B, Book-Newell B, Sethu P, Rao M, Irudayaraj J (December 2011). "Gold nanoprobes for theranostics". Nanomedicine. 6 (10): 1787–1811. doi:10.2217/nnm.11.155. PMC 3236610. PMID 22122586.
  7. ^ Ukraintsev V (2014). "Modern trends in processing, metrology, and control for integrated circuits". SPIE Newsroom. doi:10.1117/2.1201312.005247.
  8. ^ a b "Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes | UVA Health". uvahealth.com. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  9. ^ a b Lemmerman LR, Das D, Higuita-Castro N, Mirmira RG, Gallego-Perez D (June 2020). "Nanomedicine-Based Strategies for Diabetes: Diagnostics, Monitoring, and Treatment". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 31 (6): 448–458. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.001. PMC 7987328. PMID 32396845.
  10. ^ a b Cash KJ, Clark HA (December 2010). "Nanosensors and nanomaterials for monitoring glucose in diabetes". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 16 (12): 584–593. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08.002. PMC 2996880. PMID 20869318.
[edit]
Stub icon

This nanotechnology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nanoprobe_(device)&oldid=1259473272"